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Introduction:Alpha-cypermethrin (Pyrethroid insecticide) is widely used in disease vector control, agriculture, home pest control and protection of foodstuff across the world. Due to its unchecked and widespread use, non-target organisms are also getting affected by its toxic effects. Objectives:This investigation was aimed to determine the preventive potential of selenium on changes in tissue minerals induced by a short-term (21 days) oral treatment of cypermethrin in Sprague-Dawley rats. Methodology:Female rats (n=20) were equally divided into four groups. Group 1 received corn oil (1 ml), Group 2 was administered 55 mg/kg/bw of cypermethrin, 1 ppm of sodium selenite was administered to Group 3 and Group 4 was given both cypermethrin and sodium selenite. Concentration of tissue minerals (Se, Na, K, Mg, Cu and Zn) were determined in the brain, heart, liver, kidney, spleen and blood through atomic absorption spectrophotometry. Results:Results showed that cypermethrin administration caused significant changes in trace metals and electrolytes in some of the tissues while most tissues’ concentrations remained unaffected. Conclusion:The present study showed that selenium can be effective in the protection of cypermethrin induced toxicity. However further studies can be conducted to analyze the effects of different doses of selenium on cypermethrin induced toxicity in tissue minerals.

Cypermethrin, a pyrethroid insecticide, is frequently spread on agricultural farmlands and is also used in households in Thailand. Conventional pesticide-using farmers (n = 209) were recruited from the Phitsanulok and Nakornsawan provinces. Certified organic farmers (n = 224) were also recruited in the Yasothorn province. The farmers were interviewed via a questionnaire and the urine from their first morning void was collected. The urine samples were analyzed for 3-phenoxybenzoic acid (3-PBA), cis-3-(2,2-dichlorovinyl)-2,2-dimethylcyclopropane carboxylic acid (cis-DCCA), and trans-3-(2,2-dichlorovinyl)-2,2-dimethylcyclopropane carboxylic acid (trans-DCCA). The results showed no significant difference in the urinary cypermethrin metabolites between the conventional farmers and the organic farmers, for whom the usage of cypermethrin was not accounted for. However, when conventional farmers who used cypermethrin on the farm and in the home were compared with conventional farmers who did not use any cypermethrin or with organic farmers, a significant difference was noted for all metabolites except for trans-DCCA. These findings show that the most significant exposures to cypermethrin are among conventional farmers who use the insecticide on their farms or in their homes. However, measurable levels of all metabolites were found among both conventional and organic farmers who only used cypermethrin in the home or not at all, suggesting that the at-home use of pyrethroids and other possible exposures from pyrethroid residues on market-bought food may contribute to urinary levels of pyrethroids that exceed those of the general population in the US and Canada.

There is limited literature analyzing the outcome of human poisoning with methomyl and cypermethrin pesticide mixture. Between 2002 and 2018, a total of 63 patients intoxicated with methomyl, cypermethrin, or their pesticide mixture were treated at Chang Gung Memorial Hospital. The patients were categorized into three groups based on the type of pesticide, as methomyl (n = 10), cypermethrin (n = 31), or methomyl and cypermethrin (n = 22). Demographic, clinical, laboratory, and mortality data were obtained for analysis. The patients were aged 54.9 ± 18.9 years. Following ingestion, the patients experienced a wide range of clinical symptoms, including aspiration pneumonia (50.8%), acute respiratory failure (41.3%), acute kidney injury (33.3%), multiple organ failure (19.0%), emesis (19.0%), acute hepatitis (12.7%), diarrhea (7.9%), seizures (4.8%), lacrimation (4.8%), etc. After analysis, it was found that patients with methomyl and cypermethrin poisoning suffered higher incidences of acute respiratory failure (p < 0.001), aspiration pneumonia (p = 0.004), acute kidney injury (p = 0.011), and multiple organ failure (p < 0.001) than the other groups. Laboratory analyses revealed that patients with methomyl and cypermethrin poisoning had a higher creatinine level (p = 0.011), white blood cell count (p < 0.001), and neutrophil count (p = 0.019) than the other groups. A total of seven (11.1%) patients died. The average duration of hospitalization was 9.8 ± 10.0 days. In a multivariate logistic regression model, it was revealed that methomyl pesticide (p = 0.045) or methomyl and cypermethrin pesticide mixture (p = 0.013) were significant risk factors for acute respiratory failure. Nevertheless, no mortality risk factor could be identified. Therefore, the analytical results suggest that methomyl pesticide is the major contributor to the toxicity of methomyl and cypermethrin pesticide mixture poisoning. More research is needed.

The precise, systematic, definite, particular, linear, exact and robust scientific method was developed and validated for the assay of Cypermethrin in Cypermethrin 25% EC Insecticide for Injection, USP 500 mg/vial. Presently utilized Cypermethrin 25 % EC Insecticide as a working standard having limit was 95% for method development and validation. The quantitative determination bring to accomplished by HPLC- Waters - Alliance 510 system equipped with UV/PDA detector. Methanol, Acetonitrile and water in the ratio (60:20:20 v/v/v) used as mobile phase and flow rate 1.0 ml / min. with 20 minutes run time. The detection was carried at 225 nm with Nucleosil C18 column (250 mm × 4.6 mm x 10 µm) and ambient column temperature was maintained. In this connection, method uses the 20 μl injection volume and diluent as a blank solution. The linearity of this method was found to be linear in the range of 50% to 150% of the working concentration and the range for the analytical method is 25 ppm to 75 ppm. The accuracy and precision of the method were within acceptable. The present developed HPLC method is found to be suitable. The analytical solution was found to be stable up to 48 Hrs at room temperature.

Cypermethrin is a potent pyrethroids insecticide causing different pathological features when exposed to mammal. Vitamins are used as nutrient supplements and in clinical studies as medical intervention in some disease conditions. This study was designed to investigate the possible protective effect of vitamin C and E on Cypermethrin induced nephrotoxicity in wistar albino rats. Twenty-eight (28) wistar albino rats were sorted into four groups of seven rats per groups were used in this study. Group A serves as the control and received distilled water orally. Group B, C and D were administered 25mg/kg body weight cypermethrin orally. Group C and D were treated daily with 40mg/kg body weight vitamin C and 20mg/kg body weight vitamin E respectively by oral administration while group B was left untreated for 14 days. Cypermethrin significantly (P

Pyrethroids, organophosphorus pesticides and fipronil have been listed as priority chemi-cals in human biomonitoring studies because of their wide use and potential health effects in humans. The determination of 13 pesticides, including pyrethroids (deltamethrin, cyper-methrin, permethrin, cyfluthrin, bifenthrin), organophosphorus (chlorpyrifos, chlorpyrifos-methyl, and malathion), fipronil, neonicotinoids (imidacloprid, acetamiprid and thiacloprid) and triazole (prothioconazole), together with 13 corresponding metabolites in human urine samples was achieved by solid-phase extraction and analysis by liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry. All targeted compounds, except malathion dicar-boxylic acid, were measured with a mean within-accuracy ( n = 5) of 71%-114% (RSD: 1%-14%) and between-run ( n = 15) accuracy of 80%-118% (RSD: 2%-14%). Limits of quantitation of the targeted analytes ranged from 0.1 to 16 pg/mL. The detection result of urine samples from 25 volunteers indicated that the detection frequencies of 3,5,6-trichloro-2-pyridinol (median: 448 pg/mL), 6-chloropyridine-3-carboxylic acid (median: 193 pg/mL), 2-methyl-3-phenylbenzoic acid (median: 181 pg/mL), 3-phenoxybenzoic acid (median: 99 pg/mL), 2-isopropyl-6-methyl-4-pyrimidinol (median: 77 pg/mL), cyfluthrin (median: 59 pg/mL), cis-3-(2,2-dichlorovinyl)-2,2-dimethylcyclopropanecarboxylic acid (cis-DCCA, median: 53 pg/mL), trans-DCCA (median: 25 pg/mL), prothioconazole (median: 21 pg/mL), imidacloprid (median: 7 pg/mL), and prothioconazole-desthio (median: 1 pg/mL) were > 50%. The obtained results show that the validated method is suitable for the human biomonitoring of these current-use pesticides and their metabolites. (c) 2021 The Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences. Published by Elsevier B.V.

Chlorpyrifos (CHL), profenofos (PRO) and cypermethrin (CYP) are widely used in combination to increase crop yields. However, these three pesticides can cause serious harm to human health and do not easily degrade. In this study, a novel visible paper sensor has been prepared successfully and different colorimetric reactions were utilized to detect the three pesticides simultaneously. The sensor was constructed by grafting a zwitterionic polymer onto a cellulose filter (CF) and placing it on a glass surface modified with PDMS. The branch shape was designed to form multiple detection areas, which were modified with specific pesticides and corresponding chromogenic reagents. The as-prepared colorimetric platform exhibited high sensitivity, a short detection time, a good linear response and a low detection limit (LOD) for the three pesticides (chlorpyrifos: y = 46.801 − 1.939x, R2 = 0.983, LOD = 0.235 mg/L; profenofos: y = 40.068 + 42.5x, R2 = 0.988, LOD = 4.891 mg/L; cypermethrin: y = 51.993 + 1.474x, R2 = 0.993, LOD = 4.053 mg/L). The comparison of the results obtained by the proposed paper sensor and those obtained by spectrophotometry further revealed the stability and reliability of the paper sensor. In particular, the color intensity of the interaction between the pesticides and coloring agents could be directly observed by the human eye. The consistency of the colorimetric/optical assay was proven in real target pesticide samples. Thus, this sensing strategy provides a portable, cost-effective, accurate and visualized paper platform, which could be suitable for application in the fruit and vegetable industry for monitoring CHL, PRO and CYP in parallel.

Introduction:Alpha-Cypermethrin is a synthetic pyrethroid insecticide. Pyrethroids are derived from pyrethrins, which are toxic components found in theChrysanthemum cinerariaefoliumflowers. They have been employed in agriculture, home and veterinary formulations to control the insect vectors of disease, agricultural insects and topically applied to eradicate veterinary pests. The extensive use of pyrethroids in agriculture results in severe pyrethroid poisonings in developing countries. Objectives:This study aimed to evaluate the serum biochemical changes induced by oral exposure of cypermethrin and the protective effects of selenium in female Sprague-Dawley rats. Methodology:The female rats (n=20) were equally divided into four groups. Group 1, 2, 3 and 4 received 1 ml corn oil, 55 mg/kg/b.w of cypermethrin, 1 ppm of sodium selenite, both cypermethrin and sodium selenite respectively for 21 days. The serum was utilized for estimation of alkaline phosphatase (ALP), alanine transaminase (ALT), urea, creatinine and bilirubin by using Selectra E (Germany). Levels of sodium (Na+) and potassium (K+) in serum were measured using Easylyte (Na+/K+) analyzer (Japan). Results:Results obtained showed that activities of ALP and ALT were significantly (P Conclusion:Oral exposure of cypermethrin induces injuries in liver and kidney of rats as well as alterations in the levels of serum electrolytes which were modulated by selenium co-administration.

As a proxy for pollutants that may be simultaneously present in urban wastewater streams, the effects of two microplastics—polystyrene (PS; 10, 80 and 230 μm diameter) and polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA; 10 and 50 μm diameter)—on fertilisation and embryogenesis in the sea urchin Arbacia lixula with co-exposure to the pyrethroid insecticide cypermethrin were investigated. Synergistic or additive effects were not seen for plastic microparticles (50 mg L−1) in combination with cypermethrin (10 and 1000 μg L−1) based on evaluation of skeletal abnormalities or arrested development and death of significant numbers of larvae during the embryotoxicity assay. This behaviour was also apparent for male gametes pretreated with PS and PMMA microplastics and cypermethrin, where a reduction in sperm fertilisation ability was not evidenced. However, a modest reduction in the quality of the offspring was noted, suggesting that there may be some transmissible damage to the zygotes. PMMA microparticles were more readily taken up than PS microparticles, which could suggest surface chemical identity as potentially modulating the affinity of larvae for specific plastics. In contrast, significantly reduced toxicity was noted for the combination of PMMA microparticles and cypermethrin (100 μg L−1), and may be related to less ready desorption of the pyrethroid than PS, as well as cypermethrin activating mechanisms that result in reduced feeding and hence decreased ingestion of microparticles.

In the present study, we examined the insecticidal effect of Carifend® (BASF AG, Ludwigshafen, Germany; 163.2 mg m−2), an alpha-cypermethrin-coated polyester net, as well as Carifend-like nets containing different rates of alpha-cypermethrin, specifically 10, 30, 80, and 325 mg m−2, against two major stored tobacco insect pests, i.e., Lasioderma serricorne (Fabricius) (Coleoptera: Anobiidae) and Ephestia elutella (Hübner) (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae). The nets were glued at the bottom of plastic Petri dishes, and adults of L. serricorne and E. elutella were exposed to the nets for different exposure times (e.g., 1, 5, 15, 30, 60, 90, and 120 min, as well as 12 and 24 h). After each exposure interval, insect mortality was recorded, whereas after the final evaluation, alive individuals were transferred to untreated dishes, and delayed mortality was recorded after an additional period of 1, 3, 5, and 7 d. Based on our results, efficient control of both insect species was achieved with all nets, even the one containing a lower concentration of alpha-cypermethrin (10 mg m−2). High mortality rates were recorded for all treatments, indicating that even short exposure of adults of both tested species to the alpha-cypermethrin-coated nets tested can lead to mortality. For instance, at 30 mg m−2, mortality of E. elutella reached 40% 1 d after exposure for 30 min. Moreover, at the highest concentration (325 mg m−2), mortality reached 70% and 99% 7 d post exposure for 24 h of L. serricorne and E. elutella, respectively. Based on these data, Carifend®, as well as the rest of the Carifend-like nets tested, can be used as an alternative insecticide method for the control of two major stored tobacco insect species, i.e., L. serricorne and E. elutella. Insecticide treated nets can be used in areas in which fumigants and contact insecticides are not accessible.

Cypermethrin (CMN) is a widely used artificial synthetic pesticide that causes neurotoxicity in the hippocampus. However, the underlying toxicological targets and mechanisms remain unclear. In this study, network pharmacology analysis and in vitro models were integrated to investigate the effect and mechanism of CMN-induced hippocampal neurotoxicity. A total of 88 targets of CMN-induced hippocampal neurotoxicity were predicted. Gene Ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes enrichment (KEGG) analyses suggested that these targets were related to multiple GO terms and signaling pathways. To further investigate underlying mechanism, the top 10 hub targets (Akt1, Tnf, Ptgs2, Casp3, Igf1, Sirt1, Jun, Cat, Il10, and Bcl2l1) were screened. Furthermore, cell viability and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) assays demonstrated that CMN was toxic to HT22 cells in a time- and dose-dependent manner. Terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick end labeling (TUNEL) staining revealed that treatment with CMN increased the proportion of apoptotic cells. In addition, the real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) results indicated that CMN altered the mRNA expression levels of most of the hub targets, with the exceptions of Igf1 and Jun. The results demonstrated that multiple targets and signaling pathways were involved in CMN-induced hippocampal neurotoxicity. These findings provided reference values for subsequent studies of the toxicological mechanism of CMN.

The resistance status against deltamethrin, cypermethrin, coumaphos and ivermectin was assessed of Rhipicephalus microplus from five districts of Uttarakhand, through adult immersion test and larval packet test. The field isolates were highly resistant to deltamethrin (median resistance ratio [RR50] = 9.10-29.13-fold) followed by cypermethrin (2.23-3.55). Surprisingly the isolates were susceptible to coumaphos (0.34-3.17). Emerging resistance against ivermectin (1.55-3.27) was also observed in all the isolates. Elevated levels of esterases (enzyme ratio = 2.93-5.84-fold), glutathione S-transferases (5.10-10.06) and monooxygenases (1.68-4.02) in resistant fields isolates were highly correlated (47.4-86.0%) with the resistant factor (RR50) determined by bioassay. All the isolates except Uttarkashi possess mutation at the 190th position in domain II of the sodium channel gene. As a mitigation strategy an Ageratum conyzoides-based characterized natural formulation was tested against all the isolates and was found effective at the concentration of 10.1-11.5%. The possibility of using the natural formulation for the management of multi-acaricide resistant ticks is discussed.

El manejo inadecuado de residuos de agroquímicos en sitios de producción agrícola implica un riesgo potencial de contaminación de las aguas superficiales y subterráneas. En estos lugares existen fuentes puntuales de contaminación que, por lixiviación o escorrentía depositan contaminantes en los cuerpos de agua aledaños a las zonas de cultivo. Para reducir este riesgo en algunas zonas se utilizan camas biológicas, esta es una matriz biológicamente activa que retiene y acelera la degradación de plaguicidas por medio de hongos ligninolíticos que se desarrollan en el material lignocelulósico que compone la cama biológica. En este estudio se evaluó la capacidad de dos sustratos biológicos para degradar y retener cipermetrina, uno elaborado con paja de sorgo y otro utilizando cascara de coco como material lignocelulósico, los experimentos realizados reflejan que el sustrato elaborado a base de paja de sorgo tiene una mayor eficiencia en cuanto a retención y degradación de cipermetrina logrando retener en promedio del 37 % de la mezcla agregada y se estimó una degradación del 90 % de la cipermetrina en un periodo de treinta días.

Early life stages of Pink salmon (Oncorhynchus gorbuscha) are at risk of exposure to the active ingredients of chemotherapeutant formulations (hydrogen peroxide [HP], azamethiphos [AZ], emamectin benzoate [EB], cypermethrin [CP] and deltamethrin [DM]) used to control sea lice in salmon aquaculture. LC50 values (95% confidence intervals) for acute 48-h water exposures in order of least to most toxic to seawater-adapted pink salmon fry were: HP (227 [138–418] mg/L), EB (1090 [676–2006] µg/L), AZ (80 [52–161] µg/L), CP (5.1 [3.0-10.5] µg/L), and DM (980 [640–1800] ng/L). In subchronic 10-d lethality sediment exposure tests, LC50 values (95% confidence intervals) in order of least to most toxic were: EB (2065 [1384–3720] µg/kg), CP (97 [58–190] µg/kg), and DM (1035 [640–2000] ng/kg). Alterations in behaviour varied between chemicals; no chemical attracted pink salmon fry; fish avoided HP to a limited extent at 50 mg/L), as well as EB (300 µg/L), and AZ (50 µg/L). Significant concentration-dependent decreases in olfactory responsiveness to food extract were seen following AZ, CP and DM exposures that occurred at lower concentrations with longer exposure periods (10 µg/L, 0.5 µg/L and 100 ng/L thresholds at 168 h). Following 10-d sediment exposures, olfaction was only affected by CP exposure at 50 µg/kg. Significant decreases in swimming performance (Ucrit) occured for HP, AZ, CP and DM at concentrations as low as 100 mg/L, 10 µg/L, 2 µg/L and 200 ng/L, respectively. This study provides comprehensive data on the lethal and sublethal effects of aquaculture chemotherapeutant exposure in early life stage pink salmon.

The transport of pesticides from application areas to other areas results in pesticide contamination and this sort of contamination has led to unexpected environmental problems worldwide. It is important to determine the responses of phytoplanktonic organisms to these chemicals for an understanding of the effects of pesticides on aquatic ecosystems. In this study, Arthrospira platensis Gomont cyanobacteria were exposed to different concentrations of the pesticides cypermethrin (0-50 µg mL-1) and deltamethrin (0-2 µg mL-1). Changes in chlorophyll-a concentration, the absorbance of OD560, antioxidant parameters (SOD, APX, GR, MDA, H2O2, and proline) were determined under the pesticide exposure. Our results showed that there is a decrease in OD560 absorbance and chlorophyll-a content proportionate to the increase of pesticide levels. Superoxide dismutase enzyme activity decreased with Cyp and Dlm application in A. platensis cultures. Glutathione reductase enzyme activity also decreased with Cyp applications but did not change with Dlm application. Ascorbate peroxidase enzyme activity increased with Cyp treatments but did not change with Dlm applications. Although malondialdehyde and hydrogen peroxide contents did not change with Cyp applications, they increased with Dlm applications. Proline contents increased with Cyp applications but decreased with Dlm applications. In conclusion, deltamethrin is more toxic than cypermethrin in the concentrations applied.

Reducing toxic effects of pesticide residues in agricultural soils through organic amendments is an eco-friendly technique. Cypermethrin (CYP) and Chlorpyrifos (CPP) are widely used pesticides in peach growing orchards in Swat valley of Pakistan. The aim of the current study was to investigate the degradation behavior of CYP and CPP in soil by the application of different combination of organic/inorganic amendments. A total of 36 soil samples were used in the current incubation study which was collected from 4 peach orchards in district Swat, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (KPK), Pakistan. Different amendments including urea, farm yard manure (FYM) and saprofil were applied alone and in various combinations. The initial concentrations of CYP and CPP in the tested soil was range from 0.94 to 4.8 mg kg−1 and 0.024 to 4.12 to mg kg−1. Soil samples were taken at 5, 15, 30 and 45 days after exposure to different treatments. The extraction of pesticides from soils was done through quick, easy, cheap, effective, rugged, and safe (QuEChERS) extraction method. Soils amended with urea, FYM and saprofil individually and in combinations significantly reduced the concentrations of CYP and CPP. However, the concentration of CYP (24.6) and CPP (27.0) in soil showed higher reduction through the application of FYM. While the concentrations of CYP and CPP were declined with the 5, 15, 30 and 45 days intervals, however, reduction at day 30 and 45 was faster for CYP (16.7 to 8.46) than CPP (20.2 to 12.3). At day 5 and 15, the CYP (42.5 to 30.7) was slightly lower than CPP (42.9 to 32.7).The highest half-life value (t ½) of CYP was in control treatment (32 days) and the shortest was soil amended with FYM (18.6 days). While the longest half-life value (t ½) of CPP was maximum in control treatment (42 days) and the minimum was in FYM (22 days). Based on our findings, it was concluded that soil application of FYM is recommended for the degradation of CYP and CPP.

Currently, gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS) and liquid chromatography–MS (LC–MS) are the primary methods used to detect pesticides and their metabolites for biomonitoring of exposure. Although GC–MS and LC–MS can provide accurate and sensitive measurements, these techniques are not suitable for point-of-care or in-field biomonitoring applications. The objective of this work is to develop a smartphone-based dual-channel immunochromatographic test strip (ICTS) for on-site biomonitoring of exposure to cypermethrin by simultaneous detection of cypermethrin and its metabolite, 3-phenoxybenzoic acid (3-PBA). Polymer carbon dots (PCDs) with ultrahigh fluorescent brightness were synthesized and used as a signal amplifier in ICTS assay. Cypermethrin (a representative pyrethroid pesticide) and its major metabolite 3-PBA were simultaneously detected to provide more comprehensive analysis of cypermethrin exposure. After competitive immunoreactions between the target sample and the coating antigens preloaded on the test line, the tracer antibody (PCD-conjugated antibody) was quantitatively captured on the test lines. The captured PCDs were inversely proportional to the amount of the target compound in the sample. The red fluorescence on the test line was then recorded using a smartphone-based device capable of conducting image analysis and recording. Under optimal conditions, the sensor showed excellent linear responses for detecting cypermethrin and 3-PBA ranging from 1 to 100 ng/mL and from 0.1 to 100 ng/mL, respectively, and the limits of detection were calculated to be ~0.35 ng/mL for cypermethrin and ~0.04 ng/mL for 3-PBA. The results demonstrate that the ICTS device is promising for accurate point-of-care biomonitoring of pesticide exposure.

The aim of the study was to perform a comparative evaluation of the toxic effects of selected botanical and synthetic insecticides on the subterranean termites, Macrotermes subhyalinus. Workers and soldiers of M. subhyalinus were exposed to various concentrations (0, 50, 100, 150 and 200 mg/ml) of the aqueous extracts of six plant materials; Anchomanes difformis (leaf, rhizome), Curcuma longa (rhizome), Tithonia diversifolia (leaf, root), and Zingiber officinale (rhizome) and termites’ mortality were monitored at 24, 48, 72 and 96 h post-exposure durations. Similarly, the termites were exposed to 0.001, 0.01, 0.1, and 1 % w/v of four synthetic insecticides; chlorpyrifos, dichlorvos, cypermethrin and cyhalothrin. All the plant materials and synthetic insecticides exhibited termiticidal activity even at the lowest concentration tested. For the plant materials, the LD50 values were highest in the groups treated with T. diversifolia (root) for most of the exposure durations while the LD50 values were lowest in A. difformis (rhizome) group at most of the exposure durations. For the synthetic pesticides, the LD50 values were highest in in the groups treated with dichlorvos for most of the exposure durations while the LD50 values were lowest in cypermethrin group at most of the exposure durations. These data suggest that Anchomanes rhizome has the highest termiticide activity among plant materials while cypermethrin was the most potent of the four synthetic insecticides. The results of the present study indicated that all the screened plant materials produce termiticide activity comparable to those of synthetic termiticides, and are therefore potential candidates for termiticide formulation for incorporation into integrated management of termites.

Chlorpyrifos is an organophosphate and the cypermethrin is type 2 pyrethroid insecticide that are used for indoor and outdoor pest control. The present study aimed to investigate differential transcriptional profiling to identify the candidate gene associated with lung injury following exposure to chlorpyrifos and/or cypermethrin in a mouse model system. Swiss male albino mice (n = 24) were divided into three treatment groups (n = 6 each) that were given chlorpyrifos (2.76 mg kg-1 body weight), cypermethrin (2 mg kg-1 body weight) and the combination of both pesticides orally dissolved in corn oil and one control group (n = 6) that received corn oil for 90 days. The pulmonary expression of the Apaf1 was observed using RT2 Profiler PCR Array. The results showed that chronic exposure to chlorpyrifos, cypermethrin and their combination downregulated (67, 63 and 66 genes) and upregulated (4, 2 and 2 genes), respectively. The pulmonary expression of Apaf1 that plays important role in apoptosis was found to be downregulated. The immunohistochemistry depicted reduced expression of Apaf1 in both airway epithelium and alveolar septa following exposure to chlorpyrifos and/or cypermethrin. In conclusion, results demonstrated that exposure to chlorpyrifos, cypermethrin and their combination cause lung damage by the dysregulation of Apaf1 gene expression.

An investigation was carried out to record the status of resistance against most commonly used synthetic pyrethroids, viz. deltamethrin and cypermethrin in Rhipicephalus microplus of Indore district (Madhya Pradesh). Fully engorged female R. microplus were collected from cattle sheds of four blocks of Indore district, viz. Indore, Hatod, Sanwer and Mhow. Ticks were kept individually for oviposition and eggs laid were allowed to hatch and larval packet test (LPT) was performed on 12 to 14 day-old-larvae with deltamethrin and cypermethrin. The slope of mortality, lethal concentration for 50% (LC50), 95% (LC95) mortality and resistance ratios (RR) were determined from the regression graphs of probit mortality of ticks plotted against log concentrations of deltamethrin and cypermethrin. Values of the coefficient of determination (R2) for LPT ranged from 0.94 to 0.96 and 0.93 to 0.99 for cypermethrin and deltamethrin, respectively indicating the statistical model a good fit. The LC50 and LC95 values for cypermethrin ranged from 49.31 to 117.21 and 193.23 to 683.7 ppm, respectively in various field isolates whereas, for deltamethrin were 10.71–23.80 and 45.26–194.98 ppm. The values of RR50 and RR95 for cypermethrin ranged from 0.2 to 0.48 and 0.55 to 1.94, respectively, showing variable resistance status in field populations. On the basis of RR50 values, susceptible status was recorded in all isolates whereas, level I resistance status was recorded in two field isolates (Sanwer and Mhow) on the basis of RR95. Similarly, for deltamethrin RR50 and RR95 ranged from 0.91 to 2.01 and 1.27 to 5.49, respectively, showing comparatively higher resistance status. Resistance status against deltamethrin was recorded in Mhow isolate (on RR50 basis) and Mhow, Sanwer and Hatod isolate (on RR95 basis). High level of resistance along with more number of resistant tick isolates were recorded in case of deltamethrin than that of cypermethrin from the study area.

Carboxylesterases (CarEs) are a main group of enzymes involved in detoxification of xenobiotics in insects. Aphis gossypii Glover (Hemiptera: Aphididae) and Bemisia tabaci Gennadius (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) are one of the most polyphagous pest species in worldwide. In this study it was examined the inhibitory effects of fifteen insecticides and a plant-derived allelochemical on CarEs in A. gosyypii and B. tabaci. CarEs activities were determined using in vitro colorimetric methods. Inhibition efficacy at different rates was observed for all insecticides. In dose based manner inhibition activity studies, cypermethrin and tannic acid indicates that it is the most potential inhibitor in B. tabaci and A. gosyypii. Kinetic analysis revealed that the CarEs sensitivities of both species were at a different level and the presence of potential synergists. The results could provide to the understanding of the sensivity difference of B. tabaci and A. gosyypii to pesticides, and may contribute to the design of selective, effective CarEs inhibitors for development of new candidate insecticides.

Male fertility relies on the ability of spermatozoa to fertilize the egg in the female reproductive tract. It is known that three protein phosphatases (PPs) are crucial in sperm motility acquisition and regulation, the sperm-specific PP type 1 isoform gamma 2 (PP1γ2), protein phosphatase type 2A (PP2A) and protein phosphatase type 2B (PP2B). An interplay between these PPs has been extensively investigated, with the contribution of some PP inhibitors, however, several were never reported to be tested in spermatozoa. This study aimed to assess the motility pattern alterations following incubation with cantharidin (CAN) and tautomycin (TAU), which inhibit PP1 and PP2A, as well as cypermethrin (CYP), a PP2B inhibitor. Besides, a machine learning-based method of analysis (alternative analysis) was used along with the Computer-Aided Sperm Analysis (CASA) system. CASA results showed that PP inhibitors caused an increase in immotility paired with decreased rapidly-progressive (RP) motility and velocity of the kinematic parameters. The alternative analysis also revealed an increase in hyperactivated spermatozoa and circular trajectories and, contrarily, an increase in RP spermatozoa. CAN affected more significantly RP spermatozoa, whereas TAU most impacted slowly-progressive (SP). CYP caused a significant impact in both RP and SP, being the inhibitor that caused more significant decreases in sperm motility and kinematic parameters. Results from both analyses, CASA and alternative analysis, were often divergent, which could be explained by the differences between the methods, such as video frame rate and height of the analysis chambers. In conclusion, contrarily to the literature, CAN, TAU and CYP consistently decreased spermatozoa motility and kinematic parameters, without affecting cell viability. Hence, additional studies are required to further understand PPs role in activated and hyperactivated motility regulation. A fertilidade masculina depende da capacidade dos espermatozóides de fertilizar o ovócito no sistema reprodutivo feminino. Atualmente, sabe-se que três proteínas fosfatases (PFs) têm um papel crucial na aquisição e regulação da motilidade do espermatozoide, a isoforma espermática tipo 1 gama 2 (PF1γ2), proteína fosfatase tipo 2A (PF2A) e proteína fosfatase tipo 2B (PF2B). A interação entre estas PFs tem sido extensivamente investigada, graças à contribuição dos inibidores de PF, contudo, uma grande parte deles nunca foi testado em espermatozóides. Este estudo teve como objetivo avaliar as alterações do padrão de motilidade dos espermatozóides, após a incubação com cantaridina (CAN) e tautomicina (TAU), que inibem PF1 e PF2A, assim como a cipermetrina (CYP), um inibidor de PF2B. Além disso, foi utilizado um método de análise baseado em machine-learning (análise alternativa), além da análise do sistema Computer-Aided Sperm Analysis (CASA). Os resultados da análise CASA mostraram que os inibidores de PF causaram um aumento na imotilidade, aliado a uma diminuição da motilidade progressiva rápida (PR) e da velocidade dos parâmetros cinemáticos. A análise alternativa também revelou um aumento dos espermatozóides hiperativados e com trajetórias circulares, assim como, contrariamente, um aumento dos espermatozóides PR. CAN afetou mais significativamente os espermatozoides PR, enquanto que TAU afetou mais os espermatozoides progressivos lentos (PL). CYP causou um impacto significativo tanto nos PR, como nos PL, sendo este o inibidor que causou decréscimos mais significativos tanto na motilidade, como nos parâmetros cinemáticos. Os resultados das duas análises foram por vezes divergentes, o que pode ser explicado por diferenças entre os métodos, como por exemplo o frame rate dos vídeos e a altura das câmaras de análise. Concluindo, contrariamente ao descrito na literatura, os nossos resultados mostram que CAN, TAU e CYP diminuíram consistentemente a motilidade e os parâmetros cinemáticos dos espermatozoides, sem afetar a viabilidade celular. Assim, estudos adicionais são necessários de modo a entender melhor o papel dos PFs na regulação da motilidade ativada e hiperativada. Mestrado em Bioquímica

Cypermethrin (CYP) is an insecticide in the pyrethroid family and is used widely in agriculture and for public health purposes. However, CYP has been shown to have negative impacts on reproduction, immunity and nerves in mammals. In this study, a monoclonal antibody (mAb) against CYP was prepared and used to establish an indirect competitive immunosorbent assay (ic-ELISA) and colloidal gold lateral flow immunoassay (LFIA) for the quantitative and qualitative determination of CYP residues in agricultural products. The half inhibition concentration of the ic-ELISA was 2.49 ng/mL, and the cut-off value and visual limit of detection of the LFIA were 0.6 and 0.3 μg/mL, respectively. The recovery rates of the ic-ELISA ranged from 78.8% to 87.6% in tomato, cabbage and romaine lettuce. The qualitative results of LFIA and quantitative results of ic-ELISA and HPLC were in good agreement in blind samples. Overall, the established ic-ELISA and LFIA proved to be accurate and rapid methods for the determination of CYP in agricultural products.

Purpose:Cypermethrin (class II) belongs to pyrethroid insecticides which have been in wide use to control various pests including moth pests of cotton, fruit and vegetable crops. This study was aimed to investigate the effects of cypermethrin on haematology of female rats and their modulation by co-administration of sodium selenite. Methodology:Four equal groups of female rats were made (n=20). Group 1 received 1 ml corn oil, Group 2 was administered 55 mg/kg/b.w of cypermethrin, Group 3 was provided with 1 ppm of sodium selenite and Group 4 was given both cypermethrin and sodium selenite. Haematological analysis of blood samples was performed employing Sesmex Kx-21 (Japan). Results:Red blood cell (RBC) count, haemoglobin concentration (Hb) and hematocrit (Hct) were significantly reduced (P Conclusion:Hence, it can be concluded from this study that cypermethrin administration can cause hematological alterations in rats. Co-administration of selenium provided protection against cypermethrin toxicity to some extent.

Agriculture is the cornerstone of our Indian economy, and the usage of pesticides is an inseparable part of this trade. Pesticidal residues does not degrade in soil, it remains in the soil and indirectly enters the gut of earthworms through their feeding. Earthworms are soil engineers feed on soil and humus. These residues have negative impact on tissues of alimentary canal. In present piece of work lower and higher sublethal doses of Cypermethrin (Insecticide) and Oxyfluorfen (Herbicide) are administered to earthworm species E. foetida and kept for 90 days. At the end of the experiment the animals were kept on wet filter paper to remove the dust from the alimentary canal and cut into small pieces. Permanent histological slide preparation was done. Slides were selected and histological damages were recorded. Normally the wall of alimentary canal consists of four layers i.e. peritoneum, muscular, enteric epithelium and cuticle. In control worm all the histological structures of foregut, midgut and hindgut were normal but the worms treated with Cypermethrin shown breaks in foregut. While in midgut inner cuticle shown damages, eroded epidermis. Damages are also observed in peritoneum. Accumulation of foreign bodies are seen in chloragogen cells. In hindgut several damages are seen in peritoneum, vacuolization in coelom. In the worms treated with oxyfluorfen, foregut shown unfolded cuticle. Slight injury is observed in longitudinal muscles and detached peritoneum. Similarly, the midgut and hindgut is not much affected in the treatment of oxyfluorfen. It means cypermethrin is much toxic causes histological damages. It my effect on absorption while comparatively oxyfluorfen is less toxic. Histological endpoints are very important for eco-toxicological studies.

Pesticide poisoning is one of the most common instances of poisoning deaths in every agriculture-dependent country may it be in form of suicidal or homicidal cases. Traditional classes of pesticides like the Organophosphates, Organochlorides and Carbamates have given way to the newer class of pesticides known as synthetic Pyrethroids. Some of the synthetic Pyrethroids like Cypermethrin, Deltamethrin and Fenavalerate are increasingly being encountered as routinely used poisons in rural India. In the instance of poisoning detecting the class of Pyrethroids uses a complex and costly instruments which is not very user friendly and also expensive. In the present article Thin Layer chromatography which is classical method of seperation science has been used as tool to identify the class of Pyrethroids, identification of Cypermethrin pesticide is analyzed using different solvent system for qualitative analysis with suitable spray reagent to identify the movement of the spot.

El sistema productivo moderno basado en una agricultura altamente tecnificada ha fallado en su objetivo de garantizar la soberanía alimentaria. Si bien ha posibilitado generar un aumento en la producción mundial de alimentos ha traído, entre otras consecuencias, el aumento en forma exponencial de la carga de sustancias químicas que se vuelcan sobre el medio ambiente. En nuestro país este incremento se ha dado de la mano de la introducción de la soja genéticamente modificada. Dos de los formulados mayormente utilizados en los campos sojeros son los compuestos por el herbicida glifosato y el insecticida cipermetrina. Si bien la investigación en relación a la toxicidad de ambos compuestos es amplia, existen pocos trabajos que estudien la toxicidad conjunta de las mezclas de agroquímicos. Por lo tanto el objetivo de este trabajo de tesis es evaluar el impacto individual y conjunto de formulados comerciales de glifosato y cipermetrina sobre las líneas celulares humanas, HEp-2 y A549 (de laringe y pulmón respectivamente). Se expusieron ambas líneas celulares a diferentes concentraciones de una formulación de glifosato (MARCH®), una formulación de cipermetrina (SUPERFINA®), una mezcla de ambas formulaciones, blanco de formulación de glifosato y glifosato como sal de monoisopropilamina. Se realizaron curvas concentración-respuesta, usando un modelo robusto y se estimaron parámetros como la concentración letal cincuenta, el NOAEL y el LOAEL. Se estimaron parámetros de la toxicidad conjunta usando diversas estrategias gráficas y numéricas. Se determinaron parámetros de estrés oxidativo en ambas líneas celulares tratadas con la concentración letal 30 y el NOAEL de los formulados por separado y la mezcla respectivamente. Se realizaron ensayos para evaluar la muerte celular programada y, por último, se evaluó el potencial genotóxico de los pesticidas utilizando el ensayo de micronúcleos en la línea celular HEp-2. Los resultados muestran que el compuesto más tóxico es el formulado de cipermetrina seguido del blanco de formulación de MARCH®, luego el formulado MARCH y por último la sal de monoisopropilamida, en ambas líneas celulares. Encontramos que la toxicidad conjunta depende de la mezcla a evaluar tanto como de la línea celular analizada. Se demostró la participación del estrés oxidativo en la toxicidad de los formulados. Se encontró además que se induce la muerte celular programada en la línea Hep-2 mientras que el efecto letal en la línea A549 ocurriría por otra vía de muerte celular. Por último, se demostró el efecto genotóxico de la mezcla sobre los cultivos de la línea HEp-2. Se encontraron efectos conjuntos (sinergia) en varios de los parámetros analizados, tanto de estrés oxidativo como de muerte celular programada y genotoxicidad, demostrando la necesidad de realizar trabajos que evalúen el efecto que los compuestos tienen cuando se aplican en conjunto. Los resultados encontrados demuestran que los efectos tóxicos que estas sustancias pueden provocar dependen de las interacciones entre sí, de los modelos de estudios, las concentraciones y los tiempos de exposición. Este trabajo proporciona nueva evidencia de la necesidad de introducir nuevas formas sustentables de producción de alimentos con el fin de minimizar los efectos adversos que los sistemas actuales de producción tienen sobre la biota y el ser humano. The modern agricultural production system based on highly technical agriculture has failed in the objective of guaranteeing food sovereign. Although it is responsible for an increase in the world food supply, it has also brought an exponential increase in the load of chemical substances that are dumped on the environment. In Argentina, this increase happened alongside the introduction of genetically modified soybeans, of which two of the most widely used formulations are those composed of the herbicide glyphosate and the insecticide cypermethrin. Although the investigation in relation to the toxicity of both compounds is extensive, there are few works that study the joint toxicity of this mixture of agrochemicals. Thus, the objective of this thesis work is to evaluate the individual and joint impact of commercial formulations of glyphosate and cypermethrin on human cell lines, HEp-2 and A549 (from the larynx and lung, respectively). In our study, we expose two cell lines to different concentrations of a glyphosate formulation (MARCH®), a cypermethrin formulation (SUPERFINA®), a mixture of both formulations, glyphosate formulation blank and glyphosate as monoisopropylamine salt. We then construct concentration-response curves using a robust model. Then the lethal concentration fifty, NOAEL and the LOAEL were estimated. Afterwards, joint toxicity parameters were estimated using various graphical and numerical strategies. Oxidative stress parameters were determined in both cell lines treated with the lethal concentration 30 and the NOAEL of those formulations and the mixture, respectively. Assays to assess programmed cell death were also performed. Finally, the genotoxic potential of the pesticides was evaluated using the micronucleus assay in the HEp-2 cell line. Our results show that the most toxic compound is the cypermethrin formulation, followed by the MARCH® formulation blank, the MARCH formulation and finally the monoisopropylamide salt, in both cell lines. We found that joint toxicity depends on the mixture being tested, as well as on the cell line analyzed. The participation of oxidative stress in the toxicity of the formulations stands out. It was also found that programmed cell death is induced in the HEp-2 line, in contrast with the A549 line, where the lethal effect seems to be due to another pathway. Finally, the genotoxic effect of the mixture on HEp-2 line cultures was demonstrated. Joint effects (synergy) were found in several of the parameters analyzed, both oxidative stress and programmed cell death and genotoxicity, demonstrating the need to carry out studies that evaluate the effect that the compounds have when applied together. Our results show that the toxicity of these substances depends on the interactions between them, the study models, the concentrations and the exposure times. This work provides new evidence of the need to introduce new sustainable forms of food production in order to minimize the adverse effects that current production systems have on the biota and the human being. Fil: Coalova, Isis. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales; Argentina.

The present study was conducted to investigate the array of hosts, distribution and to evaluate the toxicity of four insecticides: imidacloprid, fipronil, cypermethrin and chlorpyrifos alone and in combination against 3rd instar maggot and adult stage of fruit fly Bactrocera diversa Coquillett, 1904 (Diptera: Tephritidae) during 2021. B. diversa maggots were found vigorously feeding inside the cucurbit hosts (pumpkin, cucumber, bitter gourd, watermelon, round melon, bottle gourd) collected from different localities of Poonch division of Azad Jammu & Kashmir, Pakistan, and this species is reported for the first time as new record to this region. Susceptibilities of B. diversa to insecticides were evaluated using topical method. Mortality was checked after 3, 6, 8 and 24h of exposure. Cypermethrin was most effective to kill 50% of both larval and adult stage with least LC50 [7.2(1.040±0.214), 17.4(0.748±0.193)], respectively followed by imidacloprid. Imidacloprid most effectively killed 90% of both larval and adult population with least LC90 value [73.2 (3.013±0.708) 16.9 (1.886±0.437)] respectively after 24 hours. Cypermethrin with chlorpyrifos most effectively killed 50 and 90 percent of both larval and adult stage of B. diversa with least LC50 value [11.3 (1.085±0.245), 2.5 (0.759±0.252)] and least LC90 value [171.3 (1.085±0.245), 121.9 (0.759±0.252)], respectively after 24h of exposure. Toxicity of each insecticide increased with exposure for longer time and increased dose. Cypermethrin is suggested as most effective against both larval and adult stages of B. diversa in combination with chlorpyrifos followed by imidacloprid. Resumo O presente estudo foi conduzido para investigar a variedade de hospedeiros, distribuição e avaliar a toxicidade de quatro inseticidas: imidaclopride, fipronil, cipermetrina e clorpirifós isoladamente e em combinação contra larva de 3º ínstar e estágio adulto da mosca-das-frutas Bactrocera diversa Coquillett, 1904 (Diptera: Tephritidae) durante 2021. Larvas de B. diversa foram encontradas se alimentando vigorosamente dentro dos hospedeiros de cucurbitáceas (abóbora, pepino, cabaça amarga, melancia, melão redondo, cabaça) coletados em diferentes localidades da divisão Poonch de Azad Jammu e Caxemira, Paquistão, e essa espécie é relatada pela primeira vez como novo registro para essa região. A suscetibilidade de B. diversa a inseticidas foi avaliada por método tópico. A mortalidade foi verificada após 3, 6, 8 e 24 horas de exposição. A cipermetrina foi mais eficaz para matar 50% do estágio larval e adulto com menos CL50 [7,2(1,040 ± 0,214), 17,4 (0,748±0,193)], respectivamente, seguido por imidaclopride. O imidaclopride matou mais efetivamente 90% da população larval e adulta com o menor valor de LC90 [73,2 (3,013 ± 0,708) 16,9 (1,886 ± 0,437)], respectivamente, após 24 horas. Cipermetrina com clorpirifós matou mais efetivamente 50% e 90% do estágio larval e adulto de B. diversa com valor mínimo de LC50 [11,3 (1,085 ± 0,245), 2,5 (0,759 ± 0,252)] e valor mínimo de LC90 [171,3 (1,085 ± 0,245), 121,9 (0,759 ± 0,252)], respectivamente, após 24 horas de exposição. A toxicidade de cada inseticida aumentou com a exposição por mais tempo e com o aumento da dose. A cipermetrina é sugerida como mais eficaz contra os estágios larval e adulto de B. diversa em combinação com clorpirifós seguido de imidaclopride.

A study was carried out to detect and estimate the residue of cypermethrin and chlorpyrifos in brinjal, tomato and cauliflower using Gas Chromatography (GC) coupled with Electron Capture Detector (ECD) and Flame Thermionic Detector (FTD). Three supervised field trials were conducted and sprayed with the recommended dose of cypermethrin (1 ml/L of water) and chlorpyrifos (3 ml/L of water) in three vegetables by knapsack sprayer. Samples were collected at 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, and 11 days after spray (DAS). The quantity of cypermethrin residue was above EU-MRLs (Maximum Residue Limit set by European Union) up to 4 DAS with 0.538 mg/kg in cauliflower; 3 DAS with 0.508 mg/kg in brinjal and 0.695 mg/kg in tomato. The quantity decreased down 0.328-0.019 mg/kg in cauliflower (4-9 DAS); 0.098-0.012 mg/kg (4-7 DAS) in brinjal and 0.458-0.022 mg/kg (4-7 DAS) in tomato which were below EU-MRLs (0.5 mg/kg). The quantity of chlorpyrifos residue was above EU-MRLs up to 9 DAS with 0.012 mg/kg in cauliflower but in brinjal and tomato, the detected quantities were above EU-MRLs up to 7 DAS with 0.029 mg/kg and 0.017 mg/kg residue. No residue was detected from brinjal and tomato samples collected at 8 DAS. But in cauliflower, no residue was detected at 10 days after spray. So, brinjal, tomato and cauliflower can be harvested safely at 4 DAS and 5 DAS for cypermethrin and in case of chlorpyrifos it was 8 DAS in brinjal and tomato and 10 DAS in cauliflower. Asian Australas. J. Biosci. Biotechnol. 2021, 6 (2), 60-67

The red mite, Dermanyssus gallinae (Mesostigmata: Dermanyssidae), is one of the most serious pests in chicken farming and causes serious economic losses. Overuse of chemical acaricides has caused pest resistance as well as environmental residual toxicity to chickens and eggs. Therefore, given the warm and humid conditions of chicken farms, alternative application with entomopathogenic Beauveria bassiana sensu lato was investigated to control D. gallinae. Based on the characterization and virulence assays of B. bassiana isolates against red mite, a red mite-pathogenic fungal library was constructed. A total of six highly virulent B. bassiana isolates were selected from the first bioassay. They showed 70–100% mortality in ten days which were higher than cypermethrin, showing 40% mortality. Considering their fungal virulence, conidial production, and thermotolerance, isolate JEF-410 was established to be the best candidate for industrialization. JEF-410 showed a dose-dependent virulence against red mite nymphs. JEF-410 conidia from millet granule-based mass culture were applied to a commercial chicken farm and it showed a significant suppression of population increase under high humidity conditions. In summary, B. bassiana JEF-410 having higher control efficacy than cypermethrin could be effectively used to control D. gallinae in the fungus-friendly humid chicken farms. This work solved challenges of mass production of B. bassiana and management of the red mite in poultry farming under right conditions of RH and temperature.

The vegetables, Chinese kale and Pakchoi, which are popular among the Thai people, are found to have problems with residues of pesticide. The pesticide residues in both Kale and Pakchoi were chlorpyrifos and cypermethrin. This research was to study the efficiency of pesticide residue reduction in Chinese kale and Pakchoi samples by using various household wash processing. The process included washing with normal water, 0.10% NaCl, baking soda, water flowing, and blanching. Pesticide residues were extracted from Chinese kale and Pakchoi to determine the amount of chlorpyriphos and cypermethrin residue by using analytical tools such as Gas Chromatography— Flame Photometric Detector (FPD) and Gas Chromatography—Electron Capture Detector (ECD). The results showed that the household processes for reducing the chlorpyrifos residue in Chinese kale and Pakchoi were the following: residues were reduced by 52.70–65.41%, 58.33–62.14%, 59.46–80.52%, and 46.04–62.85% when washed with normal water, 0.10% NaCl, baking soda, and water flowing through, respectively. Similarly, the household processes for reducing cypermethrin residue in Chinese kale and Pakchoi were the following: residues were reduced by 51.13–66.29%, 33.75–45.65%, 38.14–63.64%, and 44.88–61.63% when washed with normal water, 10% NaCl, baking soda, and water flowing through, respectively. Also, blanching reduced the chlorpyrifos residue by 37.96–50.44% and the cypermethrin residue by 47.86–52.42%. Therefore, while washing vegetables by soaking and dissolving substances, baking soda is the most effective when used for washing for at least 15 min to reduce the residue of pesticides. The consumers should be provided vegetables that are cleaned and have had a proper washing for removing pesticide residues and toxic residues.

The use of pesticides for plague control in agroecosystems generates a threat to wildlife and a major problem for human health. Pesticide compounds are also an important source of water and atmosphere contamination. Although insecticides are effective on their target organisms, they often affect organisms that are not their target The aim of the present study was to research the effects of three types of neurotoxic insecticides-a pyrethroid (cypermethrin), a neonicotinoid (imidacloprid) and an organophosphate (chlorpyrifos)-on behavioral and physiological parameters of Pardosa saltans spider (Lycosidae). This study analyzed for the first time the exploratory behavior of the spider mothers in the presence of these three insecticides on their egg-sacs and also on the ground. It was also evaluated the oxidative stress effects on the juveniles hatched in the egg-sac protected by silk in relation to variations of detoxification enzymes (catalase, glutathione of action, such as spiders, which are agrobionts of great importance in agroecosystems. reductase, superoxide dismutase, glutathione-S-transferase and glutathione peroxidase) and lipid peroxidation (reactive oxygen species or ROS). The results show that these insecticides are repellents for mothers (cypermethrin is the most repellent) and maternal behavior is modified after detection of an insecticide on their egg-sac but mothers do not abandon their egg-sac. These neurotoxic insecticides affect the juveniles inside their egg-sac. Cypermethrin and chlorpyrifos caused more oxidative stress in juveniles than did imidacloprid. The ROS generated by these insecticides seemed to be adequately eliminated by the juveniles' antioxidant systems. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.

Apple snails are one of the most survived fresh water invasive species that causes massive economic loss to vegetations, especially to the rice fields. They survive against many environmental stressors and are considered as a major pest in water-lodged cultivated area due to their intrusiveness, adaptation mechanisms and survivability. Therefore, there is a need for strategies to control their population. Snails can also be used as pollution bioindicators. Here we review apple snails for their ecotoxic management without compromising environment and co-inhabitants, and their use as semi-sessile invasive ecotoxic marker species. Snails have been found to accumulate 0.19–0.21% biphenyl ethers, 1.65% copper sulphate with 26.7% morality, 1.53–29.7% ivermectin, 43% polybrominated biphenyl ethers, 59% triphenylphosphine oxide, 8–100% of various heavy metals and nanoparticles. Feed intake of apple snails can be enhanced up to 22% with copper supplements, while 17 and 100% mortality can be achieved with niclosamide monohydrate (0.13 mg/L) and tea seed derivatives (0.015 g/L) exposure, respectively. Snails respond to stress factors with up to 29.6% higher lipid peroxides and 1.06% protein carbonyls, along with up to 80, 240 and 127% higher activities of superoxide dismutase, catalase and glutathione peroxidase enzymes, respectively, after cypermethrin exposure. Oppositely, mercury (2–8 mg/L) and aldicarb can reduce their oxygen consumption and acetylcholinesterase activity of up to 88.1 and 96.08%, respectively.

Ximenia americana L. is popularly known as a plum or wild plum, which belongs to the Olacaceae family. Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus represents one of the most important bovine ectoparasites that causes damage to the livestock sector. The objective of this study was to evaluate the acaricide effect of the X. americana stem bark hydroethanolic extract (EHXA) against R. (B.) microplus and its possible modulatory action when in association with cypermethrin, through the adult immersion test. The in vitro acaricide activity of the extract over R. (B.) microplus engorged females was tested using concentrations ranging from 5 to 80 mg mL− 1, which resulted in mortalities between 13.34 and 100 %, with a posture index (PI) between 0.038 and 0.226 and a posture inhibition index (PII) between 0.87 and 83.33 %. The modulatory effect of the EHXA (1.58 mg mL− 1) resulted in mortality between 0 and 46.6 %, with a posture index of 0.221 to 0.139 and a posture inhibition index between 3.01 and 38.49 %. The acaricide activity of the EHXA and its action on oviposition was demonstrated for the first time in this study, demonstrating the potential use of this extract as an auxiliary therapy in R. (B.) microplus control.

Aedes aegypti (Linnaeus, 1762) is a major vector responsible for dengue transmission. Insecticides are being used as the most effective tool to control vector populations in Lahore, Pakistan. Control of Ae. aegypti is threatened by the development of resistance against insecticides. The current status of insecticide resistance was evaluated against pyrethroids (deltamethrin, cypermethrin, and lambda-cyhalothrin) in different populations of Lahore (Model Town, Mishri Shah, Sadar Cantt, Walton, and Valencia). The susceptibility of the larval and adult populations was tested following the standard WHO guidelines. Moderate to high levels of resistance were found against pyrethroids in the larval (RR50: 3.6–27.2 and RR90: 5–90) and adult populations (percentage mortality < 98%). Biochemical assays revealed a statistically significant increase in the enzyme level in all field populations compared to the laboratory strain. The value of esterase was one-fold higher, monooxygenase was 3.9- to 4.7-fold higher, and glutathione S-transferases was 1.9- to 2.6-fold higher in field populations compared to the laboratory strain. These results depict the presence of resistance against deltamethrin, cypermethrin, and lambda-cyhalothrin in field populations of Lahore mediated by metabolic enzymes i.e. esterases, monooxygenases, and glutathione S-transferase.

Chemical pesticides often applied to effectively control the long-horned beetles to protect the forests are reported to affect the non-target organisms adversely. Dastarcus helophoroides is an active natural enemy of long-horned beetles. Studying the molecular mechanism of P450 genes will help to elucidate the metabolic mechanism of pesticides in D. helophoroides to better coordinate the use of chemical and biological controls. In this study, two novel genes, CYP6BQ21, and CYP6BQ22 were successfully cloned from D. helophoroides using the rapid amplification of cDNA ends technique. The sequence and homology analyses indicated that CYP6BQ21 was highly similar to CYP6BQ1 from Tribolium castaneum, while CYP6BQ22 was closely related to CYP6BQ13 from T. castaneum. Gene expression patterns showed that CYP6BQ21 and CYP6BQ22 were specifically expressed in the adult stage of D. helophoroides. In addition, CYP6BQ21 and CYP6BQ22 were significantly expressed under the treatment of a high concentration of cypermethrin. Based on these findings, we proposed that CYP6BQ21 and CYP6BQ22 played possible roles in the development and pesticide stress of D. helophoroides. Our findings are an important first step in identifying and characterizing CYP6BQ21 and CYP6BQ22 from D. helophoroides, and lay the groundwork for future research into the role of these novel CYP6s in the regulation of pesticide resistance in D. helophoroides.

Vector-borne diseases are increasing exponentially, and the mosquito vectors contribute to the majority of it. Dengue fever is considered one of the foremost causes of causalities around the globe, which is primarily transmitted by Aedes aegypti. Control sequences of this vector species using chemical insecticides are now come to be insufficient due to the rapid resistance development in the aimed species. To avoid this, a newer concept of synergy has been introduced by combining two or more compounds with pesticidal capacity. In this study, a hexane extract of the plant Croton bonplandianum are separately combined with two pyrethroids, Lambda-cyhalothrin and Cypermethrin against the dengue fever vector, Aedes aegypti. Individual larvicidal capabilities and the synergistic effects of these compounds were inquired, and synergism was found to provide better larvicidal activity.

Aim: This study was aimed at evaluating the impact of Coenzyme Q10 on hormonal profile in male Sprague-Dawley rat exposed to sub-chronic concentrations of Cypermethrin. Experimental Design: A completely randomized experimental design using standard methods for analysis. Hormonal assay was carried out by Microplate Enzyme Immunoassay using their respective test kits. Including AccuBindTM Microplate EIA Test system from Monobind Inc. Lake Forest CA 92630 USA while statistical analysis was carried out using one-way Analysis of Variance (ANOVA); where significant differences were found, Pair-wise comparisons conducted with Tukey test using SPSS 20 software. Location and Duration of Study: This study was carried out in the Department of Biology, Ignatius Ajuru University of Education Rumuolumeni, Port Harcourt, Rivers State, Nigeria. GPS 4o48ʹ14ʹʹ N 6o59ʹ12ʹʹ E. The study lasted for 28days. Methodology: Thirty male Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly assigned to five groups, A-E(n=6/group).Group A was given cool clean water and standard rat pellet ad libitum. Group B,C and D were administered Cypermethrin @ 10mg/kg/bw,20mg/kg/bw,30mg/kg/bw respectively along with 10mg/kg/bw of coenzyme Q10 (CoQ10). Group E received 30mg/kg/bw of cypermethrin only without Coenzyme Q10. All animals were allowed access to cool clean water and standard rat pellet ad libitum. Bodyweight of the animals were taken twice a week and recorded in grams. Twenty-four hours before the animals were euthanized with ethyl ether inhalation, feed was withdrawn from the animals. Blood samples were collected by cardiac puncture between the hours of 7:00 and 9:00am into plain sample tubes according to the approved protocol of blood collection techniques. Analysis for the quantitative determination of all androgens was by Microplate Enzyme Immunoassay using the AccuBindTM Microplate EIA Test system from Monobind Inc. Lake Forest CA 92630 USA and expressed as their respective units. The animals were latter dissected and the vital organs harvested and weighed. The values were subjected to statistical analysis using SPSS software 20. Results: Results showed that there was no significant difference between the bodyweight and organ weight of animals in the treatment group compared with the control. Also, treatment with Cypermethrin only in group E, reduced the level of all the androgens considered in exposed animals. However, with concurrent administration of coenzyme Q10, the production of all androgens especially the production of Follicle Stimulating Hormone, Luteinizing Hormone and Progesterone in groups B,C,D and Estrogen in group B were significantly (P=.05) increased to values higher than the control. Conclusion: This elevation indicates the role of Coenzyme Q10 as an effective antioxidant to boost hormonal level production especially the level of androgens.

Objectives Pesticide toxicity has become one of the major environmental menaces affecting all types of life forms of the ecosystem. Pesticides get washed off from agricultural fields into nearby water bodies and enter the aquatic organisms. Their bio-accumulated form finally reaches the human race, through consumption of pesticide infested aquatic animals, causing several physiological dysfunctions. Hence it becomes necessary to find a therapeutic cure/a preventive measure to stop the health hazard issues of pesticide. With this projection a search for a phyto-based-product was made whose primary objective would be to lower the pesticidal toxicity in fish and simultaneously in the human race. Methods In this study we tried to check whether the phyto-chemical, Chlorophyllin (CHL), known for its anti-genotoxic, anti-oxidant activities, could render any kind of protection against Cypermethrin (CM) induced-toxicity in fish model and mammalian cell line L6. Both the model L6 and fish were pre-treated with CHL prior to exposure of CM. Different scientific parameters like % cellular cytotoxicity, reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation, nuclear condensation, etc were checked to validate the possibility of CHL in protecting CM-induced toxicity. Results The overall results revealed that pre-treatment with CHL could restrict the ROS generation leading to modulation in associated cytokine proteins expression NFkβ and IFNγ. Further, CHL lowered nuclear condensation and elevated expression of DNA repair proteins p53 and PARP, showing a kind of pre-activation of signalling cascades for overall protection against the severity of pesticidal toxicity. Conclusion Thus, this phyto-based preventive approach would possibly solve many areas of human health issues related to pesticide toxicity in future.

Agrochemicals including cypermethrin (cyp) and thiourea are increasingly being applied in modern agriculture, for pest control and to improve crop yield. However, their usage often results in serious environmental concerns. In this study, juvenile African catfish Clarias gariepinus (Burchell 1822) were exposed to 50 µg/L cyp, 100 µg/L cyp, 0.05% thiourea, 50 µg/L cyp + 0.05% thiourea or 100 µg/L cyp + 0.05% thiourea, in a static renewal for 3 weeks, after which the fish were sacrificed, and the level of reduced glutathione and activities of acid phosphatase, alkaline phosphatase, amylase, protease and lipase were determined in the liver or intestinal homogenates. Also, the histopathology of some sections of the intestine was performed. The control fish were maintained in uncontaminated water (i.e. not exposed to cypermethrin or thiourea). The individual exposure of fish to cypermethrin and thiourea resulted in a significant decrease in the levels of GSH and the activities of most of the enzymes. These effects were more pronounced in fish that were exposed to cypermethrin and thiourea under a co-exposure scenario. The histological analyses of some sections of the intestine also revealed the toxicological effect of these agrochemicals, and their use led to visible intestinal pathologies such as severe erosion of the mucosa layer, faded lamina propria and disintegration of the muscle layer. The results of this study demonstrate that both cypermethrin and thiourea can alter the redox status and nutritional physiology of fish. The greater toxic effects of cypermethrin and thiourea under the co-exposure condition reiterated the potential for interactions and synergistic relationship among toxicants.

The poultry red mite Dermanyssus gallinae (De Geer) is the most important haematophagous ectoparasite in the poultry industry. The use of synthetic acaricides for this control is presenting risks related to human food. In this sense, plant secondary metabolites are promising for controlling this pest. Thus, this study aimed to evaluate the acaricidal activity of Duguetia lanceolata A.St.-Hil. (stem bark), Xylopia emarginata Mart. (stem bark), and Xylopia sericea A.St.-Hil. (stem bark and fruits) against D. gallinae. Additionally, the secondary metabolite profile of the X. emarginata was analysed by UFLC-DAD-ESI(+)-MS/MS (micrOTOF-QII) and data analysis was performed using the Molecular Networking. In a topical application test, all plant species tested showed bioactivity, in that order of toxicity with the respective probability survival: X. emarginata (stem bark) (0.28) > X. sericea (stem barks) (0.35) > X. sericea (fruits) and D. lanceolata (stem bark) (0.47). The most promising results were found for X. emarginata (LC50 = 331.769 μg/cm2). It is noteworthy that the LC50 of the insecticide cypermethrin was 1234.4 μg/cm2, which was 73% higher than that of X. emarginata. The metabolomic profile of X. emarginata revealed the presence of alkaloids, amides, terpenoids, and phenolic compounds. This is the first report of X. emarginata acaricidal activity against D. gallinae and exploratory chemical analysis by untargeted metabolomics and the molecular network of this plant.

A field experiment was carried out to evaluate the effect of leaf extracts of Sida acuta Burm. f. and Chromolaena odorata L. in controlling insect pests of Celosia argentea L. and Amaranthus cruentus L. The experiment was laid out in randomized complete block design and the treatments were replicated three times. Extracts obtained from the plants at 240 g/L of ethanol were applied as botanical insecticides. These extracts were examined along with a synthetic insecticide (Cypermethrin) including untreated control. Data were collected on number of Cletus spp. and Hymenia recurvalis per plant. Result shows that C. argentea sole treated with S. acuta and C. odorata was not infested by Cletus spp., and significantly (p0.05) different from Cypermethrin in both sole and intercrop at 4 WAT. A. cruentus and C. argentea planted sole or in intercrop treated with botanical and synthetic insecticides had lower numbers of H. curvalis which were significantly different from untreated control at 8 and 10 WAT. This study showed that S. acuta performed better than C. odorata against the target insect pests and therefore recommended for incorporation into Integrated Pest Management irrespective of whether sole or intercropping was adopted

Owing to its lipophilic nature, cypermethrin makes entry into the brain through the blood-brain barrier and causes severe damage to the nigrostriatal dopaminergic neurons after prolonged exposure. Following substantial accrual in the brain, cypermethrin induces the abnormal expression and accumulation of α-synuclein. Besides, cytochrome P450 2E1 (CYP2E1) causes free radical generation leading to lipid peroxidation in toxicant-induced parkinsonism. Conversely, 4-hydroxynonenal (4-HNE), a byproduct of lipid peroxidation, is known to contribute to neuronal damage. The current investigation aimed to explicate the participation of endogenous redox-sensitive proteins in cypermethrin-induced cellular and animal models of parkinsonism. The qualitative and quantitative expressions of selected redox-sensitive proteins were evaluated employing the standard procedures. Cypermethrin reduced the expression of peroxiredoxin 3 (Prx3), thioredoxin 2 (Trx2), and protein deglycase-1 (DJ-1). Knocking down of Prx3, Trx2, or DJ-1 further reduced the level of expression in the cypermethrin-treated group. Reduction in the expression of Prx3, Trx2, or DJ-1 was found to be associated with overexpression of α-synuclein and 4-HNE modification of proteins. Besides, cypermethrin increased the expression of CYP2E1, which was not altered after Prx3 or Trx2 knockdown. However, knocking down the DJ-1 augmented the level of CYP2E1 both in the cypermethrin-treated group and its respective control. The outcomes of the study demonstrate that cypermethrin reduces the level of Prx3, Trx2, and DJ-1 proteins. While the reduction in the expression of selected redox-sensitive proteins leads to α-synuclein overexpression and 4-HNE modification of proteins, DJ-1 attenuation is also linked with increased CYP2E1 expression, which in turn could lead to oxidative stress-mediated neuronal damage.

Cypermethrin, one kind of pyrethroid pesticides, has been shown to act as endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs). The purpose of this study was to explore the roles of Sertoli cell apoptosis through mitochondrial pathway associated with calcium (Ca2+) in cypermethrin-induced male reproductive toxicology. The mouse Sertoli cells TM4 were cultured with 0 μM, 10 μM, 20 μM, 40 μM and 80 μM of cypermethrin. We used flow cytometry, Fluo-4 AM, western blot and JC-1 Assay Kit to examine apoptosis, intracellular Ca2+, expressions of mitochondrial apoptotic pathway-related proteins and mitochondrial membrane potential. We found cypermethrin increased apoptosis rate of TM4 cells significantly and with a significant increase in intracellular Ca2+ concentration. Cypermethrin significantly decreased the protein expressions of cytosolic B-cell lymphoma-2 (Bcl-2) and mitochondrial cytochrome c (Cyt-c). The protein expressions of cytosolic Bcl-2-associated x (Bax), Cyt-c, cleaved caspase-3, calmodulin (CaM), Ca2+/CaM-dependent protein kinases II (CaMKII) and phosphorylated CaMKII were increased significantly in cypermethrin-exposed TM4 cells. Cypermethrin decreased mitochondrial membrane potential significantly. Then, Bcl-2 family and Ca2+/CaM/CaMKII pathway participate in cypermethrin-induced homeostasis. Ca2+ overload activates mitochondrial pathway by increasing permeability of mitochondrial membrane and decreasing mitochondrial membrane potential. We suggest cypermethrin induces Sertoli cell apoptosis involving mitochondrial pathway associated with Ca2+ regulated by Bcl-2 family and Ca2+/CaM/CaMKII pathway. The study provides a new insight into mechanisms involved in cypermethrin-induced male reproductive toxicology.

Dünya nüfusunun artması çevre kirliliğini de beraberinde getirmektedir. Çevrenin doğallığını bozabilecek herhangi bir müdahale havaya, toprağa ve suya etki ederek tüm ekosistemdeki canlılara ulaşabilmektedir. Bu yüzden çevre kirliliğini en aza indirebilmek çok güncel bir konudur. Bir taraftan artan nüfusun gıda ihtiyacını karşılayabilmek için kimyasallar yardımıyla üretilen ürünün verimi artarken diğer taraftan hedef dışındaki bölgelere de bu kimyasallar ulaşabilmektedir. Hedef dışı bölgelere ulaşan kimyasallar canlılar üzerine olumsuz etkiler oluşturabilmektedir. Bu çalışmada; Türkiye’de ve dünyada tarımcılıkta ürünlerin böcek istilasını engellemede yaygın olarak kullanılan sipermetrinin, ceviz, fındık ve yerfıstığı kabuklarını kullanarak, toprak veya suya geçişine engel olmak için laboratuvar ortamında yapılan deneylerle çevrenin korunabileceği konusunda çalışılmıştır. Ceviz, fındık ve yerfıstığı kabuklarının gözenekli yapısı bu kimyasalların toprağa ve suya geçmeden önce adsorbe olabileceğini FTIR ve SEM-EDS spektroskopik yöntemlerini kullanarak gösterilmiştir. Böylece masrafsız bir yöntemle sipermetrini çevreye dağılmadan önce doğal malzemeler olan ceviz, fındık ve yerfıstığı kabuklarının gözenekli yapısına hapsederek hedef dışı bölgelere ulaşmasına engel olunabilecektir.

The cotton bollworm Helicoverpa armigera occurs as a major pest in many economically important crops, including cotton, pigeon pea, chickpea, pea, cowpea, sunflower, tomato, sorghum, pearl millet and other crops. Intestinal microorganisms play important role in the degradation of diet components of insects. In order to know the role of gut bacteria in insecticide resistance five insecticides Chlorpyriphos (20% EC), Cypermethrin (25% EC), Malathion (50% EC), Quinalphos (25% EC), Triazophos (40% EC), were selected for the insecticide degradation studies. All the bacterial isolates from the gut of lab and field populations of H. armigera were identified using 16S rRNA gene-based identification and tested for their growth on minimal salt medium (MSM) along with the selected insecticides. A total of 11 bacterial isolates were tested and among them, isolate CL4 (Rhodococcus sp.) was found to grow on minimal salt medium (MSM) and with chlorpyriphos and isolate CL2 (Enterococcus casseliflavus) was able to grow in MSM with chloropyriphos (C22H19Cl2NO3) and malathion (C10H19O6PS2) and no growth was seen in MSM without insecticide (control). Gas Chromatography analysis of the positive bacterial isolate cultures in MSM showed that the isolate CL4 (Rhodococcus sp.) was able to utilize 43.9% of chlorpyriphos and isolate CL2 (E.casseliflavus) was able to utilize 26% of chlorpyriphos and 57.1% of malathion in MSM broth cultures with comparison with the respective control cultures. Findings of the current work suggested that gut bacteria in the field populations of H. armigera plays a role in insecticide resistance

El arsénico es un elemento habitual en la atmósfera, suelo, rocas, aguas naturales y organismos vivos. Su movilidad en el ambiente es debida tanto a procesos naturales como a actividades humanas. Este elemento es extremadamente tóxico y cancerígeno para el ser humano. Las comunidades de Tecuaname y El Papalonal se ubican al este del complejo volcánico Momotombo y El Hoyo; aquí se realizó la determinación de arsénico total a veinte pozos (excavados y perforados). El 100 % de las muestras analizadas ninguno supera el valor guía para agua de consumo humano de 10 µg. l-1. La comunidad del Papalonal se ha caracterizado por su alta concentración de zonas cultivadas en la modalidad de monocultivo para producción de maíz, maní, sorgo y ajonjolí. La mayoría de los productores utilizan agroquímicos para fertilizar y controlar las plagas por lo que, el uso de piretroides (cipermetrina) se ha relacionado de manera no constante con una serie de efectos a la salud a largo plazo, entre ellos se destacan alteraciones en el sistema nervioso, sistema inmunológico, alergias en la piel y dermatitis. El pozo perforado de El Papalonal presentó concentración de cipermetrina de 785,27 ng.l-1.

Field experiments were conducted during 2019 and 2020 seasons in Sakh Agricultural Station Farm, Kafr El-Sheikh Governorate, to evaluate the sequences of certain insecticide six groups and biocide on cotton bollworms, associated predators in cotton fields and cotton yield. Sequence of Ictafos (chlorpyrifos) of organic phosphorus – Topron (chlorofluoezuron) of insect growth inhibitor – Cyperco (cypermethrin) of pyrethroids resulted in the greatest means of reduction (51.07, 71.57 and 83.58%) in number of cotton pink bollworm, pectinophora gossypiella (Saund.), Spiny bollworm, Earias insulana (Boisd.) and American bollworm, Helicoverpa armigera Hubner larvae, respectively. The least means of reduction (25.87, 30.28 and 37.78%) of number of pink, spiny and American bollworms larvae with sequence of biocide, (Agrein) only, respectively. All treatments of insecticides were associated with the greatest reduction by range of (65.60 – 69.90%) and (70.34 – 76.14%) on the populations of the six insect predators by the application of sequences of insecticides and each insecticide alone, respectively. Contrast, sequence of biocide Agrein had the minimum side effect on beneficial predators with mean of reduction (29.05%). The highly effective insecticidal sequence against cotton bollworms had the highly increase in cotton yield production.

Lice (Insecta: Pthiraptera) are common ectoparasite of buffalos (Bubalis bubalis) causing huge economic loss. An epidemiological survey was conducted in selected tehsils (administrative division) of Faisalabad district to determine the prevalence of lice infestation and the efficacy of cypermethrin (CYP) against lice infestation in buffalos. To determine the efficacy of CYP, 40 lice-infested buffaloes were divided into two groups i.e. drug-treated group and control group (each group contains 20 animals). Cypermethrin drug was used as pour-on at day 0 and lice counts were conducted on days 0, 7, 21, 35, 49, and 63 from predilection sites of each animal. Only one species of sucking louse Haematopinus tuberculatus was found in buffalo population of Faisalabad district. The overall prevalence of lice infestation was 37.76%. The variable like age and sex showed significant (P