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Introducción: El cáncer diferenciado de tiroides ha incrementado su incidencia en las últimas 3 décadas debido al sobrediagnóstico de tumores pequeños o microcarcinomas, las nuevas tendencias en su manejo hacen de la cirugía y la terapia con iodo radioactivo el tratamiento de elección para casos seleccionados. El manejo actual de microcarcinoma de tiroides se basa en el riesgo de recurrencia inicial y su seguimiento en el tiempo con el riesgo de recurrencia dinámico. Objetivo: El presente trabajo se enfocó en analizar el riesgo de recurrencia dinámico en pacientes con microcarcinoma de tiroides que recibieron o no terapia ablativa con Iodo 131 posterior a tratamiento quirúrgico en el Hospital Teodoro Maldonado Carbo durante los años 2016 – 2018. Métodos: Se realizó un estudio ambispectivo, no experimental, descriptivo, analítico, transversal y correlacional. Se analizaron 51 pacientes atendidos en la unidad técnica de endocrinología. Resultados: De un total de 51 casos de microcarcinoma, el 60% fue tratado con terapia ablativa, la respuesta inicial fue excelente en el 53.3% de pacientes ablacionados y en el 66.7% de los casos no ablacionados. El riesgo de recurrencia inicial fue significativamente más bajo en el grupo no tratado mediante ablación (100%), mientras que en el tratado con ablación fue bajo, intermedio y alto en 16 (53.3%), 7 (23.3) y 7 (23.3), respectivamente. Conclusiones: Existe un riesgo bajo de recurrencia dinámico, independientemente de la indicación de terapia ablativa con I131, la estratificación del riesgo de recurrencia constituye una herramienta útil para seleccionar aquellos pacientes que deben recibir iodo radioactivo.

Este artigo dialoga com as ideias desenvolvidas no artigo El neofascismo en Brasil, ¿de lo local a lo global?, de Odilon Caldeira Neto. A partir deste trabalho, destacam-se três aspectos interligados: as contribuições para abordar o neofascismo brasileiro como objeto de estudo, seus vínculos transnacionais e as reflexões sobre a prática intelectual em torno da construção de conceitos e categorias. O próprio texto constitui uma grande contribuição para repensar as particularidades - desde a história, as tradições e as experiências - de um fenômeno que, por sua vez, é atual e global.

Using a generalized difference-in-differences approach, this study draws on a firmcountry-product-year level database covering imports and exports from Colombia to study how duty exemptions on imported goods affect export performance. The impactwas estimated depending on the intensity exposure using the Colombian duty drawback policy —Plan Vallejo. Results suggest that input-duty reduction leads to rises in the export quantities and number of varieties, especially for products not benefited by the policy; however, the scheme allows firms to accentuate the negative impact of customs duty increases. The estimated tariff revenue leakage of the duty exemptions is non-negligible in terms of the country’s GDP.

En este estudio, analizamos los temas que se enseñan en probabilidad en 57 países. Para ello, construimos una estructura conceptual en la que presentamos los conceptos, representaciones y fenómenos que le dan sentido a este tema en este nivel educativo. Con la información de esta estructura conceptual, revisamos la información curricular de probabilidad hasta grado cuarto de los 56 países que participaron en el estudio internacional TIMSS 2015 y de Colombia. Luego, comparamos la información curricular de los países analizados con la información encontrada en Colombia. Constatamos que aproximadamente 45% de los países que participaron en el TIMSS aún no incluye información para la enseñanza de la probabilidad en sus currículos o solamente incluyen el término probabilidad. En los otros países y en Colombia, identificamos que los temas más comunes se relacionan con determinar la posibilidad de ocurrencia de sucesos (posibles, imposibles, seguros) en contextos de la vida diaria que involucran incertidumbre o azar. Concluimos que, aunque la literatura muestra la importancia de abordar la probabilidad en el currículo, su enseñanza aún requiere mayor atención en este nivel educativo.

The mechanisms underlying the inactivation of Leuconostoc mesenteroides glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PDH) induced by peroxyl radicals (ROO

The relatively high level of morphological diversity in Australasian marsupials compared to that observed among American marsupials remains poorly understood. We undertake a comprehensive macroevolutionary analysis of ontogenetic allometry of American and Australasian marsupials to examine whether the contrasting levels of morphological diversity in these groups are reflected in their patterns of allometric evolution. We collate ontogenetic series for 62 species and 18 families of marsupials (n = 2091 specimens), spanning across extant marsupial diversity. Our results demonstrate significant lability of ontogenetic allometric trajectories among American and Australasian marsupials, yet a phylogenetically structured pattern of allometric evolution is preserved. Here we show that species diverging more than 65 million years ago converge in their patterns of ontogenetic allometry under animalivorous and herbivorous diets, and that Australasian marsupials do not show significantly greater variation in patterns of ontogenetic allometry than their American counterparts, despite displaying greater magnitudes of extant ecomorphological diversity.

Introducción: La parálisis flácida es una causa de consulta en los servicios de urgencias, con diferentes etiologías, puede ser inmunomediada o secundaria a enfermedades sistémicas, que pueden llevar a cuadriparesia y falla ventilatoria por parálisis bulbar. Objetivo: Revisar el abordaje inicial de la parálisis flácida por síndromes neurológicos, la fisiopatología, manifestaciones clínicas, diagnóstico y tratamiento de las enfermedades que neurológicas que componen esta entidad. Materiales y métodos: se realizó una revisión crítica de la literatura científica en MEDLINE, PUBMED, ELSEVIER, SCIENCE DIRECT, filtrando resultados de revisiones de tema, reportes de caso, estudios transversales, ensayos clínicos controlados, metanálisis y guías de manejo con un total de 13934 documentos, priorizando 30. Resultados: La principal causa de parálisis flácida es el síndrome de Guillain barre, seguida de enfermedades sistémicas y otras enfermedades neurológicas como la miastenia gravis o la mielitis transversa, se deben identificar tempranamente los signos de falla respiratoria, el diagnóstico es principalmente clínico, aunque existen estudios confirmatorios, y su tratamiento se debe iniciar de manera temprana y oportuna con esteroides, inmunoglobulina o plasmaféresis e inmunomodulación según sea el caso. Conclusión: La parálisis flácida es una urgencia neurológica con diferentes etiologías, se debe reconocer los signos de alarma, realizar un abordaje inicial y diagnóstico clínico tempranos para iniciar un tratamiento oportuno.

El nuevo gobierno brasileño, encabezado por Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva, tiene una serie de desafíos muy importantes a futuro. Luego del triunfo electoral del 30 de octubre de 2022, comenzó un complejo proceso de transición y formación de gobierno. El escenario político resultante hace necesaria la construcción de alianzas, la cuales afectarán a las políticas públicas que están incluidas en su agenda de gobierno. Por otra parte, la ultraderecha resultó fortalecida en su presencia parlamentaria tras las elecciones y puede ser una fuerte oposición. Las acciones extremistas, como el asalto a las sedes de los tres poderes el 8 de enero de 2023, hicieron visibles sus relaciones con las fuerzas de seguridad del Estado, factor que representa un gran desafío para la estabilidad política y democrática. Además, 20 años después del primer mandato de Lula, el escenario global y regional es diferente, tanto en términos económicos como políticos. Con estos condicionamientos, la política exterior brasileña, clave para el posicionamiento global de América Latina, enfrenta nuevos desafíos y demandará nuevas estrategias.

Microgrids have become valuable assets because they improve the reliability of consumers while integrating renewables via distributed energy resources (DERs). Thus, making them cost-efficient is essential to secure their proliferation. This paper proposes a new method for the optimal design of microgrids. The proposed two-stage method optimizes the size and the location of the DERs, i.e., the renewable energy sources (RESs), distributed generation (DG) units, and battery energy storage systems (BESSs). Furthermore, the overall operation of the microgrid is optimized using a stochastic scenario-based approach, considering grid-connected and unintentional islanded modes. The proposed method also considers internal network reinforcements. Thus, the first stage is an energy-based approach, formulated as a mixed-integer linear programming (MILP) problem, and it is used to size the DERs, whereas the second stage uses an optimal AC power flow (AC-OPF) to formulate a mixed-integer nonlinear programming (MINLP) model that allocates the DERs and selects the best conductor for each circuit. The multi-objective nature of the problem is addressed via Pareto optimization to analyze the trade-off between operational and capital costs. The MINLP model is linearized through piece-wise approximations and solved using commercial solvers. Furthermore, the impact of battery degradation is analyzed through a simple adaptation of the Stage 1 model. Results were obtained with data from the real university campus microgrid CampusGrid, located at the State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), in São Paulo, Brazil.

Particle entanglement is a fundamental resource upon which are based many quantum technologies. However, the up-to-now best sources of entangled photons rely on parametric down-conversion processes, which are optimal only at certain frequencies, which rarely match the energies of condensed-matter systems that can benefit from entanglement. In this Article, we show a way to circumvent this issue, and we introduce a new source of entangled photons based on resonance fluorescence delivering photon pairs as a superposition of vacuum and the Bell state $|\Phi^-\rangle$. Our proposal relies on the emission from the satellite peaks of a two-level system driven by a strong off-resonant laser, whose intensity controls the frequencies of the entangled photons. Furthermore, the degree of entanglement can be optimized for every pair of frequencies, thus demonstrating a clear advantage over existing technologies. Finally, we illustrate the power of our novel source of entangled single-photon pairs by exciting a system of polaritons and showing that they are left in a maximally entangled steady state., Comment: 8 pages and 4 figures in the main text; 6 pages and 2 figures in the supplementary material

Cassava Bacterial Blight (CBB) is a destructive disease widely distributed in the different areas where this crop is grown. Populations studies have been performed at local and national scales revealing a geographical genetic structure with temporal variations. A global epidemiology analysis of its causal agent Xanthomonas phaseoli pv. manihotis (Xpm) is needed to better understand the expansion of the disease for improving the monitoring of CBB. We targeted new tandem repeat (TR) loci with large repeat units, i.e. minisatellites, that we multiplexed in a scheme of Multi-Locus Variable number of TR Analysis (MLVA-8). This genotyping scheme separated 31 multilocus haplotypes in three clusters of single-locus variants and a singleton within a worldwide collection of 93 Xpm strains isolated over a period of fifty years. The major MLVA-8 cluster 1 grouped strains originating from all countries, except the unique Chinese strain. On the contrary, all the Xpm strains genotyped using the previously developed MLVA-14 microsatellite scheme were separated as unique haplotypes. We further propose an MLVA-12 scheme which takes advantage of combining TR loci with different mutation rates: the eight minisatellites and four faster evolving microsatellite markers, for global epidemiological surveillance. This MLVA-12 scheme identified 78 haplotypes and separated most of the strains in groups of double-locus variants (DLV) supporting some phylogenetic relationships. DLV groups were subdivided into closely related clusters of strains most often sharing the same geographical origin and isolated over a short period, supporting epidemiological relationships. The main MLVA-12 DLV group#1 was composed by strains from South America and all the African strains. The MLVA-12 scheme combining both minisatellite and microsatellite loci with different discriminatory power is expected to increase the accuracy of the phylogenetic signal and to minimize the homoplasy effects. Further investigation of the global epidemiology of Xpm will be helpful for a better control of CBB worldwide.

The overexpression of RXam2, a cassava NLR (nucleotide-binding leucine-rich repeat) gene, by stable transformation and gene expression induction mediated by dTALEs, reduce cassava bacterial blight symptoms. Cassava (Manihot esculenta) is a tropical root crop affected by different pathogens including Xanthomonas phaseoli pv. manihotis (Xpm), the causal agent of cassava bacterial blight (CBB). Previous studies have reported resistance to CBB as a quantitative and polygenic character. This study sought to validate the functional role of a NLR (nucleotide-binding leucine-rich repeat) associated with a QTL to Xpm strain CIO151 called RXam2. Transgenic cassava plants overexpressing RXam2 were generated and analyzed. Plants overexpressing RXam2 showed a reduction in bacterial growth to Xpm strains CIO151, 232 and 226. In addition, designer TALEs (dTALEs) were developed to specifically bind to the RXam2 promoter region. The Xpm strain transformed with dTALEs allowed the induction of the RXam2 gene expression after inoculation in cassava plants and was associated with a diminution in CBB symptoms. These findings suggest that RXam2 contributes to the understanding of the molecular basis of quantitative disease resistance.

Métodos hidrogeoquímicos e isotópicos fueron utilizados para caracterizar la calidad del agua subterránea (N=19) pertenecientes al acuífero aluvial de la cuenca del Rio Pavas en Colombia, para evaluar su origen, renovabilidad y dinámica espacial y temporal. El agua subterránea transita en dirección Sureste-Noroeste, con características de agua fresca (SDT < 500 mg/L; 5,55 ≤ pH ≤ 7,90), no recomendada para consumo humano al superar los valores microbiológicos máximos aceptables establecidos por la normatividad colombiana. Presenta facies Ca2+-Mg2+-HCO3- o Ca2+-Mg2+-Na+-HCO3-. Los procesos modificantes de la hidrogeoquímica son la disolución de rocas y el intercambio catiónico. Los isótopos estables indican que el agua subterránea es formada por la recarga de agua meteórica sin evidencia del efecto de la evaporación. La datación con tritio manifiesta que el agua subterránea es un agua joven menor de 20 años.

With 14 species recorded, the Miocene La Venta bat fauna is the most diverse bat paleocommunity in South America. It includes the oldest plant-visiting bat in the New World and some of the earliest representatives of the extant families Phyllostomidae, Thyropteridae, and Noctilionidae. La Venta'sNotonycteris magdalenensisis an extinct member of the subfamily Phyllostominae, a group of modern Neotropical animalivorous bats, and is commonly included in studies of the evolution of Neotropical bats, but aspects of its biology remain unclear. In this study, we used multivariate dental topography analysis (DTA) to reconstruct the diet ofN. magdalenensisby quantitatively comparing measures of molar complexity with those of 25 modern noctilionoid species representing all major dietary habits in bats. We found clear differences in molar complexity between dietary guilds, indicating that DTA is potentially an informative tool to study bat ecomorphology. Our results suggestN. magdalenensiswas probably an omnivore or insectivore, rather than a carnivore like its modern relativesChrotopterus auritusandVampyrum spectrum. Also, we reconstructed the body mass ofN. magdalenensisto be ~95 g, larger than most insectivorous bats, but smaller than the largest carnivorous bat (V. spectrum). Our results confirm thatN. magdalenensiswas not a specialized carnivore. It remains to be demonstrated that the specialized carnivory ecological niche was occupied by the same lineage of phyllostomines from at least the middle Miocene. Combining our diet and body-mass reconstructions, we suggest thatN. magdalenensisexhibits morphological pre-adaptations crucial for the evolution of specialized carnivory.

Protein modification occurs in biological milieus that are characterized by high concentrations of (macro)molecules (i.e. heterogeneous and packed environments). Recent data indicate that crowding can modulate the extent and rate of protein oxidation, however its effect on other post-translational modifications remains to be explored. In this work we hypothesized that crowding would affect the glycation of plasma proteins. Physiologically-relevant concentrations of albumin (35 mg mL−1) and transferrin (2 mg mL−1) were incubated with methylglyoxal and glyoxal (5 μM–5 mM), two α-oxoaldehyde metabolites that are elevated in the plasma of people with diabetes. Crowding was induced by adding dextran or ficoll polymers. Electrophoresis, electron microscopy, fluorescence spectroscopy and mass spectrometry were employed to investigate the structural consequences of glycation under crowded conditions. Our data demonstrate that crowding modulates the extent of formation of transferrin cross-links, and also the modification pathways in both albumin and transferrin. Arginine was the most susceptible residue to modification, with lysine and cysteine also affected. Loss of 0.48 and 7.28 arginine residues per protein molecule were determined on incubation with 500 μM methylglyoxal for albumin and transferrin, respectively. Crowding did not influence the extent of loss of arginine and lysine for either protein, but the sites of modification, detected by LC-MS, were different between dilute and crowded conditions. These data confirm the relevance of studying modification processes under conditions that closely mimic biological milieus. These data unveil additional factors that influence the pattern and extent of protein modification, and their structural consequences, in biological systems.

El proposito de este trabajo es describir y analizar las medidas de desempeno utilizadas en la logistica humanitaria. Basados en la importancia de medir el desempeno en los procesos de preparacion y atencion de desastres, asi como en los aportes encontrados en la literatura, se concluye que las medidas de desempeno para estas operaciones pueden enmarcarse en dos objetivos principales: eficiencia y efectividad. No obstante, estos objetivos presentan diferentes prioridades de acuerdo con la fase del ciclo de la gestion de desastres, dado que, en las fases previas al desastre, los propositos estan mas enfocados hacia la eficiencia operacional, mientras en las fases posteriores al desastre, los objetivos de efectividad cobran mayor importancia. The purpose of this paper is to describe and analyze the performance measures used in humanitarian logistics. Based on the importance of measuring performance in disaster preparedness and response processes, as well as on the contributions found in the literature, it is concluded that performance measures for these operations can be framed in two main objectives: efficiency and effectiveness. However, these objectives present different priorities according to the phase of the disaster management cycle, given that, in the pre-disaster phases, the objectives are more focused on operational efficiency, while in the post-disaster phases, the objectives of effectiveness become more important.

The present work examined the oxidation and crosslinking of the anti-bacterial enzyme lysozyme (Lyso), which is present in multiple biological fluids, and released from the cytoplasmic granules of macrophages and neutrophils at sites of infection and inflammation. It is therefore widely exposed to oxidants including peroxyl radicals (ROO•). We hypothesized that exposure to ROO• would generate specific modifications and inter- and intra-protein crosslinks via radical-radical reactions. Lyso was incubated with AAPH (2,2′-azobis(2-methylpropionamidine) dihydrochloride) as a ROO• source. Enzymatic activity was assessed, while oxidative modifications were detected and quantified using electrophoresis and liquid chromatography (UPLC) with fluorescence or mass detection (MS). Computational models of AAPH-Lyso interactions were developed. Exposure of Lyso to AAPH (10 and 100 mM for 3 h, and 20 mM for 1 h), at 37 °C, decreased enzymatic activity. 20 mM AAPH showed the highest efficiency of Lyso inactivation (1.78 mol of Lyso inactivated per ROO•). Conversion of Met to its sulfoxide, and to a lesser extent, Tyr oxidation to 3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine and diTyr, were detected by UPLC-MS. Extensive transformation of Trp, involving short chain reactions, to kynurenine, oxindole, hydroxytryptophan, hydroperoxides or di-alcohols, and N-formyl-kynurenine was detected, with Trp62, Trp63 and Trp108 the most affected residues. Interactions of AAPH inside the negatively-charged catalytic pocket of Lyso, with Trp108, Asp52, and Glu35, suggest that Trp108 oxidation mediates, at least partly, Lyso inactivation. Crosslinks between Tyr20-Tyr23 (intra-molecular), and Trp62-Tyr23 (inter-molecular), were detected with both proximity (Tyr20-Tyr23), and chain flexibility (Trp62) appearing to favor the formation of covalent crosslinks.

In 2020, a right coalitional government leaded by the National Party started in Uruguay, after 15 years of left governments. There are signs that show the beginning of a eorientation of foreign policy towards greater trade openness and attracting investment. As a counterpart, there seems to be a loss of the relative importance of the region in Uruguayan foreign policy, which includes demands for the opening up and flexibilitation of the Mercosur and a repositioning against regionalism. This change promoted by the new government may be counterintuitive in relation to the regional vocation traditionally attributed by literature to the National Party. However, through the analysis of a census and interviews with legislators, the article shows that in the last decade party preferences have already outlined this relegation of the region. In this way, we argue that a pragmatic, realistic and deeply liberal “neoherrerismo” is emerging in the National Party, as a predominant tendency in the international vision of the government

In this paper, two different types of solar thermal collector are compared on an exergy basis in the context of a sugarcane cogeneration power plant in Colombia. The analysis is conducted considering the use of solar energy as a way to preheat the boiler feedwater and thereby reduce the fuel consumption and exergy destruction of the power plant. The energy and exergy analyses of the power plant are conducted under real and steady-state conditions. A parabolic trough collector and a linear Fresnel collector are compared, and their exergy performances are assessed. The comparison is conducted considering both solar fields are sized to preheat the boiler feedwater from 95 °C to 150 °C. The inclusion of the solar thermal collectors reduces the fuel consumption by 1.1% during a typical meteorological year, equivalent to 6400 tons of bagasse per year. Furthermore, the PTC generated 35% more heat per m2 of aperture area during the year than LFC. A better solar exergy harvesting was achieved for the PTC. However, the results do not show significant differences in terms of exergy destruction and fuel savings between the PTC and the LFC.

Junto a su ubicación en la extrema derecha del espectro ideológico, las nuevas ultraderechas neopatriotas también se distinguen por su marcada impugnación del globalismo y el orden internacional liberal y, a partir de ello, desarrollan prácticas que pueden definirse como un nuevo internacionalismo reaccionario. Este trabajo, además de caracterizar a estos actores y su accionar, pone el foco en el desarrollo de esas prácticas de contestación en el particular espacio iberoamericano a partir, por un lado, de un eje ideológico —la contraposición “libertad o comunismo”—, y, por otro, del antiglobalismo y de planteamientos nacionalistas. En el caso español, aunque con ecos limitados en América Latina, se basa en plataformas ideológicas como la “Carta de Madrid” y conceptos novedosos como el de “Iberosfera”, así como en la recuperación de la idea de hispanidad, antaño desarrollada por el hispanoamericanismo conservador y la dictadura franquista. Estos conceptos son parte de una disputa por la lectura del pasado, en tanto elemento clave para dar sentido político al presente, que supone un cuestionamiento de la idea de Iberoamérica, como expresión contemporánea del hispanoamericanismo progresista.

Equity, diversity and inclusion (EDI) in the workforce are paramount for the betterment of the scientific endeavor. Colombia is a country with great scientific potential, but also multiple long-lasting socioeconomical difficulties. Here, we provide a quantitative analysis of the temporal trajectories of gender parity in scientific publishing in Colombia. Data was dissected based on education level, researcher’s rank and research area, in order to elucidate differential patterns of scientific publishing. We controlled for gender-based differences in number of researchers by quantifying per capita scientific productivity. Our results show widespread gender disparity in scientific publishing persistent across time. Gender-based differences in per capita scientific publishing indicate that gender disparity persists even after controlling for differences in the number of researchers. Temporal trajectories revealed a decrease in women publishing in the medical sciences and a widening of the per capita publishing gender gap. Women senior researchers and women researchers with doctoral degrees had the lowest publishing participation within their group, suggesting access to postgraduate education or entering the workforce in themselves do not prevent women from being underrepresented. We highlight the need to understand the problem of underrepresentation in science and possible ways to address it beyond increasing the number of women researchers.

Bats show a remarkable ecological diversity that is reflected both in dietary and foraging guilds (FGs). Cranial ecomorphological adaptations linked to diet have been widely studied in bats, using a variety of anatomical, computational and mathematical approaches. However, foraging-related ecomorphological adaptations and the concordance between cranial and postcranial morphological adaptations remain unexamined in bats and limited to the interpretation of traditional aerodynamic properties of the wing (e.g. wing loading [WL] and aspect ratio [AR]). For this reason, the postcranial ecomorphological diversity in bats and its drivers remain understudied. Using 3D virtual modelling and geometric morphometrics (GMM), we explored the phylogenetic, ecological and biological drivers of humeral morphology in bats, evaluating the presence and magnitude of modularity and integration. To explore decoupled patterns of variation across the bone, we analysed whole-bone shape, diaphyseal and epiphyseal shape. We also tested whether traditional aerodynamic wing traits correlate with humeral shape. By studying 37 species from 20 families (covering all FGs and 85% of dietary guilds), we found similar patterns of variation in whole-bone and diaphyseal shape and unique variation patterns in epiphyseal shape. Phylogeny, diet and FG significantly correlated with shape variation at all levels, whereas size only had a significant effect on epiphyseal morphology. We found a significant phylogenetic signal in all levels of humeral shape. Epiphyseal shape significantly correlated with wing AR. Statistical support for a diaphyseal-epiphyseal modular partition of the humerus suggests a functional partition of shape variability. Our study is the first to show within-structure modular morphological variation in the appendicular skeleton of any living tetrapod. Our results suggest that diaphyseal shape correlates more with phylogeny, whereas epiphyseal shape correlates with diet and FG.

La crisis de 2008 marca el fin de la globalización como etapa histórica y orden hegemónico. El fin del ciclo de las materias primas, que expresa ese cambio en América Latina, es el marco del ascenso de nuevas fuerzas de ultraderecha neopatriotas, de perfil nacionalista y soberanista, con fuertes retóricas antiglobalistas. Examinando factores de estructura y de agencia globales y nacionales, este artículo parte del ascenso de las derechas latinoamericanas neopatriotas para analizar sus matrices de política exterior e inserción internacional, mostrando como elementos comunes el alineamiento con Estados Unidos y la contestación a las normas y las instituciones regionales y al multilateralismo. Finalmente, examina en qué medida el ascenso de las nuevas derechas latinoamericanas, más allá de sus especificidades nacionales y regionales, forma parte de una tendencia o ciclo global de contestación al orden internacional liberal y la globalización.

The 2008 crisis marked the end of globalisation as a historical phase and hegemonic order. The end of the commodities cycle, an expression of that change in Latin America, is the context for the rise of new neo-patriotic far-right forces – nationalist, sovereigntist movements deploying distinctly anti-globalist rhetoric. Global and national structural and agency factors are examined and the paper begins with the rise of Latin American neo-patriotic right-wing movements. Analysing their foreign policy and international integration matrices shows that common elements include alignment with the United States and the contestation of multilateralism and regional institutions and norms. Finally, consideration is given to the extent to which the rise of new Latin American right-wing movements form part of a global trend or cycle of contesting the liberal international order and globalisation.

Este trabajo argumenta que las nuevas extremas derechas, que caracterizamos como neopatriotas, emergen por una combinación de factores de agencia y estructura en el marco de la crisis de la globalización, entendiendo esta última como orden hegemónico. La crisis la globalización como crisis abre oportunidades para el ascenso de una nueva extrema derecha que redefine lo popular, lo nacional y lo internacional a partir de la distinción schmittiana de “amigo-enemigo” como categorización autónoma, dando sentido político a su identidad como actor político. Elemento clave de esa identidad es un nuevo internacionalismo reaccionario basado en la defensa de la tradición frente a la globalización y el cosmopolitismo. Así, la reinstauración de una “Arcadia” tradicional da sentido a un proceso de repolitización y contestación del orden liberal internacional, en sus dimensiones nacional, regional y global, de sus discursos universalistas y cosmopolitas, y de sus teleologías de progreso humano. En suma, estos actores no solamente cuestionan la globalización como orden establecido, sino que pugnan por la construcción de otro orden internacional alternativo de signo reaccionario.

The president's ability to legislate is a central element in studies of presidential regimes. A debate persists about the existence of ‘two presidencies’, that is, whether presidential legislative ...

Se analizan los ingresos de la cuenta corriente de la balanza de pagos que comprenden las exportaciones de bienes y servicios, las rentas de las inversiones de Colombia en el exterior y las transferencias corrientes que incluyen las remesas de trabajadores. Se encuentra que los ingresos externos son bajos frente a otros paises emergentes, concentrados en exportaciones de bienes basicos, de origen minero y petrolero, mientras que la participacion de las exportaciones de servicios es reducida. Los destinos geograficos de las exportaciones son poco diversificados, siendo Estados Unidos el principal socio comercial. Estas caracteristicas aumentan la vulnerabilidad de la economia colombiana a choques de terminos de intercambio y de demanda externa. La concentracion en recursos naturales se refleja en un escaso nivel de complejidad de las exportaciones colombianas y en una baja insercion del pais en las cadenas globales de valor. Otras fuentes de ingresos como la renta factorial, las remesas y otras transferencias han aumentado su participacion en los ingresos totales durante ultimos anos hasta un 20% en promedio. El uso intensivo de medidas no arancelarias, la complejidad de los procesos logisticos y la infraestructura inadecuada han aumentado los costos de comerciar, impidiendo un mejor desempeno y mayor diversificacion de las exportaciones del pais.

Photosensitized protein oxidation is a promising tool for medical procedures such as photochemical tissue bonding (PTB). We have recently reported that the binding of rose Bengal, a sensitizer employed in PTB, to lysozyme modulates the photooxidation and crosslinking of this protein. In this work we examined the photooxidation and crosslinking of lysozyme mediated by riboflavin (RF) an endogenous sensitizer also employed in PTB. We hypothesized that since RF does not bind strongly to proteins, the mechanism(s) and extent of enzymatic inactivation, amino acid modification and protein crosslinking would be dependent on the presence of O2, and differ to that induced by rose Bengal. This hypothesis was tested using UV-visible spectrophotometry, isothermal titration calorimetry (ITC), SDS-PAGE gels, quantification of amino acid consumption, and LC-MS analysis of sites of modification and crosslinks. Under N2, limited damage was detected arising from type 1 (radical) chemistry with formation of specific intra- (Tyr20-Tyr23) and inter- (Tyr23-Trp108) molecular crosslinks. In contrast, the presence of O2 triggered extensive protein damage through mixed type 1 and type 2 (1O2) mechanisms leading to Trp, Met, Tyr and His oxidation, loss of enzymatic activity and protein dimerization. LC-MS analysis provided evidence for crosslinking via radical-radical recombination reactions (Trp28-Tyr53), and secondary reactions involving nucleophilic attack of the side-chain amine of Lys116 on carbonyl groups. Overall, this behavior is in marked contrast to that detected with rose Bengal indicating that the mechanisms and sites of photo-oxidative damage, and consequences for protein function, can be modulated by the choice of sensitizing dye.

In this study, a methodology to measure fuel consumption for light duty vehicles (LDV) in Colombia was elaborated based on existing methodologies from road transportation worldwide. This methodology was proposed as a tool for the evaluation of energy efficiency strategies applied to vehicles, as well as establishing the baseline for measurement, control, and regulation of consumption of fossil fuels based on metrological criteria. Additionally, the capacities for measurement within Colombia were analyzed, and procedures stated by the Code of Federal Regulations of the United States of America were adopted for measuring fuel consumption of LDV by gravimetric methods. An uncertainty model based on the Guide to the expression of Uncertainty in Measurement (GUM) was elaborated, and the contribution of different variables associated to the measurement process the instruments, the equipment, and the ambient conditions over the uncertainty of the measurand, were analyzed. Resumen En este trabajo, se elaboró una metodología para medir el consumo de combustible para vehículos livianos (LDV) en Colombia, basándose en las metodologías existentes para el transporte por carretera en todo el mundo. Esta metodología se propuso como una herramienta para la evaluación de estrategias de eficiencia energética aplicadas en vehículos, así como para establecer la línea base para medición, control y regulación del consumo de combustibles fósiles con base en criterios metrológicos. Además, se analizaron las capacidades de medición dentro de Colombia y se adoptaron los procedimientos establecidos por el Código de Regulaciones Federales de los Estados Unidos de América, para medir el consumo de combustible de LDV por métodos gravimétricos. Se elaboró un modelo de incertidumbre basado en la Guía para la expresión de la incertidumbre en la medición (GUM), y se analizó la contribución de diferentes variables asociadas al proceso de medición, instrumentos, equipos y condiciones ambientales sobre la incertidumbre del mensurando.

Dityrosine and ditryptophan bonds have been implied in protein crosslinking. This is associated with oxidative stress conditions including those involved in neurodegenerative pathologies and age-related processes. Formation of dityrosine and ditryptophan derives from radical-radical reactions involving Tyr and Trp radicals. However, cross reactions of Tyr and Trp leading to Tyr-Trp crosslinks and their biological consequences have been less explored. In the present work we hypothesized that exposure of free Tyr and Trp to a high concentration of carbonate anion radicals (CO3-), under anaerobic conditions, would result in the formation of Tyr-Trp species, as well as dityrosine and ditryptophan crosslinks. Here we report a simple experimental procedure, employing CO3- generated photochemically by illumination of a Co(iii) complex at 254 nm, that produces micromolar concentrations of Tyr-Trp crosslinks. Analysis by mass spectrometry of solutions containing only the individual amino acids, and the Co(iii) complex, provided evidence for the formation of o,o′-dityrosine and isodityrosine from Tyr, and three ditryptophan dimers from Trp. When mixtures of Tyr and Trp were illuminated in an identical manner, Tyr-Trp crosslinks were detected together with dityrosine and ditryptophan dimers. These results indicate that there is a balance between the formation of these three classes of crosslinks, which is dependent on the Tyr and Trp concentrations. The methods reported here allow the generation of significant yields of isolated Tyr-Trp adducts and their characterization. This technology should facilitate the detection, and examination of the biological consequences of Tyr-Trp crosslink formation in complex systems in future investigations.

The evolution of the remarkably complex primate brain has been a topic of great interest for decades. Multiple factors have been proposed to explain the comparatively larger primate brain (relative to body mass), with recent studies indicating diet has the greatest explanatory power. Dietary specialisations also correlate with dental adaptations, providing a potential evolutionary link between brain and dental morphological evolution. However, unambiguous evidence of association between brain and dental phenotypes in primates remains elusive. Here we investigate the effect of diet on variation in primate brain and dental morphology and test whether the two anatomical systems coevolved. We focused on the primate suborder Strepsirrhini, a living primate group that occupies a very wide range of dietary niches. By making use of both geometric morphometrics and dental topographic analysis, we extend the study of brain-dental ecomorphological evolution beyond measures of size. After controlling for allometry and evolutionary relatedness, differences in brain and dental morphology were found between dietary groups, and brain and dental morphologies were found to covary. Historical trajectories of morphological diversification revealed a strong integration in the rates of brain and dental evolution and similarities in their modes of evolution. Combined, our results reveal an interplay between brain and dental ecomorphological adaptations throughout strepsirrhine evolution that can be linked to diet.

In this study, the use of compressed and liquefied natural gas is evaluated for heavy-duty passengers (HDPV) and freight vehicles (HDFV). The evaluation is conducted considering the socioeconomic and vehicle fleet characteristics of Colombia. The energy consumption, the CO2, and the pollutant emissions of a baseline and four natural gas penetration scenarios are analyzed. The results show that the inclusion of natural gas reduces the energy consumption per capita of the HDPV and HDFV by up to 40% by 2050. Furthermore, PM2.5 emissions per capita are reduced up to 77% for HDPV and 90% for HDFV, while CO emissions per capita decreased by 82%. Additionally, the technological renovation of HDFV emerges as an effective way to reduce pollutant emissions in the medium term. The establishment of strategies to make HDFV cleaner and more efficient is imperative for the long term. Finally, a sensitivity analysis is conducted to evaluate the influence of the gross domestic product per capita (GDPc) over the indicators analyzed. The results show that higher GDPc demands more ambitious actions to decarbonize the transportation sector, since a considerable increase in energy consumption and emissions from heavy-duty vehicles is identified.

Este es un proyecto “Fase 2” donde su Este es un proyecto “Fase 2” donde su objetivo es repotenciar, reestructurar y reformar un prototipo robótico. Logrando la capacidad de modelar las extremidades superiores del ser humano en una colaboración entre control cinemático y visión artificial empleando trabajo guiado y colaborativo para función multi-trayectoria. Con propósito de aumentar el alcance de este, se estudiará modelos de robótica colaborativa, visión artificial aplicada a percepción de entorno, interacción humanomaquina y trabajo multi-trayectoria aplicada en robótica, con el fin de implementar en la “fase 2” una repotenciación en el ámbito mecánico, estético, visual e instrumental para obtener mejoras en la comunicación, velocidad de respuesta, trabajo coordinado, capacidad de aprendizaje y visualización del operador. Junto con la repotenciación, se diseñará un sistema capaz de realizar aprendizaje, compilación, selección y ejecución de múltiples trayectorias unitarias.

Diet has been linked to the diversification of the bat superfamily Noctilionoidea, a group that underwent an impressive ecological adaptive radiation within Mammalia. For decades, studies have explored morphological adaptations and diversity of noctilionoid bats to reveal traits associated with their ecological diversity. Surprisingly, despite such interest and recent application of novel techniques, ecomorphological studies have failed to fully resolve the link between diet and a critical component of the feeding apparatus: dental morphology. Using multivariate dental topographic analysis and phylogenetic comparative methods, we examined the phylogenetic, biological and ecological signal in the dental morphology of noctilionoid bats. Analysing the lower first molars of 110 species, we explored relationships between diet and dental morphology, accounting for three different dimensions of diet (guild, composition and breadth). Phylogenetic and size-dependent structuring of the dental topography data shows it does not correlate only to diet, highlighting the need to account for multiple sources of variation. Frugivorous noctilionoids have sharper molars than other previously reported frugivorous mammals. Nectarivorous noctilionoids showed reduced lower molar crown height and steepness, whereas animalivorous species had larger molars. Dietary composition suggested that the intensity of exploitation of a resource is also linked to different dimensions of dental morphology. Increasing carnivory positively correlated with MA, explaining the highest proportion of its variation, and increasing frugivory explained the highest proportion of variation in all other variables. Dietary breadth showed generalist species have sharper, more topographically-complex molars, whereas specialist herbivores and specialist animalivores fell at opposite ends in the range of tooth steepness and crown height. Together, the results suggest that adaptations affecting different attributes of dental morphology likely facilitated the dietary diversity and specialisation found in Noctilionoidea.

Los Adenomas Hipofisarios no Funcionales (AHNF) es el término utilizado para describir los tumores hipofisarios que no presentan algún tipo de secreción hormonal que provoque síntomas de hiperfunción, representan entre el 15 y el 30% de todos los tumores hipofisarios, tienen una frecuencia similar en ambos sexos y una presentación algo más frecuente en la quinta década de la vida. En cuanto a su presentación clínica generalmente lo hacen como macroadenomas (al menos el 60%) que causan síntomas compresivos, en el restante se encuentran escasas o nulas manifestaciones sintomáticas dada su no funcionalidad hormonal. El diagnóstico también se podría generar en el contexto de un incidentaloma hipofisario. El tratamiento de elección es la microcirugía hipofisaria transesfenoidal ante la presencia de macrotumores mayores de 1 cm o bien aquellos de elección en pacientes con alteración visual; el seguimiento postoperatorio es importante para diagnosticar los déficits hormonales subsecuentes e identificar posibles recidivas.

This work examined the hypothesis that interactions of Rose Bengal (RB2−) with lysozyme (Lyso) might mediate type 1 photoreactions resulting in protein cross-linking even under conditions favoring 1O2 formation. UV–visible spectrophotometry, isothermal titration calorimetry (ITC), and docking analysis were employed to characterize RB2--Lyso interactions, while oxidation of Lyso was studied by SDS-PAGE gels, extent of amino acid consumption, and liquid chromatography (LC) with mass detection (employing tryptic peptides digested in H218O and H2O). Docking studies showed five interaction sites including the active site. Hydrophobic interactions induced a red shift of the visible spectrum of RB2− giving a Kd of 4.8 μM, while data from ITC studies, yielded a Kd of 0.68 μM as an average of the interactions with stoichiometry of 3.3 RB2− per Lyso. LC analysis showed a high consumption of readily-oxidized amino acids (His, Trp, Met and Tyr) located at different and diverse locations within the protein. This appears to reflect extensive damage on the protein probably mediated by a type 2 (1O2) mechanism. In contrast, docking and mass spectrometry analysis provided evidence for the generation of specific intra- (Tyr23-Tyr20) and inter-molecular (Tyr23-Trp62) Lyso cross-links, and Lyso dimer formation via radical-radical, type 1 mechanisms.

Cassava Bacterial Blight (CBB), caused by Xanthomonas phaseoli pv. manihotis (Xpm), is the most important bacterial disease of cassava (Manihot esculenta). Xpm employs Transcription Activator-Like effectors (TALE) to induce the expression of host susceptibility (S) genes favoring bacterial growth. The identification of resistant and susceptible cassava varieties as well as the identification of the cassava gene MeSweet10a as a target of the effector TAL20, have been conducted on plants grown from mature stem-cuttings. We explored the possibility of using in vitro plants to study cassava-Xpm interactions. Cassava in vitro plants of varieties 60444 and CM6438–14 were susceptible and resistant, respectively, to infection by strain Xpm668. In addition, the expression of MeSweet10a was induced in the susceptible but not in the resistant variety, which was not associated with polymorphisms in the Effector Binding Element (EBE) reported for TAL20. Three other Xpm strains, Xpm531, Xpm681 and Xpm1061, were also able to induce the TAL20 cognate target gene in the susceptible cassava variety 60444. These results demonstrate the usefulness of in vitro plants to study the phenotypic and molecular responses of cassava during Xpm infection.