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Landslides are widespread phenomenon that occur in any terrestrial area with slopes, causing massive property damage and, in the worst-case scenario, human losses. This propension to suffer losses is particularly high for developing countries due to their urban development, population growth and drastic land use changes. Social and economic consequences of landslides can be reduced through detailed planning and management strategies, which can be aided by risk analysis. In this study, we performed a detailed quantitative risk analysis for landslides in the whole Central-Asia (4,000,000 km2). Landslide-induced risk was computed in terms of exposed population and expected economic losses to buildings and linear infrastructures (roads and railways) adopting a 200 m spatial resolution. The purpose of our study is to produce the first regional-scale landslide risk assessment for Central-Asia in order to inform regional-scale risk mitigation strategies and it represents an advance step in the landslide risk analysis for extremely broad areas.

Favignana Island, the biggest one among Egadi islands, is well known for its deposits of calcarenite, which has been extracted and used since ancient times. The landscape of the Island is shaped by the widespread presence of quarries that mark the seaside as well. Furthermore, the constant presence of dry-stone walls, made of calcarenite, and of the characteristic architecture of buildings, represents a hallmark for the rest of Egadi islands as well, making it clear how important the presence of this material has been for the architectural and technological culture of these places.Calcarenite itself, exported by this island, is still a constituent material of many buildings in the western part of Sicily, in particular the prestigious buildings of the Baroque period. The presence of calcarenite, while notably all other construction materials, including timber, are absent, has meant that all the construction elements, indoor and outdoor, as well as all settlement types, have been affected by the almost exclusive use of calcarenite, the quarrying methods and the craftsmen’s skills that inevitably derived from this context. Today, masonries, vaults, floors, roofs and all other elements show specific solutions that strongly characterize the buildings and the urban and rural landscape of the island.However, despite the constructive relevance of any elements or entire buildings, the touristic exploitation of the Egadi archipelago has brought to the replacement of buildings, or elements, as well as to a wrong and weak activity of building recovery. The reinterpretation of claddings and exposed masonry, and the replacement of original floors with concrete floors are just some of the many inappropriate interventions. In terms of typologies and morphological models, the study that we present has also dealt with the development of more adequate and relevant intervention techniques and repairs.

Anchonocranus oleae Marshall (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) is a seed-feeding weevil native to southern Africa; its larvae are known to develop in the fruits of the African Wild Olive and, more rarely, cultivated olives. The species has been mainly found in the Western Cape province of South Africa, but it has remained in relative obscurity because it does not seem to represent a current threat to commercial olive production. As part of an ongoing effort to produce baseline genetic data for olive-associated entomofauna in South Africa, we generated reference DNA barcodes for A. oleae collected from wild and cultivated olives and sequenced its mitogenome for assessment of the phylogenetic position of the species in the family Curculionidae. The mitochondrial phylogeny estimate indicated that A. oleae shares a common ancestor with Elaidobius (tribe Derelomini), but a definite and close relationship to this tribe and the precise tribal placement of A. oleae in the subfamily Curculioninae could not be inferred due to the lack of representative mitogenomes of other relevant curculionine tribes and genera. This study will assist future work on the DNA-based species identification, genetic diversity, and phylogenetic position of the genus Anchonocranus and related taxa.

Central Asia is an area characterized by complex tectonics and active deformation; the related seismic activity controls the earthquake hazard level that, due to the occurrence of secondary and tertiary effects, has also direct implications on the hazard related to mass movements as landslides, which are responsible for an extensive number of casualties every year. Climatically, this region is characterized by strong rainfall gradient contrasts, due to the diversity of climate and vegetation zones. The region is drained by large, partly snow- and glacier-fed rivers, that cross or terminate in arid forelands; therefore, it is affected also by a significant river flood hazard, mainly in spring and summer seasons. The challenge posed by the combination of different hazards can only be tackled considering a multi-hazard approach harmonized among the different countries, in agreement with the requirements of the Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction. This work was carried out within the framework of the SFRARR Project (“Strengthening Financial Resilience and Accelerating Risk Reduction in Central Asia”) as a part of a multi-hazard approach, and is focused on the first landslide susceptibility analysis at a regional scale for Central Asia. To this aim the most detailed landslide inventories, covering both national and transboundary territories were implemented in a Random Forest model, together with several independent variables. The proposed approach represents an innovation in terms of resolution (from 30 to 70 m) and extension of the analysed area with respect to previous regional landslide susceptibility and hazard zonation models applied in Central Asia. The final aim was to provide a useful tool for land use-planning and risk reduction strategies to landslide scientists, practitioners and administrators.

Central Asia is an area characterized by complex tectonics and active deformation; the related seismic activity controls the earthquake hazard level that, due to the occurrence of secondary and tertiary effects, also has direct implications for the hazard related to mass movements such as landslides, which are responsible for an extensive number of casualties every year. Climatically, this region is characterized by strong rainfall gradient contrasts due to the diversity of climate and vegetation zones. The region is drained by large, partly snow- and glacier-fed rivers that cross or terminate in arid forelands; therefore, it is also affected by a significant river flood hazard, mainly in spring and summer seasons. The challenge posed by the combination of different hazards can only be tackled by considering a multi-hazard approach harmonized among the different countries, in agreement with the requirements of the Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction. This work was carried out within the framework of the Strengthening Financial Resilience and Accelerating Risk Reduction in Central Asia (SFRARR) project as part of a multi-hazard approach and is focused on the first landslide susceptibility analysis at a regional scale for Central Asia. To this aim the most detailed landslide inventories, covering both national and transboundary territories, were implemented in a random forest model, together with several independent variables. The proposed approach represents an innovation in terms of resolution (from 30 to 70 m) and extension of the analyzed area with respect to previous regional landslide susceptibility and hazard zonation models applied in Central Asia. The final aim was to provide a useful tool for land use planning and risk reduction strategies for landslide scientists, practitioners, and administrators.

In questo articolo sono riportati i sorprendenti risultati dei pochi recenti articoli scientifici che indicano la soglia di tolleranza della mosca delle olive per l'ottenimento di olio. In caso di raccolte precoci e medie, con estrazione entro le 24 ore, si possono ottenere oli extravergini d'altà qualità anche con 43-44% di fori d'uscita di Bactrocera oleae This article reports the surprising results of the few recent scientific papers that indicate the tolerance threshold of olive fly for obtaining oil. In case of early and medium harvests, with extraction within 24 hours, high quality extra virgin olive oils can be obtained even with 43-44% exit holes of Bactrocera oleae

Landslides are a worldwide natural hazard that cause more damage and casualties than other hazards. Therefore, social and economic losses can be reduced through a landslide quantitative risk assessment (QRA). In the last two decades, many attempts of quantitative analysis on various scales have been performed; nevertheless, the major difficulty of QRA lies in how precise and reliable the assessment should have to be useful. For this reason, in this paper, we analyzed different freely available datasets and some products of previous research to assess the soundness of the outcomes performed by a recent QRA of slow-moving landslides in the Arno River basin (Central Italy). The validation process was carried out by comparing the abovementioned datasets and two components of the selected QRA (hazard and risk). The obtained results showed a robust correlation between most of the testing dataset and risk components, highlighting the accuracy of the selected QRA.

Resume La loi Claeys-Leonetti modifie de maniere importante les dispositions concernant la fin de vie. Elles ont pour objectif de mettre en avant les decisions et les choix des patients en rendant opposables leurs directives anticipees et en leur permettant d’opter pour une sedation profonde et continue maintenue jusqu’a la fin de la vie. Ces modifications mettent en jeu les pratiques des soignants, qu’ils soient medecins ou personnels soignants. Elles ont une repercussion particuliere dans les Ehpad, ou sont accueillis une grande proportion de sujets en perte d’autonomie et souvent dans l’incapacite d’enoncer leurs volontes. A partir d’un cas clinique, nous menerons une reflexion sur les enjeux et les difficultes rencontrees afin de traiter cette situation ou sont impliques de nombreux intervenants.

Bactrocera biguttula is an African olive fruit fly that does not attack cultivated olives but rather develops in the fruits of wild species of Olea and Noronhia. The complete mitochondrial genome of an individual specimen was characterized in comparison to other Bactrocera. The phylogenetic relationships of B. biguttula with other Dacini were investigated, with special focus on B. oleae, an agricultural pest known to attack cultivated and wild olives. The sequence had a total length of 15,829 bp, and included the typical features of insect mitogenomes, similarly to the other Bactrocera analysed. Start codons included ATG, ATC, ATT, and TCG (in COI). The majority of stop codons (TAA) were fully encoded, whereas in some cases only TA or T were present. The complete sequence was biased towards A + T, with a positive AT-skew and a negative GC-skew. The predicted cloverleaf structure of tRNA(Ser1) showed absence of the DHU arm, a common feature in insects and other Metazoans. Phylogenetic reconstruction showed that B. biguttula and B. oleae are sister species, having diverged from a common ancestor < 10 Myr ago. This result warrants future genomic comparisons between these two closely related species for investigating the specific adaptations to the different hosts. (C) 2018 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

The purpose of this work was the definition of a new set of environmental indicators for a fast estimation of landslide risk over very wide areas. The proposed methodology was performed in GIS environment using Italy (301.340 km2) as test case since it is a country characterized by a very high exposure to hydrogeological disasters and where landslides are very common.The proposed indicators aim to characterize landslide risk by quantifying how much urban expansion interferes with geomorphological processes; to this end a landslide susceptibility map and a soil sealing/land consumption map were combined to derive a spatially distributed indicator over the whole Italian country (namely, Landslide Risk Index - LRI). LRI emphasizes how much anthropic elements are exposed to landslide processes, and it is a basic element which can be aggregated over larger spatial units to characterize them respect to risk. To this aim, LRI was aggregated at the municipal scale in order to define two more indexes named Average Landslide Risk (ALR) and Total Landslide Risk (TLR).ALR was defined by the mean value of LRI for each municipality: it represents how hazardous is the area of the territory where the exposed elements have been located. TLR was defined as the sum of susceptibility values of all cells with land consumption within each municipality: it expresses how much the urbanization of a municipality involves areas which can be affected by landslides.The highest values of ALR are located in small municipalities renowned as international holiday destinations located by the sea in rocky coasts; on the contrary, highest values of TLR are in large and densely urbanized municipalities and where large portions of the territory urbanized are located in hazardous areas. The obtained results are supported by evidence collected from other national databases of landslide hazard and risk.Both indexes showed to be useful to evaluate if local administrations have been prudent in planning urban development or if they ignored the geomorphological hazards threatening its territory. The proposed indexes are simple to understand and they can be adapted to various contexts and at various scales (e.g provinces, districts or basins) and updated with very low efforts. Obviously, they represent an oversimplification of the complexity of landslide risk and they cannot substitute a detail quantitative risk assessment, nevertheless a thorough national-scale risk assessment is not yet feasible in Italy and this is the first time that a set of landslide risk indicators have been defined in Italy at national scale combining landslide susceptibility and land consumption maps allowing to gain preliminary insights about the landslide risk produced by the interaction between hillslope dynamics and urban expansion.

Landslides represent a serious worldwide hazard, especially in Italy, where exposure to hydrogeological risk is very high; for this reason, a landslide quantitative risk assessment (QRA) is crucial for risk management and for planning mitigation measures. In this study, we present and describe a novel methodological approach of QRA for slow-moving landslides, aiming at national replicability. This procedure has been applied at the basin scale in the Arno River basin (9100 km2, Central Italy), where most landslides are slow-moving. QRA is based on the application of the equation risk = hazard (H) × vulnerability (V) × exposure (E) and on the use of open data with uniform characteristics at the national scale. The study area was divided into a grid with a 1 km2 cell size, and for each cell, the parameters necessary for the risk assessment were calculated. The obtained results show that the total risk of the study area amounts to approximately 7 billion €. The proposed methodology presents several novelties in the risk assessment for the regional/national scale of the analysis, mainly concerning the identification of the datasets and the development of new methodologies that could be applicable over such large areas. The present work demonstrates the feasibility of the methodology and discusses the obtained results.

Wild and cultivated olives in the Western Cape of South Africa are direct or indirect hosts to a high diversity of Braconidae and Chalcidoidea wasps. Olive-associated Braconidae are known to parasitise the larvae of Bactrocera oleae (Rossi), and probably also Bactrocera biguttula (Bezzi). The lifestyle of olive-associated Chalcidoidea is not fully understood, and may include phytophagous, parasitoid and hyperparasitoid species. Some chalcids could represent olive seed wasps (OSW), a generic term that designates the seed feeders responsible for losses in commercial olive production. In order to obtain direct DNA-based evidence for the lifestyle of four putative OSW – Eupelmus spermophilus Silvestri, Eurytoma oleae Silvestri, Eurytoma varicolor Silvestri, Sycophila aethiopica (Silvestri); and the parasitoid Neochrysocharis formosus (Westwood) – we developed a multiplex PCR assay comprising species-specific primers for each species. The assay was used to survey larvae collected from the seeds of wild and cultivated olives. Eupelmus spermophilus was the most abundant species in wild and cultivated olives, and may represent a threat to the local olive industry. Eurytoma oleae was found only within the seeds of wild olives, and may also represent an OSW. We found direct evidence supporting the potential agricultural relevance of S. aethiopica and E. varicolor as parasitoids of E. spermophilus. These results may inform strategies for the management and control of OSW in the Western Cape.

The wild olive seed weevil, Anchonocranus oleae Marshall, 1912 was not found after its description and the study of its biology by Silvestri in 1915. Recently, A. oleae larvae were found alive inside the kernels of wild olives (O. europaea subsp. cuspidata) collected from trees between 2009 and 2012 in the Western Cape, South Africa. No weevil larvae were found in cultivated olives collected during the same period. Only two adult weevils emerged from olives collected on the tree and on the ground. Over the sampling period 20 adults were collected directly on wild olive trees at different sites in the Western Cape and one in the Eastern Cape. All adults were shown to be conspecific with the holotype of A. oleae preserved in the Natural History Museum, London. Females and males have fully developed metathoracic wings, although they were never seen flying in limited field and laboratory observations. Adults in the laboratory immediately fed on wild olive pulp, but refused to feed on cultivated olives, even in the absence of alternative food. Oviposition sites remain visible even when the fruit pulp has dried out. The extremely low rate of adult emergence from wild olives can explain its absence in records of recent surveys. Barcoding COI sequences of young and mature larvae matched reference sequences obtained from A. oleae adults. The clear preference of A. oleae for wild olive fruit and its extremely low occurrence in cultivated olives suggest its possible use in classical biological control programs for invasive wild olive.

Publisher's version (útgefin grein), Breast cancer is a common disease partially caused by genetic risk factors. Germline pathogenic variants in DNA repair genes BRCA1, BRCA2, PALB2, ATM, and CHEK2 are associated with breast cancer risk. FANCM, which encodes for a DNA translocase, has been proposed as a breast cancer predisposition gene, with greater effects for the ER-negative and triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) subtypes. We tested the three recurrent protein-truncating variants FANCM:p.Arg658*, p.Gln1701*, and p.Arg1931* for association with breast cancer risk in 67,112 cases, 53,766 controls, and 26,662 carriers of pathogenic variants of BRCA1 or BRCA2. These three variants were also studied functionally by measuring survival and chromosome fragility in FANCM−/− patient-derived immortalized fibroblasts treated with diepoxybutane or olaparib. We observed that FANCM:p.Arg658* was associated with increased risk of ER-negative disease and TNBC (OR = 2.44, P = 0.034 and OR = 3.79; P = 0.009, respectively). In a country-restricted analysis, we confirmed the associations detected for FANCM:p.Arg658* and found that also FANCM:p.Arg1931* was associated with ER-negative breast cancer risk (OR = 1.96; P = 0.006). The functional results indicated that all three variants were deleterious affecting cell survival and chromosome stability with FANCM:p.Arg658* causing more severe phenotypes. In conclusion, we confirmed that the two rare FANCM deleterious variants p.Arg658* and p.Arg1931* are risk factors for ER-negative and TNBC subtypes. Overall our data suggest that the effect of truncating variants on breast cancer risk may depend on their position in the gene. Cell sensitivity to olaparib exposure, identifies a possible therapeutic option to treat FANCM-associated tumors., Peterlongo laboratory is supported by Associazione Italiana Ricerca sul Cancro (AIRC; IG2015 no.16732) to P. Peterlongo and by a fellowship from Fondazione Umberto Veronesi to G. Figlioli. Surrallés laboratory is supported by the ICREA-Academia program, the Spanish Ministry of Health (projects FANCOSTEM and FANCOLEN), the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competiveness (projects CB06/07/0023 and RTI2018-098419-B-I00), the European Commission (EUROFANCOLEN project HEALTH-F5-2012-305421 and P-SPHERE COFUND project), the Fanconi Anemia Research Fund Inc, and the “Fondo Europeo de Desarrollo Regional, una manera de hacer Europa” (FEDER). CIBERER is an initiative of the Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Spain. BCAC: we thank all the individuals who took part in these studies and all the researchers, clinicians, technicians and administrative staff who have enabled this work to be carried out. ABCFS thank Maggie Angelakos, Judi Maskiell, Tu Nguyen-Dumont is a National Breast Cancer Foundation (Australia) Career Development Fellow. ABCS thanks the Blood bank Sanquin, The Netherlands. Samples are made available to researchers on a non-exclusive basis. BCEES thanks Allyson Thomson, Christobel Saunders, Terry Slevin, BreastScreen Western Australia, Elizabeth Wylie, Rachel Lloyd. The BCINIS study would not have been possible without the contributions of Dr. Hedy Rennert, Dr. K. Landsman, Dr. N. Gronich, Dr. A. Flugelman, Dr. W. Saliba, Dr. E. Liani, Dr. I. Cohen, Dr. S. Kalet, Dr. V. Friedman, Dr. O. Barnet of the NICCC in Haifa, and all the contributing family medicine, surgery, pathology and oncology teams in all medical institutes in Northern Israel. The BREOGAN study would not have been possible without the contributions of the following: Manuela Gago-Dominguez, Jose Esteban Castelao, Angel Carracedo, Victor Muñoz Garzón, Alejandro Novo Domínguez, Maria Elena Martinez, Sara Miranda Ponte, Carmen Redondo Marey, Maite Peña Fernández, Manuel Enguix Castelo, Maria Torres, Manuel Calaza (BREOGAN), José Antúnez, Máximo Fraga and the staff of the Department of Pathology and Biobank of the University Hospital Complex of Santiago-CHUS, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Santiago, IDIS, Xerencia de Xestion Integrada de Santiago-SERGAS; Joaquín González-Carreró and the staff of the Department of Pathology and Biobank of University Hospital Complex of Vigo, Instituto de Investigacion Biomedica Galicia Sur, SERGAS, Vigo, Spain. BSUCH thanks Peter Bugert, Medical Faculty Mannheim. CBCS thanks study participants, co-investigators, collaborators and staff of the Canadian Breast Cancer Study, and project coordinators Agnes Lai and Celine Morissette. CCGP thanks Styliani Apostolaki, Anna Margiolaki, Georgios Nintos, Maria Perraki, Georgia Saloustrou, Georgia Sevastaki, Konstantinos Pompodakis. CGPS thanks staff and participants of the Copenhagen General Population Study. For the excellent technical assistance: Dorthe Uldall Andersen, Maria Birna Arnadottir, Anne Bank, Dorthe Kjeldgård Hansen. The Danish Cancer Biobank is acknowledged for providing infrastructure for the collection of blood samples for the cases. Investigators from the CPS-II cohort thank the participants and Study Management Group for their invaluable contributions to this research. They also acknowledge the contribution to this study from central cancer registries supported through the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention National Program of Cancer Registries, as well as cancer registries supported by the National Cancer Institute Surveillance Epidemiology and End Results program. The CTS Steering Committee includes Leslie Bernstein, Susan Neuhausen, James Lacey, Sophia Wang, Huiyan Ma, and Jessica Clague DeHart at the Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, Dennis Deapen, Rich Pinder, and Eunjung Lee at the University of Southern California, Pam Horn-Ross, Peggy Reynolds, Christina Clarke Dur and David Nelson at the Cancer Prevention Institute of California, Hoda Anton-Culver, Argyrios Ziogas, and Hannah Park at the University of California Irvine, and Fred Schumacher at Case Western University. DIETCOMPLYF thanks the patients, nurses and clinical staff involved in the study. The DietCompLyf study was funded by the charity Against Breast Cancer (Registered Charity Number 1121258) and the NCRN. We thank the participants and the investigators of EPIC (European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition). ESTHER thanks Hartwig Ziegler, Sonja Wolf, Volker Hermann, Christa Stegmaier, Katja Butterbach. FHRISK thanks NIHR for funding. GC-HBOC thanks Stefanie Engert, Heide Hellebrand, Sandra Kröber and LIFE - Leipzig Research Centre for Civilization Diseases (Markus Loeffler, Joachim Thiery, Matthias Nüchter, Ronny Baber). The GENICA Network: Dr. Margarete Fischer-Bosch-Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Stuttgart, and University of Tübingen, Germany [HB, Wing-Yee Lo], German Cancer Consortium (DKTK) and German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ) [HB], Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG, German Research Foundation) under Germany’s Excellence Strategy - EXC 2180 - 390900677 [HB], Department of Internal Medicine, Evangelische Kliniken Bonn gGmbH, Johanniter Krankenhaus, Bonn, Germany [Yon-Dschun Ko, Christian Baisch], Institute of Pathology, University of Bonn, Germany [Hans-Peter Fischer], Molecular Genetics of Breast Cancer, Deutsches Krebsforschungszentrum (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany [Ute Hamann], Institute for Prevention and Occupational Medicine of the German Social Accident Insurance, Institute of the Ruhr University Bochum (IPA), Bochum, Germany [TB, Beate Pesch, Sylvia Rabstein, Anne Lotz]; and Institute of Occupational Medicine and Maritime Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Germany [Volker Harth]. HABCS thanks Michael Bremer. HEBCS thanks Heidi Toiminen, Kristiina Aittomäki, Irja Erkkilä and Outi Malkavaara. HMBCS thanks Peter Hillemanns, Hans Christiansen and Johann H. Karstens. HUBCS thanks Shamil Gantsev. KARMA thanks the Swedish Medical Research Counsel. KBCP thanks Eija Myöhänen, Helena Kemiläinen. LMBC thanks Gilian Peuteman, Thomas Van Brussel, EvyVanderheyden and Kathleen Corthouts. MABCS thanks Milena Jakimovska (RCGEB “Georgi D. Efremov), Katerina Kubelka, Mitko Karadjozov (Adzibadem-Sistina” Hospital), Andrej Arsovski and Liljana Stojanovska (Re-Medika” Hospital) for their contributions and commitment to this study. MARIE thanks Petra Seibold, Dieter Flesch-Janys, Judith Heinz, Nadia Obi, Alina Vrieling, Sabine Behrens, Ursula Eilber, Muhabbet Celik, Til Olchers and Stefan Nickels. MBCSG (Milan Breast Cancer Study Group) thanks Daniela Zaffaroni, Irene Feroce, and the personnel of the Cogentech Cancer Genetic Test Laboratory. We thank the coordinators, the research staff and especially the MMHS participants for their continued collaboration on research studies in breast cancer. MSKCC thanks Marina Corines and Lauren Jacobs. MTLGEBCS would like to thank Martine Tranchant (CHU de Québec Research Center), Marie-France Valois, Annie Turgeon and Lea Heguy (McGill University Health Center, Royal Victoria Hospital; McGill University) for DNA extraction, sample management and skillful technical assistance. J.S. is Chairholder of the Canada Research Chair in Oncogenetics. NBHS thanks study participants and research staff for their contributions and commitment to the studies. We would like to thank the participants and staff of the Nurses’ Health Study and Nurses’ Health Study II for their valuable contributions as well as the following state cancer registries for their help: AL, AZ, AR, CA, CO, CT, DE, FL, GA, ID, IL, IN, IA, KY, LA, ME, MD, MA, MI, NE, NH, NJ, NY, NC, ND, OH, OK, OR, PA, RI, SC, TN, TX, VA, WA, WY. The study protocol was approved by the institutional review boards of the Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, and those of participating registries as required. The authors assume full responsibility for analyses and interpretation of these data. OFBCR thanks Teresa Selander and Nayana Weerasooriya. ORIGO thanks E. Krol-Warmerdam, and J. Blom for patient accrual, administering questionnaires, and managing clinical information. PBCS thanks Louise Brinton, Mark Sherman, Neonila Szeszenia-Dabrowska, Beata Peplonska, Witold Zatonski, Pei Chao and Michael Stagner. The ethical approval for the POSH study is MREC /00/6/69, UKCRN ID: 1137. We thank staff in the Experimental Cancer Medicine Centre (ECMC) supported Faculty of Medicine Tissue Bank and the Faculty of Medicine DNA Banking resource. PREFACE thanks Sonja Oeser and Silke Landrith. PROCAS thanks NIHR for funding. RBCS thanks Petra Bos, Jannet Blom, Ellen Crepin, Elisabeth Huijskens, Anja Kromwijk-Nieuwlaat, Annette Heemskerk, the Erasmus MC Family Cancer Clinic. We thank the SEARCH and EPIC teams. SKKDKFZS thanks all study participants, clinicians, family doctors, researchers and technicians for their contributions and commitment to this study. We thank the SUCCESS Study teams in Munich, Duessldorf, Erlangen and Ulm. SZBCS thanks Ewa Putresza. UCIBCS thanks Irene Masunaka. UKBGS thanks Breast Cancer Now and the Institute of Cancer Research for support and funding of the Breakthrough Generations Study, and the study participants, study staff, and the doctors, nurses and other health care providers and health information sources who have contributed to the study. We acknowledge NHS funding to the Royal Marsden/ICR NIHR Biomedical Research Centre. CIMBA: we are grateful to all the families and clinicians who contribute to the studies; Sue Healey, in particular taking on the task of mutation classification with the late Olga Sinilnikova; Maggie Angelakos, Judi Maskiell, Helen Tsimiklis; members and participants in the New York site of the Breast Cancer Family Registry; members and participants in the Ontario Familial Breast Cancer Registry; Vilius Rudaitis and Laimonas Griškevičius; Yuan Chun Ding and Linda Steele for their work in participant enrollment and biospecimen and data management; Bent Ejlertsen and Anne-Marie Gerdes for the recruitment and genetic counseling of participants; Alicia Barroso, Rosario Alonso and Guillermo Pita; all the individuals and the researchers who took part in CONSIT TEAM (Consorzio Italiano Tumori Ereditari Alla Mammella), thanks in particular: Giulia Cagnoli, Roberta Villa, Irene Feroce, Mariarosaria Calvello, Riccardo Dolcetti, Giuseppe Giannini, Laura Papi, Gabriele Lorenzo Capone, Liliana Varesco, Viviana Gismondi, Maria Grazia Tibiletti, Daniela Furlan, Antonella Savarese, Aline Martayan, Stefania Tommasi, Brunella Pilato, Isabella Marchi, Elena Bandieri, Antonio Russo, Daniele Calistri and the personnel of the Cogentech Cancer Genetic Test Laboratory, Milan, Italy. FPGMX: members of the Cancer Genetics group (IDIS): Ana Blanco, Miguel Aguado, Uxía Esperón and Belinda Rodríguez. We thank all participants, clinicians, family doctors, researchers, and technicians for their contributions and commitment to the DKFZ study and the collaborating groups in Lahore, Pakistan (Noor Muhammad, Sidra Gull, Seerat Bajwa, Faiz Ali Khan, Humaira Naeemi, Saima Faisal, Asif Loya, Mohammed Aasim Yusuf) and Bogota, Colombia (Diana Torres, Ignacio Briceno, Fabian Gil). Genetic Modifiers of Cancer Risk in BRCA1/2 Mutation Carriers (GEMO) study is a study from the National Cancer Genetics Network UNICANCER Genetic Group, France. We wish to pay a tribute to Olga M. Sinilnikova, who with Dominique Stoppa-Lyonnet initiated and coordinated GEMO until she sadly passed away on the 30th June 2014. The team in Lyon (Olga Sinilnikova, Mélanie Léoné, Laure Barjhoux, Carole Verny-Pierre, Sylvie Mazoyer, Francesca Damiola, Valérie Sornin) managed the GEMO samples until the biological resource centre was transferred to Paris in December 2015 (Noura Mebirouk, Fabienne Lesueur, Dominique Stoppa-Lyonnet). We want to thank all the GEMO collaborating groups for their contribution to this study. Drs.Sofia Khan, Irja Erkkilä and Virpi Palola; The Hereditary Breast and Ovarian Cancer Research Group Netherlands (HEBON) consists of the following Collaborating Centers: Netherlands Cancer Institute (coordinating center), Amsterdam, NL: M.A. Rookus, F.B.L. Hogervorst, F.E. van Leeuwen, M.A. Adank, M.K. Schmidt, N.S. Russell, D.J. Jenner; Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, NL: J.M. Collée, A.M.W. van den Ouweland, M.J. Hooning, C.M. Seynaeve, C.H.M. van Deurzen, I.M. Obdeijn; Leiden University Medical Center, NL: C.J. van Asperen, P. Devilee, T.C.T.E.F. van Cronenburg; Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Center, NL: C.M. Kets, A.R. Mensenkamp; University Medical Center Utrecht, NL: M.G.E.M. Ausems, M.J. Koudijs; Amsterdam Medical Center, NL: C.M. Aalfs, H.E.J. Meijers-Heijboer; VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, NL: K. van Engelen, J.J.P. Gille; Maastricht University Medical Center, NL: E.B. Gómez-Garcia, M.J. Blok; University of Groningen, NL: J.C. Oosterwijk, A.H. van der Hout, M.J. Mourits, G.H. de Bock; The Netherlands Comprehensive Cancer Organisation (IKNL): S. Siesling, J.Verloop; The nationwide network and registry of histo- and cytopathology in The Netherlands (PALGA): A.W. van den Belt-Dusebout. HEBON thanks the study participants and the registration teams of IKNL and PALGA for part of the data collection. Overbeek; the Hungarian Breast and Ovarian Cancer Study Group members (Janos Papp, Aniko Bozsik, Zoltan Matrai, Miklos Kasler, Judit Franko, Maria Balogh, Gabriella Domokos, Judit Ferenczi, Department of Molecular Genetics, National Institute of Oncology, Budapest, Hungary) and the clinicians and patients for their contributions to this study; HVH (University Hospital Vall d’Hebron) the authors acknowledge the Oncogenetics Group (VHIO) and the High Risk and Cancer Prevention Unit of the University Hospital Vall d’Hebron, Miguel Servet Progam (CP10/00617), and the Cellex Foundation for providing research facilities and equipment; the ICO Hereditary Cancer Program team led by Dr. Gabriel Capella; the ICO Hereditary Cancer Program team led by Dr. Gabriel Capella; Dr Martine Dumont for sample management and skillful assistance; Catarina Santos and Pedro Pinto; members of the Center of Molecular Diagnosis, Oncogenetics Department and Molecular Oncology Research Center of Barretos Cancer Hospital; Heather Thorne, Eveline Niedermayr, all the kConFab investigators, research nurses and staff, the heads and staff of the Family Cancer Clinics, and the Clinical Follow Up Study (which has received funding from the NHMRC, the National Breast Cancer Foundation, Cancer Australia, and the National Institute of Health (USA)) for their contributions to this resource, and the many families who contribute to kConFab; the investigators of the Australia New Zealand NRG Oncology group; members and participants in the Ontario Cancer Genetics Network; Kevin Sweet, Caroline Craven, Julia Cooper, Amber Aielts, and Michelle O’Conor; Christina Selkirk; Helena Jernström, Karin Henriksson, Katja Harbst, Maria Soller, Ulf Kristoffersson; from Gothenburg Sahlgrenska University Hospital: Anna Öfverholm, Margareta Nordling, Per Karlsson, Zakaria Einbeigi; from Stockholm and Karolinska University Hospital: Anna von Wachenfeldt, Annelie Liljegren, Annika Lindblom, Brita Arver, Gisela Barbany Bustinza; from Umeå University Hospital: Beatrice Melin, Christina Edwinsdotter Ardnor, Monica Emanuelsson; from Uppsala University: Hans Ehrencrona, Maritta Hellström Pigg, Richard Rosenquist; from Linköping University Hospital: Marie Stenmark-Askmalm, Sigrun Liedgren; Cecilia Zvocec, Qun Niu; Joyce Seldon and Lorna Kwan; Dr. Robert Nussbaum, Beth Crawford, Kate Loranger, Julie Mak, Nicola Stewart, Robin Lee, Amie Blanco and Peggy Conrad and Salina Chan; Carole Pye, Patricia Harrington and Eva Wozniak. OSUCCG thanks Kevin Sweet, Caroline Craven, Julia Cooper, Michelle O’Conor and Amber Aeilts. BCAC is funded by Cancer Research UK [C1287/A16563, C1287/A10118], the European Union’s Horizon 2020 Research and Innovation Programme (grant numbers 634935 and 633784 for BRIDGES and B-CAST respectively), and by the European Community´s Seventh Framework Programme under grant agreement number 223175 (grant number HEALTH-F2-2009-223175) (COGS). The EU Horizon 2020 Research and Innovation Programme funding source had no role in study design, data collection, data analysis, data interpretation or writing of the report. Genotyping of the OncoArray was funded by the NIH Grant U19 CA148065, and Cancer UK Grant C1287/A16563 and the PERSPECTIVE project supported by the Government of Canada through Genome Canada and the Canadian Institutes of Health Research (grant GPH-129344) and, the Ministère de l’Économie, Science et Innovation du Québec through Genome Québec and the PSRSIIRI-701 grant, and the Quebec Breast Cancer Foundation. The Australian Breast Cancer Family Study (ABCFS) was supported by grant UM1 CA164920 from the National Cancer Institute (USA). The content of this manuscript does not necessarily reflect the views or policies of the National Cancer Institute or any of the collaborating centers in the Breast Cancer Family Registry (BCFR), nor does mention of trade names, commercial products, or organizations imply endorsement by the USA Government or the BCFR. The ABCFS was also supported by the National Health and Medical Research Council of Australia, the New South Wales Cancer Council, the Victorian Health Promotion Foundation (Australia) and the Victorian Breast Cancer Research Consortium. J.L.H. is a National Health and Medical Research Council (NHMRC) Senior Principal Research Fellow. M.C.S. is a NHMRC Senior Research Fellow. The ABCS study was supported by the Dutch Cancer Society [grants NKI 2007-3839; 2009 4363]. The Australian Breast Cancer Tissue Bank (ABCTB) was supported by the National Health and Medical Research Council of Australia, The Cancer Institute NSW and the National Breast Cancer Foundation. The AHS study is supported by the intramural research program of the National Institutes of Health, the National Cancer Institute (grant number Z01-CP010119), and the National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (grant number Z01-ES049030). The work of the BBCC was partly funded by ELAN-Fond of the University Hospital of Erlangen. The BBCS is funded by Cancer Research UK and Breast Cancer Now and acknowledges NHS funding to the NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, and the National Cancer Research Network (NCRN). The BCEES was funded by the National Health and Medical Research Council, Australia and the Cancer Council Western Australia. For the BCFR-NY, BCFR-PA, BCFR-UT this work was supported by grant UM1 CA164920 from the National Cancer Institute. The content of this manuscript does not necessarily reflect the views or policies of the National Cancer Institute or any of the collaborating centers in the Breast Cancer Family Registry (BCFR), nor does mention of trade names, commercial products, or organizations imply endorsement by the US Government or the BCFR. BCINIS study was funded by the BCRF (The Breast Cancer Research Foundation, USA). The BREast Oncology GAlician Network (BREOGAN) is funded by Acción Estratégica de Salud del Instituto de Salud Carlos III FIS PI12/02125/Cofinanciado FEDER; Acción Estratégica de Salud del Instituto de Salud Carlos III FIS Intrasalud (PI13/01136); Programa Grupos Emergentes, Cancer Genetics Unit, Instituto de Investigacion Biomedica Galicia Sur. Xerencia de Xestion Integrada de Vigo-SERGAS, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Spain; Grant 10CSA012E, Consellería de Industria Programa Sectorial de Investigación Aplicada, PEME I + D e I + D Suma del Plan Gallego de Investigación, Desarrollo e Innovación Tecnológica de la Consellería de Industria de la Xunta de Galicia, Spain; Grant EC11-192. Fomento de la Investigación Clínica Independiente, Ministerio de Sanidad, Servicios Sociales e Igualdad, Spain; and Grant FEDER-Innterconecta. Ministerio de Economia y Competitividad, Xunta de Galicia, Spain. The BSUCH study was supported by the Dietmar-Hopp Foundation, the Helmholtz Society and the German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ). Sample collection and processing was funded in part by grants from the National Cancer Institute (NCI R01CA120120 and K24CA169004). CBCS is funded by the Canadian Cancer Society (grant # 313404) and the Canadian Institutes of Health Research. CCGP is supported by funding from the University of Crete. The CECILE study was supported by Fondation de France, Institut National du Cancer (INCa), Ligue Nationale contre le Cancer, Agence Nationale de Sécurité Sanitaire, de l’Alimentation, de l’Environnement et du Travail (ANSES), Agence Nationale de la Recherche (ANR). The CGPS was supported by the Chief Physician Johan Boserup and Lise Boserup Fund, the Danish Medical Research Council, and Herlev and Gentofte Hospital. The American Cancer Society funds the creation, maintenance, and updating of the CPS-II cohort. The CTS was initially supported by the California Breast Cancer Act of 1993 and the California Breast Cancer Research Fund (contract 97-10500) and is currently funded through the National Institutes of Health (R01 CA77398, K05 CA136967, UM1 CA164917, and U01 CA199277). Collection of cancer incidence data was supported by the California Department of Public Health as part of the statewide cancer reporting program mandated by California Health and Safety Code Section 103885. The University of Westminster curates the DietCompLyf database funded by Against Breast Cancer Registered Charity No. 1121258 and the NCRN. The coordination of EPIC is financially supported by the European Commission (DG-SANCO) and the International Agency for Research on Cancer. The national cohorts are supported by: Ligue Contre le Cancer, Institut Gustave Roussy, Mutuelle Générale de l’Education Nationale, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) (France); German Cancer Aid, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Federal Ministry of Education and Research (BMBF) (Germany); the Hellenic Health Foundation, the Stavros Niarchos Foundation (Greece); Associazione Italiana per la Ricerca sul Cancro-AIRC-Italy and National Research Council (Italy); Dutch Ministry of Public Health, Welfare and Sports (VWS), Netherlands Cancer Registry (NKR), LK Research Funds, Dutch Prevention Funds, Dutch ZON (Zorg Onderzoek Nederland), World Cancer Research Fund (WCRF), Statistics Netherlands (The Netherlands); Health Research Fund (FIS), PI13/00061 to Granada, PI13/01162 to EPIC-Murcia, Regional Governments of Andalucía, Asturias, Basque Country, Murcia and Navarra, ISCIII RETIC (RD06/0020) (Spain); Cancer Research UK (14136 to EPIC-Norfolk; C570/A16491 and C8221/A19170 to EPIC-Oxford), Medical Research Council (1000143 to EPIC-Norfolk, MR/M012190/1 to EPIC-Oxford) (United Kingdom). The ESTHER study was supported by a grant from the Baden Württemberg Ministry of Science, Research and Arts. Additional cases were recruited in the context of the VERDI study, which was supported by a grant from the German Cancer Aid (Deutsche Krebshilfe). FHRISK is funded from NIHR grant PGfAR 0707-10031. The GC-HBOC (German Consortium of Hereditary Breast and Ovarian Cancer) is supported by the German Cancer Aid (grant no 110837, coordinator: Rita K. Schmutzler, Cologne). This work was also funded by the European Regional Development Fund and Free State of Saxony, Germany (LIFE - Leipzig Research Centre for Civilization Diseases, project numbers 713-241202, 713-241202, 14505/2470, 14575/2470). The GENICA was funded by the Federal Ministry of Education and Research (BMBF) Germany grants 01KW9975/5, 01KW9976/8, 01KW9977/0 and 01KW0114, the Robert Bosch Foundation, Stuttgart, Deutsches Krebsforschungszentrum (DKFZ), Heidelberg, the Institute for Prevention and Occupational Medicine of the German Social Accident Insurance, Institute of the Ruhr University Bochum (IPA), Bochum, as well as the Department of Internal Medicine, Evangelische Kliniken Bonn gGmbH, Johanniter Krankenhaus, Bonn, Germany. The GEPARSIXTO study was conducted by the German Breast Group GmbH. The GESBC was supported by the Deutsche Krebshilfe e. V. [70492] and the German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ). The HABCS study was supported by the Claudia von Schilling Foundation for Breast Cancer Research, by the Lower Saxonian Cancer Society, and by the Rudolf Bartling Foundation. The HEBCS was financially supported by the Helsinki University Central Hospital Research Fund, Academy of Finland (266528), the Finnish Cancer Society, and the Sigrid Juselius Foundation. The HMBCS was supported by a grant from the German Research Foundation (Do 761/10-1). The HUBCS was supported by a grant from the German Federal Ministry of Research and Education (RUS08/017), and by the Russian Foundation for Basic Research and the Federal Agency for Scientific Organizations for support the Bioresource collections and RFBR grants 14-04-97088, 17-29-06014 and 17-44-020498. E.K was supported by the program for support the bioresource collections №007-030164/2 and study was performed as part of the assignment of the Ministry of Science and Higher Education of Russian Federation (№АААА-А16-116020350032-1). Financial support for KARBAC was provided through the regional agreement on medical training and clinical research (ALF) between Stockholm County Council and Karolinska Institutet, the Swedish Cancer Society, The Gustav V Jubilee foundation and Bert von Kantzows foundation. The KARMA study was supported by Märit and Hans Rausings Initiative Against Breast Cancer. The KBCP was financially supported by the special Government Funding (EVO) of Kuopio University Hospital grants, Cancer Fund of North Savo, the Finnish Cancer Organizations, and by the strategic funding of the University of Eastern Finland. LMBC is supported by the ‘Stichting tegen Kanker’. DL is supported by the FWO. The MABCS study is funded by the Research Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology “Georgi D. Efremov” and supported by the German Academic Exchange Program, DAAD. The MARIE study was supported by the Deutsche Krebshilfe e.V. [70-2892-BR I, 106332, 108253, 108419, 110826, 110828], the Hamburg Cancer Society, the German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ) and the Federal Ministry of Education and Research (BMBF) Germany [01KH0402]. MBCSG is supported by grants from the Italian Association for Cancer Research (AIRC) and by funds from the Italian citizens who allocated the 5/1000 share of their tax payment in support of the Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale Tumori, according to Italian laws (INT-Institutional strategic projects “5 × 1000”). The MCBCS was supported by the NIH grants CA192393, CA116167, CA176785 an NIH Specialized Program of Research Excellence (SPORE) in Breast Cancer [CA116201], and the Breast Cancer Research Foundation and a generous gift from the David F. and Margaret T. Grohne Family Foundation. MCCS cohort recruitment was funded by VicHealth and Cancer Council Victoria. The MCCS was further supported by Australian NHMRC grants 209057 and 396414, and by infrastructure provided by Cancer Council Victoria. Cases and their vital status were ascertained through the Victorian Cancer Registry (VCR) and the Australian Institute of Health and Welfare (AIHW), including the National Death Index and the Australian Cancer Database. The MEC was support by NIH grants CA63464, CA54281, CA098758, CA132839 and CA164973. The MISS study is supported by funding from ERC-2011-294576 Advanced grant, Swedish Cancer Society, Swedish Research Council, Local hospital funds, Berta Kamprad Foundation, Gunnar Nilsson. The MMHS study was supported by NIH grants CA97396, CA128931, CA116201, CA140286 and CA177150. MSKCC is supported by grants from the Breast Cancer Research Foundation and Robert and Kate Niehaus Clinical Cancer Genetics Initiative. The work of MTLGEBCS was supported by the Quebec Breast Cancer Foundation, the Canadian Institutes of Health Research for the “CIHR Team in Familial Risks of Breast Cancer” program – grant # CRN-87521 and the Ministry of Economic Development, Innovation and Export Trade – grant # PSR-SIIRI-701. The NBHS was supported by NIH grant R01CA100374. Biological sample preparation was conducted the Survey and Biospecimen Shared Resource, which is supported by P30 CA68485. The Northern California Breast Cancer Family Registry (NC-BCFR) and Ontario Familial Breast Cancer Registry (OFBCR) were supported by grant UM1 CA164920 from the National Cancer Institute (USA). The content of this manuscript does not necessarily reflect the views or policies of the National Cancer Institute or any of the collaborating centers in the Breast Cancer Family Registry (BCFR), nor does mention of trade names, commercial products, or organizations imply endorsement by the USA Government or the BCFR. The Carolina Breast Cancer Study was funded by Komen Foundation, the National Cancer Institute (P50 CA058223, U54 CA156733, U01 CA179715), and the North Carolina University Cancer Research Fund. The NHS was supported by NIH grants P01 CA87969, UM1 CA186107, and U19 CA148065. The NHS2 was supported by NIH grants UM1 CA176726 and U19 CA148065. The ORIGO study was supported by the Dutch Cancer Society (RUL 1997-1505) and the Biobanking and Biomolecular Resources Research Infrastructure (BBMRI-NL CP16). The PBCS was funded by Intramural Research Funds of the National Cancer Institute, Department of Health and Human Services, USA. Genotyping for PLCO was supported by the Intramural Research Program of the National Institutes of Health, NCI, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics. The PLCO is supported by the Intramural Research Program of the Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics and supported by contracts from the Division of Cancer Prevention, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health. The POSH study is funded by Cancer Research UK (grants C1275/A11699, C1275/C22524, C1275/A19187, C1275/A15956 and Breast Cancer Campaign 2010PR62, 2013PR044. PROCAS is funded from NIHR grant PGfAR 0707-10031. The RBCS was funded by the Dutch Cancer Society (DDHK 2004-3124, DDHK 2009-4318). SEARCH is funded by Cancer Research UK [C490/A10124, C490/A16561] and supported by the UK National Institute for Health Research Biomedical Research Centre at the University of Cambridge. The University of Cambridge has received salary support for PDPP from the NHS in the East of England through the Clinical Academic Reserve. The Sister Study (SISTER) is supported by the Intramural Research Program of the NIH, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (Z01-ES044005 and Z01-ES049033). The Two Sister Study (2SISTER) was supported by the Intramural Research Program of the NIH, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (Z01-ES044005 and Z01-ES102245), and, also by a grant from Susan G. Komen for the Cure, grant FAS0703856. SKKDKFZS is supported by the DKFZ. The SMC is funded by the Swedish Cancer Foundation and the Swedish Research Council [grant 2017-00644 for the Swedish Infrastructure for Medical Population-based Life-course Environmental Research (SIMPLER)]. The SZBCS is financially supported under the program of Minister of Science and Higher Education “Regional Initiative of Excellence” in years 2019-2022, Grant No 002/RID/2018/19. The TNBCC was supported by: a Specialized Program of Research Excellence (SPORE) in Breast Cancer (CA116201), a grant from the Breast Cancer Research Foundation, a generous gift from the David F. and Margaret T. Grohne Family Foundation. The UCIBCS component of this research was supported by the NIH [CA58860, CA92044] and the Lon V Smith Foundation [LVS39420]. The UKBGS is funded by Breast Cancer Now and the Institute of Cancer Research (ICR), London. ICR acknowledges NHS funding to the NIHR Biomedical Research Centre. The UKOPS study was funded by The Eve Appeal (The Oak Foundation) and supported by the National Institute for Health Research University College London Hospitals Biomedical Research Centre. The USRT Study was funded by Intramural Research Funds of the National Cancer Institute, Department of Health and Human Services, USA. CIMBA CIMBA: The CIMBA data management and data analysis were supported by Cancer Research – UK grants C12292/A20861, C12292/A11174. ACA is a Cancer Research -UK Senior Cancer Research Fellow. GCT and ABS are NHMRC Research Fellows. The PERSPECTIVE project was supported by the Government of Canada through Genome Canada and the Canadian Institutes of Health Research, the Ministry of Economy, Science and Innovation through Genome Québec, and The Quebec Breast Cancer Foundation. BCFR: UM1 CA164920 from the National Cancer Institute. The content of this manuscript does not necessarily reflect the views or policies of the National Cancer Institute or any of the collaborating centers in the Breast Cancer Family Registry (BCFR), nor does mention of trade names, commercial products, or organizations imply endorsement by the US Government or the BCFR. BFBOCC: Lithuania (BFBOCC-LT): Research Council of Lithuania grant SEN-18/2015 and Nr. P-MIP-19-164. BIDMC: Breast Cancer Research Foundation. BMBSA: Cancer Association of South Africa (PI Elizabeth J. van Rensburg). CNIO: Spanish Ministry of Health PI16/00440 supported by FEDER funds, the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness (MINECO) SAF2014-57680-R and the Spanish Research Network on Rare diseases (CIBERER). COH-CCGCRN: Research reported in this publication was supported by the National Cancer Institute of the National Institutes of Health under grant number R25CA112486, and RC4CA153828 (PI: J. Weitzel) from the National Cancer Institute and the Office of the Director, National Institutes of Health. The content is solely the responsibility of the authors and does not necessarily represent the official views of the National Institutes of Health. CONSIT TEAM: Associazione Italiana Ricerca sul Cancro (AIRC; IG2014 no.15547) to P. Radice. Funds from Italian citizens who allocated the 5 × 1000 share of their tax payment in support of the Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale Tumori, according to Italian laws (INT-Institutional strategic projects ‘5 × 1000’) to S. Manoukian. UNIROMA1: Italian Association for Cancer Research (AIRC; grant no. 21389) to L. Ottini. DFKZ: German Cancer Research Center. EMBRACE: Cancer Research UK Grants C1287/A10118 and C1287/A11990. D. Gareth Evans and Fiona Lalloo are supported by an NIHR grant to the Biomedical Research Centre, Manchester (IS-BRC-1215-20007). The Investigators at The Institute of Cancer Research and The Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust are supported by an NIHR grant to the Biomedical Research Centre at The Institute of Cancer Research and The Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust. Ros Eeles and Elizabeth Bancroft are supported by Cancer Research UK Grant C5047/A8385. Ros Eeles is also supported by NIHR support to the Biomedical Research Centre at The Institute of Cancer Research and The Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust. FCCC: NIH/NCI grant P30-CA006927. The University of Kansas Cancer Center (P30 CA168524) and the Kansas Bioscience Authority Eminent Scholar Program. A.K.G. was funded by R0 1CA140323, R01 CA214545, and by the Chancellors Distinguished Chair in Biomedical Sciences Professorship. Ana Vega is supported by the Spanish Health Research Foundation, Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), partially supported by FEDER funds through Research Activity Intensification Program (contract grant numbers: INT15/00070, INT16/00154, INT17/00133), and through Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enferemdades Raras CIBERER (ACCI 2016: ER17P1AC7112/2018); Autonomous Government of Galicia (Consolidation and structuring program: IN607B), and by the Fundación Mutua Madrileña (call 2018). GC-HBOC: German Cancer Aid (grant no 110837, Rita K. Schmutzler) and the European Regional Development Fund and Free State of Saxony, Germany (LIFE - Leipzig Research Centre for Civilization Diseases, project numbers 713-241202, 713-241202, 14505/2470, 14575/2470). GEMO: Ligue Nationale Contre le Cancer; the Association “Le cancer du sein, parlons-en!” Award, the Canadian Institutes of Health Research for the “CIHR Team in Familial Risks of Breast Cancer” program, the French National Institute of Cancer (INCa) (grants AOR 01 082, 2013-1-BCB-01-ICH-1 and SHS-E-SP 18-015) and the Fondation ARC pour la recherche sur le cancer (grant PJA 20151203365). GEORGETOWN: the Survey, Recruitment and Biospecimen Shared Resource at Georgetown University (NIH/NCI grant P30-CA051008) and the Fisher Center for Hereditary Cancer and Clinical Genomics Research. HCSC: Spanish Ministry of Health PI15/00059, PI16/01292, and CB-161200301 CIBERONC from ISCIII (Spain), partially supported by European Regional Development FEDER funds. HEBCS: Helsinki University Hospital Research Fund, Academy of Finland (266528), the Finnish Cancer Society and the Sigrid Juselius Foundation. HEBON: the Dutch Cancer Society grants NKI1998-1854, NKI2004-3088, NKI2007-3756, the Netherlands Organization of Scientific Research grant NWO 91109024, the Pink Ribbon grants 110005 and 2014-187.WO76, the BBMRI grant NWO 184.021.007/CP46 and the Transcan grant JTC 2012 Cancer 12-054. HUNBOCS: Hungarian Research Grants KTIA-OTKA CK-80745 and NKFI_OTKA K-112228. HVH (University Hospital Vall d’Hebron) This work was supported by Spanish Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII) funding, an initiative of the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Innovation partially supported by European Regional Development FEDER Funds: FIS PI12/02585 and PI15/00355. ICO: The authors would like to particularly acknowledge the support of the Asociación Española Contra el Cáncer (AECC), the Instituto de Salud Carlos III (organismo adscrito al Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad) and “Fondo Europeo de Desarrollo Regional (FEDER), una manera de hacer Europa” (PI10/01422, PI13/00285, PIE13/00022, PI15/00854, PI16/00563, P18/01029, and CIBERONC) and the Institut Català de la Salut and Autonomous Government of Catalonia (2009SGR290, 2014SGR338, 2017SGR449, and PERIS Project MedPerCan), and CERCA program. IHCC: PBZ_KBN_122/P05/2004. ILUH: Icelandic Association “Walking for Breast Cancer Research” and by the Landspitali University Hospital Research Fund. INHERIT: Canadian Institutes of Health Research for the “CIHR Team in Familial Risks of Breast Cancer” program – grant # CRN-87521 and the Ministry of Economic Development, Innovation and Export Trade – grant # PSR-SIIRI-701. IOVHBOCS: Ministero della Salute and “5 × 1000” Istituto Oncologico Veneto grant. IPOBCS: Liga Portuguesa Contra o Cancro. kConFab: The National Breast Cancer Foundation, and previously by the National Health and Medical Research Council (NHMRC), the Queensland Cancer Fund, the Cancer Councils of New South Wales, Victoria, Tasmania and South Australia, and the Cancer Foundation of Western Australia. MAYO: NIH grants CA116167, CA192393 and CA176785, an NCI Specialized Program of Research Excellence (SPORE) in Breast Cancer (CA116201), and a grant from the Breast Cancer Research Foundation. MCGILL: Jewish General Hospital Weekend to End Breast Cancer, Quebec Ministry of Economic Development, Innovation and Export Trade. Marc Tischkowitz is supported by the funded by the European Union Seventh Framework Program (2007Y2013)/European Research Council (Grant No. 310018). MSKCC: the Breast Cancer Research Foundation, the Robert and Kate Niehaus Clinical Cancer Genetics Initiative, the Andrew Sabin Research Fund and a Cancer Center Support Grant/Core Grant (P30 CA008748). NCI: the Intramural Research Program of the US National Cancer Institute, NIH, and by support services contracts NO2-CP-11019-50, N02-CP-21013-63 and N02-CP-65504 with Westat, Inc, Rockville, MD. NNPIO: the Russian Foundation for Basic Research (grants 17-54-12007, 17-00-00171 and 18-515-45012). NRG Oncology: U10 CA180868, NRG SDMC grant U10 CA180822, NRG Administrative Office and the NRG Tissue Bank (CA 27469), the NRG Statistical and Data Center (CA 37517) and the Intramural Research Program, NCI. OSUCCG: was funded by the Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center. PBCS: Italian Association of Cancer Research (AIRC) [IG 2013 N.14477] and Tuscany Institute for Tumors (ITT) grant 2014-2015-2016. SMC: the Israeli Cancer Association. SWE-BRCA: the Swedish Cancer Society. UCHICAGO: NCI Specialized Program of Research Excellence (SPORE) in Breast Cancer (CA125183), R01 CA142996, 1U01CA161032 and by the Ralph and Marion Falk Medical Research Trust, the Entertainment Industry Fund National Women’s Cancer Research Alliance and the Breast Cancer research Foundation. UCSF: UCSF Cancer Risk Program and Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center. UKFOCR: Cancer Researc h UK. UPENN: National Institutes of Health (NIH) (R01-CA102776 and R01-CA083855; Breast Cancer Research Foundation; Susan G. Komen Foundation for the cure, Basser Research Center for BRCA. UPITT/MWH: Hackers for Hope Pittsburgh. VFCTG: Victorian Cancer Agency, Cancer Australia, National Breast Cancer Foundation. WCP: Dr Karlan is funded by the American Cancer Society Early Detection Professorship (SIOP-06-258-01-COUN) and the National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences (NCATS), Grant UL1TR000124.

The sexual generation of Dryocosmus destefanii Cerasa & Melika, 2018 that emerges from galls on Q. suber L. in Italy is described for the first time, establishing its heterogonic life cycle. We provide observations on its distribution, illustration of adults and galls and information on its biology as supported by morphological and molecular data. An illustrated identification key to Western Palaearctic Dryocosmus species is also given.

The possible threat to cultivated olives due to some Chalcidoidea seed wasps are here highlighted, showing symptoms, identification and seasonal occurrence

Scelionidi (Hymenoptera: Platygastroidea) segnalati per l’Italia e loro ospiti noti. Il seguente lavoro propone una revisione della checklist italiana della famiglia Scelionidae dopo quella proposta da Bin et al. (1995). Viene inoltre fornito l’elenco delle specie di ospiti di Insecta e Arachnida individuate nel lavoro di raccolta bibliografica. In totale sono riportati 38 generi di scelionidi per l’Italia con 181 specie di cui 58 riportano anche gli ospiti appartenenti agli ordini: Insecta: Mantodea, Orthoptera, Embioptera, Hemiptera, Coleoptera, Neuroptera, Diptera, Lepidoptera; Arachnida: Araneae Dysderiidae, Lycosidae. Grazie all'intenso lavoro di ricerca del professor Giovanni Mineo, recentemente scomparso, le specie registrate per la Sicilia sono aumentate da 56 a 99. La revisione e l’aggiornamento della checklist nasce dalla recente importanza assunta degli scelionidi nello studio di una possibile loro applicazione nei programmi di controllo biologico contro eterotteri pentatomidi alloctoni e dall’arrivo in Europa di scelionidi alloctoni come Trissolcus japonicus e T. mitsukurii, candidati per il controllo biologico di Halyomorpha halys. A revised checklist of the Italian Scelionidae is provided. Data regarding host association of recorded species of this family of egg parasitoids of insects and spiders are provided. A total of 181 species in 38 genera have been recorded in Italy. The parasitized hosts are recorded for 58 of recorded species. These species parasitise eggs of different insect orders (Mantodea, Orthoptera, Embioptera, Hemiptera, Coleoptera, Neuroptera, Diptera, Lepidoptera) and spiders (Araneae Dysderiidae, Lycosidae). Scelionidae are considered as effective biological control agents of insect pests, and many times were used in biological control programs. Very recently, two allochthonous scelionids Trissolcus japonicus and T. mitsukurii, candidates of introduction for biological control purposes, accidentally arrived into Europe and Italy and became established, thanks to the presence of their preferred allochthnous host Halyomorpha halys.

The hymenopteran family Platygastridae is a large group of parasitic wasps. A survey was carried out on the subfamily Sceliotrachelinae (Hym.: Platygastridae) in East Azerbaijan and Fars provinces of Iran. The genus Fidobia Ashmead and three species, Allotropa conventus Maneval, Fidiobia hofferi Kozlov and Isolia mongolica (Kozlov) are newly recorded from Iran. Illustrations of the morphological characteristics and their geographical distribution are presented.

Laboratory trials were performed to evaluate the action of spinosad and mineral oil on eggs of Grapholita funebrana Treitschke, the key pest in plum orchards. Fruits of cultivars Angeleno, President and Stanley were used in the trials. The first set of tests was carried out by introducing two mated females of G. funebrana into a cage together with fruits of a single cultivar. The second set of trials tested the three cultivars simultaneously. In all trials, one third of the fruits of each cultivar was treated with mineral oil, another third with spinosad and the final third was left untreated. Treatments were carried out before introducing mated females into the cages. The number of fruits with eggs, the number of eggs laid on each fruit and the number of hatched eggs were recorded. The number of eggs per fruit recorded in all trials was the same, indicating that plum moth females, after choosing the fruits for oviposition on the basis of the cultivar or the applied product, tend to use all suitable fruits in the same way. Oviposition in terms of number of fruits was significantly lower in mineral oil and spinosad treatments in all trials, compared to the control. Differences between the two products were found in trials carried out with Angeleno alone and with the three cultivars together. The percentage of egg hatching on the fruits was always significantly lower with spinosad treatment compared to the mineral-oil treatment and the control. In the trials carried out using the three cultivars, the number of infested fruits was significantly higher for Angeleno and no differences in the hatching percentages were found among the cultivars. The ovicidal and antiovideponent activities of commercial products containing mineral oils or spinosad could represent an interesting tool to reduce G. funebrana damage, both in organic and conventional plum orchards.

The red gum lerp psyllid, Glycaspis brimblecombei Moore (Hemiptera, Aphalaridae), is an Australian native sap-sucking insect pest of eucalypts that has been first reported for the West Palaearctic Region in 2008 and, in 2010, it has been found also in Italy. Subsequently its primary parasitoid, Psyllaephagus bliteus Riek (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae), was also detected within the main European and North African infested areas, where no release of the parasitoid was ever performed. This study, carried out in 30 Eucalyptus camaldulensis plantations located along the coast, on the hills and the mountains in Mediterranean climatic areas of Sicily (Italy), aimed to determine the influence of environmental parameters on the incidence of both, the psyllid infestation level and the parasitization activity. P. bliteus reached highest average levels in summer samplings and resulted widespread in Sicily at all detected altitudes without statistically significant differences. P. bliteus parasitization is the main factor lowering G. brimblecombei infestation; this result, together with the accidental and contemporaneous arrival of the host and its parasitoid, could explain the absence of high damage level on eucalypts in Sicily. The most significant metric factors positively influencing G. brimblecombei infestation are the percentage of daily hours above 80% of relative humidity and the average maximum temperature, obviously related to other, but less significant climatic factors. The altitude affects both infestation and parasitization, but single sites could explain significantly more, so that the local conditions where the samplings were carried out have to be considered as the main responsibles for the variability in the obtained results. In any sampled Sicilian site, from sea level to 540 m a.s.l., both the psyllid and its parasitoids show a good adaptation to climatic conditions, confirming that areas fitting for E. camaldulensis growth fit also for P. bliteus activity, and proving that Mediterranean climate, differently from some inland areas of California, does not obstacle its parasitic activity.

To evaluate whether EBV-DNA can be used as a diagnostic and follow-up parameter for nasopharyngeal tumors in a non-endemic population. The study was carried out in a university hospital. A retrospective study was conducted on 40 paraffin samples of histological preparations. EB-DNA was detected by real-time PCR technique. A prospective study was also conducted on a group of 30 patients who underwent nasopharyngeal biopsy for suspected nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) by comparing EBV-DNA concentrations between the histological specimen and the serum. Quantification of genomic copies of EBV-DNA in serum and detection of anti-EBV antibodies was performed. In both groups the presence of high viral load of EBV-DNA was found in nonkeratinizing squamous cell carcinomas, in three cases of lymphepitomyoma and in 4 out of 6 cases of non-differentiated non-carcinoma lymph node metastases. squamous keratinizing cells. In all cases of NPC, an antibody pattern typical of reactivations (IgGVCA+, IgG-EA+, IgG-EBNA+) and IgA-EA-D, frequently positive in cases of NPC, has been highlighted. A good correlation between the high EBV-DNA charges and the histological diagnosis was highlighted. Our study also found that the assessment of viral EBV load can also be considered in the prognostic evaluation and in the follow-up of patients with NPC.

Certains sujets âges atteints de pathologies dementielles presentent des etats d’angoisse recurrents. La survenue de ces etats et la difficulte des soignants a y repondre sont attribuees a leurs troubles mnesiques et a la desorientation dont ces sujets sont atteints. Cependant les tentatives de reassurance reposant sur un rappel des reperes temporels s’averent souvent inoperantes. L’auteure explore differents questionnements qui pourraient nourrir la reflexion des equipes de soins confrontees a ces etats d’angoisse repetitifs et desorganisants pour les patients. De quels investissements psychiques passes ces etats d’angoisse sont-ils issus ? Qu’en est-il de leur signification actuelle ? Une elaboration en est-elle possible et quels pourraient en etre les mecanismes ? Nous evoquerons egalement les repercussions sur l’environnement de telles problematiques.

The purpose of this paper is to propose a new set of environmental indicators for the fast estimation of landslide risk over very wide areas. Using Italy (301,340 km2) as a test case, landslide susceptibility maps and soil sealing/land consumption maps were combined to derive a spatially distributed indicator (LRI—landslide risk index), then an aggregation was performed using Italian municipalities as basic spatial units. Two indicators were defined, namely ALR (averaged landslide risk) and TLR (total landslide risk). All data were processed using GIS programs. Conceptually, landslide susceptibility maps account for landslide hazard while soil sealing maps account for the spatial distribution of anthropic elements exposed to risk (including buildings, infrastructure, and services). The indexes quantify how much the two issues overlap, producing a relevant risk and can be used to evaluate how each municipality has been prudent in planning sustainable urban growth to cope with landslide risk. The proposed indexes are indicators that are simple to understand, can be adapted to various contexts and at various scales, and could be periodically updated, with very low effort, making use of the products of ongoing governmental monitoring programs of Italian environment. Of course, the indicators represent an oversimplification of the complexity of landslide risk, but this is the first time that a landslide risk indicator has been defined in Italy at the national scale, starting from landslide susceptibility maps (although Italy is one of the European countries most affected by hydro-geological hazards) and, more in general, the first time that land consumption maps are integrated into a landslide risk assessment.

Introduction: In non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) LKB1 mutations combined with KRAS hyperactivation define a poor responsive, aggressive and disseminating phenotype. We recently unveiled the vulnerability of KRAS/LKB1 co-mutated (KL) patient-derived xenografts (PDXs) to metabolic stress-based treatments, and a clinical trial to test the efficacy of metformin and fasting-mimicking diet on KL NSCLC is currently ongoing in our Institute. Besides inactivating mutations, LKB1 functionality may be impaired by post-translation regulation. Because miR-17 is a potential epigenetic regulator of LKB1,we hypothesized that wild-type LKB1 (LKB1WT) NSCLC with high miR-17 expression may biologically and clinically mirror LKB1 mutated tumors. Methods: NSCLC cell lines with different combinations of KRAS mutation and LKB1 deletion were selected, together with a panel of PDXs with high (LKB1WT/miR-17 high) or low (LKB1WT/miR-17 low) miR-17 expression. Taking advantage of series of NSCLC patients and PDXs, we retrospectively evaluated LKB1 and miR-17 expression levels in tumor tissue specimens. In addition, the TCGA dataset was interrogated for miR-17 expression and potential correlation with lung cancer clinical features. Results: Direct targeting of miR-17 to LKB1 3’UTR was confirmed by luciferase reporter assay. We found that miR-17 overexpression in LKB1WT cell lines functionally impaired the LKB1/AMPK pathway, and prompted apoptotic response to metformin. Of note, LKB1WT/miR-17 high PDXs tumor cells showed a similar behavior upon metformin treatment. A retrospective analysis in patients with NSCLC revealed an inverse correlation between miR-17 and LKB1 expression, and highlighted a prognostic role of miR-17 expression in LKB1WT patients, further confirmed by TCGA data analysis. Conclusions: We validated miR-17 as epigenetic regulator of LKB1 expression in NSCLC tumors. We propose a miR-17 expression score potentially exploitable to discriminate LKB1WT NSCLC patients with impaired LKB1 expression and poor outcome, eligible for energy-stress-based treatments. Citation Format: Cristina Borzi, Monica Ganzinelli, Elisa Caiola, Marika Colombo, Giovanni Centonze, Mattia Boeri, Laura Caleca, Ugo Pastorino, Mirko Marabese, Massimo Milione, Massimo Broggini, Marina C. Garassino, Gabriella Sozzi, Massimo Moro. LKB1 down-modulation by miR-17 biologically and clinically mirrors LKB1-mutated NSCLC [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2022; 2022 Apr 8-13. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2022;82(12_Suppl):Abstract nr 1539.

Accurate identification of parasitoids is crucial for biological control of the invasive brown marmorated stink bug,Halyomrpha halys(Stål). A recent work by Talamas et al. (2017) revised the Palearctic fauna ofTrissolcusAshmead, egg-parasitoids of stink bugs, and treated numerous species as junior synonyms ofT. semistriatus(Nees von Esenbeck). In the present paper, we provide a detailed taxonomic history and treatment ofT. semistriatusand the species treated as its synonyms by Talamas et al. (2017) based on examination of primary types, molecular analyses and mating experiments.Trissolcus semistriatus,T. belenus(Walker),T. colemani(Crawford), andT. manteroi(Kieffer) are here recognized as valid and a key to species is provided. The identification tools provided here will facilitate the use ofTrissolcuswasps as biological control agents and as the subject of ecological studies.

Most phytophagous insects on cultivated olives, Olea europaea L. subsp. europaea var. europaea, in South Africa are native and come from the local wild olive tree, Olea europaea subsp. cuspidata. This paper presents the first qualitative and comparative data regarding the phytophagous seed wasps on cultivated and wild olives. From 2009 to 2012, 62 random fruit samples were collected from untreated cultivated olive trees and 53 random fruit samples from wild olives at 13 different localities in the Western Cape. During spring 2013 and summer 2014, olives collected from the trees were dissected with a scalpel (when the pit was still soft) in search of seed wasp eggs and young larvae or cut with a pipe cutter (when the pit was hard) in search of mature larvae and pupae. Collected young and mature larvae were sequenced for the barcoding COI region (650 bp), and compared with adult seed wasp reference sequences. Seed wasp infestation was clearly higher in cultivated olives than Bactrocera oleae infestation (14% vs. 8%), reaching a peak of 66% in cultivar Koroneiki. Our results, including field data obtained from cultivated olives for the first time, demonstrate that Eupelmus spermophilus is phytophagous and in the Western Cape is virtually the only seed wasp in cultivated olives (99% in cultivated olives, 81% in wild ones). A precise assessment of the economic impact of seed wasps is being done by calculating the induced fruit drop, studying the susceptibility of olive cultivars and the influence of wild olives near olive crops.

Wild and cultivated olives harbor and share a diversity of insects, some of which are considered agricultural pests, such as the olive fruit fly. The assemblage of olive-associated parasitoids and seed wasps is rich and specialized in sub-Saharan Africa, with native species possibly coevolving with their hosts. Although historical entomological surveys reported on the diversity of olive wasp species in the Western Cape Province of South Africa, no comprehensive study has been performed in the region in the molecular era. In this study, a dual approach combining morphological and DNA-based methods was used for the identification of adult specimens reared from olive fruits. Four species of Braconidae and six species of Chalcidoidea were identified, and DNA barcoding methodologies were used to investigate conspecificity among individuals, based on randomly selected representative specimens. Morphological identifications were congruent with DNA data, as NJ and ML trees correctly placed the sequences for each species either at the genus or species level, depending on the available taxa coverage, and genetic distances strongly supported conspecificity. No clear evidence of cryptic diversity was found. Overall seed infestation and parasitism rates were higher in wild olives compared to cultivated olives, and highest for Eupelmus spermophilus and Utetes africanus. These results can be used for early DNA-based detection of wasp larvae in olives and to further investigate the biology and ecology of these species.

Most phytophagous insects on cultivated olives, Olea europaea L. subsp. europaea var. europaea, in South Africa are native and come from the local wild olive tree, Olea europaea subsp. cuspidata. This paper presents the first qualitative and comparative data regarding the phytophagous seed wasps on cultivated and wild olives. From 2009 to 2012, 62 random fruit samples were collected from untreated cultivated olive trees and 53 random fruit samples from wild olives at 13 different localities in the Western Cape. During spring 2013 and summer 2014, olives collected from the trees were dissected with a scalpel (when the pit was still soft) in search of seed wasp eggs and young larvae or cut with a pipe cutter (when the pit was hard) in search of mature larvae and pupae. Collected young and mature larvae were sequenced for the barcoding COI region (650 bp), and compared with adult seed wasp reference sequences. Seed wasp infestation was clearly higher in cultivated olives than Bactrocera oleae infestation (14% vs. 8%), reaching a peak of 66% in cultivar Koroneiki. Our results, including field data obtained from cultivated olives for the first time, demonstrate that Eupelmus spermophilus is phytophagous and in the Western Cape is virtually the only seed wasp in cultivated olives (99% in cultivated olives, 81% in wild ones). A precise assessment of the economic impact of seed wasps is being done by calculating the induced fruit drop, studying the susceptibility of olive cultivars and the influence of wild olives near olive crops.

miRNAs play a central role in the complex signaling network of cancer cells with the tumor microenvironment. Little is known on the origin of circulating miRNAs and their relationship with the tumor microenvironment in lung cancer. Here, we focused on the cellular source and relative contribution of different cell types to circulating miRNAs composing our risk classifier of lung cancer using in vitro/in vivo models and clinical samples. A cell‐type specific expression pattern and topography of several miRNAs such as mir‐145 in fibroblasts, mir‐126 in endothelial cells, mir‐133a in skeletal muscle cells was observed in normal and lung cancer tissues. Granulocytes and platelets are the major contributors of miRNAs release in blood. miRNAs modulation observed in plasma of lung cancer subjects was consistent with de‐regulation of the same miRNAs observed during immunosuppressive conversion of immune cells. In particular, activated neutrophils showed a miRNA profile mirroring that observed in plasma of lung cancer subjects. Interestingly mir‐320a secreted by neutrophils of high‐risk heavy‐smokers promoted an M2‐like protumorigenic phenotype through downregulation of STAT4 when shuttled into macrophages. These findings suggest a multifactorial and nonepithelial cell‐autonomous origin of circulating miRNAs associated with risk of lung cancer and that circulating miRNAs may act in paracrine signaling with causative role in lung carcinogenesis and immunosuppression., What's new? microRNAs play a central role in the complex signaling network of cancer cells with the tumor microenvironment. However, little is known on the origin of circulating miRNAs and their mechanisms of action. This study found a multifactorial and non‐epithelial cell‐autonomous origin of circulating miRNAs associated with lung cancer risk. The findings also suggest a link between an immunosuppressive and pro‐tumorigenic microenvironment and modulation of circulating miRNAs associated with lung cancer risk. The authors propose a novel mechanism whereby miRNA released by neutrophils induce macrophage polarization to support lung cancer growth, highlighting the potential for reprogramming macrophages toward an anti‐tumor polarization.

Simple Summary Parasitoid wasps in the family Braconidae are generally highly specialized and can be used as agents for biological control of arthropod pests. Psyttalia concolor, Psyttalia humilis and Psyttalia lounsburyi parasitize the larvae of the olive fruit fly (Bactrocera oleae), the most damaging pest of cultivated olives in the world. Psyttalia concolor is native to the Mediterranean, and P. humilis and P. lounsburyi are native to sub-Saharan Africa. Despite their potential for agricultural pest control, these species have been poorly characterized at the genetic level. We sequenced the mitochondrial genome of the three species and compared its organization with other Braconidae. Psyttalia had a unique gene rearrangement involving the positions of transfer RNA genes. We also present a phylogenetic reconstruction of the Braconidae and confirm the phylogenetic placement of Psyttalia in the subfamily Opiinae. Abstract The family Braconidae consists mostly of specialized parasitoids, some of which hold potential in biocontrol of agricultural pests. Psyttalia concolor, Psyttalia humilis and Psyttalia lounsburyi are parasitoids associated with Bactrocera oleae, a major pest of cultivated olives. The native range of Psyttalia concolor is the Mediterranean, and P. humilis and P. lounsburyi are native to sub-Saharan Africa. This study reports the mitochondrial genomes of the three species, thus laying the foundation for mitogenomic analyses in the genus Psyttalia. Comparative mitogenomics within Braconidae showed a novel gene arrangement in Psyttalia in involving translocation and inversion of transfer RNA genes. The placement of Psyttalia in the subfamily Opiinae was well-supported, and the divergence between Psyttalia and its closest relative (Diachasmimorpha longicaudata) was at ~55 MYA [95% highest posterior density (HPD): 34–83 MYA]. Psyttalia lounsburyi occupied the most basal position among the three Psyttalia, having diverged from the other two species ~11 MYA (95% HPD: 6–17 MYA). Psyttalia concolor and P. humilis were recovered as sister species diverged at ~2 MYA (95% HPD: 1.1–3.6 MYA). This phylogeny combining new sequences and a set of 31 other cyclostomes and non-cyclostomes highlights the importance of a comprehensive taxonomic coverage of Braconidae mitogenomes to overcome the lack of robustness in the placement of several subfamilies.

Resume A la suite de la reflexion de professionnels travaillant en etablissement d’hebergement pour personnes âgees dependantes (Ehpad) sur la liberte d’aller et venir en institution, une enquete a ete menee aupres de residents afin de recueillir leur sentiment sur leur propre exercice de la liberte en etablissement. Dans la majeure partie des cas, la plus grande entrave a leur liberte est causee par leurs difficultes liees a leur avancee en âge. Cependant la majorite conserve le souhait de rester en contact avec l’exterieur de l’etablissement, alors meme que les plus fragiles ne sont pas toujours capables de l’exprimer clairement.

Introduction Preclinical models recently unveiled the vulnerability of LKB1/KRAS comutated NSCLC to metabolic stress-based treatments. Because miR-17 is a potential epigenetic regulator of LKB1, we hypothesized that wild-type LKB1 (LKB1WT) NSCLC with high miR-17 expression may be sensitive to an energetic stress condition, and eligible for metabolic frailties-based therapeutic intervention. Methods We took advantage of NSCLC cell lines with different combinations of KRAS mutation and LKB1 deletion and of patient-derived xenografts (PDXs) with high (LKB1WT/miR-17 high) or low (LKB1WT/miR-17 low) miR-17 expression. We evaluated LKB1 pathway impairment and apoptotic response to metformin. We retrospectively evaluated LKB1 and miR-17 expression levels in tissue specimens of patients with NSCLC and PDXs. In addition, a lung cancer series from The Cancer Genome Atlas data set was analyzed for miR-17 expression and potential correlation with clinical features. Results We identified miR-17 as an epigenetic regulator of LKB1 in NSCLC and confirmed targeting of miR-17 to LKB1 3′ untranslated region by luciferase reporter assay. We found that miR-17 overexpression functionally impairs the LKB1/AMPK pathway. Metformin treatment prompted apoptosis on miR-17 overexpression only in LKB1WT cell lines, and in LKB1WT/miR-17 high PDXs. A retrospective analysis in patients with NSCLC revealed an inverse correlation between miR-17 and LKB1 expression and highlighted a prognostic role of miR-17 expression in LKB1WT patients, which was further confirmed by The Cancer Genome Atlas data analysis. Conclusions We identified miR-17 as a mediator of LKB1 expression in NSCLC tumors. This study proposes a miR-17 expression score potentially exploitable to discriminate LKB1WT patients with NSCLC with impaired LKB1 expression and poor outcome, eligible for energy-stress-based treatments.

Key to the Western Palaearctic Dryocosmus species 1 Females............................................................................................. 2 - Males............................................................................................. 11 2 Mesoscutellum entirely smooth and glossy or at least the central area of mesoscutellar disc up to the area proximal to the foveae always smooth and glossy; at most a very narrow strip laterally and posteriorly along emarginated edges sculptured....... 3 - Mesoscutellum entirely and uniformly coriaceous or rugose.................................................... 6 3 Scutellar foveae more or less distinct, separated by distinct median carina (Fig. 36)................................. 4 - Scutellar foveae absent, anteriorly only a transverse impression present (Fig. 38)........................... D. tavakolii 4 All metasomal tergites without micropunctures, mesopleuron without striae marking transepisternal line; axillula delicately coriaceous........................................................................................... 5 - All metasomal tergites, except 2nd, with distinct uniform dense micropunctures, mesopleuron with very few delicate indistinct striae marking transepisternal line not surpassing 1/2 of mesopleuron length; axillula strongly sculptured especially at posterior end (Fig. 15); hindwing with narrow infuscate stripe on the anterior margin, starting from hamuli and extending along the margin for more than 3/4 of its length (Fig. 24)................................................. D. destefanii, sexual 5 Pedicel and scape 1.5���1.7 times broader than flagellomeres (Fig. 37); all flagellomeres nearly of the same width; scutellar foveae subtriangular, separated by wide and short median carina, with diverging sides, this short median carina occupies 1/8 of mesoscutellum length (Fig. 36)......................................................... D. destefanii, asexual - Pedicel and scape at least 2.2���2.5 times broader than flagellomeres; flagellomeres towards the apex broadened, F8���F12 at least 2.0 times as broad as preceding flagellomeres (Fig. 39); scutellar foveae subquadrangular, separated by distinct narrow median carina with non-diverging sides, this long median carina occupies 1/4 of mesoscutellum length (Fig. 40)...... D. caspiensis 6 Gena not or inconspicuously broadened behind eye, not visible in anterior view.................................... 7 - Gena strongly broadened behind eye, easily visible in anterior view (Fig. 41).................... D. cerriphilus, asexual 7 Entire body reddish brown to light yellowish brown.......................................................... 8 - Entire body black or brownish black...................................................................... 9 8 Eye large, silvery, transfacial distance nearly equal to height of eye, body uniformly light brown to yellowish...... D. mikoi - Eye small, black, transfacial distance longer than height of eye; head and mesosoma reddish brown, metasoma darker (Fig. 42)........................................................................................ D. jungalii 9 All metasomal tergites, except 2nd, with distinct uniform dense micropunctures; mesoscutellar disk reaching mesoscutum in the center, very narrow anterior scutellar depression present only on both sides of this attachment point (Fig. 43)................................................................................................... D. kuriphilus - All metasomal tergites, including 2nd, without micropunctures; mesoscutellar disk never reaching mesoscutum; broad complete transverse anterior scutellar depression present across mesoscutellum...................................... 10 10 Mesoscutellum distinctly longer than broad, rugose to coriaceous, elongate, sides nearly parallel, with narrow median carina reaching mesoscutum and dividing medially smooth glossy broad anterior scutellar depression; body usually black or dark brown........................................................................................ D. mayri - Mesoscutellum as long as broad or only slightly longer than broad, dull rugose, without median carina, with rugose anteriorscutellar depression; body usually brown to reddish brown...................................... D. cerriphilus, sexual 11 Body entirely yellow, except dark brown or black head...................................................... 12 - Body black or dark brown............................................................................. 13 12 Mesoscutellum smooth, glossy, without sculpture; head black.......................................... D. jungalii - Mesoscutellum uniformly coriaceous, head brown..................................................... D. mikoi 13 Mesoscutellar disk alutaceous or very delicately coriaceous; mesopleuron uniformly smooth glossy or delicately alutaceous................................................................................................... 14 - Mesoscutellar disk uniformly coriaceous to rugose; mesopleuron smooth glossy, with delicate longitudinal striae in medioanterior part................................................................................... D. cerriphilus 14 Diameter of lateral ocellus about equal to or slightly greater than OOL (Fig. 30); all metasomal tergites, except 2nd, with distinct uniform dense micropunctures; malar space very short, 0.11-0.12 times as long as height of eye (Fig. 28); metasomal petiole longer than wide; hindwing with narrow infuscate stripe on the anterior margin, starting from hamuli and extending along the margin for more than 3/4 of its length (Fig. 29)............................................. D. destefanii - Diameter of lateral ocellus at least twice OOL; all metasomal tergites without micropunctures; malar space extremely short, 0.06-0.07 times as long as height of eye (Fig. 27); metasomal petiole as long as broad......................... D. mayri, Published as part of Cerasa, Giuliano, Verde, Gabriella Lo, Caleca, Virgilio, Massa, Bruno, Nicholls, James A. & Melika, George, 2020, Description of the sexual generation of Dryocosmus destefanii (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae: Cynipini) and disclosure of its life cycle, pp. 359-374 in Zootaxa 4742 (2) on pages 362-363, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4742.2.9, http://zenodo.org/record/3754879

Description of sexual generation of Dryocosmus destefanii Cerasa & Melika Figs 1���6, 8���26, 28���35 Material examined. 3 females: Italy: Sicily, Cefal�� (PA), loc. C.da Campella, ex galls on Quercus suber, 19.IV.2016, 38��1���19.06���N 13��59���15.49���E, 200m, ex pepper shaped gall, em[erged]. 20���21.IV.2016 (sample 6021), G. Cerasa leg. One specimen is deposited in the collection of Giuliano Cerasa, Giuliana, Palermo, Italy, one is deposited at the Museo Civico di Storia Naturale ���Giacomo Doria���, Genoa, Italy, and the third in the collection of the Plant Health Diagnostic National Reference Laboratory, Budapest, Hungary (curator G. Melika). 2 males: Italy: Sicily, Cefal�� (PA), loc. C. da Campella, ex galls on Quercus suber, 19.IV.2017, 38��1���19.06���N 13��59���15.49���E, 200m, ex gall shaped pepper, em. 20���21.IV.2017 (sample 6560), G. Cerasa leg. (one deposited in Museo Civico di Storia Naturale ���Giacomo Doria���, Genoa, Italy; one at the Plant Health Diagnostic National Reference Laboratory, Budapest, Hungary); 1 male with the same label, but ���(N. 6557) G. Cerasa leg.��� (collection Giuliano Cerasa, Giuliana (Palermo) Italy). Description. SEXUAL FEMALE. Head dark brown, except for brown lower face; mandibles light brown, maxillary palps and labial palps yellowish; antennae light brown, except amber scape, pedicel and F1���F2 amber to brown; eyes black. Mesosoma light brown to brown, legs yellow-amber except for dark brown Ts5 and tarsal claws. Metasoma dark brown, T2 dorsally and laterally brown, subsequent tergites dark brown. Wings hyaline, veins yellow-brown to brown. Body length 2.1���2.4 mm. Head nearly 1.2 times as broad as high in anterior view (Fig. 8), 2.3 times as broad as long in dorsal view (Fig. 14); frons, vertex and interocellar area alutaceous, with rare white setae and small impression below median ocellus, eyes long with sparse minute setae mainly located on the outer margin (Figs 8, 10). Lower face alutaceous, covered by dense setae, with elevated median area and with striae radiating from clypeo-pleurostomal line, more diffuse medially on the face and reaching the ventral margin of the antennal toruli where they are stronger; malar sulcus absent. Clypeus small, smooth, rounded, slightly sinuous, ventral margin projecting over mandibles, marked by prominent epistomal sulcus, and with rare setae; anterior tentorial pits and clypeo-pleurostomal line distinct, shallow, ventrally emarginated. Gena alutaceous, not broadened behind eye in front view, covered in sparse setae. Occiput alutaceous to delicately coriaceous with few white setae; postgena alutaceous to delicately coriaceous, with rare white setae; area around occipital foramen impressed, devoid of setae. Postocciput around occipital foramen impressed; posterior tentorial pits distinct, elongate, deep; occipital foramen very slightly higher than height of postgenal bridge, which is nearly 1.9 times shorter than length of oral foramen; gula narrowed in lower half with very few and delicate longitudinal striae; gular sulci weakly impressed, touching one another in the lower half of gula and curved outwards in the upper half (Fig. 9). Malar space short, 0.3 times as long as height of compound eye. Transfacial distance 1.0���1.1 times as long as height of eye and 1.4 times as long as height of lower face (distance between antennal rim and tip of clypeus); diameter of torulus slightly greater than the distance between them; distance between torulus and inner margin of eye nearly equal to the diameter of torulus. Ocelli elliptical in shape, elevated over dorsal margin of head; POL 1.3 times as long as OOL; OOL 3.0 times as long as diameter of lateral ocellus and 2.0 times as long as LOL. Inner margins of eyes parallel. Labial palpus 3���segmented, maxillar palpus 4���segmented. Antenna filiform (Fig. 12), with 12 flagellomeres, nearly equal to body length, with short and sparse setae on all flagellomeres; pedicel as long as broad, pedicel and scape slightly (not more than 1.2���1.3 times) broader than F1���F12; scape + pedicel 1.2���1.3 times longer than F1, which is slightly longer than F2 or F3; F3 slightly longer than F4, which is 1.1���1.2 times longer than F5; F5 slightly longer than F6 or F7; subsequent flagellomeres F7��� F11 gradually decreasing in length; F12 1.7���1.8 times longer than F11; placodeal sensilla present on all flagellomeres and arranged in one row, hardly detectable on F1. Mesosoma very high, only 1.1���1.15 times as long as high. Pronotum glossy, with few long white setae along antero-lateral edge, rare in other parts; anterior rim of pronotum narrow, emarginate; transverse pronotal sulcus present, deep, areolate-rugose (Figs 17���18); posterolateral pronotal area with some short rugae, longer and more pronounced in the posteroventral corner of pronotum (Fig. 18); latero-median and median area of pronotum alutaceous without rugae. Propleuron alutaceous, smooth, glossy with sparse long setae, concave in mediocentral part (Fig. 20). Mesoscutum smooth, glossy, with rare white setae along its lateral margin and rare adnotaular setae; slightly broader than long from above (width measured across base of tegulae); notauli complete, deeply impressed for full length; median mesoscutal line absent; antero-admedian line not impressed, faintly visible in antero-dorsal view of mesosoma (Fig. 17), parapsidal lines absent; parascutal carina broad, anteriorly reaching notauli, mesoscutal suprahumeral sulcus not sculptured. Transscutal articulation deep, distinct. Dorsomedian area of mesoscutellar-axillar complex (disc of mesoscutellum+axillar foveae), nearly as long as broad from dorsal view, rounded, not elongated, marginated, smooth and glossy in the central part and with few wrinkles along margins only, with rare long white setae; raised and emarginated only along lateral edges, slightly overhanging metanotum. Scutellar foveae subtriangular-ellipsoidal (Fig. 13), distinctly delimited posteriorly and separated by narrow, weak central carina, deep with smooth and glossy bottom. Mesopleural triangle glossy with some delicate irregular short wrinkles and few white setae. Mesopleuron, smooth, glossy, with few delicate indistinct striae marking transepisternal line (Figs 15, 16), anterodorsal part of mesopleuron and speculum smooth, glossy; essentially glabrous except very rare short white setae mostly concentrated close to the mesocoxal foramen. Pleurosternum smooth, glossy, with colliculate sculpture near mesocoxal foramina; acetabular carina delimiting a very narrow area laterally and with very delicate and short wrinkles adjacent to it (Fig. 20). Metapleural sulcus reaching mesopleuron in the upper 1/3 of its height with some wrinkles; preaxilla smooth and glossy; dorsal axillar area alutaceous with a few delicate rugae and sparse setae, lateral axillar area smooth, glossy with short wrinkles and without setae; axillar carina broad, with longitudinal striae; axillula strongly sculptured in posterior end; subaxillular bar triangular, narrow, smooth and glossy, at posterior end shorter than height of metanotal trough. Metascutellum trapezoidal, smooth or very delicately sculptured, straight inferiorly, equal or slightly higher than height of ventral impressed rim of metanotum, which is smooth; metanotal trough smooth, glossy, without setae, with rare very weak wrinkles, without setae. Lateral propodeal carinae distinct and percurrent, strongly curved outwards in the middle (Figs 19, 21), central propodeal area glabrous, smooth, glossy, without median propodeal vertical carina and with complexrugulose sculpture near lateral carinae; lateral propodeal area coriaceuos with irregular wrinkles and sparse white setae; nucha very short, with delicate longitudinal sulci dorsolaterally and laterally. Forewing pubescent, hyaline, very weakly clouded around veins, 1.3���1.5 times as long as body, with distinct brown veins and long marginal cilia; radial cell open, 4.5 times as long as broad; R1 and Rs reaching wing margin and extending along it, Rs for more than half its length; 2 r slightly curved; areoles distinct, triangular and large; 2r-m not extending along M vein; Rs + M distinct, reaching basal vein in the lower half (Fig. 22). Hindwing, pubescent, hyaline, very weakly clouded around veins with narrow infuscate stripe on the anterior margin, starting from hamuli and extending along the margin for more than 3/4 of its length (Fig. 24). All tarsal segments longer than broad, Ts1 the longest one; tarsal claws simple, without basal lobe; fore tarsomere I (Ts1) to V (Ts5) length ratio as 1.0:0.4:0.3:0.2:0.5; tibial spur long, curved inward, bifid at apex, nearly 0.4 times as long as basitarsus of foreleg (Fig. 32). Metasoma as long as mesosoma, about 0.8 times as long as length of head + mesosoma. Metasoma strongly compressed laterally, 0.8 times as long as high in lateral view, smooth, glossy, with rare and scattered white setae in T2 and T8 antero-laterally (Fig. 23), present at moderate density on T9 forming moderate tuft; all metasomal tergites, except T2, with distinct uniform dense micropunctures; prominent part of ventral spine of hypopygium short, nearly 2.0���2.5 times longer than broad in ventral view, with long white setae, extending beyond apex of spine but never forming a tuft (Figs 23, 25, 26). MALE. Similar to female, but head and mesosoma completely dark brown; compound eyes bigger than in female (Fig. 28); malar space extremely short, 0.11���0.12 times as long as height of eye, transfacial distance 0.7 times as long as height of eye and nearly equal to height of lower face; diameter of toruli 1.8 times as large as distance between them, distance between torulus and inner margin of eye about half the diameter of torulus. Ocelli bigger than in female (Fig. 30); POL 2.4 times as long as OOL; OOL 0.7 times as long as diameter of lateral ocellus and nearly equal to LOL. Antenna slightly longer than body, with 13 flagellomeres, F1 distally broadened, excavated in basal half (Fig. 11). Dorsomedian area of mesoscutellar-axillar complex (disc of mesoscutellum+axillar foveae) elongated, 1.3 longer than broad in dorsal view, trapezoid. Hindwing similar to female with narrow infuscate stripe on the anterior margin, starting from hamuli and extending along the margin for more than 3/4 of its length (Fig. 29). Metasoma with long petiole, longer than wide (Figs 31, 33). Body length 2.3���2.5 mm. Gall (Figs 2, 4, 5). The gall is located on apical or lateral buds of young shoots. It is plurilocular, elongate and approximately shaped like a bell pepper fruit (Fig. 2); the surface of young galls is green, smooth, glossy and sticky with apical white pale hairs and frequently has a reddish tinge. The color turns from green and plum to brown as the gall matures. Mature galls have a finely warty, non-sticky surface (Fig. 5) and are approximately 6���8 mm in length and up to 5 mm in width. Inside the gall, the ovate and yellow larval chambers (2.3���2.7 mm) are surrounded with spongy tissue which later hardens and have their major axis arranged roughly parallel to the major axis of the gall (Fig. 4). Sexual generation galls of D. destefanii are similar to the galls of D. mayri but differ in having an elongate shape rather than being approximately spherical. In addition, D. mayri galls are monolocular, sometimes gregarious, individual galls are 5���7 mm in diameter, but often form irregularly shaped clusters 15���20 mm across. Biology. Sexual generation gall development on Quercus suber begins late March and the first days of April, concomitant with the release of new leaves; the galls complete their development during the first half of April and the adults emerge during the last 10 days of the same month. As reported by Cerasa et al. (2018), the asexual generation galls begin development in May on the same host plant species, and adults emerge in August and the first half of September. Diagnosis. Sexual D. destefanii most closely resemble D. mayri. In D. destefanii sexual females, the striae radiating from clypeus are more diffuse medially on the face and reach the ventral margin of the antennal toruli where they are stronger; LOL is nearly half of OOL, malar space is short, 0.26���0.27 times as long as the height of the eye; mesopleuron with few delicate indistinct striae marking transepisternal line; mesoscutellum rounded, not elongated, smooth and glossy in the central part; scutellar foveae subtriangular-ellipsoidal in shape; forewing 1.3���1.5 times as long as body, R1 and Rs reaching and extending along the wing margin (Rs for more than half its length); all metasomal tergites, except T2, with distinct uniform dense micropunctures. In contrast, in D. mayri sexual females the striae radiating from clypeus never reach the antennal toruli; LOL is slightly shorter than OOL; malar space very short, 0.16���0.17 times as long as height of the eye; mesopleuron without striae marking transepisternal line; mesoscutellum distinctly longer than broad, elongated, quadrangular or trapezoid, rugose to coriaceous in its central part; scutellar foveae rectangular; forewing longer than body, R1 nearly reaching wing margin, Rs extends slightly along margin; all metasomal tergites without micropunctures. In D. destefanii males the diameter of lateral ocellus is about equal to or slightly greater than OOL; POL 2.4 times as long as OOL; malar space very short, 0.11���0.12 times as long as height of eye; metasomal petiole longer than wide; all metasomal tergites, except 2nd, with distinct uniform dense micropunctures while in D. mayri males the diameter of lateral ocellus more than twice OOL; POL 2.8 times as long as OOL; malar space extremely short, 0.06���0.07 times as long as height of eye; metasomal petiole as long as broad; all metasomal tergites without micropunctures. Distribution. Currently known only from Sicily, Italy (Cerasa et al., 2018). The sexual generation decribed here was collected from the same locality as the asexual generation described in Cerasa et al. (2018). Molecular results. A 433 base pair fragment of cytb was obtained for just the female sexual generation individual. This individual had a haplotype only one base pair different from that previously published for the asexual generation. A 544 base pair fragment of ITS2 was successfully sequenced from both sexual generation individuals and the one asexual generation individual. This gene was invariant among the three individuals. These very low levels of variation are typical of within-species variability in oak gallwasps (e.g. Nicholls et al. 2012, 2018a, Tang et al. 2016a, 2016b), and provide confirmation of the match between the sexual generation of D. destefanii described herein and the asexual generation of this species previously described by Cerasa et al. (2018). All new sequences are deposited in GenBank, accessions MN184638 ��� MN184641., Published as part of Cerasa, Giuliano, Verde, Gabriella Lo, Caleca, Virgilio, Massa, Bruno, Nicholls, James A. & Melika, George, 2020, Description of the sexual generation of Dryocosmus destefanii (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae: Cynipini) and disclosure of its life cycle, pp. 359-374 in Zootaxa 4742 (2) on pages 363-370, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4742.2.9, http://zenodo.org/record/3754879, {"references":["Cerasa, G., Lo Verde, G., Caleca, V., Massa, B., Nicholls, J. A. & Melika, G. (2018) Description of Dryocosmus destefanii new species (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae: Cynipini) from Quercus suber L. in Italy. Zootaxa, 4370 (5), 535 - 548. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 4370.5.5","Nicholls, J. A., Challis, R. J., Mutun, S. & Stone, G. N. (2012) Mitochondrial barcodes are diagnostic of shared refugia but not species in hybridising oak gallwasps. Molecular Ecology, 21, 4051 - 4062. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1365 - 294 X. 2012.05683. x","Nicholls, J. A., Melika, G., DeMartini, J. & Stone, G. N. (2018 a) New species of Dryocosmus Giraud gallwasps from California (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae: Cynipini) galling Chrysolepis Hjelmq. (Fagaceae). Zootaxa, 4532 (3), 407 - 433. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 4532.3.6","Tang, C. - T., Miko, I., Nicholls, J. A., Schweger, S., Yang, M. - M., Stone, G. N., Sinclair, F., Bozso, M., Melika, G. & Penzes, Z. (2016 a) New Dryocosmus Giraud species associated with Cyclobalanopsis and non- Quercus host plants from the Eastern Palaearctic (Hymenoptera, Cynipidae, Cynipini). Journal of Hymenoptera Research, 53, 77 - 162. https: // doi. org / 10.3897 / jhr. 53.9890","Tang, C. - T., Sinclair, F., Hearn, J., Yang, M. - M., Stone, G. N., Nicholls, J. A., Schweger, S. & Melika, G. (2016 b) Eight new species of Cycloneuroterus Melika & Tang gallwasps from Taiwan and mainland China (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae: Cynipini). Zootaxa, 4088 (4), 451 - 488. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 4088.4.1"]}

The family Braconidae consists mostly of specialized parasitoids, some of which hold potential in biocontrol of agricultural pests. Psyttalia concolor, Psyttalia humilis and Psyttalia lounsburyi are parasitoids associated with Bactrocera oleae, a major pest of cultivated olives. The native range of Psyttalia concolor is the Mediterranean, and P. humilis and P. lounsburyi are native to sub-Saharan Africa. This study reports the mitochondrial genomes of the three species, thus laying the foundation for mitogenomic analyses in the genus Psyttalia. Comparative mitogenomics within Braconidae showed a novel gene arrangement in Psyttalia in involving translocation and inversion of transfer RNA genes. The placement of Psyttalia in the subfamily Opiinae was well-supported, and the divergence between Psyttalia and its closest relative (Diachasmimorpha longicaudata) was at ~55 MYA [95% highest posterior density (HPD): 34&ndash, 83 MYA]. Psyttalia lounsburyi occupied the most basal position among the three Psyttalia, having diverged from the other two species ~11 MYA (95% HPD: 6&ndash, 17 MYA). Psyttalia concolor and P. humilis were recovered as sister species diverged at ~2 MYA (95% HPD: 1.1&ndash, 3.6 MYA). This phylogeny combining new sequences and a set of 31 other cyclostomes and non-cyclostomes highlights the importance of a comprehensive taxonomic coverage of Braconidae mitogenomes to overcome the lack of robustness in the placement of several subfamilies.

PALB2 (partner and localizer of BRCA2) was initially identified as a binding partner of BRCA2. It interacts also with BRCA1 forming a complex promoting DNA repair by homologous recombination. Germline pathogenic variants in BRCA1, BRCA2 and PALB2 DNA repair genes are associated with high risk of developing breast cancer. Mutation screening in these breast cancer predisposition genes is routinely performed and allows the identification of individuals who carry pathogenic variants and are at risk of developing the disease. However, variants of uncertain significance (VUSs) are often detected and establishing their pathogenicity and clinical relevance remains a central challenge for the risk assessment of the carriers and the clinical decision-making process. Many of these VUSs are missense variants leading to single amino acid substitutions, whose impact on protein function is uncertain. Typically, VUSs are rare and due to the limited genetic, clinical, and pathological data the multifactorial approaches used for classification cannot be applied. Thus, these variants can only be characterized through functional analyses comparing their effect with that of normal and mutant gene products used as positive and negative controls. The two missense variants BRCA2:c.91T >G (p.Trp31Gly) and PALB2:c.3262C >T (p.Pro1088Ser) were detected in two breast cancer probands originally ascertained at Breast Cancer Units of Institutes located in Milan and Bergamo (Northern Italy), respectively. These variants were located in the BRCA2-PALB2 interacting domains, were predicted to be deleterious by in silico analyses, and were very rare and clinically not classified. Therefore, we initiate to study their functional effect by exploiting a green fluorescent protein (GFP)-reassembly in vitro assay specifically designed to test the BRCA2-PALB2 interaction. This functional assay proved to be easy to develop, robust and reliable. It also allows testing variants located in different genes. Results from these functional analyses showed that the BRCA2:p.Trp31Gly and the PALB2:p.Pro1088Ser prevented the BRCA2-PALB2 binding. While caution is warranted when the interpretation of the clinical significance of rare VUSs is based on functional studies only, our data provide initial evidences in favor of the possibility that these variants are pathogenic. © 2018 Caleca, Catucci, Figlioli, De Cecco, Pesaran, Ward, Volorio, Falanga, Marchetti, Iascone, Tondini, Zambelli, Azzollini, Manoukian, Radice and Peterlongo. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms

A new species, Dryocosmus destefanii Cerasa & Melika n. sp. associated with a Cerris section oak, Quercus suber L., is described from Italy. Description, diagnosis, host associations and biology for the new species and an illustrated identification key to the Western Palaearctic Dryocosmus species are given. The description is supported by morphological and molecular data.

A review is reported in the present paper on invasive alien insects introduced in Sicily on Eucalyptus trees, together with unpublished results from recent surveys. As to the latter ones, observations were conducted especially on Thaumastocoris peregrinus (Carpintero & Dellapé) (Hemiptera, Thaumastocoridae), the most recently introduced species. Overall, eight alien insect pests have been accidentally introduced in the island on Eucalyptus, belonging to the orders Hemiptera (Aphalaridae, 2 spp.; Thaumastocoridae, 1 sp.), Coleoptera (Cerambycidae, 2 spp.; Curculionidae, 1 sp.) and Hymenoptera (Eulophidae, 2 spp.). Two encyrtid parasitoids, Avetianella longoi Siscaro and Psyllaephagus bliteus Riek, obtained from Phoracantha spp. and Glycaspis brimblecombei Moore respectively, and Closterocerus chamaeleon (Girault) (Hymenoptera, Eulophidae) attacking Ophelimus maskelli (Ashmead), are also reported. Details on current distribution, host plants, morphological and biological remarks are given for each species.

The Mediterranean fruit fly Ceratitis capitata is a major pest of fruit orchards worldwide. In order to develop control methods based on natural products, particularly required in organic farming, a laboratory study was carried out to evaluate the response of adults to leaf extracts from four plant species: Ruta graveolens, Eriobotrya japonica, Rubus ulmifolius, and Ficus carica. Air-dried leaf powders were subjected to an ethanolic cold extraction. Chemical composition was assessed by GC/MS analysis. Extracts were tested in laboratory bioassays to assess the electroantennographic (EAG) response, attraction/repellence toward ovipositing females, and induced mortality toward adults. Among the extracts tested, only R. graveolens elicited significant differences compared to the control in all the bioassays. This extract, whose main volatile compounds were 2-nonanone and 2-undecanone (45% of the total), recorded the greatest EAG response, and stimulated a positive oviposition response compared to the control. Ruta graveolens extract elicited a significant insecticidal activity, confirmed to be dose-dependent. LD50 and LD90 concentrations were 3.64 and 6.01% (v/v), respectively. To our knowledge, this is the first study reporting a single plant extract, from R. graveolens, acting as attractant and oviposition stimulant, and at the same time having insecticidal properties toward C. capitata adults. The incorporation of such extract or its components into food bait could be useful in medfly “attract and kill” control strategies.

Les personnes âgees en couple sont encore le plus souvent a l’heure actuelle porteuses d’une longue vie commune ou elles ont elabore ensemble les pertes liees au vieillissement. L’atteinte de l’une d’entre elles par la maladie d’Alzheimer modifie progressivement et profondement les relations au sein du couple. L’accroissement des difficultes rencontrees rend necessaire l’intervention de professionnels. Leur grille de lecture en termes d’aidant naturel et de personne dependante ainsi que leurs propositions d’interventions se heurtent souvent a une grande reticence. En effet, la majoration des troubles entraine un rapprochement quasi fusionnel des deux conjoints. La prise en compte de ces modalites relationnelles devrait permettre d’amenager ces interventions.

Lung cancer causes approximately one fifth of all cancer deaths. Tumour cells actively communicate with the surrounding microenvironment to support malignant progression. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) play a pivotal role in intercellular communication and modulate recipient cells by delivering their contents, including proteins and nucleic acids such as microRNAs (miRNAs). We isolated EVs from the conditioned medium (CM) of human lung cancer cell lines and plasma of lung cancer patients and cancer-free smokers using an ultracentrifugation method. A significant increase in bronchial HBEC-KRASV12high cell proliferation, confirmed by cell cycle analysis, was observed after treatment with cancer-derived EVs. Lung cancer-derived EVs induced transcription of the pri-miR-92a gene, resulting in the overexpression of mature miR-19b and miR-92a in recipient bronchial cells. Modulation of these two miRNAs using miRNA mimics or inhibitors confirmed their ability to promote proliferation. In silico analysis and experimental validation showed that miR-19b and miR-92a impaired the TGF-beta (TGFB) pathway and identified TGFBRI and TGFBRII as target genes involved in EV-mediated bronchial cell proliferation. Interestingly, the oncoprotein c-Myc, a well-known miR-17-92 cluster activator, was detected only in the EVs derived from lung cancer patients and cell lines and was able to modulate the proliferation of HBEC-KRASV12high recipient cells. These data support the role of c-Myc shuttling in lung cancer-derived EVs in inducing the upregulation of onco-miR-19b and miR-92a expression with concomitant impairment of the TGFB signalling pathway in recipient cells.

© 2019, The Author(s). Breast cancer is a common disease partially caused by genetic risk factors. Germline pathogenic variants in DNA repair genes BRCA1, BRCA2, PALB2, ATM, and CHEK2 are associated with breast cancer risk. FANCM, which encodes for a DNA translocase, has been proposed as a breast cancer predisposition gene, with greater effects for the ER-negative and triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) subtypes. We tested the three recurrent protein-truncating variants FANCM:p.Arg658*, p.Gln1701*, and p.Arg1931* for association with breast cancer risk in 67,112 cases, 53,766 controls, and 26,662 carriers of pathogenic variants of BRCA1 or BRCA2. These three variants were also studied functionally by measuring survival and chromosome fragility in FANCM−/− patient-derived immortalized fibroblasts treated with diepoxybutane or olaparib. We observed that FANCM:p.Arg658* was associated with increased risk of ER-negative disease and TNBC (OR = 2.44, P = 0.034 and OR = 3.79; P = 0.009, respectively). In a country-restricted analysis, we confirmed the associations detected for FANCM:p.Arg658* and found that also FANCM:p.Arg1931* was associated with ER-negative breast cancer risk (OR = 1.96; P = 0.006). The functional results indicated that all three variants were deleterious affecting cell survival and chromosome stability with FANCM:p.Arg658* causing more severe phenotypes. In conclusion, we confirmed that the two rare FANCM deleterious variants p.Arg658* and p.Arg1931* are risk factors for ER-negative and TNBC subtypes. Overall our data suggest that the effect of truncating variants on breast cancer risk may depend on their position in the gene. Cell sensitivity to olaparib exposure, identifies a possible therapeutic option to treat FANCM-associated tumors.

The olive fruit fly, Bactrocera oleae, is considered the main olive pest worldwide, and has been the target of biological control programmes through the release of the braconid parasitoid Psyttalia concolor. Laboratory tests were performed to evaluate the influence of distance from the host on parasitisation, placing larvae of the substitute host Ceratitis capitata at seven distances (0, 0.5, 1, 1.5, 2, 2.5, 3 mm) and four different time periods (7, 15, 30, 60 min). Moreover, field collected olives of Ogliarola Barese cultivar infested by B. oleae were exposed to P. concolor females to confirm its ability to parasitise B. oleae in small olives. Psyttalia concolor oviposition was inhibited at 2.5 and 3 mm due to the ovipositor length of the parasitoid females (2.7 mm). Hosts were easily parasitised at distances between 0 and 1.5 mm. The thin fruit pulp (up to 3.5 mm) of field collected olives allowed the parasitisation to occur also in mature fruits. At the best combination distance/time (0 mm, 30 min), tests performed with different larvae/parasitoid female ratio showed an increasing emergence of P. concolor (from 20% to 57%) with larvae/parasitoid ratio increasing from 0.11 to 0.74. The results of the present study might optimise the mass rearing of P. concolor, through a proper setting of its parameters, such as the host/parasitoid ratio, exposure distances, and interaction time.

Accurate identification of parasitoids is crucial for biological control of the invasive brown marmorated stink bug, Halyomrpha halys (Stål). A recent work by Talamas et al. (2017) revised the Palearctic fauna of Trissolcus Ashmead, egg-parasitoids of stink bugs, and treated numerous species as junior synonyms of T. semistriatus (Nees von Esenbeck). In the present paper, we provide a detailed taxonomic history and treatment of T. semistriatus and the species treated as its synonyms by Talamas et al. (2017) based on examination of primary types, molecular analyses and mating experiments. Trissolcus semistriatus, T. belenus (Walker), T. colemani (Crawford), and T. manteroi (Kieffer) are here recognized as valid and a key to species is provided. The identification tools provided here will facilitate the use of Trissolcus wasps as biological control agents and as the subject of ecological studies.

New records of Cynipid gall wasps and inquilines for the Italian peninsula and Sicily and their new host plants for the Palaearctic Region are listed and commented on. Among them we find: Cerroneuroterus cerrifloralis (Mullner 1901) as new for Italy and new for the Palaearctic region as host on Quercus suber; Andricus multiplicatus Giraud 1859 on Q. suber, as new host for the Palaearctic region; Aylax papaveris (Perris 1839), reported in Italy over a century ago, but later overlooked; Cerroneuroterus minutulus (Giraud 1859), also reported more than a century ago from Sicily, but later overlooked. Among the inquilines are here listed: Synergus variabilis Mayr 1872, emerged from Janetia cerris (Kollar 1850) galls (Diptera Cecidomyiidae), and found for the first time in the Palaearctic Region as host on Q. suber; Saphonecrus haimi (Mayr 1872) and Saphonecrus barbotini Pujade-Villar and Nieves-Aldrey 1986, are new records for Italy. Nouvelles observations de Cynipidae (Hymenoptera) en Italie. Nouveaux rapports de Cynipidae produisant galles et leur inquilines pour la péninsule Italienne et la Sicile et leurs nouvelles plantes hôtes pour la Région Palaearctique sont énumérés et discutés. Parmi eux il faut citer: Cerroneuroterus cerrifloralis (Mullner 1901) nouveau pour l'Italie et nouveau pour la région Palaearctique comme hote sur Quercus suber; Andricus multiplicatus Giraud 1859 sur Q. suber, comme nouvel hôte pour la région Palaearctique; Aylax papaveris (Perris 1839), rapporté en Italie il y a plus d'un siècle, mais plus tard négligé; Cerroneuroterus minutulus (Giraud 1859), aussi rapporté il y a plus d'un siècle de la Sicile, mais des ans postérieurs oublié. Parmi l'inquilines sont ici rapportés: Synergus variabilis Mayr 1872, élevé des galles de Janetia cerris (Kollar 1850) (Diptera Cecidomyiidae) et trouvé pour la première fois en la Région Palaearctique comme hôte de Q. suber; Saphonecrus haimi (Mayr 1872) et Saphonecrus barbotini Pujade-Villar et Nieves-Aldrey 1986 ont cités pour la première fois en Italie.

Bactrocera oleae (Rossi), mosca delle olive, è presente anche in Sud Africa, ma finora non si sono avute notizie di infestazioni economicamente rilevanti negli oliveti. L’accertata presenza di un maggior numero di braconidi parassitoidi della mosca delle olive rispetto alle aree mediterranee è stata ed è considerata da molti autori la principale causa di queste minori infestazioni, senza che però siano stati eseguiti in Sud Africa adeguati studi sulle infestazioni da B. oleae e sui fattori cli- matici delle aree interessate. Analizzando recenti dati sui livelli d’infestazione di B. oleae registrati su olivo coltivato e selvatico nel Western Cape e in Sicilia, appaiono simili in una normale annata fino a metà estate, ma sono nettamente differenti a fine estate-inizio autunno, quando in Sicilia il clima diviene più umido. Da una puntuale analisi dei corrispondenti dati climatici registrati nelle due aree è infatti emersa una sostanziale differenza nel decorso più caldo e secco degli ultimi tre mesi precedenti la raccolta nel Western Cape; questo periodo invece in Sicilia è caratterizzato da temperature più fresche e un aumento dell’umidità relativa che favorisce l’impennata delle infestazioni di B. oleae. Nei quattro mesi presi in considerazione si rileva anche una significativa differenza nell’escursione termica, maggiore nel Western Cape, dovuta a minime notturne più basse. Da un confronto dei livelli di parassitizzazione di B. oleae del Western Cape (Sud Africa) e dell’area costiera della Provincia di Trapani, recentemente registrati su olivo colti- vato e selvatico (Olea europaea subsp. cuspidata in Sud Africa, Olea europaea subsp. europaea var. sylvestris in Sicilia) non sono emerse sostanziali differenze quantitative, pur confer- mando che in Sud Africa i principali parassitoidi sono tre bra- conidi (Utetes africanus (Szépligeti), Psyttalia lounsburyi (Silvestri) e Bracon celer (Szépligeti)), con il primo preva- lente sull’olivo selvatico e l’ultimo sul coltivato, mentre in Sicilia il braconide parassitoide Psyttalia concolor (Szépligeti) prevale sia sull’olivo selvatico che sul coltivato. Comunque in entrambe le aree la parassitizzazione su B. oleae non rag- giunge elevati ed efficaci livelli. Il clima, e non la parassitizzazione dovuta ai braconidi, appare il più importante fattore di contenimento di B. oleae anche in Sud Africa. L’introduzione di parassitoidi specifici della mosca delle olive è necessaria nelle aree colonizzate di recente dove essi mancano, ma i tentativi di fornir loro una maggiore dis- ponibilità di larve dell’ospite mediante l’impianto di cultivar d’olivo a maturazione e permanenza dei frutti più differen- ziata, potrebbe produrre risultati certamente più negativi che positivi nei confronti della presenza e dei livelli d’infesta- zione di B. oleae sull’olivo coltivato, come avviene nelle aree pandacie dove cresce spontaneo l’olivastro. Natural environmental control of Bactrocera oleae (Rossi): climate or parasitoids? A comparison between the Western Cape of South Africa and Sicily. Bactrocera oleae (Rossi), the olive fruit fly is considered not a continuosly serious pest of olive trees in the Western Cape of South Africa, in spite of the climate similar to Mediterranean areas. South African braconid parasitoids of B. oleae are more numerous than in Mediterranean areas, and until now their action has been considered the factor lowering the level of infestation due to the olive fruit fly, but no deep studies on its infestation levels and climatic factors influencing them were carried out in the past. Analyzing recent data on infestation levels collected in the Western Cape and Sicily, they appear similar in a regular mid- summer, differing at the end of summer-beginning of autumn, when in Sicily the climate becomes more humid than in the Western Cape. A comparison of climatic data regarding four years underlines that Somerset West and Franshhoek, in comparison with Trapani, have significantly lower minimum daily temperatures, a higher daily thermal excursion and a lower relative humidity in the last three months preceding harvesting. Parasitization rates on B. oleae of Western Cape and Sicily, recorded on both cultivated and wild olives (Olea europaea subsp. cuspidata in South Africa, Olea europaea subsp. europaea var. sylvestris in Sicily) are not substantially different, confirming that in South Africa three braconids, Utetes africanus (Szépligeti), Psyttalia lounsburyi (Silvestri) and Bracon celer (Szépligeti), are the main parasitoids, with the first one as leader in wild olives and the last one as leader in cultivated ones, while in Sicily the braconid Psyttalia concolor (Szépligeti) is the main parasitoid in both wild and cultivated olives. Nevertheless parasitism on B. oleae doesn’t reach effective levels of control in bats ragions. The climate, instead of parasitization due to braconids, is the main environmental factor limiting the olive fruit fly infestations in the Western Cape of South Africa. The introduction of parasitoids specific to the olive fruit fly is necessary in new invaded areas where they lack, but the attempt of providing them a more available amount of host fruits along the year, planting olive trees bearing fruits up to spring, could bring serious problems as those typical of Mediterranean areas where the European wild olive naturally grows.

The infestation due to the olive fruit fly, Bactrocera oleae (Rossi), the key pest in most of world olive groves, has been monitored in six years, from 2004 to 2008 and in 2014, in eight coastal Sicilian olive groves consisting of ‘Cerasuola’ and ‘Nocellara del Belice’ cultivars. Infestation was recorded following the classical sampling method based on olive collection and dissection, in order to count live olive fruit fly instars (eggs, larvae and pupae) and exit holes. Four different infestation indexes, all of them calculated using data recorded at harvest, have been used to assess their relationship with the main three quality parameters of the olive oil obtained from the same olive samples processed within 24 hours by quality oil mills: free acidity (% oleic acid), peroxides (mEq O2 /kg of oil) and total phenols (mg·kg−1 oil). Each year and in each olive grove up to five plots were differently treated with different products allowed in organic agriculture, stopping sprays at least one month before harvest, obtaining different infestation levels. In this study a total of 43 theses were tested, 10 of them involving ‘Cerasuola’ and 33 ‘Nocellara del Belice’. The two indexes based on the exit holes produced by mature larvae in olives resulted strictly and positively correlated to the lowering of oil quality. Moreover, among the two infestation indexes based on the occurrence of exit holes at harvest, percentage of olives with exit holes and No. of exit holes per 100 olives, the latter is more sensitive in presence of high infestation levels. No significant relation between infestation indexes and total phenols resulted in our analyses. Nevertheless, when olives are harvested since the end of October to mid-November, and processed by quality oil mills, olives bearing up to 45 % of exit holes produced high quality extra virgin olive oil. Furthermore, all olives bearing up to 62 % of exit holes still produced extra virgin olive oil. Our results, in spite of the widespread prejudices involving an overestimation of damages due to low olive fly infestation, are very close to recent studies on correlation between olive fly attacks and olive oil quality. Late harvesting can lead to worse results at the same olive fly exit holes levels, confirming that timing and quality procedures of harvesting and oil extraction are important almost as much as olive fly control.

La frontiera dell’olivicoltura biologica da mensa passa attraverso il controllo della mosca delle olive in aree pandacie a forte pressione del dittero. In queste aree è di grande ausilio l’irrigazione, che facendo raggiungere prima la pezzatura desiderata, consente di sfuggire in parte alle più dannose infestazioni d’inizio autunno; in assenza d’irrigazione, spesso le drupe, all’arrivo delle piogge, aumentano in volume insieme alle infestazioni. I mezzi di controllo suggeriti sono quasi totalmente volti a evitare l’attacco, mediante l’uccisione degli adulti (catture massali o “attract and kill”) o la repellenza (argille e composti del rame); se si esclude l’uccisione delle larve di prima età con i composti del rame, sono quindi da considerare mezzi non curativi, ma preventivi. Nonostante siano mezzi di controllo preventivi, non si consiglia d’impostare un calendario dei trattamenti o della collocazione dei dispositivi per l’uccisione massale degli adulti, ma invece d’impostare un calendario di campio- namenti sulle olive. In tale modo il momento d’inizio per i trattamenti repellenti e delle esche con Spinosad o per la collocazione dei dispositivi per la cattura massale viene deciso adottando la soglia prudenziale dell’1% d’infestazione attiva (uova e larve vive) nelle olive.