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BACKGROUND: The occurrence of smoking among adolescents keeps increasing. Based on data from the Regional Health Research 2013, the prevalence of child smokers aged 10–18 years old was 7.2–9.1% in 2018. In fact, it exceeds the government’s target to reduce the number of child smokers in 2019 to 5.4%. Cigarette advertising is one of the reasons children are attracted to smoking, and Indonesia ranks first in ASEAN for youth exposure to tobacco advertisement and promotion. AIM: The aim of the study is to determine the factors that affect the urge to smoke in adolescents, specifically the influence of friends who smoke and exposure to cigarette advertisements in Sleman, Indonesia. METHODOLOGY: A non-experimental study with a correlation study and a cross-sectional approach. The sample was 318 respondents with a total sampling technique on first-grade junior high school students from three schools. The research instruments used were a questionnaire on exposure to cigarette advertisements, smoker friends, and the intention to smoke. The bivariate analysis used was the chi-square correlation test. RESULTS: Most of the respondents were exposed to cigarette advertisements in the medium category (56.6%), most of the respondents had smoking friends (57.2%), 11% of respondents had the desire to smoke shortly, and 15.1% of respondents had a desire to smoke for an extended period. The correlation test results between exposure to cigarette advertisements and smoking friends and the desire to smoke in the near and long term showed a p-value of

Purpose The association between e-cigarette marketing exposure and youth e-cigarette initiation is not well understood. This study examines whether convenience store access, exposure to retail e-cigarette marketing, and having a favorite e-cigarette ad before e-cigarette use is associated with susceptibility to use and future e-cigarette initiation in a national longitudinal study of youth. Methods A nationally representative longitudinal cohort of youth in the Population Assessment of Tobacco and Health study (12–17 years) was followed up over three waves of annual data collection (2013–2016). Tobacco-naive (wave 1) and e-cigarette-naive (wave 2) youth (n = 6,470) were included. Marketing exposure at wave 2 was examined in association with e-cigarette susceptibility (wave 2) and e-cigarette initiation (wave 3) using adjusted logistic regression models. Analysis occurred in 2019. Results Youth visiting convenience stores at least weekly (vs. never) had 1.51 times the odds of e-cigarette susceptibility (95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.25, 1.81) and 1.79 times the odds of e-cigarette initiation (95% CI: 1.29, 2.48). Noticing a retail e-cigarette ad (vs. not noticing) was associated with e-cigarette susceptibility (adjusted odds ratio [AOR] 1.36, 95% CI: 1.18, 1.57), but not initiation. Youth reporting a favorite branded e-cigarette ad had greater odds of both susceptibility (AOR 1.31, 95% CI, 1.10, 1.56) and e-cigarette initiation (AOR 1.60, 95% CI: 1.18, 2.17) compared to youth without a favorite ad. Conclusions Tobacco-naive youth with frequent convenience store access and exposure to e-cigarette marketing were at greater risk of e-cigarette susceptibility and progression to e-cigarette initiation over a 2-year period. Policies to restrict retailer locations and e-cigarette marketing could enhance youth e-cigarette use prevention efforts.

AIMS: To estimate the association of e-cigarette advertisement exposure with e-cigarette and cigarette use behavior among U.S. adults. DESIGN: Data from the 2013–14 National Adult Tobacco Survey (NATS) were linked to Kantar Media and National Consumer Study data to construct measures of e-cigarette advertisements on TV and in magazines. The relationship between advertisement measures and outcomes was estimated using logistic and Poisson regressions, controlling for sociodemographics, state cigarette taxes, and state and year fixed effects. SETTING: United States. PARTICIPANTS/CASES: A total of 98,746 adults ages ≥18 years who responded to the 2013–14 NATS. MEASUREMENTS: The independent variables of interest were the number of e-cigarette advertisements in magazines to which an adult was exposed in the past 6 months and the number of e-cigarette advertisements in TV to which an adult was exposed in the past 6 months. Outcomes were awareness of e-cigarettes, ever e-cigarette use, current e-cigarette use, current cigarette use, and number of cigarettes smoked per month. FINDINGS: Exposure to one additional e-cigarette advertisement on TV was associated with a 0.18 percentage point, 0.13 percentage point and 0.03 percentage point increase, respectively, in awareness, ever use, and current use of e-cigarettes among all adults (p

Riau province, second largest cigarette smoker, 24.2% per day, the second largest average number of cigarettes smoked in Riau in 2013 was in Kampar Regency Sebayak (17.8%), (Riskesdas, 2013). Based on the initial survey, observation and interviews with SD 004 Domo students, on 15 male students, 9 of whom had smoked. The aim of this study was to determine factors related to smoking behavior in students of SDN Kampar Kiri District, Kampar Regency. This research is a quantitative analysis with a transversal conception. The male student population was 100 respondents, consisting of 3 elementary schools in Kampar Kiri district, Kampar Regency, namely SDN 004 Domo Village, SD 002 Kuntu and SD 011 Kuntu. Questionnaire measurement tool. The sampling technique in this study is to use the total sampling technique with criteria. Data analysis Univariate and bivariate analysis with the chi-square test. The results of the study show a relationship between knowledge (P-value = 0.017

Background Advertising, promotion and sponsorship of electronic cigarettes (ECAPS) have increased in recent years. Since May 2016, the Tobacco Products Directive 2014/40/EU (TPD2) prohibits ECAPS in various advertising channels, including media that have cross-border effects. The objective of this study was to investigate changes in exposure to ECAPS in a cohort of smokers from six European Union member states after implementation of TPD2. Methods Self-reported exposure to ECAPS overall and in various media and localities was examined over two International Tobacco Control Policy Evaluation survey waves (2016 and 2018) in a cohort of 6011 adult smokers from Germany, Greece, Hungary, Poland, Romania and Spain (EUREST-PLUS Project) using longitudinal generalized estimating equations models. Results Self-reported ECAPS exposure at both timepoints varied between countries and across examined advertising channels. Overall, there was a significant increase in ECAPS exposure [adjusted odds ratio (aOR): 1.25, 95% CI: 1.09–1.44]. Between waves, no consistent patterns of change in ECAPS exposure across countries and different media were observed. Generally, ECAPS exposure tended to decline in some channels regulated by TPD2, particularly on television and radio, while exposure tended to increase in some unregulated channels, such as at points of sale. Conclusions The findings suggest that the TPD2 was generally effective in reducing ECAPS in regulated channels. Nonetheless, further research is warranted to evaluate its role in reducing ECAPS exposure, possibly by triangulation with additional sources of data.

The prevalence of student smokers has been increasing in Banda Aceh City recently. The presence of cigarette advertisements near schools is believed to be one of the causes. However, there is a lack of study for this issue. This study tries to calculate the effect of cigarette advertisements around schools on the smoking activities of students. This research is conducted in the city of Banda Aceh with a total sample of 365 students. We use the Linear Probability Model to estimate the effect by assuming that smoking behaviour is a factor of individual, household and environmental characteristics of students. The result shows that cigarette advertising has a positive and significant effect on the smoking behaviour of high school students in Banda Aceh. The presence of cigarette billboards near the school increases the probability of students’ smoking behaviour by 12.4%, whereas the presence of banners causes an increase in the probability by 18.4%. It shows that 41% of the samples are smokers or had smoked before with 37% daily smokers and 59% occasional smokers. Through in-depth interviews, this study finds that having a smoker father or brother as well as friend increases the willingness of students to be smoker. Therefore, the local government should undertake a policy to ban cigarette advertisements in order to reduce the students’ risk of being smokers. The government must also promote the creation of smoke-free families to reduce the possibility of increasing student smoker rate. Keywords: Effect of cigarette, student, smoking behaviour, advertisements, chronic diseases .

Objective The purpose of this research is to know the factors related to the habit of smoking in children aged 6–17 years in the work area Talise Health Center, Mantikulore Sub-district, Palu City. Methods This type of research is quantitative with cross sectional study approach, sampling using purposive sampling method. The number of samples on this study was 91 respondents. Data collection is done using a questionnaire with a Guttman scale. The data obtained is analyzed statistically using the chi-square test. Results The results showed that there was a knowledge relationship (p = 0.028), facilities and infrastructures (p = 0.000), family environment (p = 0.047), and cigarette advertising policies (p = 0.000), with smoking habits in children aged 6–17 years in the working area of Talise Health Center, Mantikulore Sub-district, Palu City. Conclusions In order to prevent the child's smoking habit, it is necessary to provide understanding about the dangers of cigarettes, teach the child about healthy and non-smoking behavior, give aspects of subjective norms, and teach about how to control himself not to smoke.

Cigarette consumption occurs throughout the world and is widespread among teenagers. Moreover, the existence of cigarette advertisements as a promotional media that is easily found in various mass media, can provide smoking influences to adolescents. The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of cigarette advertising on adolescent smoking initiation. This study uses a literature review. Google Scholar, Sciene Direct, and Proquest are used to select literature related to the topic to be discussed. The analysis in this study was also assisted with several articles found on the internet. Based on research, the influence of various types of cigarette advertisements in general in various countries can lead to smoking initiation among adolescents. The image in cigarette advertisements makes smokers look attractive. Teenagers who are exposed to cigarette advertisements are more open and have a high curiosity about the use of cigarettes. Some actions need to be taken to reduce cigarette consumption in adolescents, such as providing cigarette education to adolescents, as well as enforcement of strong anti-smoking advertising, promotion and sponsorship policies. So, the teenagers know and understand the harmful effects of using these cigarettes. Keywords: Cigarette advertisement, adolescent health, smoking.

Objective: The objective of this study is to explore adolescent non-e-cigarette users’ interpretations of e-cigarette advertising and their engagement with e-cigarette information. Given adolescent...

Over the course of the Weimar Republic, cigarettes began to replaced pipes and cigars as the preferred method of tobacco consumption among urban-dwelling German men. Simultaneously, gender-specific...

Introduction Exposure and receptivity to cigarette advertising are well-established predictors of cigarette use overall. However, less is known about whether exposure and receptivity to advertising for specific brands of cigarettes (ie, Marlboro, Camel, and Newport) are longitudinally associated with any subsequent cigarette use and subsequent use of those specific brands. Methods We analyzed data from a US sample of 7325 young adults aged 18–24 years who completed both Wave 1 and Wave 2 of the Population Assessment of Tobacco and Health study. Weighted logistic regression models were used to examine (1) among Wave 1 never-smokers, associations between Wave 1 exposure and receptivity to advertising for Marlboro, Camel, and Newport and subsequent overall and brand-specific smoking initiation at Wave 2, and (2) among Wave 1 ever-smokers, associations between Wave 1 exposure and receptivity to advertising for Marlboro, Camel, and Newport and subsequent preference of those brands at Wave 2. Results Among Wave 1 young-adult never-smokers, exposure to Camel advertising, but not Marlboro or Newport, was associated with smoking initiation with any brand of cigarettes at Wave 2. Among Wave 1 young-adult ever-smokers, receptivity to Marlboro, Camel, and Newport advertising was associated with subsequent preference for each brand, respectively, at Wave 2. Conclusions This study found evidence for the association between receptivity to branded cigarette marketing and subsequent use of that brand. These findings provide evidence regarding the pathways through which cigarette marketing attracts young adults to use cigarettes and can inform tobacco prevention and counter-marketing efforts. Implications This study extends prior work on the effects of cigarette advertising exposure and receptivity by illustrating the brand specificity of this advertising. These findings provide evidence that receptivity to branded cigarette advertising is longitudinally associated with preference for those specific cigarette brands.

A common message in e-cigarette advertising is that e-cigarettes can be used anywhere. E-cigarette advertisements often express this message implicitly (e.g., “Whenever, wherever”) alongside images of e-cigarettes that physically resemble combustible cigarettes. These implicit messages and “cigalike” images may cross-cue combustible cigarette smoking cognitions and behavior. This exploratory study was a 2 (message form: implicit or explicit e-cigarette use anywhere message) by 2 (presence or absence of e-cigarette cue) experiment with U.S. adult smokers (n = 2,201). Participants were randomized to view e-cigarette advertisements that varied by study condition. Three combustible cigarette outcomes were investigated: smoking cessation intention, smoking urges, and immediate smoking behavior. Mediation analysis was also performed to investigate mechanisms of the message form effect through descriptive and normative beliefs about smoking. Compared to its explicit counterpart, the implicit e-cigarette use anywhere message evoked greater smoking urges. Participants exposed to the implicit message also perceived cigarette smoking to be more prevalent and, in turn, reported greater cessation intention. There was no evidence of e-cigarette cue or message form × cue interaction effects. Implicit e-cigarette use anywhere messages may create a predisposition towards smoking compared to their explicitly written counterparts, but whether this effect undermines cessation deserves further attention.

Introduction: Children smokers are big health problem in global especially in Indonesia. The further study is important for investigating about increasing children smokers in Indonesia. Additionally, there are many factors that influence the raising number of children smoking. Aims: This study attempted to explore the relationship between cigarette advertising exposure, their harmful tobacco knowledge and smoking status of sixth grade students. Methods: A cross sectional study was performed in this research. It involved 20 elementary schools in Bandar Lampung, Indonesia. It was conducted on January 2019. Additionally, survey questionnaires were administered to 901 sixth grade students to assess their cigarette advertising exposure, harmful tobacco knowledge and smoking status. Next, chi square analytical test was undertaken. Results: It was found that the number of smokers in elementary students in Bandar Lampung, Indonesia was very high (50.8%). There were 69.3% of respondents who had cigarette advertising exposure. Additionally, most of them didn’t have harmful tobacco knowledge (51.6%). Based on the result of chi square analysis, it was found a significant relationship between cigarette advertising exposure to the smoking status of students (p Conclusions: Cigarette advertising exposure and harmful tobacco knowledge were found to be significantly associated to smoking status of sixth grade students in Bandar Lampung, Indonesia.

Background Tobacco advertisements have been banned in Hong Kong, but low intensity e-cigarette (EC) advertising can still be found in various media outlets. We investigated the associations between exposure to EC advertising and susceptibility to EC use in adolescents who had never used cigarettes or ECs, with potential mediation by attitudes towards ECs and the tobacco industry. Methods The School-based Smoking Survey 2016/17 assessed exposure to EC advertising in the past 30 days, attitudes towards ECs and the tobacco industry, susceptibility to EC use, and other covariates. Generalised linear mixed models and multiple mediation analysis methods were used in data analyses. Results Among 7082 students (mean age 14.9 years), 28.8% reported exposure to EC advertising. Exposure was associated with being uncertain about the harm of EC use, being tolerant towards ECs, believing the tobacco industry is respectable, and being susceptible to EC use; the magnitudes of these associations increased with the number of types of advertising exposed (0, 1, and ≥ 2) (all p-values Conclusions Even exposure to low intensity EC advertising was associated with susceptibility to EC use in adolescents who had never used cigarettes or ECs. The association was weakly mediated by tolerant attitudes towards ECs and the tobacco industry. The government should reinforce the regulations on EC advertising to protect adolescent health.

Indonesia Basic Health Research Data in 2018 shows that smokers in the 10-18 years age group increased to 9.1%. The phenomenon of smoking in adolescents in Indonesia has touched on educational institutions such as pesantren, where students are found to have smoked from an early age. This study aims to review the influence of students' perceptions of cigarettes based on smoking habits, cigarette advertisements and the image of cigarette companies to the smoking behaviour in students at Lirboyo Islamic Boarding School. This research is a quantitative study with a cross-sectional study design using 40 students as research samples. We use modified structured questionnaire from the Smoke-Free Agents. Research shows 62.5% of students are active smokers. Based on the bivariate test, we found a relationship between perceptions of smoking habits and perceptions of cigarette advertising (p-value 0.05). This study found a high percentage of students who smoked in the Lirboyo Islamic Boarding School. Students' perceptions of smoking habits and students' perceptions of cigarette advertisements are related to students' smoking behaviour. The denormalization of cigarette products needs to be carried out by Islamic Boarding School Management to control smokers among students and prevent adolescent’s smoker.

ObjectiveCapsule cigarettes, electronic cigarettes (e-cigarettes) and heated tobacco products (HTPs) are now readily available in Guatemala. As in most countries, the point-of-sale (POS) remains an important marketing channel for the tobacco industry. Therefore, we sought to characterise the POS marketing of these products in the two largest cities in Guatemala.MethodsConvenience stores were randomly surveyed in mid and high socioeconomic status (SES) neighbourhoods in Guatemala City (n=60) and Quetzaltenango (n=15) in 2019. We adapted a previously implemented checklist to assess the availability of interior advertising of capsule cigarettes, e-cigarettes and HTP. Data entry was done in Kobo toolbox and analysis in STATA.ResultsAll stores sold conventional and flavoured capsule cigarettes, 78% e-cigarettes and 68% HTP. Most cigarette advertising was for capsule cigarettes. E-cigarettes were more likely to be sold in Guatemala City (96%) than in Quetzaltenango (13%). HTPs were only found in Guatemala City (85%), with no difference between high and medium SES neighbourhoods. Median number of ads for cigarettes and capsule cigarettes was higher in the high SES neighbourhood. Most e-cigarettes (83%) and HTP (74%) were found ConclusionWe found a high prevalence of advertising for capsule cigarettes, e-cigarettes and HTP at the POS. The POS, a crucial advertising channel for the tobacco industry, is now being used for new products and therefore needs to be urgently regulated.

Throughout the first half of twentieth century, the act of smoking transitioned from being an exclusively male to a predominantly female practice. Indeed, by the end of the twentieth century merely being female was considered a serious risk to developing a smoking habit. This cultural shift is reflected in contemporary cigarette advertising, in which women begin as attractive accessories to male smokers and gradually become depicted as smoking independently. These advertisements were actively engaged with the social worlds of the women they targeted, drawing upon their contemporary concerns and values, namely those of women’s liberation and an increased attention placed upon body image. This paper argues that the majority of this male to female advertising shift took place between 1920 and 1940, during which advertisements adapted their imagery to accommodate smoking as paradoxically both a powerful symbol of liberated femininity and as a means of conforming to the image of the attractive modern woman.

Cross-sectional, longitudinal, and experimental studies have found a link between youth exposure to cigarette marketing and youth initiation of smoking. These decisive research findings led to regulations of cigarette marketing to youth-including no television or radio ads, prohibitions on the use of cartoons, bans on transit and billboard advertisements, and disallowing tobacco brand sponsorships of sporting events or concerts. Similar products that may cause more harm than benefits include alcohol, electronic cigarettes, and opioids. We review the evidence linking problematic use of these products with exposure to marketing and discuss standards for assessing the potential harmfulness of marketing. We next address how public health agencies might apply regulatory principles to these harmful products similar to those applied to cigarette advertising, in the advancement of public health.

Background This study examined the extent to which visitors to convenience stores remember the cigarette advertisements they encounter in these stores and investigated the relationships between how advertisements are recalled and attitudes toward them. Methods Exit surveys of 1007 visitors to three convenience stores located in Seoul, Korea, were conducted between 25 November 2015 and 7 December 2015. Results Of the respondents, 23.4% (n = 236) freely recalled the cigarette advertisement in the store just visited. However, the percentage of participants who correctly recalled the advertisement increased to 55.2% (n = 556) after we presented them with a card showing options for the advertisement (i.e. a cued recall task). Regardless of sex or purchasing cigarettes, free recall performance was significantly associated with age, number of weekly visits to the convenience store and current smoking status. In addition, free recall increased with having a positive attitude toward cigarette advertisements. Conclusions Repeated visits to convenience stores may continue to expose individuals to cigarettes and their advertisements; such exposure may subconsciously affect recall of the advertisements and maintenance of a positive attitude toward cigarette advertisements. Therefore, to denormalize smoking in society, cigarette advertising and displays at points of sale including convenience stores, should be banned.

Consumers make many decisions that affect their health, not only about medical care but about diet, physical activity, alcohol, and cigarettes. Some pharmaceuticals and many health-related consumer goods are heavily advertised. We explore the economics of the advertising of cigarettes—a heavily advertised product which is consumed by 36.5 million adults and which is linked to more than 480,000 deaths each year in the United States. Unlike previous research on cigarette advertising, we distinguish menthol from nonmenthol advertising and we use an individual-level measure of advertising exposure. These data allow us to include rich controls for individual heterogeneity. We exploit quasi-experimental variation in advertising exposure created by sharply different supply-side variation in menthol and nonmenthol advertising. The combination of rich control variables and supply-side variation provides a credible identification strategy that addresses the potential endogeneity of advertising exposure. We find str...

Considering that e-cigarette use is often glamorized on social media through celebrity endorsements, this study examined the effects of product-celebrity image congruence, consumer-celebrity risk-oriented image congruence, and parasocial identification on consumer engagement with celebrity-endorsed e-cigarette advertising on Instagram. Results indicated that high product-celebrity image congruence, and high consumer-celebrity risk-seeking image congruence, led to significantly more positive ad attitude and greater intention to spread eWOM and use e-cigarettes. Consumer-celebrity risk-averse image congruency, meanwhile, led to significantly less favorable ad attitude and lower intention to spread eWOM and use e-cigarettes. Post-hoc analyses further suggested that smoking status and gender (match vs. mismatch between consumer and celebrity) had a significant influence on processing of, and consumer engagement with, e-cigarette Instagram ads. Additionally, parasocial identification moderated the effects of celebrity-product image congruence, and consumer-celebrity risk-oriented image congruence, on key engagement measures. Theoretical and managerial implications for researchers, marketers, and policy makers are discussed.

Objectives: Cigarette advertisements and displays prevail, especially in the convenience stores. This study aimed to identify the level of exposure to the cigarette advertisements and displays in the convenience stores in Korea and its recall effect. Also, this study examined the impact of exposure to the advertisements on impulsive cigarette purchasing. Methods: An exit survey was conducted for 1,047 convenience store visitors. The participants were asked to respond to demographic characteristics, smoking behavior, average number of visits to the convenience stores per week, recall of cigarette advertisements and displays in convenience store immediately after the visit, and experience of impulsive purchase of cigarette in the past. Logistic regression analysis were conducted using SPSS 24.0 program. Results: The participants answered that they visit the convenience store on average 3.79 ± 1.43 per week. 23.9 percent of them succeeded in recalling the cigarette advertisements and displays. Especially, 20-29 year-olds (AOR: 3.2, 95% CI 1.7-6.1) and smokers (AOR: 3.3, 95% CI 1.8-6.2) were more likely to recall the cigarette advertisements and displays. In addition, 12.9 percent of the participants had experienced impulsive cigarettes purchase after viewing the cigarette advertisements and displays in the convenience store. Man (AOR: 2.1 95% CI 1.2-3.8) and smokers (AOR: 18.1, 95% CI 7.3-45.1) were more likely to make impulsive purchase. Conclusions: Repeated visits to convenience stores contribute to the level of exposure to cigarette product displays and its advertisements, which may affect the unconscious recollection of cigarette advertisements or displays and impulsive purchase of cigarette. Therefore, in order to denormalize the cigarettes and smoking throughout the society, not only cigarette advertising but also product displays should be prohibited in point of sales, including the convenience stores.

Objectives We examined effects of e-cigarette ad messages and visual cues on outcomes related to combustible cigarette smoking cessation: smoking cessation intention, smoking urges, and immediate smoking behavior. Methods US adult smokers (N = 3293) were recruited through Amazon Mechanical Turk and randomized to condition in a 3 (message: e-cigarette use anywhere, harm reduction, control) × 2 (e-cigarette cue presence or absence) between-subjects experiment. Stimuli were print ads for cigarette-like e-cigarettes ("cigalikes") that were manipulated for the experimental conditions. We conducted ANOVA and logistic regression analyses to investigate effects of the manipulations. Results Message effects on cessation intention and smoking urges were not statistically significant. There was no evidence of cue effects or message × cue interactions across outcomes. Contrary to expectations, e-cigarette use anywhere and harm reduction messages were associated with lower odds of immediate smoking than the control message (AOREUA = 0.75, 95%CI = 0.58, 0.97, p = .026; AORHR = 0.72, 95%CI = 0.55, 0.93, p = .013). Conclusions E-cigarette use anywhere and harm reduction messages may encourage smoking cessation, given the observed reduction in immediate smoking. E-cigarette cues may not influence smoking cessation outcomes. Future studies should investigate whether message effects are a result of smokers believing e-cigarettes to be effective cessation aids.

Objectives We tested how various measures of e-cigarette advertising exposure and receptivity are related to each other and compare to each other in their associations with e-cigarette use susceptibility and behavior. Methods Cross-sectional data were collected from young adult college students (N = 470; Mage = 20.9, SD = 2.1; 65% women). Measures of e-cigarette advertising exposure/receptivity compared included a cued recall measure, measures of marketing receptivity, perceived ad exposure, liking of e-cigarette ads, and frequency of convenience store visit, which is considered a measure of point-of-sale ad exposure. Results The cued-recall measure was associated with e-cigarette use experimentation but not current e-cigarette use. Marketing receptivity was associated with current e-cigarette use but not e-cigarette use experimentation. Liking of e-cigarette ads was the only measure associated with e-cigarette use susceptibility. Frequency of convenience store visit was associated with current e-cigarette use but not e-cigarette use experimentation or susceptibility. Conclusion Inclusion of multiple measures of marketing exposure and receptivity is recommended for regulatory research concerning e-cigarette marketing. Marketing receptivity and cued recall measures are strong correlates of current and ever e-cigarette use, respectively.

Cigarette consumption in adolescence is very high and there is a tendency to increase every year. Various programs to reduce the consumption of smoke already done one of them is included advertising the dangers of smoking on cigarette packs. Higher cigarette consumption is in line with the increasing number of cardiovascular diseases The threat of cardiovascular disease was not followed by an increase in public awareness. Public misperceptions about the risk factors of cardiovascular disease is still high. This study aimed to analyze the perception of cigarette advertising, value and awareness of adolescents about the dangers of cardiovascular disease in Jenangan Siman Ponorogo. This type of research with a qualitative approach. Subjects were adolescence in the village Jenangan. Determining Subject purposively. Number of subjects in this study 4 participants. Data was collected by in-depth interview techniques. The results of the study as follows: all participants know the dangers of tobacco consumption such as heart disease, impotence and cancer, the majority of smoke when entered junior high school. Smoking is a major factor causing environmental factors. Subjects teen gave a mixed response to advertisements on cigarette packets, most do not inspire fear. Misperception adolescent to advertisements on cigarette packets will affect the pattern of cigarette consumption and the prevention and treatment of cardiovascular disease. Redesign of advertising on cigarette packets should be carried out and based on research.

According to recent data extracted from Global Tobacco Atlas (2015), about 66% Indonesian male aged no less than 15 years old are active smokers. It means 2 among 3 Indonesian male are smokers. The number of young smokers arose significantly. Smokers among 15-19 years old has increased 17 % each year, meanwhile, baby smokers among 5-9 years old has multiplied 400 %. These figures implied the rise of health risk among Indonesians. The tobacco industry tries every year to recruit young people to replace those current smokers who are dying or quitting. This youth being targeted by tobacco industry is called ‘replacement smokers’, and is lured to start smoking through the work of advertising and creative marketing strategy. A study carried out by Health Ministry of Indonesia showed that 70% youth were started to smoke after heavily exposed by cigarette advertising. In order to break tobacco advertising spell, a brand jamming strategy based on media literacy approach was conducted toward junior high school pupils. By educating them about advertising-behind-the scene and challenging them to creatively produce a ‘mocking’ version of popular tobacco ads, students now are capable enough to deconstructing the real message behind tobacco ads.

This article explores the background, creation and reception of a prominent cigarette advertising campaign from the early 1960s. The advertisements featured young couples falling in love as they shared Player's Medium cigarettes together. As such, the advertisements reflected the central place of the teenager within post-war British consumer culture. The campaign was built upon the insights of market research, particularly that carried out by Mark Abrams and his research organization Research Services Limited. Historians have played down the significance of Abrams's work, but it is argued here that the studies and reports Abrams produced rendered the teenage consumer knowable in a powerful way. Advertisers and manufacturers now had detailed knowledge about young people's consumption habits and their motivations. Such research helped the British tobacco industry formulate a controversial marketing strategy-the need to 'recruit' young people to the smoking habit-and the People Love Player's campaign was created with this in mind. The representations of love and gender included in the advertisements gave the campaign an emotional pull which was designed to resonate with young people. The advertisements were widely criticized and this drove the British tobacco industry to remove from its advertising appeals which might influence the young, such as love.

Although adolescents are a group heavily targeted by the e-cigarette industry, research in cue-reactivity has not previously examined adolescents' behavioral and neural responses to e-cigarette advertising. This study addressed this gap through two experiments. In Experiment One, adult traditional cigarette smokers (n = 41) and non-smokers (n = 41) answered questions about e-cigarette and neutral advertising images. The 40 e-cigarette advertising images that most increased desire to use the product were matched to 40 neutral advertising images with similar content. In Experiment Two, the 80 advertising images selected in Experiment One were presented to adolescents (n = 30) during an functional magnetic resonance imaging brain scan. There was a range of traditional cigarette smoking across the sample with some adolescents engaging in daily smoking and others who had never smoked. Adolescents self-reported that viewing the e-cigarette advertising images increased their desire to smoke. Additionally, all participants regardless of smoking statuses showed significantly greater brain activation to e-cigarette advertisements in areas associated with cognitive control (left middle frontal gyrus), reward (right medial frontal gyrus), visual processing/attention (left lingual gyrus/fusiform gyrus, right inferior parietal lobule, left posterior cingulate, left angular gyrus) and memory (right parahippocampus, left insula). Further, an exploratory analysis showed that compared with age-matched non-smokers (n = 7), adolescent smokers (n = 7) displayed significantly greater neural activation to e-cigarette advertising images in the left inferior temporal gyrus/fusiform gyrus, compared with their responses to neutral advertising images. Overall, participants' brain responses to e-cigarette advertisements suggest a need to further investigate the long-run impact of e-cigarette advertising on adolescents.

Tobacco advertising can create false beliefs about health harms that are reinforced by product design features. Reduced nicotine content (RNC) cigarettes may reduce harm, but research has not addressed advertising influences. This study examined RNC cigarette advertising effects on false harm beliefs, and how these beliefs - along with initial subjective ratings of RNC cigarettes - affect subsequent smoking behaviors. We further explored whether subjective ratings moderate associations between false beliefs and behavior.Seventy-seven daily, non-treatment-seeking smokers (66.2% male) participated in the first 15days of a randomized, controlled, open-label RNC cigarette trial. Participants viewed an RNC cigarette advertisement at baseline before completing a 5-day period of preferred brand cigarette use, followed by a 10-day period of RNC cigarette use (0.6mg nicotine yield). Participants provided pre- and post-advertisement beliefs, and subjective ratings and smoking behaviors for cigarettes smoked during laboratory visits.Viewing the advertisement increased beliefs that RNC cigarettes contain less nicotine and are healthier than regular cigarettes (p's0.001 and 0.011), and decreased the belief that they are less likely to cause cancer (p=0.046). Neither false beliefs nor subjective ratings directly affected smoking behaviors. Significant interactions of strength and taste ratings with beliefs (p's0.001), however, indicated that among smokers with less negative initial subjective ratings, greater false beliefs were associated with greater RNC cigarette consumption.Smokers may misconstrue RNC cigarettes as less harmful than regular cigarettes. These beliefs, in conjunction with favorable subjective ratings, may increase product use.

Although TV advertising for traditional cigarettes has been banned since 1971, advertising for electronic cigarettes remains unregulated. The effects of e-cigarette ads have been heavily debated, but empirical analysis of the market has been limited. Analyzing both individual and aggregate data, I present descriptive evidence showing that i) e-cigarette advertising reduces demand for traditional cigarettes and ii) individuals treat e-cigarettes and traditional cigarettes as substitutes. I then specify a structural model of demand for cigarettes that incorporates addiction and allows for heterogeneity across households. The model enables me to leverage the information content of both data-sets to identify variation in tastes across markets and the state dependence induced on choice by addiction. Using the demand model estimates, I evaluate the impact of a proposed ban on e-cigarette television advertising. I find that in the absence of e-cigarette advertising, demand for traditional cigarettes would increase, suggesting that a ban on e-cigarette advertising may have unintended consequences.

Enoch Powell fut nommé ministre de la Santé en juillet 1960 par Harold Macmillan, puis élevé au rang de ministre du Cabinet en 1962. Calcul politique de la part du Premier ministre, qui ne portait pas Powell dans son cœur, visant à la fois à l’empêcher de critiquer le gouvernement avec son credo libéral pendant les années de la mise en œuvre de la Middle Way et à le mettre en difficulté à la tête d’un ministère assez dispendieux. Powell tenta d’imprimer sa marque et de rompre avec les politiques de ses prédécesseurs : il s’agissait pour lui de rationaliser les dépenses de son ministère, tout en suivant un objectif de modernisation et d’humanisation du NHS par le biais de la mise en place d’un plan ambitieux de construction de nouveaux hôpitaux. Powell était convaincu que le NHS pouvait être modernisé et défendit une vision publique de ce dernier tout en encourageant les canaux privés. Cet article a pour objectif d’analyser l’approche iconoclaste de Powell en s’appuyant sur les archives nationales de Londres et celles de Powell détenues à Cambridge. Afin de compléter les analyses historiographiques, l’étude se penchera sur trois points (gestion powellienne des questions du coût des médicaments, de la publicité sur le tabac et de la fluoration de l’eau) afin de démontrer comment Powell dut gérer un autre dilemme que celui d’humaniser et rationnaliser en même temps le NHS : jusqu’à quel point était-il possible de défendre les idées de liberté et de choix dans un système public de santé où la puissance étatique était force motrice ? Enoch Powell was appointed Minister of Health by Harold Macmillan in July 1960, before being promoted to the position of Cabinet Minister in 1962. This was seen as a political manoeuvre from a Prime Minister who was hardly well disposed towards Powell. He thus planned to both prevent him from attacking the government with his free market beliefs in the years of the implementation of the Middle Way and put him in a difficult position at the head of a costly department. Powell attempted to leave his mark on it and break with his predecessors’ policies: he intended to streamline NHS spending, while at the same time modernising and humanising the NHS through the introduction of an ambitious Hospital Plan. Powell was convinced that the NHS could be modernised. He believed that the latter should remain in the public domain but at the same time supported private health investment. This paper analyses Powell’s iconoclastic approach by using primary sources from Kew’s national archives and the Powell Papers from Cambridge. In order to enhance historiographical debates, the analysis will focus on three particular points: Powell’s handling of the cost of drugs, cigarette advertising and the fluoridation of water. These issues reveal an additional dilemma that Powell had to face: to what extent could freedom of choice be introduced into a public health service in which the State was the main driver?

Commercial advertisement aims to convey communication messages that are delivered by the company to potential customers. Advertising is a medium where someone shows something to others, with hope that the other person will do something to fulfill the desire of the message sender. In commercial advertisement, a company does its effort to sale its product by using engaging languages. However, there is a unique thing in the world of cigarette advertising in Indonesia. Government regulations prohibit cigarette manufacturers to promote their products using a direct language in broadcast media. This encourages cigarette manufacturers to do creative things in creating ads. One way is by using pictures, signs, and implied languages. Based on the principles in the theory of speech acts, Austin (1978: 101) distinguished three kinds of speech acts, namely locution, ilocution and perlocution, that occur simultaneously. In this journal, the author will focus on a Cigarette Ad namely Sampoerna Hijau version of "Visiting Invitation", with its tagline "The Pleasure of Togetherness". The analysis on this ad aims to analyze what implied messages actually in this ad, which are more detailed, such as the form of speech acts locution, ilocution and perlocution in advertising. The advertisement "Visiting Invitation" does not seem to have anything to do with Sampoerna Hijau Cigarettes. Thus, it is necessary to do analysis using Semiotics method to find the relationship between the advertisement and the expectation of producer to make the audience buy his product.

Little is known about differences between adolescents&rsquo, and adults&rsquo, exposure to e-cigarette advertising in various media channels, such as retail establishments, print, television, radio, and digital marketing. We examined the exposure to e-cigarette advertising in these channels amongst adolescents (13&ndash, 17), young adults (18&ndash, 25), and older adults (26+). Adolescents (N = 1124), young adults (N = 809), and adults (N = 4186) were recruited through two nationally representative phone surveys from 2014&ndash, 2015. Lifetime e-cigarette advertising exposure was prevalent (84.5%). Overall, older adult males and older adult cigarette smokers reported the highest exposure to e-cigarette advertising (p &lt, 0.001). Television was the largest source of exposure for all age groups. Adolescents and young adults had higher odds than older adults of exposure through television and digital marketing. However, adolescents had lower odds than young adults and older adults of exposure through retailers and print media. Although e-cigarette advertising appears to be reaching the intended audience of adult smokers, vulnerable populations are being exposed at high rates via television and digital marketing. Regulations aimed at curbing exposure through these media channels are needed, as are counter advertising and prevention campaigns.

ObjectiveTo compare exposure to and use of certain cigarette and vaping product marketing among adult smokers and vapers in four countries with contrasting regulations—Australia (AU), Canada, England and the USA.Data sourcesAdult smokers and vapers (n=12 294) from the 2016 International Tobacco Control (ITC) Four Country Smoking and Vaping Survey (4CV1).AnalysisSelf-reported exposure to cigarette and vaping product advertising through point-of-sale, websites/social media, emails/texts, as well as exposure to and use of price offers were assessed for country differences using logistic regression models adjusted for multiple covariates.ResultsReported exposure to cigarette advertising exposure at point-of-sale was higher in the USA (52.1%) than in AU, Canada and England (10.5%–18.5%). Exposure to cigarette advertising on websites/social media and emails/texts was low overall (1.5%–10.4%). Reported exposure to vaping ads at point-of-sale was higher in England (49.3%) and USA (45.9%) than in Canada (32.5%), but vaping ad exposure on websites/social media in Canada (15.1%) was similar with England (18.4%) and the USA (12.1%). Exposure to vaping ads via emails/texts was low overall (3.1%–9.9%). Exposure to, and use of, cigarette price offers was highest in the USA (34.0 % and 17.8 %, respectively), but the use rate among those exposed was highest in AU (64.9%). Exposure to, and use of, price offers for vaping products was higher in the USA (42.3 % and 21.7 %) than in AU, Canada and England (25.9%–31.5 % and 7.4%–10.3 %).ConclusionsPatterns of cigarette and vaping product marketing exposure generally reflected country-specific policies, except for online vaping ads. Implications for research and policy are discussed.

O objetivo deste trabalho é analisar as estratégias de comunicação utilizadas pela marca Marlboro desde 1924 até os dias atuais. Pretende-se: identificar as estratégias de comunicação e os tipos de campanha utilizados pela marca nesse período; verificar as recorrências e mudanças ocorridas no conteúdo das campanhas publicitárias da marca no período, com a elaboração de uma linha cronológica; descrever que aspectos da Lei Antifumo interferiram na campanha publicitária de cigarro e identificar as principais estratégias utilizadas desde então. Foram analisados: conteúdo das mensagens, tipos de campanha e estratégias de comunicação em anúncios publicitários da marca veiculados em revistas, no período de 1924 a 1998. Os resultados demonstram que a marca utilizou várias estratégias de comunicação, porém a mais utilizada foi a de posicionamento, e os tipos de campanha mais utilizados pela marca foram de propaganda, lançamento e institucional. Como conclusão, o estudo apresenta a evolução da publicidade dessa marca tabagista que conseguiu se manter como a primeira no mercado.

This study aims to determine the public's interpretation of the outdoor media for cigarette advertising and the healthy lifestyle of the people of Sawidesing Village. The research method used is descriptive qualitative method. Data were obtained through interviews, surveys, and documentation. The results showed that the outdoor media for cigarette advertising is a very helpful message in bridging the understanding of the existence of a cigarette product, especially useful on the sales side. Meanwhile, regarding cigarettes and their healthy lifestyle, smoking is a part of life that really helps all their daily activities. Cigarettes actually become an element that makes citizens always healthy in their activities from young to old.

Calfee and Ringold’s 1992 article “The Cigarette Advertising Controversy: Assumptions about Consumers, Regulation, and Scientific Debate” (Advances in Consumer Research) rejected the prevailing view that advertising is a powerful influence that consumers are ill prepared to resist, discussed the pervasive desire to supplant consumer judgments with those of regulators, and criticized the common substitution of ad hominem attacks for reasoned arguments. In this article, I argue that scientific inquiry in the public interest must begin with a genuine respect for human autonomy, an appreciation of the fallibility of scientists and scientific inquiry, an understanding of consumer competence, and cognizance of both market and regulatory failures. We should explicitly consider the net impact of regulatory means and ends, and judge one another's assumptions, arguments, and evidence on the merits. To do anything less is to diminish the integrity and relevance of scientific research necessary to formulate p...

We study the cross-effects of the beer market on U.S. cigarette demand. The extant literature has mainly focused on the cigarettes and (hard) liquor relationship with inconclusive findings on substitution or complementarity. Our results show cigarettes and beer serve as complements as supported through beer price (tax) and non-price (regulation) channels. We also find negative and elastic cigarette demand and positive income elasticity. Border effects, both intranational and international, as well as habit-formation effects are significant, while the effects of cigarette advertising and income inequality are insignificant. Policy implications are discussed.

Licensing and brand sharing arrangements, where a fee or royalty is paid for use of a name, is a common strategic consideration to provide a newly introduced product or service with an immediate and proven brand identity (table 1).1 Serving as such an example, Korean Tomorrow and Global (KT&G), which is South Korea’s leading tobacco firm, launched a new cigarette brand, Tonino Lamborghini, on 18 April 2012, where the branding resembles the legendary Italian luxury sports car maker (figure 1A,B).2 3 According to The Moodie Report , it took 1 year of negotiation to reach a brand licensing agreement and 3 years to develop the cigarette product.4 The cigarette brand was initially offered in two variants, L8 (predominantly black package) and L6 (predominantly yellow package), with reported tar deliveries of 8.0 mg and 6.0 mg, respectively. Compared with KT&G’s other product offerings, Tonino Lamborghini cigarettes have considerably higher reported tar deliveries and such product characteristics contribute to the brand’s masculine, powerful and assertive image.4–8 Tonino Lamborghini now offers additional brand variants, including ‘Ice Volt’ (figure 2), which is mentholated and has promotional claims that the product possesses ‘the thrilling taste of powerful cooling freshness,’ and ‘Ice Tornado,’ which is described as having a strong, fresh and cool flavour and …

AbstracCigarette advertisement is one of the ads that has an interesting concept because it is limited by some laws. So inevitably, demand that cigarette’s advertisement thinks harder in their efforts to display a cigarette without displaying the shape and embodiment of its product. So, don’t be surprised if cigarette advertisement can cause many interpretations and even cause contradiction in society. This case of cigarette advertisement A MILD Edition “Mula Mula Malu-Malu, Lama Lama Mau”. Based on the results of research by using analysis of Roland Barthes, then cigarette advertising shows that the advertisement does not apply of the principle of gender equality and woman’s emancipation, even advertising tend to be patriarchy, bend and change the image of woman in accordance with the product offered. Keyword: Advertisement, cigarette, woman

Japan is one of the world&rsquo, s largest cigarette markets and the top heated tobacco product (HTP) market. No forms of tobacco advertising, promotion, and sponsorship (TAPS) are banned under national law, although the industry has some voluntary TAPS restrictions. This study examines Japanese tobacco users&rsquo, self-reported exposure to cigarette and HTP marketing through eight channels, as well as their support for TAPS bans. Data are from the 2018 ITC Japan Survey, a cohort survey of adult exclusive cigarette smokers (n = 3288), exclusive HTP users (n = 164), HTP-cigarette dual users (n = 549), and non-users (n = 614). Measures of overall average exposure to the eight channels of cigarette and HTP advertising were constructed to examine differences in exposure across user groups and products. Dual users reported the highest exposure to cigarette and HTP advertising. Tobacco users (those who used cigarettes, HTPs, or both) reported higher average exposure to HTP compared to cigarette advertising, however non-users reported higher average exposure to cigarette compared to HTP advertising. Retail stores where tobacco or HTPs are sold were the most prevalent channel for HTP and cigarette advertising, reported by 30&ndash, 43% of non-users to 66&ndash, 71% of dual users. Non-users reported similar exposure to cigarette advertising via television and newspapers/magazines as cigarette smokers and dual users, however, advertising via websites/social media was lower among non-users and HTP users than among cigarette smokers and dual users (p &lt, 0.05). Most respondents supported a ban on cigarette (54%) and HTP (60%) product displays in stores, and cigarette advertising in stores (58%).

BackgroundTobacco product advertising has been shown to reach youth and promote initiation. This study assessed trends in e-cigarette advertising expenditures in the USA during 2014–2018, overall and by manufacturer and media type.MethodsData came from Kantar Media, which provides information on US advertising expenditures, including for e-cigarettes. Advertising expenditures were estimated as the dollar amount spent by e-cigarette companies to purchase advertising space in print, television, Internet, radio and outdoors. Dollar amounts were adjusted to 2017 dollars. Trends in e-cigarette advertising expenditures during 2014–2018 were analysed using Joinpoint regression overall, by media type, and by manufacturers based on 2017–2018 national sales.ResultsTotal e-cigarette advertising expenditures in print, radio, television, Internet and outdoors decreased substantially from US$133 million in 2014 to US$48 million in 2017, followed by an increase to US$110 million in 2018. By media type, expenditures were highest for print advertising, irrespective of year. By manufacturer, Altria had the highest e-cigarette advertising expenditures, totalling over US$134 million during 2014–2018. Imperial Tobacco had the second highest, totalling over US$85 million during 2014–2018, while JUUL Labs had the highest single-year expenditures, spending over US$73 million in 2018 alone.ConclusionsE-cigarette advertising expenditures have been volatile in the USA, with declines in traditional advertising venues during 2014–2017 that may reflect a shift towards social media. However, an increase occurred in 2018 that is likely reflective of advertising by newer manufacturers. Continued monitoring of e-cigarette advertising is important to inform tobacco control strategies.

Electronic cigarette (e-cigarette) advertising regulations differ across countries. This study examines how differences in e-cigarette advertising regulations influence exposure to e-cigarette advertising, and perceptions about what participants had seen and read about e-cigarettes. Data come from the ITC Four Country Survey (Canada [CA], United States [US], Australia [AU] and United Kingdom [UK]) carried out between August 2013 and March 2015 (n = 3460). In 2014, AU and CA had laws prohibiting the retail sale of e-cigarettes containing nicotine while the US and UK had no restrictions, although a voluntary agreement restricting advertising in the UK was introduced during fieldwork. Smokers and ex-smokers were asked whether in the last six months they had noticed e-cigarettes advertisements and received free samples/special offers (promotion), and about their perceptions (positive or otherwise) of what they had seen or read about e-cigarettes. Data were analyzed in 2017. US and UK participants were more likely to report that they had noticed e-cigarette advertisements and received promotions compared to CA or AU participants. For TV and radio advertisements, reported exposure was higher in US compared to UK. For all types of advertisements, reported exposure was higher in CA than AU. Overall, nearly half of AU (44.0%) and UK (47.8%) participants perceived everything they had seen and read about e-cigarettes to be positive, with no significant differences between AU and UK. Participants in countries with permissive e-cigarette advertising restrictions and less restrictive e-cigarette regulations were more likely to notice advertisements than participants in countries with more restrictive e-cigarette regulations.

Exposure to cigarette advertising can increase the likelihood of youth smoking initiation and may encourage people who already smoke to continue. Requiring prominent, graphic warning labels could reduce these effects. We test whether graphic versus text-only warning labels in cigarette advertisements influence cognitive and emotional factors associated with youth susceptibility to smoking and adult intentions to quit. We conducted two randomized, between-subjects experiments with middle-school youth (n = 474) and adult smokers (n = 451). Both studies employed a two (graphic or text-only warnings) by two (advertisements with social cues or brand imagery) factorial design with a fifth, offset control group (social cue advertisements with the current US Surgeon General's Warning). Graphic warnings outperformed text-only warnings in reducing visual attention to the advertisement, generating visual attention to the warning and arousing more negative affect. Graphic warnings also reduced the appeal of cigarette brands among youth relative to social cue advertisements with the Surgeon General's warnings. None of the warnings (graphic or textual) influenced health risk beliefs. Graphic warning labels on cigarette advertisements appear to have effects similar to those observed on cigarette packs in previous work, with an added benefit of reducing cigarette brand appeal among youth.

Purpose: To describe the presence of licensed tobacco retailers (LTRs), cigarette advertisements, price-reducing promotions, and compliance with tobacco control policies in New York State from 2004 to 2015 and to discuss implications and lessons learned from 11 years of experience conducting LTR surveys. Design: Annual surveys of tobacco advertising from cross-sectional, stratified random samples of LTRs in New York State from 2004 to 2015 were conducted by professional data collectors. Data for 2013 were unavailable as the survey was not fielded in that year. Setting: New York State. Participants: Licensed tobacco retailers, which are stores licensed to sell tobacco in the state of New York. Between 3.6% (n = 800) and 19.7% (n = 3945) of all LTRs were sampled annually. Measures: The presence and number of cigarette advertisements and the presence of price-reducing promotions, required age-of-sale signage, and self-service tobacco displays were documented. Analysis: We tested for significant differences between 2014 and 2015 and significant trends overall and by outlet type. We used logistic regression for binary outcomes and Poisson regression for count variables. Results: The number of LTRs in New York State decreased 22.9% from 2004 (n = 25 740) to 2015 (n = 19 855). The prevalence and number of cigarette advertisements and the prevalence of cigarette price-reducing promotions decreased significantly over time. Compliance with posting required age-of-sale signs increased significantly from 2004 to 2015 and from 2014 to 2015. Compliance with the ban on self-service tobacco displays was consistently near 100%. Conclusion: The tobacco retail environment in New York State improved substantially from 2004 to 2015. The implications of these findings for youth and adult smoking and the associated social costs are unknown; however, decreases in pro-tobacco marketing, decreases in the number of LTRs, and improvements in compliance are likely to have positive impacts on youth and adult smoking outcomes, such as reduced initiation and increased cessation, given previous research findings.

Background Tobacco advertising, promotion and sponsorship is an important policy domain for tobacco control. There is emerging evidence that e-cigarettes are being marketed to consumers using similar techniques and strategies deployed by the tobacco industry. This study explores the extent to which advertising, promotion and sponsorship restrictions or bans are being applied to e-cigarette products across the globe. Methods National policies regulating e-cigarettes were identified primarily through direct contact with representatives of Ministries of Health or tobacco control experts in approximately 130 countries. Further, media monitoring was used to identify emerging or new e-cigarette advertising, promotion and sponsorship policies/legislation, which resulted in direct contact with in-country experts. Copies of written policies were reviewed and policies/approaches were categorized. Finally, policy summaries and classifications were verified by in-country experts including Ministry of Health staff. Results The study identified 79 countries that enacted policies regulating e-cigarettes. Of these, 58 countries had a policy regulating any or all aspects of advertising and/or promotion and/or sponsorship. In many cases restrictions include conforming to specific guidelines on the type of media where advertising may be permitted and locations where it is prohibited. Six countries apply the advertising restrictions only to nicotine-containing e-cigarettes that are regulated as medicines. Twenty countries have a policy restricting or banning sponsorship related to e-cigarettes (nicotine and non-nicotine), including eight countries that specifically prohibit cross-border sponsorship of e-cigarettes. Conclusions The results of this scan determine that advertising and promotion restrictions or bans are included in the majority of countries that are regulating e-cigarette products. Fewer countries regulate the practice of sponsorship. Monitoring the status of e-cigarette legislation will support further research to measure the impact or effect of policies.