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Carex sect. Mitratae s.l. was established by Kükenthal in 1909 and can be distinguished from the closely related sections in having nutlets frequently discoid-annulate at the apex and a persistent style base. Based on field surveys and specimen examination, three new species of sect. Mitratae are described and illustrated here. Carex fatsuaniana was collected from Yunnan and differs from C. truncatigluma in having the utricles nearly glabrous, the nutlets with a ca. 0.5 mm long beak at the apex, the staminate spikes cylindrical, 5–7.5 cm long, 4–5 mm wide, and the pistillate glumes acuminate at the apex. Carex damingshanica was collected from Guangxi and differs from C. breviscapa and C. rhynchachaenium in having 3 or 4 spikes, the lateral spikes cylindrical, the pistillate glumes, utricles and nutlets all shorter than in the other two species. Carex radicalispicula was collected from Sichuan and differs from C. truncatirostris in having the staminate spikes clavate, 1.5–2 mm wide, the pistillate glumes pale yellow-white, 3–3.2 mm long, acuminate or short-awned at the apex, and the nutlets with 3 angles shallowly constricted at the middle.

Revegetation experiments using two terrestrial sedges (Carex oxyandra and C. satsumensis) from colonies on landslides, revealed their poor growth in the plot under shaded conditions (Arase et al. 2022). To maintain the sedge populations, one of two plans will be implemented: excluding trees for sunny grassland, or replacing the sedges with shade-tolerant species along with vegetation succession. In the present study, we focused on the shade tolerance of sedges, and collected data on habitat light conditions. For data, we examined herbarium specimens and their registration labels in the herbarium of the Faculty of Agriculture, Shinshu University. For comparison, specimens of gramineous species (Poaceae) were also examined. Light condition was evaluated by two standards: ‘vegetation’ and ‘the state of openness of vegetation’. A total of 143 specimens belonging to 56 Carex species and 232 specimens belonging to 138 Poaceae species, collected from 2003 to 2019, were examined. Compared with Poaceae species, percentage of the number of Carex species was significantly lower in the sunny habitat, higher in the forest whe re the upper tree layer was open along a road or river, and lower in the shaded habitat (binominal tests, p, Article, 環境科学年報 45 : 1-5, (2023)

The taxonomy of Carex section Ammoglochin is complex due to the faint morphological species boundaries and overlapping ecological niches. This study focusses on species boundaries within the C. arenaria complex, in particular C. arenaria, C. brizoides and C. pseudobrizoides. Carex pseudobrizoides is morphologically very similar to C. arenaria, but also shares some features with C. brizoides, which has sometimes led to the assumption of a hybridogenic origin. We studied the morphology, ecology and distribution of these species in Flanders, and combined this with DNA sequence data (plastid encoded matK and nuclear rDNA ITS) from a large number of specimens. Our results do not provide evidence for a hybridogenic origin of C. pseudobrizoides (although it cannot be rejected either), but instead indicate possible conspecificity or a very recent divergence of C. pseudobrizoides and C. arenaria, which remains undetected by the two genetic markers that were used. Although there are still outstanding questions, our results further improve our understanding of species boundaries in this species complex in Europe, and highlight the need for further investigations using more variable molecular markers.

Lectotypification of the name Carex curvata Knaf (1847: 184) did not select a type specimen nor provided an illustration for C. curvata when he named and described the species. Original material of C. curvata collected by Knaf at the locality mentioned in the protologue was found in the PR and PRC herbaria. On the original herbarium label of the lectotype written by Knaf, in agreement with the protologue, the locality “Eidlitzer Eichbusch” [“Doubí” Forest near the village of Údlice, formerly Eidlitz, in the vicinity of the town of Chomutov in the northern part of Bohemia, Czech Republic] is indicated with collection date 16 June 1846 (PR No. 35580) (Fig. 1). However, the label of the lectotype herbarium specimen is not signed by Knaf, but after a detailed comparison of the labels of the other specimens studied and later collected by Knaf (see below Other studied material), a clear match between the handwriting on each label was found. The lectotype label is only written faster and with a different pen than the other ones in Knaf´s original material. The lectotype was revised in 2001 and selected by the first author of this paper in 2023; therefore we lectotypify it here: Carex curvata Knaf in Flora (Regensburg) 30: 184. 1847— Lectotype (designated here):— CZECH REPUBLIC. Bohemia, „ Eidlitzer Eichbusch ”, 16 June 1846, J. Knaf (PR No. 35580!). Other studied material: Carex curvata Knaf — CZECH REPUBLIC. “Eichbusch bei Eidlitz nächst Komotau in Böhmen ”, 1850, J. Knaf (PR No. 35566!, 53564!) Carex curvata Knaf — CZECH REPUBLIC. “ Eichbusch bei Eidlitz nächst Komotau in Böhmen”, 04 Juli 1856, J. Knaf (PR No. 35581!) Carex curvata Knaf — CZECH REPUBLIC. “Eichbusch bei Eidlitz nächst Komotau in Böhmen ”, Ende Mai 1862, J. Knaf (PR No. 35546!, 35551!, 35571!, 35576!, 35577!, 35594!, 35598!, 35838!, 35937!, 35938!, 841509!, 841510!, 841511!, 841514!) Carex curvata Knaf — CZECH REPUBLIC. “Eichbusch”, 07 June 1862, J. Knaf (PR No. 31530!, 31531!, 31532!, 31533!) Carex curvata Knaf — CZECH REPUBLIC. Bohemia. “Michaniz”, without date, J. Knaf (PR No. 35584!) Carex curvata Knaf — CZECH REPUBLIC. Bohemia. „ Eichbusch bei Eidlitz ”, 09 June 1847, J. Knaf (PRC No. 456092!) Carex curvata Knaf — CZECH REPUBLIC. Bohemia. „Eichbusch bei Eidlitz nächst Komotau”, 01 June 1850, J. Knaf (PRC No. 456093!) Carex curvata Knaf — CZECH REPUBLIC. Bohemia, „ An lebendigen Gartenzaunen hinter der Weinberger Kapelle bei Komotau “, 02 June 1853, J. Knaf (PRC No. 456094!). Taxonomic treatment Identification key to the species C. brizoides – C. curvata – C. praecox 1 Female glumes whitish to light greenish, rarely yellowish, about 1/4 shorter than the utricles; stem not longer than leaves in flowering time, conspicuously bent or recumbent in fruit, shorter than the leaves of sterile shoots; leaf blade 1.3–2.8 mm wide; inflorescence 13–33 mm long, with 4–8 spikes, not densely clustered, lower spikes significantly curved when utricles are ripe; utricles narrowly lanceolate in outline, with a narrow wing along the entire length....................................................... C. brizoides – Female glumes light brown, yellowish brown to maroon brown or blackish brown, as long as the utricles; stem often longer than leaves; leaf blade 0.9–2.5 mm wide; inflorescence 12–29 mm long, with 2–10 spikes, dense in upper part, spikes straight or slightly curved when ripe; utricle body lanceolate to ovoid in outline, upper 2/3–1/2 with narrow or rather broad wings...........................2 2 Stem straight at first, later bent, in flowering and fruiting time as long as or shorter than leaves, leaf blade 0.9–2.5 mm wide; spikes straight or slightly bent when mature; female glumes light brown to yellowish brown, with a narrow translucent hem over its entire length; utricles 3.0– 4.2 mm long, gradually tapering into a 1.3–1.8 mm long beak, with narrow wings from 1/3 of their length to tip of the beak, widest in the middle of the utricle.............................................................................................................. C. curvata – Stem rigid, mostly longer than leaves; leaf blade 0.7–2.0 mm wide; spikes straight when ripe; female glumes usually rusty or maroon brown to blackish brown, mostly with a narrow translucent edge in the upper 1/2; utricles 2.7–3.6 mm long, abruptly narrowed into a 1.3–1.6 mm long beak, upper half of utricle, including beak with wings, widest at base of the beak................................................................................................................................................................................................................... C. praecox Carex curvata and its relatives (especially C. brizoides and C. praecox) are difficult to distinguish due to their morphological similarity. According to the protologue (Knaf 1847) and recently published data (Řepka & Grulich 2014, Koopman et al. 2022) the following two characters are the most reliable for identifying C. curvata: (1) Different glume colour before and after flowering and (2) shape of utricles (see Identification key). Distinguishing C. brizoides and C. curvata is a significant problem in taxonomic research. In sterile state (especially in herbarium specimens) it is practically impossible, as inflorescences and especially mature utricles are necessary for a reliable identification. Sterile plants can only be distinguished by the length of sterile shoot leaves, which are on average longer in C. brizoides than in C. curvata (32 vs 20 cm) during the entire vegetation period. Only in both the species with a longer male spike part, i.e. C. brizoides and C. curvata, the spikes are typically curved: the ripening and bloated female part of the spike bends backwards. Carex curvata does not differ from C. brizoides in this character, but, in contrast, C. praecox has a very short male spike part and the maturing spikes are straight. The ratio of stem length to leaf length, mentioned in some identification keys (e.g. Benkert 1976) as a critical character to distinguish the species C. curvata and C. praecox, is unreliable at the time of maturity of the utricles; it may be identical in the two species, especially if it is a variety of C. praecox growing in wet habitats. The protologue contains an expression indicating that C. curvata is greyish (“ canescens ”); however, we cannot confirm this character in material from the many localities in the Czech Republic, Germany and Poland nor from herbarium specimens. The protologue also has interesting notes on the number of fruits: C. praecox is indicated as multi-fruiting, while in C. curvata sparsely fruiting spikes are found. This is, however, related to the length of the male spike part, and when ripening, C. curvata visually appears to be less fertile. Carex curvata Knaf in Flora (Regensburg) 30: 184. 1847. Synonyms: ≡ Carex praecox var. curvata (Knaf) Asch., Fl. Brandenburg 1: 764, 1864. ≡ Carex brizoides var. intermedia Čelak., Prodr. Fl. Böhm. 1: 62, 1867. ≡ Carex brizoides subsp. curvata (Knaf) Čelak., Prodr. Fl. Böhmen Nachtr.: 733, 1881. ≡ Carex schreberi var. curvata (Knaf) Nyman, Consp. Fl. Eur.: 779, 1882. ≡ Carex schreberi subsp. curvata (Knaf) Čelak., Prodr. Fl. Böhm. 4: 717, 1883. ≡ Carex brizoides var. curvata (Knaf) Beck, Fl. Nied. -Österr. 135, 1890. ≡ Carex praecox subsp. curvata (Knaf) Kük., Pflanzenr. IV , 20 (38): 131, 1909. ≡ Carex praecox subsp. intermedia (Čelak.) W. Schultze-Motel, Ill. Fl. Mitt. -Eur. ed. 3, 2 (1): 119, 1968. ≡ Vignea curvata (Knaf) Soják, Čas. Nár. Mus., Odd. Přír. 148: 195, 1980. ≡ Vignea praecox subsp. curvata (Knaf) Dostál, Folia Mus. Rer. Natur. Bohem. Occid. Bot. 21: 16, 1984., Published as part of Řepka, Radomír, Więcław, Helena & Koopman, Jacob, 2023, Lectotypification of the name Carex curvata Knaf (Cyperaceae) with some taxonomic remarks, pp. 68-72 in Phytotaxa 592 (1) on pages 70-71, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.592.1.6, http://zenodo.org/record/7835708, {"references":["Knaf, F. J. (1847) Exiguitates botanicae. Flora 30 (12): 181 - 186.","Repka, R. & Grulich, V. (2014) Ostrice Ceske republiky. Terenni obrazovy pruvodce [Carex of the Czech Republic. Illustrated field guide]. Mendelova univerzita v Brne & CSOP Horepnik, Brno & Prostejov, 208 pp.","Koopman, J., Wieclaw, H. & Kobierski, P. (2022) Carex section Ammoglochin (Cyperaceae) in Poland. Phytotaxa 575 (1): 1 - 34. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / phytotaxa. 575.1.1"]}

Our field surveys and specimen examination of Carex from southern to south-western regions in China resulted in the discovery of five new species and one new variety, which are here named as Carex brevihispida X.F.Jin & Y.F.Lu (in sect. Surculosae), C. puberuliutriculata Y.F.Lu & X.F.Jin (sect. Clandestinae), C. paratatsiensis Y.F.Lu & X.F.Jin (sect. Aulocystis), C. huanjiangensis S.Yun Liang ex Y.F.Lu & X.F.Jin (sect. Decorae), C. liangiana X.F.Jin & Y.F.Lu and C. thibetica Franch. var. angustifolia X.F.Jin & Y.F.Lu (sect. Rhomboidales).

Carex malipoensis, a new species from southeast Yunnan, China, is here described and illustrated. It is morphologically similar to C. trichophylla in sect. Euprepes, but differs from it by its longer inflorescences and peduncles, pendulous spikes, hispidulous female glumes, densely hispidulous utricles, and longer nutlets.

Knowledge of Carex L. (true sedges) and Hypericum L. (St. John's wort) in the Neotropics is fragmentary. As a result of a fieldwork campaign in Ecuador and revision of herbarium collections (K, QCA and QCNE), we present here relevant records of twelve Carex (Cyperaceae) and four Hypericum (Hypericaceae) species. Regarding Carex, we present the novel report for South America of C. aztecica, as well as the first Ecuadorian records for C. brehmeri, C. collumanthus, C. fecunda, C. melanocystis and C. punicola. The three later records have additional biogeographical significance, as they represent the new northern limit of these species. We also include observations for another five species included in the Ecuadorian Red List of Endemic Plants. As a result, the list of native Carex reported for Ecuador would now include 52 taxa. With regard to Hypericum, we include the new report of H. sprucei for the province of Bolívar, and the confirmation of the presence of three rare species (H. acostanum, H. matangense, H. prietoi) in their type localities, although with extremely low population sizes. We discuss their conservation status and implications.

Typification of Carex lehmanniana Boott Proc. Linn. Soc. London 1: 256 (1845) The taxonomy and nomenclature of Carex sect. Fecundae is difficult and still remains uncertain. During the revision of this section we found out that the name Carex lehmanniana Boott has not been typified yet. Therefore, a lectotype is designated below. Carex lehmanniana Boott [‘ lemanniana ’], Proc. Linn. Soc. London 1: 256 (1845) Ind. loc.: “in locis humidis Montis ignivomi Cotopaxi Columbiae [Hartweg’s collection] […]; Columbia [Ecuador] [Jameson’s collection; no further indication provided]”. Lectotype (here designated): — ECUADOR, Province of Cotopaxi. Volcán Cotopaxi “ Hartweg 1446 ” (K-000584603 photo! Fig. 13; isolectotypes P!, E-00502225, photo!; NY-00011464, photo!). Observations:— The name was originally published as “ Carex lemanniana ” that Boott (1845: 256) dedicated to C.M. Lehmann, in whose personal herbarium he studied the specimens quoted in the protologue. Boott wrote the name as “Lemann”. After that, the name and description of the species was transcribed again by Boott (1846: 121). The name was later corrected as “ Carex lehmanniana ” (Walpers 1849: 910). This is a case of an orthographic correction following ICN Art. 60.1 (ICN; Turland et al., 2018), not a publication of the name nor description as appeared in some databases such as tropicos.org (2021) and International Plant Names Index (IPNI, 2021). Although the indications of Boott’s in the protologue and the manuscript in the sheet, located the specimens in Colombia (Columbiae), actually the volcano Cotopaxi (Montis ignivomi Cotopaxi) belongs to Ecuador. It must take into account the situation of Ecuador as a department of Great Colombia until 1831, even though the original description is dated in 1845., Published as part of Lois, Raúl, Acedo, Carmen, Reznicek, Anton A. & Jiménez-Mejías, Pedro, 2023, Three newly described species of Carex sect. Fecundae (Cyperaceae) from Central America and typification of two related names, pp. 71-86 in Phytotaxa 579 (2) on page 85, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.579.2.1, http://zenodo.org/record/7543084, {"references":["Boott, F. M. D. (1845) Caricis species novae, vel minus cognitae. Proceedings of the Linnean Society of London 1: 254 - 258. [https: // www. biodiversitylibrary. org / bibliography / 8250]","Boott, F. M. D. (1846) Caricis species novae, vel minus cognitae. Transactions of the Linnean Society of London 20: 115 - 147. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1096 - 3642.1846. tb 00413. x","Walpers, W. G. (1849) Annales botanices systematicae I. Leipzig, Germany, 910 pp. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 7556","Turland, N. J., Wiersema, J. H., Barrie, F. R., Greuter, W., Hawksworth, D. L., Herendeen, P. S., Knapp, S., Kusber, W. - H., Li, D. - Z., Marhold, K., May, T. W., McNeill, J., Monro, A. M., Prado, J., Price, M. J. & Smith, G. F. (Eds.) (2018) International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants (Shenzhen Code) adopted by the Nineteenth International Botanical Congress Shenzhen, China, July 2017. Regnum Vegetabile 159. Glashutten: Koeltz Botanical Books. https: // doi. org / 10.12705 / Code. 2018","IPNI (2021) International Plant Names Index. The Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Harvard University Herbaria & Libraries and Australian National Botanic Gardens, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, U. K. Available from: http: // www. ipni. org (Accessed 16 February 2022)"]}

Carex orothanatica Lois, Acedo, Reznicek & Jim.Mejías, sp. nov. (Figs. 2–4) Diagnosis:— The Costa Rican Carex orothanatica is similar to the Guatemalan endemic C. tojquianensis Standley & Steyermark (1953: 64). Both taxa clearly differ in the morphology of the utricle beak, bifid in C. orothanatica vs. truncate in C. tojquianensis, and by the color of its glumes, purplish-black in C. orothanatica vs. dark brown in C. tojquianensis. This new species is also similar to the much larger Carex cortesii Liebmann (1850: 268), endemic from Mexico. Both species clearly differ by leaf dimension, 30–40 cm × 4–5 mm in C. orothanatica vs often longer than 100 cm long and 7–8 mm wide in C. cortesii, the number of spikes of the inflorescence, lower than 10 in C. orothanatica vs higher than 20 in C. cortesii, wider and longer utricles in C. orothanatica, 3.3–3.5 × 1.8–2.0 mm than in C. cortesii, 2.2–2.5 × 1.1–1.3 mm. Type:— COSTA RICA: Province of Cartago: Cordillera de Talamanca: Cerro de la Muerte, Pan-American Highway, 5 km above Villa Mills (about 8 km above Nivel) 9°34’N 83°45’W, crevices in rock ledges and on Paramo, 3400–3500 m, 25 July 1949, R. W . Holm & H. H. Iltis 563 (Holotype: A! (Figs. 2–4); isotype: P!). Cespitose, rhizomes densely covered with short yellowish to stramineous hairs. Stems 25–40 cm tall, ± 0.15 mm wide at the middle, smooth, trigonous, sides concave below the inflorescence, reddish-brown at the base. Leaves with welldeveloped blades, largest ones 30–40 cm × 4–5 mm, usually shorter than the stems, linear, subcoriaceous, reddishbrown at the base, W-folded, margin slightly revolute; ligule 0.3–0.4 mm long, acute, orangey-brownish; sheaths orangey-brownish. Inflorescence racemose, 5.0–7.0 cm long, with 7–9 androgynous spikes, spreading or dropping; lowermost bract 5.5–7.5 cm × 2–3 mm, slightly longer than the inflorescence, subcoriaceous, W-folded, sheathless or with a short sheath Habitat and distribution: —Known only from two collections and one recent iNaturalist observation that confirms the presence of the species (https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/111517173) at Cerro de la Muerte, on the western slopes of Cordillera de Talamanca, growing at an altitude of 3400–3500 m in páramo vegetation. Phenology:— Flowers and fruits were collected at the end of July. Etymology: —The epithet “ orothanatica ” is formed by the ancient Greek “ oros ”, mountain, and “ thanatica ”, in reference to “ Thanatos ”, the Death. It refers to the toponym of “Cerro de la Muerte”, which means Mountain of Death, where the type material was collected. Paratype:— COSTA RICA: Province of San José: Direct line from Hotel La Georgina to Cerro Frío of the Cerro Buenavista complex (Cerro de la Muerte), area with television and radio towers, 9°33’- 34’ N 83 °43’- 46’W, rocky, grassy slope, 3100–3400 m, 20 September 1983, G . Davidse 25041 (MICH!)., Published as part of Lois, Raúl, Acedo, Carmen, Reznicek, Anton A. & Jiménez-Mejías, Pedro, 2023, Three newly described species of Carex sect. Fecundae (Cyperaceae) from Central America and typification of two related names, pp. 71-86 in Phytotaxa 579 (2) on pages 73-75, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.579.2.1, http://zenodo.org/record/7543084, {"references":["Standley, P. & Steyermark, J. (1953) New species of Carex from Guatemala. Ceiba 4, 62 - 68. [https: // revistas. zamorano. edu / index. php / CEIBA / article / view / 1075 / 1015]","Liebmann, F. M. (1850) Mexicos halvgraes bearbeidede efter Forgaengernes og egne Materialier med Tillaeg af de i Nicaragua og Costa Rica af Mag. A. S. Orsted samlede samt nogle faa ubeskrevne vestindiske Former. Videnskabernes Selskab, Copenhague, 87 pp."]}

Carex via-aquae Jim.Mejías, Lois, Acedo & Reznicek, sp. nov. (Figs. 9–11) = Carex lehmanniana var. simplex Kük. in H.G.A. Engler (ed.), Pflanzenr., 38 Heft, IV (20): 405 (1909). Lectotype (here designated): COSTA RICA, Province of Alajuela, Volcán Poás, 31 August 1890, Pittier 2981 (BR-849880 photo!) Fig. 12. Diagnosis: —This new species is similar to Carex lehmanniana Boott (1845: 256), in which it was included as a variety to date. Carex viaaquae differs from C. lehmanniana by stem length, 15–30 cm long in C. via-aquae vs. 45–110 cm long in C. lehmanniana, number of spikes of the inflorescence, 5–12 in C. via-aquae vs 20–45 in C. lehmanniana, inflorescence length, 4–10 cm long in C. via-aquae vs 17–25 cm long in C. lehmanniana, female glume size, 3.0–4.1 × 0.7–1.1 mm in C. via-aquae vs. 4.6–5.5 × 1.1–1.3 mm in C. lehmanniana, and utricle size, 2.1–2.5 × 0.9–1.2 mm in C. via-aquae vs. 2.6–3.4 × 0.9–1.3 mm in C. lehmanniana. Type:— COSTA RICA: Province of San José, northern slopes of Cerro Buena Vista to south of Interamerican Highway crossing, Cerro de la Muerte, 9°34’N 83°45’W, paramo vegetation, 3250–3450 m, 12 July 1994, W.J. Kress & N.W. Sawyer 94-4963 (Holotype: US 3318982!). Rhizome short, glabrous. Stems 15–30 cm tall, 0.1–0.2 mm wide at the middle, smooth, trigonous, sides concave below the inflorescence, brownish at the base. Leaves with well-developed blades, the largest ones 26–53 cm × 2.0– 5.8 mm, shorter than the stems, linear, subcoriaceous, brownish at the base, W-folded, margin slightly revolute. Inflorescence racemose, dense, 4–10 cm long, with 5–12 androgynous spikes, spreading or dropping; lowermost bract 13.6–20.6 cm × 3.1–3.7 mm, subequal to the inflorescence, linear, subcoriaceous, W-folded, sheathless or with a short sheath Habitat and distribution: —This species is distributed in Cordillera de Talamanca, mainly in Costa Rica and marginally in Panamá. It occurs in páramo vegetation on mountains, at altitudes above 3000 m. Phenology: —Flowers and fruits were collected in July and early August. Etymology:— This new species is named in honor of Prof. Marcia Waterway, who worked as curator at the McGill University Herbarium and is one of the most relevant researchers on the genus Carex. She has made tremendous contributions towards the current understanding of the systematics and evolution of the genus. The Latin words viaaquae literally translate as “way of water”, playing with the meaning of Marcia Waterway’s last name and the habitat of these plants. Observations:— Previously considered conspecific to the northern South American Carex lehmanniana, C. via-aquae is a distinct and allopatric taxon endemic from southern Central America. Boott (1845: 256) described C. lehmanniana based on a few specimens collected in Ecuador (see typification below). Other specimens of C. lehmanniana that we have studied from South America (Ecuador and Colombia) fit well to the characteristics in Boott’s description of C. lehmanniana. Carex lehmanniana and C. lehmanniana var. simplex Kükenthal (1909: 405) are lectotypified below. The name Carex lehmanniana var. simplex was designed by Kükenthal as a new variety of C. lehmanniana Boott, differing from C. lehmanniana by shorter stems “Culmus nonnisi 45 cm altus gracilior”, by stems shorter than the leaves “Folia culmo breviora”, by fewer and shorter spikes “Spiculae 6–7 simplices 4–6 cm ”, and by narrower utricles “Utriculi paullo angustiores”. The characteristics and morphology of C. lehmanniana var. simplex matches with our description of the new species C. via-aquae. Also,both original collections of C. lehmanniana var. simplex were made in Costa Rica, matching part of the distribution of C. via-aquae. Because of that, we treated the name C. lehmanniana var. simplex as a synonym of C. via-aquae, following the ICN Art. 11.2 (Turland et al., 2018) that asserts that a name has no priority outside the rank at which it is published. Additional specimens examined (paratypes): — COSTA RICA: San José Province, Cerro de Buena Vista, frés du sommet, 3100 m, 19 January 1891, H . Pittier 3381 (BR-857814 photo! BR-857847 photo!, CAS-0001348 photo!); San José Province, northern slopes of Cerro Buena Vista, to South of Interamerican Highway crossing Cerro de la Muerte, 9°34’08’’N 83°45’09’’W, 3300 m, 9 July 1994, W. J . Kress & L. M. Kennedy 94-4346 (US-3311657!); Limón Province, Center of Truchicultura, Ojo de Agua, 2990 m, 18 July 1996, M . Kappelle (US-3623016!); Cartago Province, upper cinder cone of Volcán Irazú, 9°58’N 83°51’W, 3200 m, 1 August 1968 G . Davidse & R. W. Pohl 1166 (US-3028936!); Cartago Province, Steep raw roadcut 1 km SE of La Asunción of the Carretera Interamericana, 3300 m, 25 July 1976, R. L . Wilbur 21212 (DUKE-251796!); Cartago Province, large Páramo area near km 78 on the Carretera Interamericana in the Vicinity of Dos Amigos, 3000 m, 31 July 1981, R. L . Wilbur 32445 (DUKE-284089!); Cartago Province, large Páramo area near km 78 on the Carretera Interamericana in the Vicinity of Dos Amigos, 3000 m, 31 July 1981, R. L . Wilbur 32447 (DUKE-284091!); Cartago Province, partially devastated, ash-covered upper slope of Volcán Irazú, 3250 m, 7 August 1966, G . Davidse 847 (NY!); San José Province, Cerro de la Muerta, Talamanca Range, high point along Pan American Highway, 3400 m, 8 August 1972, J . Taylor & C. Taylor 11723 (NY!); PANAMÁ: Chiriqui Province, Boquete District, Chiriqui volcano, Potrero Muleto, 3170 m, 18 July 1938, M. E . Davidson 1044 (US-1820851!); Chiriqui Province, Volcán Barú, in bottom of 1st (highest crater), 2100–2200 m, 16 August 1983, R. J . Schmalzel et al. 1717 (MO-3320522!); Bocas del Toro Province, in area called Valle de Silencia, 2500 m, 8 August 1979, T . Antonio 1551 (MO-3030570!); Chiriqui Province, E side of Volcán Barú, on road from Boquete to near summit, Potrero Muletto, 3000 m, 24 July 1975, S . Mori & A. Bolten 7426, (NY!).

Carex via-aquae Jim.Mejías, Lois, Acedo & Reznicek, sp. nov. (Figs. 9–11) = Carex lehmanniana var. simplex Kük. in H.G.A. Engler (ed.), Pflanzenr., 38 Heft, IV (20): 405 (1909). Lectotype (here designated): COSTA RICA, Province of Alajuela, Volcán Poás, 31 August 1890, Pittier 2981 (BR-849880 photo!) Fig. 12. Diagnosis: —This new species is similar to Carex lehmanniana Boott (1845: 256), in which it was included as a variety to date. Carex viaaquae differs from C. lehmanniana by stem length, 15–30 cm long in C. via-aquae vs. 45–110 cm long in C. lehmanniana, number of spikes of the inflorescence, 5–12 in C. via-aquae vs 20–45 in C. lehmanniana, inflorescence length, 4–10 cm long in C. via-aquae vs 17–25 cm long in C. lehmanniana, female glume size, 3.0–4.1 × 0.7–1.1 mm in C. via-aquae vs. 4.6–5.5 × 1.1–1.3 mm in C. lehmanniana, and utricle size, 2.1–2.5 × 0.9–1.2 mm in C. via-aquae vs. 2.6–3.4 × 0.9–1.3 mm in C. lehmanniana. Type:— COSTA RICA: Province of San José, northern slopes of Cerro Buena Vista to south of Interamerican Highway crossing, Cerro de la Muerte, 9°34’N 83°45’W, paramo vegetation, 3250–3450 m, 12 July 1994, W.J. Kress & N.W. Sawyer 94-4963 (Holotype: US 3318982!). Rhizome short, glabrous. Stems 15–30 cm tall, 0.1–0.2 mm wide at the middle, smooth, trigonous, sides concave below the inflorescence, brownish at the base. Leaves with well-developed blades, the largest ones 26–53 cm × 2.0– 5.8 mm, shorter than the stems, linear, subcoriaceous, brownish at the base, W-folded, margin slightly revolute. Inflorescence racemose, dense, 4–10 cm long, with 5–12 androgynous spikes, spreading or dropping; lowermost bract 13.6–20.6 cm × 3.1–3.7 mm, subequal to the inflorescence, linear, subcoriaceous, W-folded, sheathless or with a short sheath Habitat and distribution: —This species is distributed in Cordillera de Talamanca, mainly in Costa Rica and marginally in Panamá. It occurs in páramo vegetation on mountains, at altitudes above 3000 m. Phenology: —Flowers and fruits were collected in July and early August. Etymology:— This new species is named in honor of Prof. Marcia Waterway, who worked as curator at the McGill University Herbarium and is one of the most relevant researchers on the genus Carex. She has made tremendous contributions towards the current understanding of the systematics and evolution of the genus. The Latin words viaaquae literally translate as “way of water”, playing with the meaning of Marcia Waterway’s last name and the habitat of these plants. Observations:— Previously considered conspecific to the northern South American Carex lehmanniana, C. via-aquae is a distinct and allopatric taxon endemic from southern Central America. Boott (1845: 256) described C. lehmanniana based on a few specimens collected in Ecuador (see typification below). Other specimens of C. lehmanniana that we have studied from South America (Ecuador and Colombia) fit well to the characteristics in Boott’s description of C. lehmanniana. Carex lehmanniana and C. lehmanniana var. simplex Kükenthal (1909: 405) are lectotypified below. The name Carex lehmanniana var. simplex was designed by Kükenthal as a new variety of C. lehmanniana Boott, differing from C. lehmanniana by shorter stems “Culmus nonnisi 45 cm altus gracilior”, by stems shorter than the leaves “Folia culmo breviora”, by fewer and shorter spikes “Spiculae 6–7 simplices 4–6 cm ”, and by narrower utricles “Utriculi paullo angustiores”. The characteristics and morphology of C. lehmanniana var. simplex matches with our description of the new species C. via-aquae. Also,both original collections of C. lehmanniana var. simplex were made in Costa Rica, matching part of the distribution of C. via-aquae. Because of that, we treated the name C. lehmanniana var. simplex as a synonym of C. via-aquae, following the ICN Art. 11.2 (Turland et al., 2018) that asserts that a name has no priority outside the rank at which it is published. Additional specimens examined (paratypes): — COSTA RICA: San José Province, Cerro de Buena Vista, frés du sommet, 3100 m, 19 January 1891, H . Pittier 3381 (BR-857814 photo! BR-857847 photo!, CAS-0001348 photo!); San José Province, northern slopes of Cerro Buena Vista, to South of Interamerican Highway crossing Cerro de la Muerte, 9°34’08’’N 83°45’09’’W, 3300 m, 9 July 1994, W. J . Kress & L. M. Kennedy 94-4346 (US-3311657!); Limón Province, Center of Truchicultura, Ojo de Agua, 2990 m, 18 July 1996, M . Kappelle (US-3623016!); Cartago Province, upper cinder cone of Volcán Irazú, 9°58’N 83°51’W, 3200 m, 1 August 1968 G . Davidse & R. W. Pohl 1166 (US-3028936!); Cartago Province, Steep raw roadcut 1 km SE of La Asunción of the Carretera Interamericana, 3300 m, 25 July 1976, R. L . Wilbur 21212 (DUKE-251796!); Cartago Province, large Páramo area near km 78 on the Carretera Interamericana in the Vicinity of Dos Amigos, 3000 m, 31 July 1981, R. L . Wilbur 32445 (DUKE-284089!); Cartago Province, large Páramo area near km 78 on the Carretera Interamericana in the Vicinity of Dos Amigos, 3000 m, 31 July 1981, R. L . Wilbur 32447 (DUKE-284091!); Cartago Province, partially devastated, ash-covered upper slope of Volcán Irazú, 3250 m, 7 August 1966, G . Davidse 847 (NY!); San José Province, Cerro de la Muerta, Talamanca Range, high point along Pan American Highway, 3400 m, 8 August 1972, J . Taylor & C. Taylor 11723 (NY!); PANAMÁ: Chiriqui Province, Boquete District, Chiriqui volcano, Potrero Muleto, 3170 m, 18 July 1938, M. E . Davidson 1044 (US-1820851!); Chiriqui Province, Volcán Barú, in bottom of 1st (highest crater), 2100–2200 m, 16 August 1983, R. J . Schmalzel et al. 1717 (MO-3320522!); Bocas del Toro Province, in area called Valle de Silencia, 2500 m, 8 August 1979, T . Antonio 1551 (MO-3030570!); Chiriqui Province, E side of Volcán Barú, on road from Boquete to near summit, Potrero Muletto, 3000 m, 24 July 1975, S . Mori & A. Bolten 7426, (NY!)., Published as part of Lois, Raúl, Acedo, Carmen, Reznicek, Anton A. & Jiménez-Mejías, Pedro, 2023, Three newly described species of Carex sect. Fecundae (Cyperaceae) from Central America and typification of two related names, pp. 71-86 in Phytotaxa 579 (2) on pages 79-81, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.579.2.1, http://zenodo.org/record/7543084, {"references":["Boott, F. M. D. (1845) Caricis species novae, vel minus cognitae. Proceedings of the Linnean Society of London 1: 254 - 258. [https: // www. biodiversitylibrary. org / bibliography / 8250]","Kukenthal, G. (1909) Carex. In: Engler, A. (Ed.) Das Pflanzenreich (IV) 20. Heft 38. Engelmann, Leipzig, pp. 1 - 824.","Turland, N. J., Wiersema, J. H., Barrie, F. R., Greuter, W., Hawksworth, D. L., Herendeen, P. S., Knapp, S., Kusber, W. - H., Li, D. - Z., Marhold, K., May, T. W., McNeill, J., Monro, A. M., Prado, J., Price, M. J. & Smith, G. F. (Eds.) (2018) International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants (Shenzhen Code) adopted by the Nineteenth International Botanical Congress Shenzhen, China, July 2017. Regnum Vegetabile 159. Glashutten: Koeltz Botanical Books. https: // doi. org / 10.12705 / Code. 2018"]}

Carex siguanabae Jim.Mejías, Acedo, Reznicek & Lois, sp. nov. (Figs. 5–8) Diagnosis: —This new species is similar to Carex chordalis Liebm. (1850: 269) and to C. donnell-smithii L.H. Bailey (1889: 56). Carex siguanabae is easily distinguished from C. chordalis by its glume color (purplish-black in C. siguanabae vs hyaline to light brown in C. chordalis), and by its utricle enervation (nerves not evident in C. siguanabae vs clearly visible in C. chordalis). In addition, C. siguanabae can be distinguished from C. donnell-smithii (under Chater’s (1994) concept) by its glume length (3.9–7.0 mm in C. siguanabae vs 3.1–3.4 mm in C. donnell-smithii) and by the awned tip (1.0–2.0 mm in C. siguanabae vs 0.3–1.0(1.3) mm in C. donnell-smithii). Type: — EL SALVADOR: Department of Chalatenango: El Pital: Road between Río Chiquito and El Pital, cloud forest with Pinus spp., wet road banks, 14.38146 N 89.129035 W, 2630 m, 29 September 2019, P . Jiménez-Mejías & G. E. Rodríguez Palacios 7ES-PJM19 (Holotype: UPOS! (Figs. 5–7); isotype: MA!). Cespitose, rhizome covered with short yellowish to stramineous hairs. Stems 100–120 cm tall, 0.2–0.3 mm wide at the middle, smooth, trigonous, sides concave below the inflorescence, reddish to brown at the base. Leaves with well-developed blades, the largest ones ± 135 cm × 6.6–7.3 mm, equaling or exceeding the stems, linear, light reddishbrown at the base, W-folded, sheaths orangey-brownish. Inflorescence racemose, usually lax, 18–30 cm long, with 25–60 androgynous spikes, spreading; lowermost bract 15–20 cm × 4.9–7.9 mm, shorter than the inflorescence, soft, green to dark green, W-folded, sheathless or with a short sheath Habitat and distribution: —This species is distributed in the Central America Cordillera at the border between El Salvador and Honduras, although it may possibly inhabit Guatemala too. It occurs in montane forests, on river shores and open places (forest clearings or roadsides) between 1500 to 2500 m altitude. Phenology: —Flowers and fruits were collected between the end of February and May. Etymology: —The name Carex siguanabae refers to a local mythological creature well-known in Salvadoran folklore, “La Siguanaba”. It is represented as a long-haired woman with a terrifying face. The legend says that Siguanaba waits for men next to rivers and roads (both places where C. siguanabae grows), and then scares them to madness. Observations:— Carex siguanabae can be easily identified by the morphology of its glumes. It has one of the longest glumes in the section Fecundae, up to 7 mm long. It is also different from all the other species of the section by its extremely long and ciliated awns. Additional specimens examined (paratypes):— EL SALVADOR: Department of Santa Ana, National Park of Montecristo, La Cima de Miramundo, 14°24’N 89°21’W, 2420 m, 25 February, 2003 R.A. Carballo (MO-5898663!); Department of Chalatenango: Carretera de Río Chiquito a El Pital, 14.38146 N 89.129035 W, 2630 m, 29 September 2019, P. Jiménez-Mejías & G.E. Rodríguez-Palacios 3aES-PJM19 (UPOS!); Department of Santa Ana: San José Ingenio, National Park of Montecristo, close to Miramundo summit, 14°25’N 89°21’W, primary forest, 2300 m, 23 April 2001, W. Berendsohn 1691 (MO-5896064!); HONDURAS: Sumpul river, waterfall El Salto, 14°21’N 89°5’W, gallery forest, river bank, 1910 m, 27 May 2008, D. Rodríquez, J. Monterrosa & S. Ventura 1274 (MO-6105790!); Jocotán, El Salto, 14.353710 N 89.080637 W, 1780 m, 29 September 2019, P. Jiménez-Mejías & G.E. RodríguezPalacios 3bES-PJM19 (UPOS!)., Published as part of Lois, Raúl, Acedo, Carmen, Reznicek, Anton A. & Jiménez-Mejías, Pedro, 2023, Three newly described species of Carex sect. Fecundae (Cyperaceae) from Central America and typification of two related names, pp. 71-86 in Phytotaxa 579 (2) on pages 75-78, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.579.2.1, http://zenodo.org/record/7543084, {"references":["Bailey, L. H. (1889) Studies of the Types of various Species of the Genus Carex. Memoirs of the Torrey Botanical Club 1: 56 - 57. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 97370","Chater, A. O. (1994) Carex L. In: Davidse, G., Sousa, M. & Chater, A. O. (Eds.) Flora Mesoamericana. Volumen 6. Alismataceae a Cyperaceae. Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico, Instituto de Biologia, Missouri Botanical Garden, Natural History Museum, London, pp. 464 - 473."]}

Carex orothanatica Lois, Acedo, Reznicek & Jim.Mejías, sp. nov. (Figs. 2–4) Diagnosis:— The Costa Rican Carex orothanatica is similar to the Guatemalan endemic C. tojquianensis Standley & Steyermark (1953: 64). Both taxa clearly differ in the morphology of the utricle beak, bifid in C. orothanatica vs. truncate in C. tojquianensis, and by the color of its glumes, purplish-black in C. orothanatica vs. dark brown in C. tojquianensis. This new species is also similar to the much larger Carex cortesii Liebmann (1850: 268), endemic from Mexico. Both species clearly differ by leaf dimension, 30–40 cm × 4–5 mm in C. orothanatica vs often longer than 100 cm long and 7–8 mm wide in C. cortesii, the number of spikes of the inflorescence, lower than 10 in C. orothanatica vs higher than 20 in C. cortesii, wider and longer utricles in C. orothanatica, 3.3–3.5 × 1.8–2.0 mm than in C. cortesii, 2.2–2.5 × 1.1–1.3 mm. Type:— COSTA RICA: Province of Cartago: Cordillera de Talamanca: Cerro de la Muerte, Pan-American Highway, 5 km above Villa Mills (about 8 km above Nivel) 9°34’N 83°45’W, crevices in rock ledges and on Paramo, 3400–3500 m, 25 July 1949, R. W . Holm & H. H. Iltis 563 (Holotype: A! (Figs. 2–4); isotype: P!). Cespitose, rhizomes densely covered with short yellowish to stramineous hairs. Stems 25–40 cm tall, ± 0.15 mm wide at the middle, smooth, trigonous, sides concave below the inflorescence, reddish-brown at the base. Leaves with welldeveloped blades, largest ones 30–40 cm × 4–5 mm, usually shorter than the stems, linear, subcoriaceous, reddishbrown at the base, W-folded, margin slightly revolute; ligule 0.3–0.4 mm long, acute, orangey-brownish; sheaths orangey-brownish. Inflorescence racemose, 5.0–7.0 cm long, with 7–9 androgynous spikes, spreading or dropping; lowermost bract 5.5–7.5 cm × 2–3 mm, slightly longer than the inflorescence, subcoriaceous, W-folded, sheathless or with a short sheath Habitat and distribution: —Known only from two collections and one recent iNaturalist observation that confirms the presence of the species (https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/111517173) at Cerro de la Muerte, on the western slopes of Cordillera de Talamanca, growing at an altitude of 3400–3500 m in páramo vegetation. Phenology:— Flowers and fruits were collected at the end of July. Etymology: —The epithet “ orothanatica ” is formed by the ancient Greek “ oros ”, mountain, and “ thanatica ”, in reference to “ Thanatos ”, the Death. It refers to the toponym of “Cerro de la Muerte”, which means Mountain of Death, where the type material was collected. Paratype:— COSTA RICA: Province of San José: Direct line from Hotel La Georgina to Cerro Frío of the Cerro Buenavista complex (Cerro de la Muerte), area with television and radio towers, 9°33’- 34’ N 83 °43’- 46’W, rocky, grassy slope, 3100–3400 m, 20 September 1983, G . Davidse 25041 (MICH!).

3. Carex × fussii Simonk., Enum. Fl. Transsilv.: 548 (1887). [C. elongata × C. paniculata], Published as part of Danylyk, Ivan M. & Koopman, Jacob, 2023, Cyperaceae of Ukraine: taxonomy and linear classification, pp. 93-111 in Phytotaxa 578 (1) on page 103, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.578.1.5, http://zenodo.org/record/7517730

Sectio 35. Argyroglochin Dumort., Fl. Belg.: 146 (1827). T y p u s: Carex ovalis Gooden. (= Carex leporina L.). 77 (91). Carex bohemica Schreb., Beschr. Gräs. 2: 52 (1772).— Carex cyperoides L., Syst. Veg. ed. 13: 703 (1774). 78 (92). Carex leporina L., Sp. Pl.: 973 (1753).— Carex ovalis Gooden., Trans. Linn. Soc. London 2: 148 (1794).— Carex argyroglochin Hornem., Fors. Oecon. Plantel., ed. 3, 1: 927 (1821). Sectio 36. Axillares Heuff, Flora 27: 531 (1844). T y p u s: Carex remota L. 79 (93). Carex remota L., Fl. Angl.: 24 (1754). 79.1. Carex remota subsp. remota Sectio 37. Glareosae G.Don in J.C.Loudon, Hort. Brit.: 376 (1830). T y p u s: Carex canescens L. 80 (94). Carex canescens L., Sp. Pl.: 974 (1753).— Сarex cinerea Pollich, Hist. Pl. Palat. 2: 571 (1777).— Сarex curta Gooden., Trans. Linn. Soc. London 2: 145 (1794).— Сarex hylaea V.I.Krecz. in V.L.Komarov (ed.) Fl. URSS 3: 594 (1935). 80.1. Carex canescens subsp. canescens 81 (95). Carex brunnescens (Pers.) Poir. in J.B.A.M.de Lamarck, Encycl., Suppl. 3: 286 (1813).— Carex curta Gooden. var. brunnescens Pers., Syn. Pl. 2: 539 (1807). 81.1. Carex brunnescens subsp. brunnescens 82 (96). Carex loliacea L., Sp. Pl.: 974 (1753). 83 (97). Carex heleonastes Ehrh. ex L.f., Suppl. Pl.: 414 (1782). 83.1. Carex heleonastes subsp. heleonastes 84 (98). Carex lachenalii Schkuhr, Beschr. Riedgräs. 1: 51 (1801), nom. cons.— Carex tripartita All., Fl. Pedem. 2: 265 (1785), nom. rej.— Carex lagopina Wahlenb., Kongl. Vetensk. Acad. Nya Handl. 24: 145 (1803). 84.1. Carex lachenalii subsp. lachenalii Sectio 38. Stellulatae Kunth, Enum. Pl. 2: 399 (1837). T y p u s: Carex stellulata Gooden. (= Carex echinata Murray). 85 (99). Carex echinata Murray, Prodr. Stirp. Gott.: 76 (1770).— Carex stellulata Gooden., Trans. Linn. Soc. London 2: 144 (1794). 85.1. Carex echinata subsp. echinata Sectio 39. Elongatae Kunth, Enum. Pl. 2: 402 (1837). T y p u s: Carex elongata L. 86 (100). Carex elongata L., Sp. Pl.: 974 (1753). Sectio 40. Heleoglochin Dumort., Fl. Belg.: 146 (1827). L e c t o t y p u s: Carex paniculata L. 87 (101). Carex paniculata L., Cent. Pl. I: 32 (1755). 87.1. Carex paniculata subsp. paniculata 87.2. Carex paniculata subsp. szovitsii (V.I.Krecz.) Ö.Nilsson in P.H.Davis (ed.) Fl. Turkey, 9: 91 (1985). 88 (102). Carex appropinquata Schumach., Enum. Pl. 1: 266 (1801).— Carex paradoxa Willd., Schriften Ges. Naturf. Freunde Berlin 1794: 30 (1794), nom. illeg. 89 (103). Carex diandra Schrank, Cent. Bot. Anmerk.: 57 (1781).— Сarex teretiuscula Gooden., Trans. Linn. Soc. London 2: 163 (1794)., Published as part of Danylyk, Ivan M. & Koopman, Jacob, 2023, Cyperaceae of Ukraine: taxonomy and linear classification, pp. 93-111 in Phytotaxa 578 (1) on page 102, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.578.1.5, http://zenodo.org/record/7517730

5. Carex × turuli Simonk., Magyar Bot. Lapok 3: 82 (1904). [C. brevicollis × C. michelii]. Tribus 8. Eleocharideae Goetgh., Taxon, 34, 4: 629 (1985). T y p u s: Eleocharis R.Br., Published as part of Danylyk, Ivan M. & Koopman, Jacob, 2023, Cyperaceae of Ukraine: taxonomy and linear classification, pp. 93-111 in Phytotaxa 578 (1) on page 103, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.578.1.5, http://zenodo.org/record/7517730

Sectio 1. Carex. T y p u s: generis lectotypus. 1 (14). Carex hirta L., Sp. Pl.: 975 (1753). 2 (15). Carex atherodes Spreng., Syst. Veg. 3: 828 (1826).— Carex aristata R.Br. in J.Franklin, Narr. Journey Polar Sea: 751 (1823), nom. illeg.— Carex orthostachys C.A.Mey. in C.F.von Ledebour, Fl. Altaic. 4: 231 (1833). Sectio 2. Paludosae G.Don in J.C.Loudon, Hort. Brit.: 377 (1830). T y p u s: Carex paludosa Gooden. (= Carex acutiformis Ehrh.). 3 (16). Carex acutiformis Ehrh., Beitr. Naturk. 4: 43 (1789).— Carex paludosa Gooden., Trans. Linn. Soc. London 2: 202 (1794). 4 (17). Carex riparia Curtis, Fl. Londin. 4: t. 60 (1783). 5 (18). Carex melanostachya M.Bieb. ex Willd., Sp. Pl., ed. 4, 4: 299 (1805).— Carex nutans Host, Icon. Descr. Gram. Austriac. 1: 61 (1801), nom. illeg. 6 (19). Carex lasiocarpa Ehrh., Hannover. Mag. 22: 132 (1784).— Carex filiformis Gooden., Trans. Linn. Soc. London 2: 172 (1794). 6.1. Carex lasiocarpa var. lasiocarpa Sectio 3. Vesicariae Heuff., Flora 27: 535 (1844). T y p u s: Carex vesicaria L. 7 (20). Carex vesicaria L., Sp. Pl.: 979 (1753). 8 (21). Carex rostrata Stokes in W.Withering, Bot. Arr. Brit. Pl. ed. 2, 2: 1059 (1787), nom. cons.— Carex inflata Huds., Fl. Angl.: 354 (1762), nom. rej.— Carex ampullacea Gooden., Trans. Linn. Soc. London 2: 207 (1794), nom. superfl. 8.1. Carex rostrata var. rostrata 9 (22). Carex pseudocyperus L., Sp. Pl.: 978 (1753). 9.1. Carex pseudocyperus var. pseudocyperus, Published as part of Danylyk, Ivan M. & Koopman, Jacob, 2023, Cyperaceae of Ukraine: taxonomy and linear classification, pp. 93-111 in Phytotaxa 578 (1) on page 98, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.578.1.5, http://zenodo.org/record/7517730

2. Carex × csomadensis Simonk., Enum. Fl. Transsilv.: 556 (1887). [C. riparia × C. vesicaria], Published as part of Danylyk, Ivan M. & Koopman, Jacob, 2023, Cyperaceae of Ukraine: taxonomy and linear classification, pp. 93-111 in Phytotaxa 578 (1) on page 103, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.578.1.5, http://zenodo.org/record/7517730

While performing vegetation surveys in the southern part of the Lena delta, a new species of Carex from section Phacocystis has been found. Morphologically, Carex delongii sp. nov. is most close to C. cespitosa and C. minuta but differs from the former in smaller inflorescences, shorter pistillate spikes, narrow and soft leaves, oblong-ovoid (vs. ovoid) utricles; from the latter, it is distinguished by having smaller spikes and larger utricles. This relationship is also confirmed by molecular data. A detailed description of Carex delongii, its comparison with related species, illustrations, characteristics of habitat and phylogenetic position are reported., В работе описывается новый вид из секции Phacocystis, выявленный при изучении растительности южной части дельты реки Лены. Морфологически Carex delongii sp. nov. наиболее близок к C. cespitosa и C. minuta, но отличается от первого меньшими размерами соцветий, более короткими женскими колосками, узкими и мягкими листьями, продолговато-яйцевидными (а не яйцевидными) мешочками, а от второго – более короткими колосками и бо́льшими мешочками; выявленное родство подтвердилось молекулярным анализом. Приводится подробное описание, диагноз, иллюстрации, характеристика места произрастания, а также филогенетическое положение нового вида.

UDK: 582.542.11(497.6) During systematic field research of genus Carex in Bosnia and Herzegovina in the period of 2014-2018. two species from sect. Spirostachyae Drejer ex L. H. Bailey have been recorded for the first time in the flora of the country: Carex extensa Gooden. and Carex punctata Gaudin. While C. punctata is a quite common species growing in damp and wet habitat types over serpentine substrates in Central Bosnia, C. extensa is recorded as very rare along the Adriatic Sea coast on Klek Peninsula (southern Bosnia and Herzegovina), and recognized as critically endangered (CR) in the country.

Carex maolanensis, a new species of Cyperaceae is described and illustrated from Guizhou, China. The new species belongs to sect. Decorae, and it is similar to C. jizhuangensis, but differs in having short rhizome, 3–7 spikes per node, terminal spikes androgynous, female glumes awned. The morphology of perigynium and achene of C. maolanensis and C. jizhuangensis is compared. According to the IUCN Red List criteria, it may be turned out to Endangered (EN) or Vulnerable (VU), however, for the present, it is better to be classified as Data Deficient (DD) because the field survey for the species is necessary. A revised identification key to the species of sect. Decorae from China is provided.

The rhizosphere and root detritusphere are hotspots of microbial activity, where root-derived inputs induce intensive priming effects (PE) on soil organic carbon (SOC) decomposition. These conditions for induced PE differ between rhizosphere and detritusphere and are modified by plant traits. Continuous labelling with 13C-depleted CO2 allowed for the partitioning of plant and soil C sources of CO2 efflux and the investigation of the PE in the rhizosphere and detritusphere of slow-growing conservative Carex acuta and fast-growing acquisitive Glyceria maxima. Glyceria allocated more C into the soil, induced higher microbial activity and a larger portion of active microorganisms, and depleted mineral N stronger than Carex. Its rhizosphere PE was 2.5 times stronger than that of Carex. Root residues (detritusphere) induced negative PE at the early stage of decomposition (1–9 months). The depletion of available organic substances in the detritusphere of more easily decomposable Glyceria roots resulted in positive PE after 3 months. The PE in the detritusphere of N-poorer Carex roots was more intensive but started after 9 months. The rhizosphere PE was positive and stronger than the detritusphere PE, which switched from initially negative to positive PE after depletion of available substances during few months. More productive species with faster N-uptake and higher belowground C input (here Glyceria) induce larger rhizosphere PE than slower-growing species (here Carex). The N-rich Glyceria roots decompose faster than N-poor roots of Carex and, consequently, have a lower impact on SOC dynamics and induced a smaller positive detritusphere PE.

Grasslands belong to valuable ecosystems facing, all over Europe, a drastic decline in their range and loss of species diversity. Severe floristic transformation may result from the cessation of traditional low-input agricultural use, and consequently, the massive spread of perennial herbs and tall grasses. Invaders can quickly form dense stands and displace endemic vegetation, which results in a nearly complete turnover of phytocenoses. In European protected areas, the only legally acceptable means for suppressing alien species and native dominants within protected areas are biological methods and mowing. We investigated the effect of cutting on the presence of three megaforbs: Lysimachia vulgaris, Lythrum salicaria, and Filipendula ulmaria in fen meadows. We hypothesized that long-term, systematic management mimicking a traditional agricultural practice, would suppress the expansion of megaforbs. Management effectively stopped Lysimachia vulgaris only in marshes, where groundwater in the growing season fell deeper than 50 cm. Coverage of Lythrum salicaria fluctuated over the years, while Filipendula ulmaria did not give in to mowing pressure; on the contrary, it increased its coverage in some places. In light of the results of the long-term experiment, we conclude that mowing appeared to be low effective in preventing the spread of tall perennials. It was likely that indirect factors caused the local withdrawal of megaforbs, i.e., mowing-driven stimulation of other species’ development (e.g., Carex spp., Phragmites) that outcompete Lysimachia vulgaris.

Little is known about Arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungal colonization and community composition in non-mycorrhizal (NM) plants, especially along elevational gradients. This study explores this question using a NM plant, Carex capillacea, at Mount Segrila, Tibet. Here, C. capillacea, its rhizosphere soil, and the neighboring mycotrophic plant Poa annua were sampled at four elevations to evaluate and compare their AM fungi colonization and communities. The results showed that AM fungal colonization density of C. capillacea was negatively correlated with elevation and biomass of total NM plants per quadrat. AM fungal diversity and community composition between C. capillacea and P. annua showed a similar pattern. In addition, elevation and soil did not significantly influence the AM community in C. capillacea, while they were important abiotic factors for assemblages in rhizosphere soil and P. annua. These findings support that a broad array of AM fungi colonize the root of C. capillacea, and a mycelial network from a co-occurring host plant might shape the AM fungal communities in C. capillacea along the elevation gradient. The co-occurrence patterns of AM fungi associated with non-mycotrophic species and adjacent mycotrophic species have important implications for understanding AM fungal distribution patterns and plant–AM interactions.

Összesen 38 sásfajról közlünk adatokat a Dél-Nyírség és közvetlen környezete területé­ről. Az Alföldön korábban le nem írt vagy ritkaságnak számító fajok néhány állományát is kimutattuk, mint a Buxbaum-sás (Carex buxbaumii), az északi sás (Carex hartmanii), az árnyéki sás (Carex umbrosa) és a bugás sás (Carex paniculata). Számos új előfordulást közlünk a térségből kevés irodalmi adattal rendelkező fajokról, például a rezgő sásról (Carex brizoides), sárgás sásról (Carex michelii), sápadt sásról (Carex pallescens), nyúlánk sásról (Carex elongata). A korábbi irodalmakban említett hét fajt viszont nem sikerült észlelnünk az elmúlt 13 év során. Herbáriumi adatok igazolták, hogy a fekete sás (Carex nigra) régebbi helyi adatainak egy része valójában a gyepes sásra (Carex cespitosa) vonatkozik. Herbá­riumi adatok és az irodalom alapján úgy gondoljuk, hogy a berzedt sás (Carex pairaei) helyi adatai nagyrészt a tölgyes sásra (Carex divulsa subsp. leersii) és sulymos sásra (Carex spicata) vonatkozhatnak. Eltérően számos irodalmi adattól a rókasást (Carex vulpina) a homokvidék belsejében nem észleltük.

The Nanwenghe Wetlands Reserve in the Yile'huli Mountains is a representative region of the Xing'an permafrost. The response of permafrost to climate change remains unclear due to limited field investigations. Thus, longer-term responses of the ground thermal state to climate change since 2011 have been monitored at four sites with varied surface characteristics: Carex tato wetland (P1) and shrub-C. tato wetland (P2) with a multi-year average temperatures at the depth of zero annual amplitude (TZAA) of −0.52 and −1.19 °C, respectively; Betula platyphylla-Larix gmelinii (Rupr.) Kuzen mixed forest (P3) with TZAA of 0.17 °C, and; the forest of L. gmelinii (Rupr.) Kuzen (P4) with TZAA of 1.65 °C. Continuous observations demonstrate that the ecosystem-protected Xing'an permafrost experienced a cooling under a warming climate. The temperature at the top of permafrost (TTOP) rose (1.8 °C per decade) but the TZAA declined (−0.14 °C per decade), while the active layer thickness (ALT) thinned from 0.9 m in 2012 to 0.8 m in 2014 at P1. Both the TTOP and TZAA increased (0.89 and 0.06 °C per decade, respectively), but the ALT thinned from 1.4 m in 2012 to 0.7 m in 2016 at P2. Vertically detached permafrost at P3 disappeared in summer 2012, with warming rates of +0.42 and + 0.17 °C per decade for TTOP and TZAA, respectively. However, up to date, the ground thermal state has remained stable at P4. We conclude that the thermal offset is crucial for the preservation and persistence of the Xing'an permafrost at the southern fringe.

Key to identification of species within section Ammoglochin and Carex disticha When constructing the key, both data from Poland and other European countries have been taken into account (plants collected during fieldwork in Belgium, the Netherlands, Germany, the Czech Republic, Austria, Armenia, Bulgaria) as well as herbarium material from B—Berlin-Dahlem, DE; L—Leiden, NL and W—Vienna, AT). 1a. All spikes with female flowers at the top......................................................................................................................................... 2 1b. At least one spike with male flowers at the top................................................................................................................................ 6 2a. Utricles usually more than 4 mm long, conspicuously veined......................................................................................................... 3 2b. Utricles usually less than 4 mm long, obscurely veined.................................................................................................................. 4 3a. Leaves 1–2 mm wide, shorter than the stems; female glumes reddish-brown with pale or green midrib and hyaline margins.............................................................................................................................................................................................. Carex colchica 3b. Leaves 2–3 mm wide, exceeding stems; female glumes pale, whitish with green midrib............................ Carex pseudobrizoides 4a. Leaves not more than ½ as long as the stems; later in the season the leaves get more elongated and may exceed the fruiting stems; spikes dark brown; spikes straight; utricles usually less than 3.5 mm, narrowing suddenly into the beak................ Carex praecox 4b. Leaves exceeding the stems; at least the middle spikes usually slightly curved; utricles usually more than 3.5 mm, tapering into the beak................................................................................................................................................................................................... 5 5a. Spikes pale whitish-cream; utricles narrow, not wider than 1.5–2 mm; ratio of utricle length/utricle width around 3.6...................................................................................................................................................................................................... Carex brizoides 5b. Spikes light brown; utricles more than 2.4 mm wide; ratio of utricle length/utricle width around 2.8...................... Carex curvata 6a. Middle spikes entirely male........................................................................................................................................ Carex disticha 6b. Middle spikes with both male and female flowers........................................................................................................................... 7 7a. Middle spikes with female flowers above and male below........................................................................... Carex pseudobrizoides 7b. Middle spikes with male flowers above and female below, sometimes all spikes with female flowers at the top.......................... 8 8a. Utricles broad, 1.80–2.38 mm, conspicuously veined; nuts well-developed............................................................ Carex arenaria 8b. Utricles narrow, 1.30–1.50 mm, obscurely veined; nuts seldom well-developed........................................................ Carex repens, Published as part of Koopman, Jacob, Więcław, Helena & Kobierski, Piotr, 2022, Carex section Ammoglochin (Cyperaceae) in Poland, pp. 1-34 in Phytotaxa 575 (1) on page 23, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.575.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/7403254

Food resources are key limiting factors for migratory waterbirds, and the foraging strategies adopted by herbivorous waterbirds are affected by food availability in wetland habitats. The greater white-fronted goose (Anser albifrons) is mainly dependent on Carex in the lower and middle Yangtze River floodplain. Exploring the relationship between the growth conditions of Carex and the foraging strategies adopted by wintering greater white-fronted geese has important ecological implications for habitat protection and management. In this study, scan sampling and focal animal sampling were used to record the foraging behaviors of greater white-fronted geese wintering at Shengjin Lake, and the plant height and water content of Carex were surveyed simultaneously. The relationship between plant characteristics and foraging behaviors was tested using a linear regression equation. The results showed that Carex had two growth periods at Shengjin Lake, and the pecking rate and foraging time budget of greater white-fronted geese were higher during these two periods. Plant characteristics were positively correlated with goose foraging behaviors. The strategic adjustment of the foraging behaviors adopted by wintering greater white-fronted geese was consistent with the growth stage of Carex, which is the optimal foraging window for greater white-fronted geese. During the foraging windows, geese changed their foraging strategies to obtain more energy in order to guarantee successful wintering and migration.

In the flora of Korea, Carex L. is one of the most species-rich genera. Among nearly 157 Carex taxa, less than 30 have had their chromosome numbers reported. We report the meiotic chromosome numbers of eight Carex taxa from Korean populations, which include the first count for C. accrescens Ohwi (n = 37II) and the first chromosome investigations of Korean populations for three taxa: C. bostrychostigma Maxim. (n = 22II), C. lanceolata Boott (n = 36II), and C. paxii Kük. (n = 38II). In most species, chromosome counts observed in the study are included within the variation ranges of previous chromosome numbers. However, C. bostrychostigma Maxim. (n = 22II) and C. planiculmis Kom. (n = 29II) are assigned new chromosome numbers. Carex is known to have holocentric chromosomes, lacking visible primary constrictions and exhibiting great variance in its chromosome number. Further investigations of the diversity of Carex chromosomes will provide basic information with which to understand the high species diversity of the genus.

— Populations of Carex sect. Rhynchocystis (Cyperaceae) from the Macaronesian archipelagos (Azores and Madeira) have traditionally been treated either as a variety of the widely distributed Western Palearctic C. pendula, or directly synonymized under it. However, recent phylogenetic studies have shown that Azorean populations of C. pendula display a certain degree of differentiation from mainland plants, while the phylogenetic relationships of Madeiran populations remain unclear. Here we perform an integrated systematic study focused on the Macaronesian populations of Carex sect. Rhynchocystis to elucidate their phylogenetic relationships and taxonomic status. We reconstructed a molecular phylogeny based on five DNA regions and conducted a multivariate morphological analysis. Divergence time estimates show that the Macaronesian populations can be traced back to a Plio-Pleistocene origin. Our results suggest that these island populations of C. pendula are better treated as two distinct species within Carex sect. Rhynchocystis (i.e. C. leviosa from the Azores and C. sequeirae from Madeira). We provide morphological characters to differentiate the new species from C. pendula s. s., detailed descriptions of the three taxa, a revised key for the entire section, as well as detailed analytical drawings of the two newly described species. We also perform a critical evaluation of the taxonomic diversity of Carex in the Azores and Madeira. Finally, we informally assessed the conservation status of the new species at a global scale under IUCN categories and criteria, resulting in the proposal of the categories Least Concern for C. leviosa and Critically Endangered for C. sequeirae.

Study and analysis of hydrophilic flora diversity are important parts of environmental research due to various functions of vascular macrophytes in freshwater ecosystems, which deteriorate under the influence of anthropogenic activity and climate change. The aim of this study is to analyze the hydrophilic flora diversity (taxa, biology, ecology, and conservation status of species) and current population trends in the Sluch River basin, the largest tributary of the Horyn River (the Pripyat River basin), within the Polissya Lowland in the northern-west region of Ukraine. The list of hydrophilic flora is based on materials of the authors’ field researches in 2014–2020 within the upper and middle parts of the river basin, herbarium materials, and archive data. The study shows that the natural flora consists at least of 105 species of vascular plants belonging to 66 genera, 36 families, and 22 orders. Structural analysis shows the predominance of a few families in the systematic structure of the flora (Cyperaceae, Potamogetonaceae, Poaceae, Ranunculaceae, Plantaginaceae, and Typhaceae) and genera (Potamogeton, Carex); the dominant categories are hemicryptophytes and geophytes, entomophiles and anemophiles, heliophytes and hygrohelophytes. C- and S-strategists are dominant. This is the generally typical taxonomic and ecological structure of the hydrophilic flora of water bodies in the Pripyat River basin. The list of rare species includes 20 species from 15 genera and 12 families, for instance, species listed as vulnerable in The Red Book of Ukraine (Juncus bulbosus, Utricularia intermedia, Nymphoides peltata). Even rare and vulnerable species can form numerous populations in some localities, for example, Nymphoides peltata and Calla palustris. Five alien species were identified (Acorus calamus, Elodea canadensis, Zizania latifolia, Bidens frondosa, and Echinocystis lobata), some of which tend to expand and displace aboriginal species. In the future, it will be important to further study the structure and changes in the hydrophilic flora of the region under conditions of anthropogenic impact, to monitor the dynamics of populations of alien species, and to develop conservation measures for rare species and communities.

Understanding the effect of soil salinity on the diversity and species distribution of plant communities in inland salt marsh ecosystems could provide solutions for the management of regional saline soils and the protection of salt marsh wetland vegetation. A field experiment in succulent halophyte, Carex, and gramineous grass habitats in Ordos, Inner Mongolia (northwest China) was conducted to study the diversity and composition of plants in different saline habitats in inland salt marsh ecosystems. Results showed that plant diversity and species richness in the Carex habitat were significantly higher than the succulent halophyte habitat and the gramineous grass habitat (P

Relevance. The great variety and decorativeness of ornamental grasses and sedges have recently attracted the attention of modern landscape designers and gardeners around the world. In biotechnology, miscanthus is used as an alternative to wood, a renewable raw material for the production of bioethanol and cellulose. In the Stavropol Botanical Garden, under conditions of introduction, a collection of ornamental grasses and sedges is studied, including 36 species, 43 varieties and 23 specimens, belonging to both cold and warm season plants. Along with ornamental grasses and sedges of the temperate zone (3–4th zone of winter hardiness), plants from the southern regions (5–6th zone of winter hardiness) have been increasingly attracted recently, however, the temperature factor is limiting for their wide use. The objective of this work is to study a promising range of cold and warm season cereals and sedges for use in landscaping in connection with the thermal resources of our climatic zone. Methods. To assess the thermal resources of the conditions of the introduction site, the sums of effective temperatures before the beginning of the generative period were calculated. Mathematical processing was carried out according to standard methods. Results. It is shown that in the cereals of the cold season studied by us the generative phase, on average, begins on the 7–97th day of the growing season, when the sum of effective temperatures reaches 5.5–691 ° C. In cereal species of the warm season it occurs on the 101–174th day of the growing season, when the sum of effective temperatures reaches 914–1537 ° С. A strong correlation was found between the sum of effective temperatures and the date of the beginning of the generative phase ( r = 0.82–0.99). The temperature conditions in our zone allow us to grow a wide and varied range of ornamental grasses and sedges belonging to the genera Festuca, Glyceria, Koeleria, Leymus, Phalaris, Phragmites, Carex Miscanthus, Erianthus, Imperata, Pennisetum, Chasmanthium, Arundo, Panicum .

This article deals with the problem of species independence of Carex sordida. Closely related species of the sect. Carex, C. sordida, C. atherodes, and C. drymophila, were analyzed based on material from Asian Russia. Based on morphological characteristics, it was suggested that C. sordida is more closely related to C.atherodes than to C. drymophila. Molecular analysis using the matK plastid gene and the ITS2 and ETS nuclear ribosomal spacers confirmed that C. sordida is a distinct species closely related to C. atherodes. Several specimens of hybrid origin among the studied species were found. During the revision of herbarium samples, several new localities of C. sordida were identified, which significantly expanded its range to the west. In this study, for the first time, distribution maps of C. sordida, C. drymophila, and C. atherodes in the Asian part of Russia were published., В данной статье рассматривается проблема видовой самостоятельности Carex sordida. Проанализированы близкородственные виды C. sordida, C. atherodes и C. drymophila из Азиатской России. Основываясь на морфологических характеристиках, выдвинуто предположение, что C. sordida более тесно связан с C. atherodes, чем с C. drymophila. Молекулярный анализ с использованием пластидного гена matK и ядерных рибосомальных спейсеров ITS2 и ETS подтвердил, что C. sordida является отдельным видом, близким к C. atherodes. Между изученными видами также было обнаружено несколько экземпляров гибридного происхождения. В ходе пересмотра гербарных коллекций выявлено несколько новых местонахождений C. sordida, значительно расширивших его ареал на запад. В данном исследовании приводятся карты распространения C. sordida, C. drymophila и C. atherodes в Азиатской части России.

Carex is the most species-rich genus in the family of Cyperaceae. Carex with Phragmites australis or Bolboschoenus maritimus dominates in the building the plant cover of wet habitats. Value of mossy Carex as forage is too low, even in the hay [1]. Forage plants, as bottle sedge (Carex physodes, Carex subphysodes) growing on sand and sandy soil and Carex pachystylis growing on loamy grey soil, are distinguished by its high content in protein and being valuable forage plants [1].

Background and Aims Hybridization is the main driver of plant diversification, and gene flow via hybridization has multifaceted effects on plant evolution. Carex angustisquama is an extremophyte that grows on soils heavily acidified by volcanism. Despite its habitat distinct from that of other species, this species is known to form interspecific hybrids, implying interspecific gene flow. It is crucial to verify the extent and direction of interspecific gene flow between C. angustisquama and closely related species to understand the evolutionary process of an extremophyte in solfatara fields. Methods In this study, expressed sequence tag–simple sequence repeat markers were utilized to infer the extent and direction of interspecific gene flow between C. angustisquama and closely related species. Key Results Bayesian clustering and simulation analyses revealed that all individuals of the three hybrid species were classified into the first hybrid generation or first backcross to C. angustisquama; therefore, current interspecific gene flow is limited. Moreover, in the Bayesian inference of historical gene flow based on multispecies samples, the model that assumed no interspecific gene flow was the most strongly supported across all species pairs, including phylogenetically close but ecologically distinctive species pairs. Conclusions Our results revealed that interspecific gene flow between C. angustisquama and its related species has been limited both currently and historically. Moreover, our results of Bayesian inference of historical gene flow indicated that extrinsic, rather than intrinsic, factors probably act as isolating barriers between Carex species, with hybrid breakdown via microhabitat segregation being the probable potential barrier. Overall, our findings provide insights into the evolutionary process of an extremophyte in solfatara fields and offer an important example of the mechanisms of diversification of the speciose genus Carex.

Notre article présente un inventaire actualisé de la Laîche de Host (Carex hostiana DC.) et de son hybride Carex ×fulva en Aveyron. Leur synonymie est clarifiée et la cartographie des stations aveyronnaises est mise à jour. Quelques stations sont décrites plus précisément à l’aide de relevés phytosociologiques accompagnés de mesures du pH. Des critères d’identification hiérarchisés sont proposés à partir d’une synthèse bibliographique et d’une comparaison biométrique des deux taxons.

The decomposition of wetland plant litter is pivotal in the functioning of wetland ecosystems in terms of organic matter mineralization progress and nutrient cycling. Aiming to investigate the effects of the droppings of wintering herbivorous waterbirds on the decomposition of Carex cinerascens Kukenth litter a newly designated Ramsar Site, decomposition patterns of three types of samples were characterized and compared by waterbird dropping addition and litterbag in situ experiment. The three types of samples are OCL (only C. cinerascens litter), OWD (only waterbird droppings) and CMD (C. cinerascens litter mixed with waterbird droppings), respectively. A total of 105 decomposition bags were placed and the experiment lasted 150 days. The results showed that the average decay rate of C. cinerascens cellulose increased by approximately 32.12% by the addition of bird droppings, while the C. cinerascens lignin decay rate increased by approximately 83.05%. And the release of carbon, nitrogen and phosphorous of C. cinerascens increased by approximately 18.3%, 61.09%, and 66.71%, respectively. We concluded that the addition of waterbird droppings significantly accelerated the decomposition of C. cinerascens litter and the release of carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorus. We have a preliminary deduction that waterbird droppings (1) altered the original stoichiometric ratio of the litter, (2) increased the available nutrient content, (3) increased the colonization ability of the microorganisms, and (4) stimulated the production of a series of extracellular degradation enzymes. This study provides a thinking that the important role of waterbirds should be given full attention in wetland restoration planning and management.

A checklist of the oribatid mite species from two boreal fens in Northern Ontario, Canada is presented. 174 peat soil samples, collected between 2015–2020, yielded a heterogeneous assemblage of 80 species, 57 genera and 33 families. Species richness and diversity were significantly higher in a Sphagnum-dominated fen (69 species) compared to a Carex-dominated fen (51 species), and although 40 species were found at both sites, overall composition was significantly different between the two sites. We also present an update to the seminal work of Behan-Pelletier and Bissett (1994) on Oribatida of Canadian peatlands with 45 new species records for peatlands. Records for the parthenogenetic families Brachychthoniidae Thor, 1934 and Suctobelbidae Jacot, 1938 were considerably expanded, but other families such as Punctoribatidae, Thor, 1937 remain poorly represented in Canadian peatlands. Taken together, species richness estimates range from 86–105 species based on our sampling and the number of undescribed species recorded suggests that the oribatid mite fauna still need further examination to encompass their actual biodiversity in peatlands. We report that the oribatid mite fauna of Canadian peatlands comprise 186 species that includes all published records as of February 2021 and species presented here.

he objective of the paper was determining biogeochemical peculiarities of ac- cumulation of chemical elements (Mn, Ni, Сo, V, Cr, Zr, Cu, Pb, Zn, Ba, P) by wild-grow- ing shrubs (stems and leaves) – bog bilberry (Vaccіnium uliginоsum), European blueberry (Vaccinium myrtillus L.), alpine juniper (J. communis subsp. alpina); perennial herbaceous plants (flowers and leaves) – common tormentil (Potentіlla erecta (L.) Hampe), willow gentian (Gentiana asclepiadea), true sedges (Carex); and trees (needles) of European silver fir (Abies alba) on nine plots in the Svy- dovets Massif of the Ukrainian Carpathians. The results we obtained based on field surveys (selection of samples of soil and vegeta- tion) and interpretation of their analysis allowed us to determine the total regional background of chemical elements in soils and ash of plants using emission spectral analysis. We assessed the total concentration of chemical elements in soils of the plots (least to highest): the Apshynets Ridge – the Herashaska Polonyna – Drahobratske Lake – the Svydovets stream – Apshynets Lake – Herashaske Lake – the Zhuravlyne Bog – Vorozheske Lake (group of small lakes) – Vorozheske Lake (large) and determined the dependence on type of soil and pH. We determined that for wild-growing herbaceous plants the biogeochemical activity of species increases in the following sequence: true sedges - willow gentian - common tormentil; for wild-growing shrubs (bog bilberry, European blueberry, alpine juniper) such a sequence is impossible to determine due to the great difference between the values on different plots. We determined the role of each plant as medicinal for treating microelement deficiency in Cu, Zn, Co. We determined that in the plot of the Herashaska Polonyna, the needles of alpine juniper contain a maximum amount of Zn and Co, the needles and leaves of bog bilberry – Cu, Zn, Co; the flowers and leaves of common tormentil by Apshynets Lake and European silver fir near the area of the Svydovets stream – Cu. We calculated the daily dose of each element according to species of plants to overcome microelementosis. The results of biogeochemical surveys may be the basis for determining and recommending plants as medicinal, and also of geochemical and biogeochemical monitoring studies.

In this paper we present an updated checklist, key and maps for all the currently known Carex taxa present in Armenia. The present work is based on the revision of the vouchers in herbaria ERE, W and MW, extensive literature search, and field research carried out in 2015–2019. As a result, 71 species of Carex are known from Armenia. Besides, the first Carex hybrid in Armenia has been found and provided here with a binomial name.

—We describe a new remarkable dwarf and apparently acaulescent species of Carex (Cyperaceae) from the Andes of northern Chile: Carex phylloscirpoides. Morphological and molecular data (two nuclear and three plastid DNA regions) were used to study the phylogenetic placement and systematic relationships of this species, which resulted in its assignment to Carex section Racemosae. However, despite being related to the other three species of the section present in the Southern Cone based on phylogenetic evidence, it displays a number of unusual morphological features. In addition, it is geographically disjunct and genetically differentiated from them. A preliminary conservation assessment was performed which resulted in the proposal of the Critically Endangered category at the global level under IUCN guidelines. We discuss the biogeographic and ecological peculiarities of the new species and its allies, with emphasis in the high number of acaulescent sedges present in South America. The features of C. phylloscirpoides emphasize its unique evolutionary position and its rarity highlights its conservation importance, especially in the context of the South American Andean flora.

This is the first work of a series of thorough studies into the taxonomy and systematics of Carex in South America. Here, we present the systematic placement, biogeographic insights, taxonomic accounts, formal typifications and summarized distributions for the 24 species of Carex subgenus Vignea with androgynous spikes in the continent. We performed a phylogenetic study using the barcode markers ETS, ITS and matK to check the placement of 22 of these species on a previous tree with > 1000 Carex spp. We examined > 600 specimens from 38 herbaria and conducted an exhaustive nomenclatural survey consulting all pertinent literature. South American androgynous species of subgenus Vignea are grouped in seven distinct lineages, corresponding with the same number of inferred colonizations. Most groups seem to have colonized South America during the Plio-Pleistocene, except for species of section Bracteosae, a local radiation that dates back to the Late Miocene. All colonizations by native species seem to have originated from North America. The two putatively introduced taxa are western Palaearctic species. An identification key is provided for the studied species. We make 19 new typifications and a new species (Carex pedicularis) is described.

Water level conditions are the key factors that affect the growth and distribution of wetland plants. Using Carex cinerascens (C. cinerascens) as the study species, we employ indoor simulations and field surveys. Our results show that C. cinerascens can adapt to rhythmic changes in the water level through different adaptation strategies. Compared to that of the control group, plant growth was better with a 0–0.4 cm/d water level rate, and plant growth was in the 42–56 cm range to that a 1.0–1.4 cm/d water level rate. Furthermore, it was observed that 0–0.4 cm/d was the most suitable growth rate, with 0.6–1.0 cm/d and 0–32 cm being the ideal plant tolerance ranges, and increasing to 1.0–1.4 cm/d and 32–56 cm exceeds the plant tolerance threshold. In the middle and late period of the experiment (25–45 d), the ecological characteristics of the plants changed significantly. For example, the root-to-shoot ratio of the plant in the stable water level reached 26.1. In our field observations, plant biomass can be influenced by a variety of environmental factors. The frequency of the species was the largest at an elevation of 15 m, and the growth status of the dominant and companion species of C. cinerascens was weakened with an increase in soil moisture content. The suitable water content for C. cinerascens growth was 27.6–57.3%, the distribution elevation was 12.54–16.59 m, and the optimum elevation was 13.56–15.54 m. The study is expected to provide a reference for wetland ecology research and wetland protection and restoration, a theoretical reference for the coordination of water resource development and utilization of Poyang Lake and ecological protection of important lakes and wetlands, and an important scientific basis for wetland hydrologic regulation, ecological restoration and biodiversity conservation.