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In a novel version of the classic dot-pattern prototype-distortion paradigm of category learning, Homa et al. (2019) tested a condition in which individual training instances never repeated, and observed results that they claimed severely challenged exemplar models of classification and recognition. Among the results was a dissociation in which participants classified transfer items with high accuracy in the no-repeat condition, yet in old-new recognition tests showed no ability to discriminate between old and new items of the same level of distortion from the prototype. In addition, speed of classification learning was no faster in a condition in which a small set of training instances was repeated continuously compared with the no-repeat condition. Here we show through computer-simulation modeling that exemplar models naturally capture the classification-recognition dissociation in the no-repeat condition, as well as a wide variety of other qualitative effects reported by Homa et al. (2019). We also conduct new conceptual-replication experiments to investigate their reported null effect of repeated versus nonrepeated training instances on speed of classification learning. In contrast to Homa et al. (2019) we find that speed of learning is substantially faster in the repeat condition than in the no-repeat condition, precisely as exemplar models predict. The exemplar model also captures a wide variety of transfer effects observed following the completion of category learning, including the classification-recognition dissociation observed across the repeat and no-repeat conditions. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2023 APA, all rights reserved).

We introduce the Category Abstraction Learning (CAL) model, a cognitive framework formally describing category learning built on similarity-based generalization, dissimilarity-based abstraction, two attention learning mechanisms, error-driven knowledge structuring, and stimulus memorization. Our hypotheses draw on an array of empirical and theoretical insights connecting reinforcement and category learning. The key novelty of the model is its explanation of how rules are learned from scratch based on three central assumptions. (a) Category rules emerge from two processes of stimulus generalization (similarity) and its direct inverse (category contrast) on independent dimensions. (b) Two attention mechanisms guide learning by focusing on rules, or on the contexts in which they produce errors. (c) Knowing about these contexts inhibits executing the rule, without correcting it, and consequently leads to applying partial rules in different situations. The model is designed to capture both systematic and individual differences in a broad range of learning paradigms. We illustrate the model's explanatory scope by simulating several benchmarks, including the classic Six Problems, the 5-4 problem, and linear separability. Beyond the common approach of predicting average response probabilities, we also propose explanations for more recently studied phenomena that challenge existing learning accounts, regarding task instructions, individual differences in rule extrapolation in three different tasks, individual attention shifts to stimulus features during learning, and other phenomena. We discuss CAL's relation to different models, and its potential to measure the cognitive processes regarding attention, abstraction, error detection, and memorization from multiple psychological perspectives. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2021 APA, all rights reserved).

Since Kandinsky's claim for fundamental shape–color associations, several studies have revealed that those tendencies were not generalizable to the entire population and that different associations were more prevalent. Past studies, however, lacked a methodology that allowed participants to freely report their shape–color preferences. Here, we report data from 7,517 Danish individuals, using a free choice full color wheel for five different geometrical shapes. We find significant shape–hue associations for circle-red/yellow, triangle-green/yellow, square-blue, and pentagon/hexagon-magenta. The significant shape–hue associations are also more saturated than non-significant ones for the circle, triangle, and square. At the conceptual level, basic shapes, which show stronger associations, are linked to primary colors, and non-basic shapes to secondary colors. Shape-color associations seem indeed to follow the Berlin-Kay stages of entry into languages. This pattern had previously been described for graphemes and weekday–color associations. The methodology employed in our study can be repeated in different cultural contexts in the future. We also provide another instance of color associations for ordinal concepts that follow the stages of entry into languages.

We investigate whether linguistic categories have the same structure as categories used to conceptualize the world outside of language. We focus on the event roles Agent and Patient (in the sentence Murray ate the ice cream, Murray is the Agent and the ice cream is the Patient). These categories appear to be tightly linked across language and cognition: they are encoded robustly in the world's languages and have been argued to be highly prominent conceptually, even part of innate core knowledge. This view predicts (a) that Agent and Patient categories will be readily accessible to adults in explicit categorization tasks and (b) that these categories have similar structure across semantic and conceptual domains. We tested these predictions across four experiments in which adult speakers of English had to induce Agent and Patient categories from visual illustrations of events (e.g., one figure kicking another). We found that 25% to 40% of participants failed to induce the categories, suggesting that prominent concepts are not always easily accessed for conscious reasoning. At the same time, for those participants who did induce the categories, they generalized these categories in ways predicted by previous analyses of English syntax. This finding supports the view that Agent and Patient are domain-general, spanning both conceptual and linguistic representation, though not necessarily used by participants in explicit categorization tasks. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2021 APA, all rights reserved).

A defining aspect of being human is an ability to reason about the world by generating and adapting ideas and hypotheses. Here we explore how this ability develops by comparing children's and adults' active search and explicit hypothesis generation patterns in a task that mimics the open-ended process of scientific induction. In our experiment, 54 children (aged 8.97+-1.11) and 50 adults performed inductive inferences about a series of causal rules through active testing. Children were more elaborate in their testing behavior and generated substantially more complex guesses about the hidden rules. We take a "computational constructivist" perspective to explaining these patterns, arguing that these inferences are driven by a combination of thinking (generating and modifying symbolic concepts) and exploring (discovering and investigating patterns in the physical world). We show how this framework and rich new dataset speak to questions about developmental differences in hypothesis generation, active learning and inductive generalization. In particular, we find children's learning is driven by less fine-tuned construction mechanisms than adults', resulting in a greater diversity of ideas but less reliable discovery of simple explanations.

Immersive Virtual Reality (VR) simulations are argued to support students’ learning of complex scientific phenomena via the use of realistic graphics and interactions that students can hardly experience in everyday life. However, the integration of immersive VR simulations in science classrooms introduces new challenges, whilst there is a lack of learning designs to inform practice. As part of this study, we firstly present a learning experience (LX) design seeking to introduce an immersive VR simulation in Physics classrooms to support high-school students’ understanding of the Special Theory of Relativity. Then, we present an empirical investigation on the enactment and evaluation of the proposed LX design, with 109 high-school students (10–11th graders). A mixed-method approach was adopted to evaluate students’ conceptual learning gains along with their perceptions of the learning experience, encompassing the immersive VR simulation and the inquiry-based learning process adopted. We reflect on our LX design aimed at the integration of an immersive VR simulation in an inquiry-based learning environment and we highlight questions for further research.

Few-shot learning (FSL) aims to learn novel concepts from very limited examples. However, most FSL methods suffer from the issue of lacking robustness in concept learning. Specifically, existing FSL methods usually ignore the diversity of region contents that may contain concept-irrelevant information such as the background, which would introduce bias/noise and degrade the performance of conceptual representation learning. To address the above-mentioned issue, we propose a novel metric-based FSL method termed region-adaptive concept aggregation network or RCA-Net. Specifically, we devise a region-adaptive concept aggregator (RCA) to model the relationships of different regions and capture the conceptual information in different regions, which are then integrated in a weighted average manner to obtain the conceptual representation. Consequently, robust concept learning can be achieved by focusing more on the concept-relevant information and less on the conceptual-irrelevant information. We perform extensive experiments on three popular visual recognition benchmarks to demonstrate the superiority of RCA-Net for robust few-shot learning. In particular, on the Caltech-UCSD Birds-200-2011 (CUB200) dataset, the proposed RCA-Net significantly improves 1-shot accuracy from 74.76% to 78.03% and 5-shot accuracy from 86.84% to 89.83% compared with the most competitive counterpart. This work was supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 62002090), Major Science and Technology Innovation 2030 “New Generation Artificial Intelligence” Key Project (No. 2021ZD0111700) and Special Fund of Hubei Luojia Laboratory, China (No. 220100014).

In human concept learning, people can naturally combine a handful of labeled data with abundant unlabeled data when they make classification decisions, which is also known as semi-supervised learning (SSL) in machine learning. Especially, human concept learning not only is a static process in human cognition but also can vary gradually with dynamic environments. Nevertheless, the classical SSL algorithms must be redesigned to accommodate newly input data. In this sense, concept-cognitive learning may be a good choice, as it can implement dynamic processes by imitating human cognitive processes. Meanwhile, numerous SSL methods were designed based on the feature vector information of instances, while ignoring concept structural information. Based on this idea, a novel SSL method, named semi-supervised concept learning method (S2CL), is proposed for dynamic SSL by employing concept lattices. Moreover, to make full use of the global and local conceptual information, we further propose an extended version of S2CL for concept learning. More specifically, we first show some new related theories for S2CL based on a regular formal decision context; then a novel SSL framework and its corresponding algorithms are designed. Finally, we conduct some experiments on various datasets to demonstrate the effectiveness of our methods.

Contemporary models of categorization typically tend to sidestep the problem of how information is initially encoded during decision making. Instead, a focus of this work has been to investigate how, through selective attention, stimulus representations are "contorted" such that behaviorally relevant dimensions are accentuated (or "stretched"), and the representations of irrelevant dimensions are ignored (or "compressed"). In high-dimensional real-world environments, it is computationally infeasible to sample all available information, and human decision makers selectively sample information from sources expected to provide relevant information. To address these and other shortcomings, we develop an active sampling model, Sampling Emergent Attention (SEA), which sequentially and strategically samples information sources until the expected cost of information exceeds the expected benefit. The model specifies the interplay of two components, one involved in determining the expected utility of different information sources and the other in representing knowledge and beliefs about the environment. These two components interact such that knowledge of the world guides information sampling, and what is sampled updates knowledge. Like human decision makers, the model displays strategic sampling behavior, such as terminating information search when sufficient information has been sampled and adaptively adjusting the search path in response to previously sampled information. The model also shows human-like failure modes. For example, when information exploitation is prioritized over exploration, the bidirectional influences between information sampling and learning can lead to the development of beliefs that systematically differ from reality. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2022 APA, all rights reserved).

Autism is diagnosed according to atypical social-communication and repetitive behaviors. However, autistic individuals are also distinctive in the high variability of specific abilities such as learning. Having been characterized as experiencing great difficulty with learning, autistics have also been reported to learn spontaneously in exceptional ways. These contrasting accounts suggest that some situations may be better than others for learning in autism. We tested this possibility using a probabilistic category learning task with four learning situations differing either in feedback intensity or information presentation. Two learning situations compared high- versus low-intensity feedback, while two other learning situations without external feedback compared isolated sequentially presented information versus arrays of simultaneously presented information. We assessed the categorization and generalization performance of 54 autistic and 52 age-matched typical school-age children after they learned in different situations. We found that children in both groups were able to learn and generalize novel probabilistic categories in all four learning situations. However, across and within groups, autistic children were advantaged by simultaneously presented information while typical children were advantaged by high-intensity feedback when learning. These findings question some common aspects of autism interventions (e.g., frequent intense feedback, minimized simplified information), and underline the importance of improving our current understanding of how and when autistics learn optimally. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2022 APA, all rights reserved).

In rule-based (RB) category-learning tasks, the optimal strategy is a simple explicit rule, whereas in information-integration (II) tasks, the optimal strategy is impossible to describe verbally. This study investigates the effects of two different category properties on learning difficulty in category learning tasks-namely, linear separability and variability on stimulus dimensions that are irrelevant to the categorization decision. Previous research had reported that linearly separable II categories are easier to learn than nonlinearly separable categories, but Experiment 1, which compared performance on linearly and nonlinearly separable categories that were equated as closely as possible on all other factors that might affect difficulty, found that linear separability had no effect on learning. Experiments 1 and 2 together also established a novel dissociation between RB and II category learning: increasing variability on irrelevant stimulus dimensions impaired II learning but not RB learning. These results are all predicted by the best available measures of difficulty in RB and II tasks. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2022 APA, all rights reserved).

Pigeons are classic model animals to study perceptual category learning. A theoretical understanding of the cognitive mechanisms of categorization requires a careful consideration of the employed stimulus material. Optimally, stimuli should not consist of real-world objects that might be associated with prior experience. The number of exemplars should be theoretically infinite and easy to produce. In addition, the experimenter should have the freedom to produce 2D- and 3D-versions of the stimuli and, finally, the stimulus set should provide the opportunity to identify the diagnostic elements that the animals use. To this end, we used the approach of “virtual phylogenesis” of “digital embryos” to produce two stimulus sets of objects that meet these criteria. In our experiment pigeons learned to categorize these stimuli in a forced-choice procedure. In addition, we used peck tracking to identify where on the stimulus the animals pecked to signal their choice. Pigeons learned the task and transferred successfully to novel exemplars. Using a k-nearest neighbor classifier, we were able to predict the presented stimulus class based on pecking location indicating that pecks are related to features of interest. We further identified potential strategies of the pigeons through this approach, namely that they were either learning one or two categories to discriminate between stimulus classes. These strategies remained stable during category transfer, but differed between individuals indicating that categorization learning is not limited to a single learning strategy.

Fuzzy concept has been an important methodology for data analysis, especially in the classification research. Particularly, fuzzy concept could directly process the continuous data through contrasting the numerical data into the membership degree of object to attribute. However, the classical fuzzy concept only focuses on the positive information, that is, the information about membership degree, while ignoring non-membership degree. Meanwhile, since the limitations of individual cognition and cognitive environment, the concept learning is progressive. Inspired by these thoughts, we design an incremental learning mechanism based on progressive fuzzy three-way concept for object classification in dynamic environment. In this paper, the object and attribute learning operators are first defined to obtain fuzzy three-way concept. Then, a progressive fuzzy three-way concept and its corresponding concept space are learned considering the progressive process of concept learning. Moreover, the object classify mechanism and dynamic update mechanism based on the progressive concept space are proposed, and their effectiveness is verified by numerical experiments. Finally, an incremental learning mechanism is further designed for dynamic increased data and compared with other fuzzy classify methods. All the experimental results carried on ten datasets from UCI and KEEL illustrate the proposed learning mechanism is an excellent object classify algorithm.

During the period of the pandemic in particular, children who are not able to leave their homes have been spending more time using multimedia devices. This research was carried out in order to determine the role of multimedia in preschool children's concept learning, as expressed by their parents. For this purpose, the research was designed qualitatively, and the case study model was used. The study's working group consisted of 21 parents living in seven different geographical regions of Turkey. The parents were determined using the maximum variation sampling method. A semi-structured interview form was used as a data collection tool in the research. The content analysis technique was used to analyze the data obtained in the research. As a result of the research, it was determined that the multimedia devices that children spent most time on were televisions, smartphones and tablets. Children preferred to use multimedia mostly for fun and games. The vast majority of parents thought that adult supervision was needed when children spent time using multimedia devices. In the research, the benefit of multimedia use that the parents most emphasized was concept learning. According to the parents, their children learned many basic concepts through accessing multimedia content. Parents also expressed their opinion that the multimedia content and apps contributing most to the children's concept learning were animated cartoons, YouTube and digital games. As a result of the research, it can be said that technological devices that offer children multimedia content positively affect children’s learning of basic concepts.

EURASIA Journal of Mathematics, Science and Technology Education, 2020, 16(9), em1874 ISSN:1305-8223 (online) OPEN ACCESS Research Paper https://doi.org/10.29333/ejmste/8358 Abstract Research reveals that many mathematics teachers find it difficult to stimulate learners' interest in learning geometry. One major reason suggested is that geometric concepts are not well conceptualised and comprehended by both learners and teachers. The study explored learners’ views on how polygon pieces and dictionary mediate learning of geometry. Nine Grade 8 learners were purposely selected from the cohort of 56 learners based on the diagnostic test results. By employing a qualitative approach through exploration data were gathered from semi- structured interviews and document analysis was implemented and reported in themes. The study found that polygon pieces with mathematics dictionary enhance learners’ learning of geometry through geometric inquiry. Polygon pieces assisted learners with geometric conceptualisation through cutting, constructing and measuring of angles and line segments. The dictionary enhanced learners’ geometric vocabulary by transferring informal vocabulary. We recommend mathematics teachers to integrate polygon pieces assisted by mathematics dictionary in the teaching and learning of mathematics.

Spatial thinking is fundamental to the practice and theory of geography, however there are few valid and reliable assessment methods in geography to measure student performance in spatial thinking. This article presents the development and evaluation of a geospatial thinking assessment instrument to measure participant understanding of spatial relations within a geographic context. The instrument is a test consisting of thirty question items, with the purpose to help identify the knowledge sets, thinking skills, and characteristics typical at different levels of competency. The performance score is used to classify participants along an expertise continuum, novice to expert. Generally, students performing at the expert level consist of graduate students while novices are at the grade nine level, although several anomalies are discussed. The broad instructional application of this assessment is to benchmark student performance and the level of understanding of geospatial concepts.

Interleaving examples of to-be-learned categories, rather than blocking examples by category, can enhance learning. We examine the reliability of the interleaving effect between- (Experiments 1 and 2) and within-participants (Experiment 3). As a between-participant effect, we examined a broad spectrum of working memory by both measuring individual capacity and manipulating the task demand. Findings reveal a robust interleaving effect across the spectrum, eliminated only at the lowest and highest ends, but never reversed. In Experiment 3, we used an empirically defined source of potential heterogeneity by examining whether the size of the interleaving benefit a participant experiences on one set of stimuli predicts the size of the interleaving benefit that same participant experiences on two other sets of stimuli. It did not, with only a very small correlation between the two more similar stimuli sets. Taken together, these results add to the burgeoning literature on the robustness of the interleaving benefit.

Concept-cognitive learning (CCL) is to make machines like human beings have the ability of summarizing and reasoning. Automatically learn and find concepts from given information clues is a research focus of CCL. The existing researches mainly focuses on the concept learning methods in classical and fuzzy formal contexts, but there are few researches on the CCL of interval-valued contexts. In view of the universality of interval values in practical applications, we study the mechanism of CCL in interval-valued formal contexts. Firstly, we propose interval-valued formal contexts and a pair of dual cognitive operators as the fundamental foundation of concept learning. Then we mine the relationship between interval-valued information granules and concepts from cognitive learning and granular computing perspective. Then we systematically study the mechanism of interval-valued CCL from the establishment of interval-valued information granules (IvIGs) and its mathematical properties, and the transformation between different information granules (IGs) and clue oriented concept learning. Moreover, three algorithms are established to automatically learn concepts from different clue information. Finally, we download eight public data sets to verify the effectiveness and feasibility of the proposed algorithms from the perspective of the size of extension of concepts, running time of concept learning algorithms and the number of concepts learned by the concept learning algorithms. The experimental comparison indicates that the proposed algorithms are effective and feasible for interval-valued CCL.

Age deficits in memory for individual episodes are well established. Less is known about how age affects another key memory function: the ability to form new conceptual knowledge. Here we studied age differences in concept formation in a category-learning paradigm with face-blend stimuli, using several metrics: direct learning of category members presented during training, generalization of category labels to new examples, and shifts in perceived similarity between category members that often follow category learning. We found that older adults were impaired in direct learning of training examples, but that there was no significant age deficit in generalization once we accounted for the deficit in direct learning. We also found that category learning affected the perceived similarity between members of the same versus opposing categories, and age did not significantly moderate this effect. Lastly, we compared traditional category learning to categorization after a learning task in which a category label (shared last name) was presented alongside stimulus-specific information (unique first names that individuated category members). We found that simultaneously learning stimulus-specific and category information resulted in decreased category learning, and that this decrement was apparent in both age groups.

The purpose of this research was to synthesize research report of personnel in the Faculty of Education, Mahasarakham University. There were 81 research reports funded by Faculty of Education, Mahasarakham University between the academic years of 2012-2019 were employed. The research revealed that most of research concerning teacher development amounting to 69 researches, followed by research report of the support staff amounting to 12 researches. Most of research reports were basic research, applied research, and collaborative teaching research amounting to 55 researches, followed by production research and development of personnel that emphasized on the concept of learning based on the actual situation amounting to 11 researches. The greatest number of research was produced and published in 2018, 23 researches, and in 2019, 13 researches. They were publishing in Thai journals, total of 75 research. The utilization of research to apply for policy benefits, 75 research and for public in four research. Research methodology employed 50 operational researches, 29 quasi-experimental researches, 33 researches to studies, 25 comparative researches and 16 researches to find correlation.

This study aims to determine how integrated thematic-based English learning is for elementary school students. The method used is a qualitative research method with descriptive analysis techniques with library research by examining the implementation of integrated thematic-based English learning for elementary school students. Data collection is done by reducing documents in the form of reports, news and research articles both nationally and internationally related to the topic of this research article. The results showed that the integration between student experience and previous knowledge possessed by children with English learning presented in a theme, will help children to gain knowledge, skills, and attitudes holistically. The theme developed is of course taking into account the children's knowledge, interests, and environment. Each skill in English is also not taught separately but is learned in an integrated manner with other skills. Therefore, the concept of learning English as a foreign language in accordance with the concept of an integrated thematic approach will be able to provide the value of knowledge, skills, and attitudes as a whole whose process is in line with the characteristics of children at the elementary school level.

The purpose of this study is: (1) to describe the application of the concept attainment learning model to increase students' activation in math subjects. (2) to describe the application of the concept attainment learning model to improve students' learning achievement on math subjects.(3) to describe the effectiveness of the application of the concept attainment learning model to increase activation and students' learning performance in math subjects. The method used in this study is a quantitative descriptive type of research is classroom action research (classroom action research) quasi expo. The subject of this research is the XI high school student of 1 Pajar Bulan high school. The data-collecting technique is a essay test that corresponds with An indicator of activity ability and learning achievement on the subject Trigonometry on the sinus and cosine subject. The given test it’s a ten-to-one descriptions. Research shows that the concept attainment learning model can increase activation and students’ math performance. The average activation and the performance of student mathematics taught with a learning model achieving c higher concepts than average activation and students learning achievement are taught with conventional models

Regarding the fact that the entire spring semester in higher education was based on online teaching realized at the state University of East Sarajevo, and that the students thus gained a completely new experience, the aim of this research is to identify and study the e-learning critical success factors (CSF) on the basis of the students' perceptions. A number of 356 students of all 17 faculties with in the University participated in the research. The students' attitudes were collected by the instrument containing 36 items, constructed on the basis of a comprehensive review of previous researches of the e-learning critical success factors and semi-structured interview with the students. Seven factors were extracted and studied by the factor analysis: quality learning materials, student's attitude toward e-learning, teacher's attitude toward e-learning, technological support, classroom interaction, student's activities and teacher's attitude towards students. In response to the pandemic, universities are expected to change their traditional concept of learning and offer models of distance learning in the future. Therefore, the results of this research may be of key importance for the selection and implementation of the appropriate e-learning applications and platforms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] Copyright of Interactive Learning Environments is the property of Routledge and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Appreciating that varied stimuli belong to different categories requires that attention be differentially allocated to relevant and irrelevant features of those stimuli. Such selective attention ought to be definable and measurable in both humans and nonhuman animals. We first discuss the definition of attention and methods of assessing it in animals. We then introduce new experimental and computational tools for assessing attention in pigeons both during and after category learning. Deploying these tools, we have found that, as do humans, pigeons attend more to relevant than to irrelevant stimulus features during category learning. Nonetheless, postacquisition assessment reveals that, compared with human adults, pigeons less selectively attend to deterministic features in preference to probabilistic features of category members, which indicates that pigeons’ attention is more distributed. Fresh opportunities now exist for more effectively understanding the evolution and mechanisms of categorical cognition.

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to investigate how a substantial organization gradually builds a management accounting system from scratch, changing its accounting routines by learning processes. The paper uses the experiential learning theory and the concept of learning style to investigate the learning process during management accounting change. The study aims to expand the domain of management accounting change theory to emphasize the learning-related aspects that can constitute it.Design/methodology/approachThe paper provides an interpretation of management accounting change based on the model of problem management proposed by Kolb (1983) and the theory of experiential learning (Kolb, 1976, 1984). The study is based on a 14-year longitudinal case study (1994‐2007). The case examined can be considered a theory illustration case. Data were obtained from a broad variety of sources including interviews, document analysis and adopting an interventionist approach during the redesign of the costing system.FindingsThe paper contributes to two important aspects of management accounting change. First, it becomes apparent that the costing information change was not a discrete event but a process of experience and learning conducted through several iterations of trial-and-error loops that extended over the years. Second, the findings reveal that the learning process can alter management accounting system design in a radical or incremental way according to the learning style of the people involved in the process of change.Research limitations/implicationsBecause of the adopted research approach, results could be extended only to other organizations presenting similar characteristics. Several further areas of research are suggested by the findings of this paper. In particular, it would be of interest to investigate the links between learning styles and communication and its effect on management accounting change.Practical implicationsThe paper includes implications for the management of learning during management accounting change, to improve the efficiency and effectiveness of this process.Originality/valueThis paper is one response to the call for an interdisciplinary research approach to the management accounting change phenomena using a “method theory” taken from the discipline of management to provide an explanation of the change in management accounting. In respect of the previous literature, it provides two main contributions, namely, the proposal of a model useful both to interpret and manage learning processes; the effect of learning style on management accounting routines change.

Being one of the basic didactic terms, “learning” is frequently translated by Russianspeaking researchers as either “obuchenie” or “uchenie”. It seems strange, as these two words are not synonyms in Russian. Moreover, in Russian conventional didactics they denote two different phenomena: “obuchenie” refers to the entire educational process consisting of both the teacher’s and the learner’s activities while “uchenie” corresponds to the latter one. Successful international academic communication presupposes that any terms accepted by English-speaking professionals should be adapted to the national didactic concepts of this or that country. Taking this requirement into account, the author concludes that the only possible equivalent of “learning” in Russian is “uchenie”, not “obuchenie”, while the phrase “the shift from teaching to learning” and the term “student-centred learning” should be translated as “sdvig / perekhod ot prepodavaniya k ucheniyu” and “studentotsentrirovannoe uchenie” respectively. The author comes to the conclusion that student-centred learning (SCL) opposed to student-centred teaching can be considered the highest point in the development of student-centred approach currently prevailing in European countries. SCL as a new type of learning means that the student becomes an active participant in educational process having his (her) own needs and interests in the focus of attention. The substitution of the word “uchenie” by the incorrect variant “obuchenie” existing in the Russian academic discourse nowadays prevents Russian-speaking researchers from seeing clearly the essence of SCL.

Las didácticas funcionales contemporáneas se basan en el concepto de aprender a aprender, siendo el estudiante el constructor de su propio conocimiento y el docente, el tutor que guía este proceso, a diferencia de la clase expositiva tradicional, donde el profesor es el único ente transmisor de conocimiento y el alumno, solo un receptor pasivo que transcribe en su cuaderno lo explicado en clases, para luego memorizarlo y trascribirlo en un examen o una prueba final.A pesar de que el fundamento en el que se basa la Didáctica Funcional Contemporánea parece fácil de llevar a cabo, no es así; por ello, existen diversas didácticas que cumplen este principio, cada una de las cuales es muy diferente a las otras, pero con un factor en común: el elemento fundamental es el estudiante y ya no el docente.Entre las Didácticas Funcionales Contemporáneas más conocidas están: Aprendizaje Basado en Problemas, Seminario de Investigación o Seminario Alemán, Enseñanza Basada en Evidencias, Método de Proyectos, Método Tutorial, Casos de Estudio, Enseñanza Personalizada, Simulación y Juegos. Y, antes de juzgarlas como buenas o malas, es necesario compararlas con la enseñanza tradicional, que consiste en clases expositivas, con base en ello determinar pros y contras de cada una de ellas.

This explanatory case study aims to investigate conceptual changes on the part of gifted and talented students and describe their reflective thinking with regard to problem-solving as part of the p...

The general aim of this study is to determine the effects of teaching method based on digital storytelling on students’ learning and study strategies. In this study, as one of the true experimental models, pre-test/post-test control group experimental design was used via detachedly selected experiment and control groups. In the study, a teaching method based on digital storytelling was applied for the participant students in experiment group on the other side, the teaching technique based on PowerPoint Presentation was used in control group. According to the results of the data that was analyzed for this study, it was determined that there was a positive effect of digital storytelling on learning and study strategies. It was clarified in this study that digital storytelling succeeded more points on dimensions namely attitude, anxiety, concentration, selecting main ideas and test strategies under the main concept of learning and study strategies than the teaching technique based on PowerPoint Presentations.

This integrative literature review presents reflections about the mediating instruments of the mathematical conceptual learning used in the pedagogical practices organized to students with intellectual disabilities. The study is based on the Historical-Cultural Theory and embraces contributions of the literature available in the databases Scientific Electronic Library Online (SciELO), Biblioteca Digital Brasileira de Teses e Dissertacoes (BDTD) and SciVerse Scopus. After the selection, 21 studies were considered as final sample. The researches were analyzed through the categories: (a) Mediating instruments used in the pedagogical interventions; (b) Implications in the mathematical conceptual appropriation. From the analyses, it is evident that the assessed researches used several structed and unstructured mediating instrument, such as: softwares, mathematical games, geometrical solids, calculators and objects for counting. It is important to notice that the use of these instruments contributed to the mathematical conceptual appropriation, by planning the pedagogical interventions that set the mental representation from the concrete towards abstraction. As we think about the teaching and learning of mathematical concepts for students with intellectual disabilities, advances could be observed on the researches, such as: the multiple possibilities of intervention with the use of several mediating instruments.

Despite the substantial progress made to develop evidence-based pedagogical practices that support student learning, many courses are dominated by “traditional” practices such as a passive lecture. Thus, a continued focus on reforming courses is necessary. Here we describe the deliberate practice-driven reform of a large lecture-format introductory chemistry course. We characterize the learning environment through course observations and exam item analysis. We characterize student outcomes through performance on shared exam items, overall course grades, and a pre/post-survey that includes cognitive and affective measures. Through cross-sectional comparisons to concurrent, unreformed course sections, we find that students in the reformed section scored higher on common exam items, earned higher overall course grades, and held more positive attitudes toward chemistry after having taken the course. However, no improvement is seen in conceptual learning as measured through the Chemistry Concept Inventory (CCI). We argue that this is due to a misalignment between the course curriculum, which emphasizes factual recall and algorithmic problem solving, and the CCI. This highlights the need for reform efforts to address both pedagogy and curriculum.

This article queries how learning analytics systems can support content-specific group formation to develop students’ thinking about a specific mathematical concept. Automated group formation requires identifying personal characteristics, designing tasks to probe students’ perceptions, and grouping them to increase individual learning chances. Designers of automated group formation recommendation modules (GFRMs) rarely consider content-specific objectives. We draw on theories on conceptual learning in mathematics and dialogic thinking to emphasize the role of a dialogic gap between students’ voices to enhance individual learning. In an experiment, fifty 8th and 9th grade students solved three mathematical tasks in a pre-intervention-post-set-up: individually, then in dyads, and then individually again. We used a learning analytics system to collect fine-grained content-specific data on students’ responses based on four pre-defined aspects of the parabola concept. We compared students’ answers with those of their peers in order to identify interpersonal relations. The experiment results indicate that students’ thinking about the parabola concept was the most successfully developed when every group member had a different perception of this concept. We illustrate the learning trajectories of four students and elaborate on the learning sequence of one of these students in particular. This article suggests that the centrality of a dialogic gap in developing personal learning is probably content independent. We thus call for software engineers to think about GFRMs that can support content-specific learning and instruction.

Associative memories are stored in distributed networks extending across multiple brain regions. However, it is unclear to what extent sensory cortical areas are part of these networks. Using a paradigm for visual category learning in mice, we investigated whether perceptual and semantic features of learned category associations are already represented at the first stages of visual information processing in the neocortex. Mice learned categorizing visual stimuli, discriminating between categories and generalizing within categories. Inactivation experiments showed that categorization performance was contingent on neuronal activity in the visual cortex. Long-term calcium imaging in nine areas of the visual cortex identified changes in feature tuning and category tuning that occurred during this learning process, most prominently in the postrhinal area (POR). These results provide evidence for the view that associative memories form a brain-wide distributed network, with learning in early stages shaping perceptual representations and supporting semantic content downstream., Goltstein et al. investigate the role of mouse visual cortical areas in information-integration category learning. They report widespread changes in neuronal response properties, most prominently in a higher visual area, the postrhinal cortex.

The aim of the study is to improve students’ nature of science understandings while integrating nature of science aspects into appropriate science-technology-engineering-mathematics (STEM) activities. In this study, four STEM-based contextualized nature of science activities are developed during the 4 weeks study. The sample of this study consists of eighteen 7th grade students. The data are collected the views of nature of science questionnaires (VNOS-D), follow-up interviews, and classroom observations. All data are analyzed holistically to create a profile of students’ views for the targeted aspects of nature of science with using content analysis. The analysis showed that 7th grade students have generally naive views of the targeted nature of science aspects before participating in the 4-week study. After STEM-based nature of science teaching, all students improved their views of nature of science. STEM-based explicit-reflective nature of science teaching may be an alternative approach to improve students’ nature of science views, and it is recommended to use this approach in the future studies.

This research was conducted with a team of lecturers from Malikussaleh University with the aim of realizing environmental-based learning through the use of waste as a learning medium that sharpens the creativity of teachers and students. This research was conducted at Madrasah Tsanawiyah Safinatussalamah Al-Munawarah. Dayah Safinatussalamah Al-Munawarah is located in Blang Panyang Village, Muara Satu District, Lhokseumawe City. The time of the research was carried out on August 9, 2021 and the place of research was at Madrasah Tsanawiyah Safinatussalamah Al-Munawarah. The population in this study were all MTsN students at the Safinatussalamah Al-Munawarah Islamic Boarding School and the sample was the 1st grade students of MTsN Safinatussalamah Al-Munawarah. The research uses a 'qualitative' approach. The research conducted is descriptive. The instruments in this study were observation sheets and documentation. Data analysis techniques used in this study: (1) Data Collection, (2) Data Reduction, (3) Data Verification, (4) Drawing Conclusions. The results of the study can be concluded that this activity teaches students to love the environment by utilizing inorganic waste and making inorganic waste as a product of learning media can also increase student creativity and learning outcomes, this is because students better understand the concept of learning by seeing and working through learning media.

BACKGROUND Social participation has been incorporated by occupational therapists in Brazil, and worldwide, as a professional concept to guide practice. The concept has been studied, defined, and constructed from multiple fields of knowledge and can be defined as the social and political involvement of people in social groups and /or public and community spaces. There are different understandings of social participation in occupational therapy and the objective of this study was to explore how Brazilian occupational therapists define social participation in their fields of knowledge. METHOD Through application of the Delphi technique, Brazilian occupational therapy academics and professionals who have worked in the state of Sao Paulo, Brazil, collaboratively responded to an online questionnaire. In the consultation phase, occupational therapists wrote their conceptions about social participation and, in the consensus phase, expressed their opinions and judgements, in order to, in a collective construction, establish a consensus on the definition of social participation. RESULTS In the first round of the consensus phase, 38 academics and 27 professionals participated and in the second round, 20 and 14, respectively. Results were analysed quantitatively, through the establishment of degrees of agreement for conceptions arranged in statements. Then, six categories of analysis were built, which identified the multiple ways of understanding social participation: social participation and social interactions, social participation and freedom of movement, social participation as an experience in public and political life, social participation and human activities, social participation and the process of social inclusion, and social participation in the fields of knowledge and practice in occupational therapy. CONCLUSION There are theoretical-conceptual differences in the understandings and uses of social participation in occupational therapy that delimit specificity and design the identities of the profession in society. The need to discuss knowledge production, accumulation, and dissemination and practices is debated.

It is unclear if the transition from traditional, in-person physiology laboratories to virtual alternatives has educational impacts on students. This study used a systematic review to critically evaluate research papers that investigated the effectiveness of virtual physiology laboratories for student learning. Eleven studies, retrieved from the Education Resources Information Center (ERIC) and Ovid MEDLINE databases, were selected for inclusion in this review, based on predetermined eligibility criteria. Subsequently, the studies went through a power analysis for potential biases before their results were synthesized and analyzed. This systematic review found that virtual physiology laboratories are effective for students’ learning of concepts. However, it was inconclusive as to whether virtual physiology laboratories are effective for students’ motivation for learning and learning of technical skills. It was found that blended models of virtual laboratories are at least as effective as in-person laboratories for conceptual learning. Overall, this systematic review provides useful insights for educators regarding the educational impacts of implementing virtual laboratories into the physiology curriculum and suggests research models for future evaluation of virtual laboratories.

The purpose of this research is to determine the knowledge, perceptions and misconceptions of preservice primary school teachers about geometric objects through mind maps. For this purpose, the research was designed with a case study, one of the qualitative research methods. The study group of the research consists of 52 pre-service primary school teachers studying at a state university in the Aegean Region of Turkey. After giving information about mind maps to pre-service primary school teachers, they were asked to create mind maps about the concept of “Geometric Objects”. The created mind maps were subjected to content analysis and codes and categories were created. The mind maps of pre-service primary school teachers were analysed one by one, starting from the centre towards the outer branches and separated as related and unrelated concepts. As a result of the research, it was revealed that most of the pre-service primary school teachers who participated in the study used the concepts of geometric objects and geometric shapes interchangeably. In addition, as a result of the analysis of the first branches of mind maps, it was determined that unrelated concepts were more than related concepts. Very few of them have reached the fourth branch in the mind maps created by pre-service primary school teachers, and they had difficulty explaining the concept. In line with the results obtained from the research, the concepts related to geometric objects should be taught in the undergraduate education of pre-service primary school teachers to provide meaningful learning about geometric concepts in pre-service primary school teachers.

Several studies have highlighted the flexible character of our conceptual system. However, less is known about the construction of meaning and the impact of novel concepts on the structuring of our conceptual space. We addressed these questions by collecting free listing data from Italian participants on a newly–and yet nowadays critical–introduced concept, i.e., COVID-19, during the first Italian lockdown. We also collected data for other five illness-related concepts. Our results show that COVID-19’s representation is mostly couched in the emotional sphere, predominantly evoking fear—linked to both possible health-related concerns and social-emotional ones. In contrast with initial public debates we found that participants did not assimilate COVID-19 neither completely to severe illnesses (e.g., tumor) nor completely to mild illnesses (e.g., flu). Moreover, we also found that COVID-19 has shaped conceptual relations of other concepts in the illness domain, making certain features and associations more salient (e.g., flu-fear; disease-mask). Overall, our results show for the first time how a novel, real concept molds existing conceptual relations, testifying the malleability of our conceptual system.

Providing verbal or written instructions on how to perform optimally in a task is one of the most common ways to teach beginners. This practice is so widely accepted that scholarship primarily focuses on how to provide instructions, not whether these instructions help or not. Here we investigate the benefits of prior instruction on rule-based (RB) category-learning, in which the optimal strategy is a simple explicit rule, and information-integration (II) category-learning, in which the optimal strategy is similarity-based. Participants (N = 58) learned either RB or II categories, with or without verbal and written instruction about the optimal categorization strategy. Instructions significantly improved performance with RB categories but had no effect with II categories. The theoretical and practical implication of these results is discussed. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2021 APA, all rights reserved).

Amb la digitalització de la societat ha estat necessari reformular l'educació, basant-la en un aprenentatge competencial. Així i tot, en aquest treball es defensa la memòria com a complement necessari per a un assoliment adequat, tant de competències com de sabers. S'analitza l'estreta relació entre memòria i música i es proposa una activitat en grup a realitzar a l'aula en el context de l'àmbit tecnològic. Els alumnes modificaran la lletra d'una cançó coneguda, creant rimes amb el contingut presentat pel professor. Finalment, es presentarà davant els companys com si fos un Concurs de la Cançó.

Esta tesis es un análisis crítico y propositivo acerca de la estructura de los conceptos en el contexto de la filosofía de la mente. Para llevar este a cabo, comienza por hacer explícito qué se entiende por una estructura de los conceptos. Posteriormente, propone y justifica un conjunto de requisitos que debe cumplir una estructura para los conceptos para ser considerada viable; estos requisitos están fundamentado en el impacto que tiene la categorización en la estructura de los conceptos. Con esto claro, se pasa a evaluar las estructuras para los conceptos más relevantes a partir de los requisitos propuestos; el resultado de esta evaluación es que ninguna puede ser caracterizada como una estructura viable para los conceptos. A manera de conclusión, propone una estructura para los conceptos que sea viable según los requisitos propuestos y justificados a lo largo de la tesis. (Texto tomado de la fuente) This thesis is a critical and proactive analysis of the structure of concepts in the context of the philosophy of mind. To do so, it begins by making explicit what is meant by a structure of concepts. Subsequently, it proposes and justifies a set of requirements that a structure for concepts must fulfill in order to be considered viable; these requirements are based on the impact that categorization has on the structure of concepts. Later, the most relevant concept structures are tested based on the proposed requirements; the result of this test is that none of them can be characterized as a viable structure for the concepts. As a conclusion, it proposes a structure for the concepts that is viable according to the requirements proposed and justified throughout the thesis. Maestría Magíster en Filosofía Fenomenología, Filosofía de la Mente y del Lenguaje

Concepts are a matter of importance for engineering education. Believed to be critical for developing expertise and engineering competence, conceptual knowledge has become a focus for research and training. Despite focusing on it, engineering graduates still often do not understand core concepts for their practice. With a few exceptions, most research concerning conceptual knowledge in engineering has been developed on assumptions of cognitive psychology, which have been subject to strong criticisms. One of these criticisms points out that mainstream approaches on concepts do not account for the socio-material conditions in which concepts are used and transformed. Some researchers in engineering education have moved beyond, taking a situative perspective. These studies have shown how, compared to training, knowledge in the practice is highly contextualized, depends on tools in which it is inscribed, and is distributed among collaborators. However, while stressing the sociomaterial dimension of conceptual knowledge and the differences in concept use between training and practice, the situative perspective does not account for the way in which conceptual knowledge develops. Alternatively, the cultural-historical theory of concepts offers an approach that overcomes the weaknesses of mainstream approaches while addressing the problem of development. Drawing on culturalhistorical theory, this paper presents an ongoing research aimed at the study of concept development in microengineering teaching and practice. I will present the respective methodological approach—borrowed from a French tradition of work psychology—for studying concept development from interactions in work and teaching activities. Expected results and implications for engineering education will also be discussed.