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This study examined the effect of modifying Canadian goldenrod (Solidago canadensis) biomass on its sorption capacity of Reactive Black 5 (RB5) and Reactive Yellow 84 anionic dyes. The scope of the research included the characteristics of sorbents (FTIR, elementary analysis, pHPZC), the effect of pH on dye sorption efficiency, sorption kinetics, and the maximum sorption capacity (describing the data with Langmuir 1 and 2 and Freundlich models). FTIR analyses showed the appearance of amine functional groups in the materials modified with ammonia water, which is indicative of the sorbent amination process. The amination efficiency was higher in the case of materials pre-activated with epichlorohydrin, which was confirmed by elemental analysis and pHPZC values. The sorption efficiency of RB5 and RY84 on the tested sorbents was the highest in the pH range of 2–3. The sorption capacity of the goldenrod biomass pre-activated with epichlorohydrin and then aminated with ammonia water was 71.30 mg/g and 59.29 mg/g in the case of RB5 and RY84, respectively, and was higher by 2970% and 2510%, respectively, compared to the unmodified biomass. Amination of biomass pre-activated with epichlorohydrin can increase its sorption capacity, even by several dozen times.

The aim of this study was to develop bio-based adhesives that can be used for various packaging papers. In addition to commercial paper samples, papers produced from harmful plant species in Europe, such as Japanese Knotweed and Canadian Goldenrod, were used. In this research, methods were developed to produce bio-based adhesive solutions in combinations of tannic acid, chitosan, and shellac. The results showed that the viscosity and adhesive strength of the adhesives were best in solutions with added tannic acid and shellac. The tensile strength with adhesives of tannic acid and chitosan was 30% better than with commercial adhesives and 23% for combinations of shellac and chitosan. For paper from Japanese Knotweed and Canadian Goldenrod, the most durable adhesive was pure shellac. Because the surface morphology of the invasive plant papers was more open and had numerous pores compared to the commercial papers, the adhesives penetrated the paper structure and filled the voids. There was less adhesive on the surface and the commercial papers achieved better adhesive properties. As expected, the bio-based adhesives also showed an increase in peel strength and exhibited favorable thermal stability. In summary, these physical properties support the use of bio-based adhesives use in different packaging applications.

Invasive alien species (IAS) pose a serious threat to global ecosystems, economy and human and animal health. The spread of IAS leads to a global depletion of biological diversity, through homogenization of landscapes and reduced genetic variation within species. Canadian goldenrod (Solidago canadensis L.) is an IAS that occurs widely throughout most of Sweden and it is considered to be one of the country’s most problematic terrestrial IAS. The purpose of this study was to investigate the occurrence of the Canadian goldenrod in Värmland county, Sweden, in relation to land use type and soil moisture category. Species observation data was retrieved from the Analysis Portal for Biodiversity Data. National Land Cover Database (NMD) and SLU Soil Moisture Map were used to investigate which land cover and soil moisture classes Canadian goldenrod had been associated with. Results of this study shows that there is an association between Canadian goldenrod occurrence and land cover class, which implies that land cover seems to have an effect on the spread of the species. The area of land cover classes within reported observations of Canadian goldenrod was not proportional to the area of respective land cover classes within Värmland county. Land cover classes such as other open land, artificial surfaces and forests were most commonly found within Canadian goldenrod observations. This indicates that this species occurs with higher frequency on other open land and artificial surfaces, which corresponds with the literature findings. Moreover, the area of certain soil moisture class within reported observations of Canadian goldenrod was not proportional to the area of respective soil moisture class within Värmland. Among soil moisture classes, mesic-dry soil was most commonly found within goldenrod observations. This did not confirm the hypothesis that Canadian goldenrod occurs more commonly on wet-moist soils. The literature shows that this species has a great ability to adapt to different environments. The outcome of this study suggests that Canadian goldenrod might prefer certain land use categories more or less affected by human activity. This is consistent with previous studies about abundance and spread of invasive species and indicates that human activity is an important factor contributing to the spreading of IAS. Invasiva främmande arter (IAS) utgör ett allvarligt problem för globala ekosystem, ekonomi och människors och djurs hälsa. Spridningen av IAS leder till en global utarmning av biologisk mångfald, genom homogenisering av landskap och minskad genetisk variation inom arter. Kanadensiskt gullris (Solidago canadensis L.) är en IAS som förekommer vitt spridd över så gott som hela Sverige och bedöms vara en av landets mest problematiska invasiva terrestra arter. I denna studie kartläggs utbredningen av kanadensiskt gullris i Värmlands län, i syfte att undersöka om utbredningen kan kopplas till viss typ av markanvändning eller markfuktighet. Artobservationsdata hämtades från Analysportalen för biodiversitetsdata. Nationella Marktäckedata (NMD) och SLU Markfuktighetskarta (klassad) användes för att undersöka vilka marktäcke- och markfuktighetsklasser kanadensiskt gullris associerats med. Studiens resultat talar för att det finns ett samband mellan förekomst av kanadensiskt gullris och marktäckeklasser, dvs. marktäckning verkar påverka utbredning. Arean av marktäckeklasser inom rapporterade observationer av kanadensiskt gullris var inte proportionell till arean för respektive marktäckeklasser inom Värmlands län. Marktäckeklasserna övrig öppen mark, exploaterad mark och skog var vanligast förekommande inom kanadensiskt gullrisobservationer. I studien indikeras att kanadensiskt gullris oftare förekommer inom klasserna övrig öppen mark och exploaterad mark, vilket överensstämmer med litteraturen. Dessutom var arean av viss markfuktighetsklass inom rapporterade observationer av kanadensiskt gullris inte proportionell till arean av respektive markfuktighetsklass inom Värmland. Bland markfuktighetsklasser var torr-frisk vanligast inom kanadensiskt gullrisobservationer. Detta bekräftade inte hypotesen att kanadensiskt gullris har en högre förekomst inom klassen fuktig-blöt, men stöds av litteraturen som talar om artens anpassningsförmåga till olika fuktighetsnivåer. Resultatet av denna studie tyder på att kanadensiskt gullris verkar föredra platser som mer eller mindre påverkas av mänsklig aktivitet, något som går i linje med tidigare studier gällande spridning och förekomst av invasiva arter och lyfter vikten av den mänskliga faktorns betydelse i spridningen av IAS.

Solidago canadensis L. cv. Tara and Delphinium elatum, the hybrid White River are summer flowers with great agronomic potential. The goal of this study was to establish the phenology of these species grown under greenhouse conditions, as well as to determine the correlation between climatic elements (relative humidity - RH, growing degree-days for development - GDD and soil moisture - SM) with growth variables (stem length and diameter, fresh weight FW - and dry weight - DW) in S. canadensis and D. elatum. The life cycle for S. canadensis and D. elatum ended when reaching 30% of the flower opening, the stem length reached 118.05 and 123.74 cm, at 94 and 77 days, respectively. The growth of both species showed a logistic curve pattern throughout the crop cycle; S. canadensis showed maximum values for absolute growth rate (AGR) and relative growth rate (RGR) at 77 and 42 days after transplanting (DAT), respectively; in contrast to D. elatum which occurred at 77 and 28 DAT. On the other hand, for the correlation between climatic elements and growth variables in S. canadensis, the GDD and RH were directly correlated with both FW and DW, stem diameter and length, while an inverse correlation occurred for SM. D. elatum showed a direct correlation between climatic conditions and growth variables. Resumo Solidago canadensis L. Cv. Tara e Delphinium elatum híbrido White Rever são flores de verão com grande potencial agronômico. O objetivo foi estabelecer a fenologia destas espécies cultivadas em estufa, assim como determinar o tipo de correlação existente entre os elementos climáticos (umidade relativa - UR, graus-dia de desenvolvimento - GDD e umidade do solo) e as variáveis de crescimento (longitude e diâmetro das hastes, peso fresco e seco). O ciclo de cultivo em S. canadensis e D. elatum, finalizou quando se tinha 30% de abertura floral, e o comprimento das hastes atingiram 118,05 e 123,74 cm, aos 94 e 77 dias, respectivamente. Ao longo do cultivo o crescimento das espécies estudadas acompanhou um patrão de curva logística, em S. canadensis os máximos valores da taxa de crescimento absoluto e a taxa de crescimento relativo foram aos 77 e 42 dias após o transplantio (DAT), respectivamente, sendo que diferença de D. elatum aconteceu aos 77 e 28 DAT. Por outro lado, no que se refere à correlação entre os elementos climáticos e as variáveis de crescimento em S. canadenis, GDD e UR correlacionaram-se de forma direta com o peso fresco e seco, diâmetro e longitude da haste, em contraste a umidade do solo que teve uma relação inversa. D. elatum evidenciou uma relação direta entre as variáveis climáticas e as variáveis de crescimento.

Anthropogenic climate change and species invasion are two major threats to biodiversity, affecting the survival and distribution of many species around the world. Studying the responses of invasive species under climate change can help better understand the ecological and genetic mechanisms of their invasion. However, the effects of warming and phosphorus deposition on the phenotype of native and invasive plants are unknown. To address the problem, we applied warming (+2.03 °C), phosphorus deposition (4 g m−2 yr−1 NaH2PO4), and warming × phosphorus deposition to Solidago canadensis and Artemisia argyi to measure the direct effects of environmental changes on growth and physiology at the seedling stage. Our results reveal that the physiology parameters of A. argyi and S. canadensis did not change significantly with the external environment. Under phosphorus deposition, S. canadensis had higher plant height, root length, and total biomass compared to A. argyi. Interestingly, warming has an inhibitory effect on the growth of both A. argyi and S. canadensis, but overall, the reduction in total biomass for S. canadensis (78%) is significantly higher than A. argyi (52%). When the two plants are treated with warming combined with phosphorus deposition, the advantage gained by S. canadensis from phosphorus deposition is offset by the negative effects of warming. Therefore, under elevated phosphorus, warming has a negative effect on the invasive S. canadensis and reduces its growth advantage.

Canadian goldenrod is one of the most widespread invasive neophytes in Europe with proven ecological and environmental consequences for the invaded plots. The morphological traits and productive features survey can offer a better insight view into the S. canadensis population ecology and the dynamic of its aboveground biomass growth. Equally, it can serve as a foundation for a balanced management proposal, with the aim of keeping an acceptable degree of Canadian goldenrod invasion. In the study, 600 specimens, collected at various phenological phases, from the twelve sampling stands in the eastern Slovakia, were processed. The obtained data were related to the degree of invasion, pH, soil moisture, overall stand area, and measure of interventions. Plants from the stands with a mild degree of goldenrod invasion (50%); a higher pH; and a smaller area. These plants also showed smaller essential oil productivity rate, and they achieved the growth peak a significantly later. Conversely, as the stand area decreased, and the S. canadensis % representation and soil reaction increased, goldenrods became significantly taller and heavier, with a higher number of leaves and a higher essential oil productivity rate. Canadian goldenrod shows, somewhat, a cyclical, self-growth-reinforcing feedback: the consecutive increase of the goldenrod’s aboveground biomass leads to an increase of its relative % abundance within the invaded stands. Consequently, the increase of the goldenrod’s relative % abundance leads to the plants aboveground biomass consecutive growth, and so on.

Canadian goldenrod (Solidago canadensis L.) is a plant that grows in a variety of environmental conditions. It shows high capability to spread in various habitats, including fallow lands and brownfield land. The research aimed at analyzing the content of Pb and Zn in the underground (roots, rhizomes) and aboveground parts (stems, leaves, inflorences) of Solidago canadensis (SC) originating from two locations that are clearly different in terms of metal content in soil. Statistically significant differences were determined in the content of Pb and Zn in soil and particular morphological parts of the plant, depending on the sampling location. It has been shown that in the conditions of increased (compared with natural) Pb and Zn content in the soil, SC may serve as a bioaccumulator of these metals. It was determined that SC can be used as a phytostabilizer of Pb and Zn in soils heavily contaminated with these elements. The content of Zn in the aboveground parts of SC indicates that this plant can also be used for phytoextraction of soils contaminated with this metal.

Protected Areas provide a valuable source of information on the effects of invasive alien species on biodiversity and ecosystem functioning as well as the dynamics of invasions. Solidago canadensis is an extremely aggressive alien species. It is included into the world's 100 most invasive plant species. Our study aimed to monitor the invasiveness of S. canadensis in the Sanctuary «Prilepsky» in Minsk district. The article contains a brief description of the introduction of Solidago canadensis in Europe and more detailed in Belarus. The parameters characterising its invasiveness (average shoot length, foliage projective cover, average number of vegetative shoots, average number of generative shoots of S. canadensis and the average number of associated species per study plot) have been measured in three plant communities of the Sanctuary «Prilepsky» (Minsk district, Belarus) in 2016 and 2018. We noted that the invasiveness of S. canadensis is linked to the amount of sunlight received by ecotope. The proposed control measures include the afforestation of the open parts of the Sanctuary «Prilepsky» using native tree species, multiple mowings, and destroying the plants directly at the areas of most concern by volunteers.

In the modern world including Georgia foreign origin plants are main danger for natural cenozis and agrocenozis. One of them is Canadian goldenrod (Solidago canadensis L.), which was firs collected in 1920s, in Georgia Abkhazia (Ochamchire district). After that it became wide spread all over Abkhazia, especially on the territory of Ochamchire and Gulripshi. From there massive spread began on the Colkheti lowland. There is not reference material about its spread in Adjara floristic district (region). According to conducted field research and description the first samples of Canadian goldenrod (Solidago canadensis L.) were describes by us in 2008-2011, on the territory of Adjara floristic district (near KobuletiAkhalsopheli-Ockhamuri railway). Then it massive spread on roadways, canals, ruderal ways, tea plantation and former maize crops. The plant is characterized with vegetative and generative propagation, which provides its fast spread in agro, natural and secondary cenozes.

The global fast‐growing presence of invasive species requires urgent action to assess their ecological and economic impact. Although a number of recent works have shown that alien plant invasions can affect native plant communities, soil microbial communities, and soil physicochemical properties, rarely the effects of invaders on all these parameters have been examined at once. Moreover, no studies have focused on the effects of invasive plants on the ecosystem services after the removal of invaders. For this study, Solidago canadensis, one of the most successful global invasive species, was chosen. In the first stage, invasion‐induced changes in plant community and soil properties in abandoned arable fields were assessed. In the second stage, the effects of these changes on crops, Helianthus annuus and Zea mays, were assessed in a laboratory soil‐feedback experiment. The invader reduced substantially the richness and cover of native plant species. It had little impact on soil physicochemical and microbiological properties: Soil moisture was lower, whereas mycorrhizal parameters and urease activity were higher in invaded plots. The experiment revealed minor and inconsistent effects of the invader: It affected the mycorrhizal colonization and shoot mass of crop plants, but the direction of changes depended on the origin of the soil used. In conclusion, although S. canadensis invasion clearly displaces native vegetation, it has few and rather weak effects on soil properties that did not affect the performance of subsequent crops. The results are promising from the viewpoint of restoring the agricultural function to abandoned fields invaded by S. canadensis.

The article presents the results of a study of technological parameters (specific mass, bulk mass, volume mass, porosity, quantity cavities between particles, free volume of a layer of the crude materials and coefficient of absorption of solvents) and individual the numerical indicators of the quality (moisture; ash residue: total and insoluble in 10% solution of hydrochloric acid; chopped crude materials; extraneous materials) of the Canadian goldenrod herb. The content of extractive substances was determine. The obtained data will be used in the technological process in the production of extraction preparations.

The spread of invasive plants is one of the most significant causes of biodiversity loss in natural, semi-natural, and anthropogenic habitats in Poland. This two-year study aimed to assess the rate of self-renewal of Canadian goldenrod (Solidago canadensis L.) and giant goldenrod (S. gigantea Aiton), and the possibility of achieving full generative development on fallow land restored to agricultural use with mechanical treatments. The following research objects were examined: the control (no mechanical treatments), one-time mowing, two-time mowing, one-time mowing plus one-time rotary tilling, and one-time mowing plus two-time rotary tilling. The phenological development of Solidago spp. was observed every 14 days from June to September each year. In October of each growing season, the aboveground parts of goldenrods’ biomass were measured, and selected morphological parameters were assessed. Two-time mowing and one-time mowing with two-time rotary tilling resulted in the highest reductions in the share of goldenrods in the generative stages of development, of 64.0% and 51.7% compared to the control, respectively. The two-time mowing treatment was the most effective at inhibiting goldenrods’ biomass accumulation, with a 57.7–77.0% decrease in biomass compared to the control. This treatment also reduced the number of flowering shoots and inflorescence lengths of both Solidago species.

Although the invasion of exotic plants has been recognised as the serious cause of the biodiversity loss and natural habitats degradation and threat to the ecosystems functions, just the little attention has been paid to the potential impacts of the goldenrod invasion on the soil properties. Equally, currently obtained results are contrary and ambiguous. We tested whether the grass fields invaded and uninvaded by Canadian goldenrod (Solidago canadensis L.) differ in pH, soil moisture, organic carbon (Cox), humus and P, K and Mg contents and related the variations to the chosen environmental variables. We did not find significant distinctions of the studied types of habitats in the selected physico-chemical soil properties as well as the relation between the goldenrod invasion and the changes in soil properties. Nevertheless, whereas the soil reaction, soil moisture and Mg content were higher in the invaded soils, the Cox, humus and P and K contents were higher in the uninvaded ones. Doubtless, further attention need to be paid to this problem.

Japonski dresnik (Fallopia japonica) in kanadska zlata rozga (Solidago canadensis) sta v Sloveniji pogosti invazivni tujerodni vrsti. V naši raziskavi smo poskušali z biotesti na rastlinske hormonom podobne substance določiti hormonski status obeh vrst. Biotesti so enostavna, cenovno ugodna metoda za določanje rastlinskih hormonov in njim sorodnih substanc. Uporabili smo Avena (ovseni) biotest za avksinom podobne substance in Triticum (pšenični) biotest za citokininom podobne substance. V proučevanih rastlinah smo v različnih stadijih rasti našli med 17 μg in 332 μg avksinov na gram suhe mase rastlin, tako v sušenem kot v liofiliziranem rastlinskem materialu. Citokininov z uporabljenimi biotesti nismo zaznali. Liofiliziran material je v primerjavi s sušenim vseboval nekoliko več rastlinskim hormonom podobnih substanc. The japanese knotweed (Fallopia japonica) and canadian goldenrod (Solidago canadensis) are common invasive species in Slovenia that spread very quickly. In our study, we tried to determine the hormonal status of both invasive species with bioassay for plant hormone-like substances. Bioassays are a simple, affordable method for determining plant hormones and related substances. We used Avena (oat) bioassay for auxin-like substances and Triticum (wheat) bioassay for cytokinin-like substances. In studied invasive species, we found between 17 μg and 332 μg of auxins per gram of dried or lyophilized mass of invasive plants at different development stages. No cytokinins were observed with bioassays. The lyophilized material contained slightly more hormone-like substances than dried material.

Invazivne tujerodne vrste se hitro razmnožujejo in razširjajo ter izpodrivajo avtohtone vrste. V naši raziskavi smo želeli raziskati vsebnost rastlinskim hormonom podobnih substanc v dveh invazivnih tujerodnih rastlinskih vrstah, kanadski zlati rozgi (Solidago canadensis) in japonskem dresniku (Fallopia japonica). S kumaričnim (Cucumis) biotestom smo ugotavljali vsebnost avksinom in citokininom podobnih substanc v rastlinskem materialu, v različnih razvojnih stadijih rasti, sušenem v sušilniku ali liofilizatorju. V obeh proučevanih invazivnih vrstah smo v materialu, sušenem v liofilizatorju določili nekoliko več hormonom podobnih substanc v primerjavi s sušenim materialom v sušilniku. Kanadska zlata rozga (Solidago canadensis) je vsebovala med 65 µg in 116 µg avksinov in med 0 µg in 50 µg citokininov na gram suhe mase (SM) rastlin. Japonski dresnik (Fallopia japonica) je vseboval med 63 µg in 116 µg avksinov in med 0 µg in 53 µg citokininov na gram suhe mase (SM) rastline. Največ avksinov in avksinom podobnih substanc imata obe proučevani vrsti v drugem razvojnem stadiju, v katerem so rastline že razvile dolge, še neolesenele poganjke, ter liste in v tretjem razvojnem stadiju, v katerem so bile rastline skoraj popolnoma razvite, z že nekoliko olesenelimi stebli. Največ citokininov in citokininom podobnih substanc smo zaznali v drugem razvojnem stadiju pri obeh rastlinskih vrstah. The invasive alien species rapidly multiply, fast expand and thus displace the native species. The purpose of our thesis was determining the content of plant-hormone-like substances in two invasive alien plant species, the Canadian goldenrod (Solidago canadensis) and Japanese knotweed (Fallopia japonica). We used a cucumis (Cucumis) bioassay to establish the content of auxins-like and cytokinins-like substances in material in four different developmental stages, dryed in a dryer or freeze dryer. In both invasive species studied, there were more hormone-like substances in the material dried in the liofilizator than in a freeze dryer. The Canadian goldenrod (Solidago canadensis) contained between 65 µg and 116 µg of auxins-like and between 0 µg and 50 µg of cytokinins-like substances per gram of dry weight (DW). The Japanese knotweed (Fallopia japonica) contained between 63 µg and 116 µg of auxins-like and between 0 µg and 53 µg of cytokinins-like substances per gram of dry weight (DW). The content of auxins-like and cytokinins-like substances in both studied species was higher in the second growth stage in which the plants had already developed long, yet not lignificated shoots and leaves, as well as in the third developmental stage, in which the plants had been almost fully developed with slightly lignified stem. We noticed that the content of auxins-like and cytokinins-like substances was the highest in the second developmental stage of both plant species.

Plant essential oils (EOs) are one of the most relevant natural products due to their biological, medicinal, and nutritional properties. The promising biological effects of many plants EOs encourage researchers to study their biochemical properties to be used as possible natural alternatives for commercial pesticides and not only as herbal medicines. The current research has been conducted to study the microbicide effect of Solidago canadensis L. EO to control some common plant diseases caused by several postharvest phytopathogenic fungi (Monilinia fructicola, Botrytis cinerea, Aspergillus niger, and Penicillium expansum) in comparison with Azoxystrobin as a large spectrum fungicide. The antibacterial activity has been carried out against some phytopathogenic bacteria (Bacillus megaterium and Clavibacter michiganensis (G+ve) and Xanthomonas campestris, Pseudomonas fluorescens, and Pseudomonas syringae pv. phaseolicola (G-ve)) compared to the synthetic antibiotic Tetracycline. Minimum inhibitory concentration was carried out to determine the lowest effective EO dose using a 96-well microplate. The cell membrane permeability was also evaluated by measuring the electric conductivity (EC) to examine the possible mechanisms of action of S. canadensis EO. Chemical characterization of EO has been carried out using gas chromatography and mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Thirty-two identified components in S. canadensis EO presented 97.7% of total compounds in EO. The principal compounds were identified as germacrene D (34.9%), limonene (12.5%), &alpha, pinene (11.6%), &beta, elemene (7.1%), and bornyl acetate (6.3%). In addition, S. canadensis EO demonstrated promising in vitro antimicrobial activities against the majority of tested phytopathogens at all tested concentrations.

Plant essential oils (EOs) are one of the most relevant natural products due to their biological, medicinal, and nutritional properties. The promising biological effects of many plants EOs encourage researchers to study their biochemical properties to be used as possible natural alternatives for commercial pesticides and not only as herbal medicines. The current research has been conducted to study the microbicide effect of Solidago canadensis L. EO to control some common plant diseases caused by several postharvest phytopathogenic fungi (Monilinia fructicola, Botrytis cinerea, Aspergillus niger, and Penicillium expansum) in comparison with Azoxystrobin as a large spectrum fungicide. The antibacterial activity has been carried out against some phytopathogenic bacteria (Bacillus megaterium and Clavibacter michiganensis (G+ve) and Xanthomonas campestris, Pseudomonas fluorescens, and Pseudomonas syringae pv. phaseolicola (G−ve)) compared to the synthetic antibiotic Tetracycline. Minimum inhibitory concentration was carried out to determine the lowest effective EO dose using a 96-well microplate. The cell membrane permeability was also evaluated by measuring the electric conductivity (EC) to examine the possible mechanisms of action of S. canadensis EO. Chemical characterization of EO has been carried out using gas chromatography and mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Thirty-two identified components in S. canadensis EO presented 97.7% of total compounds in EO. The principal compounds were identified as germacrene D (34.9%), limonene (12.5%), α-pinene (11.6%), β-elemene (7.1%), and bornyl acetate (6.3%). In addition, S. canadensis EO demonstrated promising in vitro antimicrobial activities against the majority of tested phytopathogens at all tested concentrations.

Solidago canadensis L. (SC) (Canadian goldenrod) is a dangerous plant invader in Europe, which suppress the indigenous flora. Essential oils (EOs) are considered biological control agents. GC-MS analysis for identification of main components was conducted and the potential phytotoxicity of six EOs were also evaluated. Limonene and β-thujone were dominant components in Salvia officinalis L., menthone and menthol in Mentha × piperita L., carvacrol in Origanum vulgare L., estragole/anisole and anethole in Foeniculum vulgare Mill., limonene and carvone in Anethum graveolens L., and anethole in Pimpinella anisum L. Along with EOs, anethole, anisole, camphor, carvone, estragole, limonene, menthol, menthone, thujone and thymol were used independently to evaluate phytotoxic effect against Canadian goldenrod seed germination. A significant inhibitory effect was registered for origanum (1.250 µg.ml−1). The influence of single components was significant. The highest phytotoxic activity was registered with anethole and estragole. Phenolic compounds were the inhibitoriest, followed by oxygenated and hydrocarbon monoterpenes.

The paper presents the results of the study of influence of nature (in particular, dielectric constant and dynamic viscosity) and the concentration of the following extractants: methanol, ethanol, propanol, acetone, dimethylsulfoxide, ethyl acetate, propanol-2, butanol, butanol-2 for the extraction of flavonoids from Canadian goldenrod grass. The content of flavonoids in extracts prepared from the Canadian goldenrod grass was statistically significant (p, В статье представлены результаты изучения влияния природы (в частности, диэлектрической проницаемости идинамической вязкости) и концентрации следующих экстрагентов: метанола, этанола, пропанола, ацетона, диметилсульфоксида, этилацетата, пропанола-2, бутанола, бутанола-2 на извлечение флавоноидов из травы золотарника канадского. Содержание флавоноидов в извлечениях, полученных из травы золотарника канадского, статистически значимо (p

Article Support for biogas production in Latvia was decreased. There is an urgent need to i nvestigate the suitability of various inexpensive renewable biomass resources for energy production. Also, itis necessary to explore the possibilities to improve the anaerobic fermentation process with the help of various catalysts. Biocatalyst Metaferm pr oduced in Latvia was used in previous studies with other biomass and showed increase in biogas and methane production. The article shows the results of studies on biogas (methane) production from chopped fresh Common nettle ( Urtica dioica ) and Canadian gol denrod ( Solidago canadensis ) biomass and effect of catalyst Metaferm in anaerobic fermentation process. The anaerobic digestion process was performed in 0.75 L laboratory digesters, operated in batch mode (38 ± 1.0 °C, 35 days). The average specific biogas or methane production per unit of dry organic matter added (DOM) from Common nettle was 0.709 L g - 1 DOM or was 0.324 L g - 1 DOM respectively. Average specific biogas or methane volume produced from chopped Canadian goldenrod in anaerobic fermentation was 0.54 8 L g - 1 DOM or 0.267 L g - 1 DOM respectively. Average biogas or methane yield from digestion of chopped Common nettle with 1 mL Metaferm was 0.752 L g - 1 DOM or 0.328 L g - 1 DOM respectively. Average specific biogas or methane yield from anaerobic fermentation of c hopped Canadian goldenrod with 1 mL Metaferm was 0.624 L g - 1 DOM or 0.276 L g - 1 DOM respectively. Adding of catalyst Metaferm increases methane yield from chopped nettle or Canadian goldenrod by 1.2% or 3.4% respectively. All investigated biomass resources c an be used for methane production.

The Youth of the 21st Century: Education, Science, Innovations : Proceedings of IV International Conference for Students, Postgraduates and Young Scientists, Vitebsk, December 6, 2017. - Vitebsk : Vitebsk State P. M. Masherov University, 2017. - P. 31-33. - Bibliogr.: p. 33 (4 nam.).

Solidago canadensis is a well-established invasive alien plant species in the lowlands and coastal areas from Østfold to Agder in Norway, with an expanding range. It spreads with small wind-dispersed seeds, and rhizomes. It is commonly found on cultivated land and road verges, where it alters the landscape and displaces native species. Rhizomes and cuttings from S. canadensis were collected from three populations in Eastern Norway. The rhizomes and cuttings were planted in a pot experiment to examine their ability to propagate vegetatively, and thereby use this knowledge in managing their spreading. The rhizomes were buried at 0, 10 and 30cm, at two fragment lengths: 5 and 10cm. The cuttings were planted as 15cm stems, where the bottom 5cm where pushed into the soil. The experiment lasted from June 17th to August 12th. The probability of surviving, attaining a well-developed root system and attaining inflorescence for rhizomes was estimated statistically using ‘integrated nested Laplace approximations’ (INLA). The results showed that increasing burial depth has a significant negative effect on rhizome survivability, although sprouting occurred at all burial depths. In addition, there was a significant difference in survivability between the populations. However, rhizome length did not have a significant effect on survivability. The number of aerial shoots had a significant positive effect towards attaining a well-developed root system, and the height of the tallest shoot increased with increasing root development. Many of the tallest shoots developed inflorescence, and the probability of inflorescence was estimated to be 90% at 600mm shoot length. The results suggest that if the rhizomes manage to sprout, they have a high likelihood of attaining a well-developed root system and thereby develop inflorescence. Solidago canadensis er en godt etablert fremmed invaderende planteart i lavlandet og kystområder fra Østfold til Agder, med økende utbredelsesområde. Den spres med små vindspredte frø, samt rhizomer. Den vokser vanligvis i kulturmark og langs veikanter, hvor den endrer tilstanden i landskapet og fortrenger stedegne arter. Rhizomer og stiklinger fra S. canadensis ble samlet fra tre populasjoner i Øst-Norge. Rhizomene og stiklingene ble plantet i et potteeksperiment for å undersøke deres evne til vegetativ formering, i det øyemed å bruke denne kunnskapen til å begrense dens spredning. Rhizomene ble begravet på 0, 10 og 30cm, med to fragmentlengder: 5 og 10 cm. Stiklingene ble plantet som 15cm lange stengler, hvor de nederste 5cm ble dyttet ned i jorda. Eksperimentet varte fra 17. juni til 14. august. Sannsynligheten for å overleve, å oppnå et velutviklet rotsystem samt å oppnå blomstring for rhizomene ble estimert statistisk ved hjelp av ‘integrated nested Laplace approximations’ (INLA). Resultatene viste at økende jorddybde hadde en signifikant negativ effekt på rhizomenes overlevelse, selv om spiring forekom på alle jorddybdene. Det var også en signifikant forskjell i overlevelse mellom populasjonene. Rhizomenes fragmentlengde viste seg å ikke ha noen signifikant effekt på overlevelse. Antallet overflateskudd hadde en signifikant positiv effekt på oppnåelsen av et velutviklet rotsystem, og høyden på det høyeste skuddet økte med økende rotutvikling. Mange av de høyeste skuddene utviklet blomstring, og sannsynligheten for blomstring ble estimert til å være 90% ved 600mm skuddlengde. Resultatene tyder på at dersom rhizomene klarer å spire, har de en høy sannsynlighet for å få et velutviklet rotsystem og dermed utvikle blomstring. M-PV

The object of this Master‘s thesis was Solidago canadensis L.flowers methanol (70%) extracts. Goldenrod is a perennial plant, that belongs to the Asteraceae family. Canadian goldenrod has diuresis, anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, anti-oxidative, antifungal and anti-tumor functions. The aim of work was to determine antioxidants and their activity in Solidago canadensis L.flowers extracts using HPLC-ABTS post column method. Canadian goldenrod flores extracts were made using methanol (70%) solutions. They were investigated by HPLC-ABTS post column method. 5 antioxidants were determined wich had antioxidation qualities: chlorogenix acid, rutin, isoquercitrin, hyperoside and one unknown compund. Identifying Canadian goldenrod‘s flowers antioxidant properties ant their activity, by 7 Lithuania‘s regions in which raw material was gathered, in Solidago canadensis flowers metanol extracts antioxidants in extracts varied from 0 µmol/g (hyperoside) to 44,18µmol/g (uknown compund). Antioxidation activity in Canadian goldenrod changed from 75,671 µmol/g to 85,821 µmol/g. Biggest activity (85,821 µmol/g) was in ekstacts from 4 region (Molėtai d.), lowest (75,671 µmol/g) in flowers gathered from 7 region (Vilnius city/ d.). Identifying Canadian goldenrod‘s flowers antioxidant properties ant their activity, by 24 Lithuania‘s location in which raw material was gathered, in Solidago canadensis flowers metanol extracts antioxidants in extracts varied from 0 µmol/g (hyperoside) to 44,18µmol/g (uknown compund). Antioxidation activity in Canadian goldenrod changed from 56,52 µmol/g (Utena district, Atkočiškiai village) to 109,03 µmol/g (Utena district, Antalgė village). Statistical analis was done with antioxidant and their activity comparing by wich region and location raw material was taken

Tyrimo objektas – kanadinės rykštenės lapų bei žiedų ekstraktai. Tyrimo metu kokybiniam ir kiekybiniam flavonoidų nustatymui naudojamas efektyviosios skysčių chromatografijos metodas. Darbo tikslas – nustatyti flavonoidų kokybinę ir kiekybinę sudėtį kanadinės rykštenės (Solidago canadensis L.) augalinėje žaliavoje naudojant ESC metodą. Atlikta mokslinių literatūros šaltinių analizė, pagrindžianti kanadinės rykštenės (Solidago canadensis L.) gydomąsias savybes, flavonoidų išskyrimo bei nustatymo metodikas , taip pat taikomo metodo optimizavimo ir validacijos kriterijus. Optimizuotas ECS metodas flavonoidų vertinimui, naudojant turimą laboratorinę įrangą. Pasirinkta 150×4,6 mm, 3 µm YMC kolonėlė, kurios temperatūra 25°C. Injekcijos tūris – 10µl. Kiekybiniam nustatymui pasirinktas gradavimo grafiko metodas, taikant tiesines kalibracines kreives. Validacijos eksperimentų metu buvo pagrįstas metodikos pakartojamumas, tiesiškumas, aptikimo ir nustatymo ribos. Validuota metodika pritaikyta kanadinės rykštenės (Solidago canadensis L.) ekstrakto tyrimui, nustatyta, kad kanadinės rykštenės lapų ekstrakte flavonoidų vidutiniškai yra 23,0 mg/g, iš jų vidutiniškai rutino nustatyta 18,99 mg/g, izokvercitrino – 0,44 mg/g, hiperozido 0,19 mg/g, kvercitrino 3,38 mg/g. Kanadinės rykštenės žiedų ekstraktuose flavonoidų nustatyta vidutiniškai 23,27 mg/g, iš jų rutino nustatyta 19,70 mg/g, izokvercitrino – 0,68 mg/g, hiperozido – 0,47 mg/g, o kvercitrino – 2,42 mg/g. The object of the research – extracts of Canadian goldenrod leaves and flowers. The high performance liquid chromatography method was used for the quantitative determination of flavonoids in the research. The aim of work was to determine the qualitative and quantitative composition of flavonoids in the plant raw material of Canadian goldenrod (Solidago canadensis L.) using HPLC method. Analysis of scientific literature was performed to support the medicinal properties of the Canadian goldenrod (Solidago canadensis L.), methods for extraction and detection of flavonoids, as well as the validation criteria of the applied optimization method. The HPLC method for determining the quantity of flavonoids was optimized using the available laboratory equipment. YMC column of 150×4.6 mm, 3 µl, was chosen with a temperature of 25°C. The injection volume – 10 µl. The graph calibration method was selected for using linear calibration curves. Validation experiments justified the method repeatability, linearity and the limits. The validated methodology was applied for the research of Canadian goldenrod (Solidago canadensis L.) extract, and it was determined that the leaf extract of Canadian goldenrod contains an average of 23.0 mg/g flavonoids, of which, the average amount of rutin found was 18.99 mg/g, isoquercitrin – 0.44 mg/g, hyperoside 0.19 mg/g, quercitrin 3.38 mg/g. The average flavonoid content in the flower extract of Canada goldenrod was 23.27 mg/g, of them rutin 19.70 mg/g... [to full text]

The object of the research – extracts of Canadian goldenrod leaves and flowers. The high performance liquid chromatography method was used for the quantitative determination of flavonoids in the research. The aim of work was to determine the qualitative and quantitative composition of flavonoids in the plant raw material of Canadian goldenrod (Solidago canadensis L.) using HPLC method. Analysis of scientific literature was performed to support the medicinal properties of the Canadian goldenrod (Solidago canadensis L.), methods for extraction and detection of flavonoids, as well as the validation criteria of the applied optimization method. The HPLC method for determining the quantity of flavonoids was optimized using the available laboratory equipment. YMC column of 150×4.6 mm, 3 µl, was chosen with a temperature of 25°C. The injection volume – 10 µl. The graph calibration method was selected for using linear calibration curves. Validation experiments justified the method repeatability, linearity and the limits. The validated methodology was applied for the research of Canadian goldenrod (Solidago canadensis L.) extract, and it was determined that the leaf extract of Canadian goldenrod contains an average of 23.0 mg/g flavonoids, of which, the average amount of rutin found was 18.99 mg/g, isoquercitrin – 0.44 mg/g, hyperoside 0.19 mg/g, quercitrin 3.38 mg/g. The average flavonoid content in the flower extract of Canada goldenrod was 23.27 mg/g, of them rutin 19.70 mg/g, isoquercitrin – 0.68 mg/g, hyperoside – 0.47 mg/g, and quercitrin – 2.42 mg/g.