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Chlorate is a food contaminant that is mainly attributed to the use of chlorinated water and disinfectants. The present study investigated if chlorate could also occur as a process contaminant in chemical leavening agents for baking products. Thus, a sensitive and rapid ultrahigh-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry method was developed and validated. Chlorate was quantified using an isotopically labeled internal standard after complete degassing of carbonate-based products. The limit of detection/limit of quantification was 0.02 and 0.1 mg/kg, respectively, with recovery rates between 97.0 and 101.2% (concentration levels: 0.3, 1.4, or 5.0 mg/kg). Samples of baking powder, sodium bicarbonate, ammonium bicarbonate, and potassium carbonate were analyzed. Chlorate was detected in all samples of baking powder in concentrations of 0.23-1.87 mg/kg. Potassium carbonate contained the highest chlorate levels, with a maximum of 60.9 mg/kg. These results indicate that baking powder and, particularly, potassium carbonate can be relevant sources of chlorate in food.

Perchlorate is a widespread drinking water contaminant with regulatory standards ranging from 2 to 18 μg/L. The hydrogen-based membrane-biofilm reactor (MBfR) can effectively reduce perchlorate, but it is challenging to achieve low-µg/L levels. We explored chlorate addition to increase the abundance of perchlorate-reducing bacteria (PRB) and improve removals. MBfR reactors were operated with and without chlorate addition. Results show that chlorate doubled the abundance of putative PRB (e.g., Rhodocyclales) and improved perchlorate reduction to 23 ± 17 µg/L, compared to 53 ± 37 µg/L in the control. Sulfate reduction was substantially inhibited during chlorate addition, but quickly recovered once suspended. Our results suggest that chlorate addition can enhance perchlorate reduction by providing a selective pressure for PRB. It also decreases net sulfate reduction. KEY POINTS: • Chlorate increased the abundance of perchlorate-reducing bacteria • Chlorate addition improved perchlorate removal • Chlorate appeared to suppress sulfate reduction.

Soilless crop production is spread worldwide. It is a cultivating technique that enhances yield quality and quantity, thus contributing to both food safety and food security. However, in closed-loop soilless crops, the risk of spreading soil-borne pathogens through the recycled nutrient solution makes the establishment of a disinfection strategy necessary. In the current study, sodium hypochlorite was applied to the recycled nutrient solution as a chemical disinfectant to assess its impact on plant growth, leaf gas exchange, fruit yield, tissue mineral composition, and possible accumulation of chlorate and perchlorate residues in tomato fruits. The application of 2.5, 5, and 7.5 mg L−1 of chlorine three times at fortnightly intervals during the cropping period had no impact on plant growth or gas exchange parameters. Furthermore, the application of 2.5 mg L−1 of chlorine led to a significant increase in the total production of marketable fruits (total fruit weight per plant). No consistent differences in nutrient concentrations were recorded between the treatments. Moreover, neither chlorate nor perchlorate residues were detected in tomato fruits, even though chlorate residues were present in the nutrient solution. Therefore, the obtained tomatoes were safe for consumption. Further research is needed to test the application of chlorine in combination with crop inoculation with pathogens to test the efficiency of chlorine as a disinfectant in soilless nutrient solutions.

Chlorate (ClO3-) is a common water pollutant due to its gigantic scale of production, wide applications in agriculture and industry, and formation as a toxic byproduct in various water treatment processes. This work reports on the facile preparation, mechanistic elucidation, and kinetic evaluation of a bimetallic catalyst for highly active ClO3- reduction into Cl-. Under 1 atm H2 and 20 °C, PdII and RuIII were sequentially adsorbed and reduced on a powdered activated carbon support, affording Ru0-Pd0/C from scratch within only 20 min. The Pd0 particles significantly accelerated the reductive immobilization of RuIII as >55% dispersed Ru0 outside Pd0. At pH 7, Ru-Pd/C shows a substantially higher activity of ClO3- reduction (initial turnover frequency >13.9 min-1 on Ru0; rate constant at 4050 L h-1 gmetal-1) than reported catalysts (e.g., Rh/C, Ir/C, Mo-Pd/C) and the monometallic Ru/C. In particular, Ru-Pd/C accomplished the reduction of concentrated 100 mM ClO3- (turnover number > 11,970), whereas Ru/C was quickly deactivated. In the bimetallic synergy, Ru0 rapidly reduces ClO3- while Pd0 scavenges the Ru-passivating ClO2- and restores Ru0. This work demonstrates a simple and effective design for heterogeneous catalysts tailored for emerging water treatment needs.

Chlorine is abundant in cells and biomolecules, yet the biology of chlorine oxidation and reduction is poorly understood. Some bacteria encode the enzyme chlorite dismutase (Cld), which detoxifies chlorite (ClO2−) by converting it to chloride (Cl−) and molecular oxygen (O2). Cld is highly specific for chlorite and aside from low hydrogen peroxide activity has no known alternative substrate. Here, we reasoned that because chlorite is an intermediate oxidation state of chlorine, Cld can be used as a biomarker for oxidized chlorine species. Cld was abundant in metagenomes from various terrestrial habitats. About 5% of bacterial and archaeal genera contain a microorganism encoding Cld in its genome, and within some genera Cld is highly conserved. Cld has been subjected to extensive horizontal gene transfer. Genes found to have a genetic association with Cld include known genes for responding to reactive chlorine species and uncharacterized genes for transporters, regulatory elements, and putative oxidoreductases that present targets for future research. Cld was repeatedly co-located in genomes with genes for enzymes that can inadvertently reduce perchlorate (ClO4−) or chlorate (ClO3−), indicating that in situ (per)chlorate reduction does not only occur through specialized anaerobic respiratory metabolisms. The presence of Cld in genomes of obligate aerobes without such enzymes suggested that chlorite, like hypochlorous acid (HOCl), might be formed by oxidative processes within natural habitats. In summary, the comparative genomics of Cld has provided an atlas for a deeper understanding of chlorine oxidation and reduction reactions that are an underrecognized feature of biology.

The increasing use of chlorine- or chloramine-containing irrigation waters to minimize foodborne pathogens is raising concerns about the formation and uptake of disinfection byproducts into irrigated produce. Chlorate has received particular attention in the European Union. While previous research demonstrated the formation of chlorate from dark disproportionation reactions of free chlorine and uptake of chlorate into produce from roots, this study evaluated chlorate formation from solar irradiation of chlorine- and chloramine-containing irrigation droplets and uptake through produce surfaces. Sunlight photolysis of 50 μM (3.6 mg/L as Cl2) chlorine significantly enhanced the formation of chlorate, with a 7.2% molar yield relative to chlorine. Chlorate formation was much less significant in sunlit chloramine solutions. In chlorinated solutions containing 270 μg/L bromide, sunlight also induced the conversion of bromide to 280 μg/L bromate. Droplet evaporation and the resulting increase in chlorine concentrations approximately doubled sunlight-induced chlorate formation relative to that in the bulk solutions in which evaporation is negligible. When vegetables (broccoli, cabbage, chicory, lettuce, and spinach) were sprayed with chlorine-containing irrigation water in a sunlit field, sunlight promoted chlorate formation and uptake through vegetable surfaces to concentrations above maximum residue levels in the European Union. Spraying with chloramine-containing waters in the dark minimized chlorate formation and uptake into the vegetables.

Unlike halides, where the kosmotropicity decreases from fluoride to iodide, the kosmotropic nature of halates apparently increases from chlorate to iodate, in spite of the lowering in the static ionic polarizability. In this paper, we present an experimental study that confirms the results of previous simulations. The lyotropic nature of aqueous solutions of sodium halates, i.e., NaClO3, NaBrO3, and NaIO3, is investigated through density, conductivity, viscosity, and refractive index measurements as a function of temperature and salt concentration. From the experimental data, we evaluate the activity coefficients and the salt polarizability and assess the anions’ nature in terms of kosmotropicity/chaotropicity. The results clearly indicate that iodate behaves as a kosmotrope, while chlorate is a chaotrope, and bromate shows an intermediate nature. This experimental study confirms that, in the case of halates XO3−, the kosmotropic–chaotropic ranking reverses with respect to halides. We also discuss and revisit the role of the anion’s polarizability in the interpretation of Hofmeister phenomena.

Granulated carbon nanotube-supported palladium and platinum-containing catalysts were developed. By using these, remarkable catalytic activity was achieved in chlorate ion hydrogenation. Nitrogen-doped bamboo-like carbon nanotubes (N-BCNTs) loaded gel beads were prepared by using Ca2+, Ni2+ or Fe3+ ions as precursors for cross-linking of sodium alginate. The gel beads were carbonized at 800 °C, and these granulated carbon nanocomposites (GCNC) were used as supports to prepare palladium and platinum-containing catalysts. All in all, three catalysts were developed and, in each case, >99 n/n% chlorate conversion was reached in the aqueous phase by using the Pd-Pt containing GCNCs, moreover, these systems retained their catalytic activity even after repeated use.

Photoelectrochemical (PEC) activation of chloride ions (Cl

Pseudomonas aeruginosa is an opportunistic bacterial pathogen that often encounters hypoxic/anoxic environments within the host, which increases its tolerance to many conventional antibiotics. Towards identifying novel treatments, we explored the therapeutic potential of chlorate, a pro-drug that kills hypoxic/anoxic, antibiotic-tolerant P. aeruginosa populations. While chlorate itself is relatively nontoxic, it is enzymatically reduced to the toxic oxidizing agent, chlorite, by hypoxically-induced nitrate reductase. To better assess chlorate’s therapeutic potential, we investigated mechanisms of chlorate toxicity and resistance in P. aeruginosa. We used transposon mutagenesis to identify genes that alter P. aeruginosa fitness during chlorate treatment, finding that methionine sulfoxide reductases (Msr), which repair oxidized methionine residues, support survival during chlorate stress. Chlorate treatment leads to proteome-wide methionine oxidation, which is exacerbated in a ∆msrA∆msrB strain. In response to chlorate, P. aeruginosa upregulates proteins involved in a wide range of functions, including metabolism, DNA replication/repair, protein repair, transcription, and translation, and these newly synthesized proteins are particularly vulnerable to methionine oxidation. The addition of exogenous methionine partially rescues P. aeruginosa survival during chlorate treatment, suggesting that widespread methionine oxidation contributes to death. Finally, we found that mutations that decrease nitrate reductase activity are a common mechanism of chlorate resistance.

Several exposure limits for perchlorate have been developed based on an early key event, inhibition of radioactive iodide uptake (RAIU) by the thyroid. These assessments have used a variety of definitions of the point of departure. The current assessment revisited the modeling for inhibition of RAIU, using state of the science methods. Bayesian hierarchical modeling was used to account for the repeated measures on the same individuals in the key dataset, and the underlying Beta distribution used for the modeling correctly reflected the bounding of RAIU between 0 and 1. We defined the BMR as a point value of 8% RAIU (rather than a change in RAIU), based on descriptions in the medical literature that RAIU below this value is considered abnormal. Because a definition of the BMR based on the mean response would correspond to about 50% of the population with a response below the BMR at the benchmark dose, we used a hybrid definition of the BMR. That is, the BMD was defined as the dose at which it was estimated that there would be a 10% extra risk in the population of having RAIU of 8% or lower. The resulting point of departure based on the BMDL was 0.03 mg/kg-day.

Electrooxidation (EO) has been shown effective in degrading per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) in water, but concurrent formation of chlorate and perchlorate in the presence of chloride is of concern due to their toxicity. This study examined EO treatment of three representative PFASs, perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS), perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) and 6:2 fluorotelomer sulfonate (6:2 FTS), in chloride-containing solutions on pristine and surface-fluorinated Ti

Macrophomina phaseolina, is a pathogenic soil-borne fungus that affects more than 500 plant species, causing various types of disease to several crops, among which is the crown and root rot disease in strawberry. Its wide variability has been characterized reiteratively in the literature, but little is known about its virulence mechanisms. Morphological, physiological, genetic and phytopathogenic parameters were evaluated among 32 isolates of Macrophomina from different hosts occurring in Argentina and Spain. Colony characteristics, average size of microsclerotia, chlorate phenotype and mycelial growth at different temperatures (5º-40 °C), and pH (3.0-8.0) were recorded. The morphological and physiological traits were heterogeneous and did not show any association with the genetic structure nor with their pathogenicity. Most of the isolates (71.9%) exhibited chlorate-sensitive phenotype. The optimal growth temperature range was between 25 °C and 35 °C, and the optimal pH varied between 4.0 and 6.0. The genetic structure analyzed with four DNA markers (EF-1α, ITS, CAL and TUB) showed little diversity among isolates of M. phaseolina, with no clear association with the country of origin, but a significant association with the host. Based on their phylogenetic affinity, one isolate was reclassified as M. pseudophaseolina and another one as M. tecta. It is the first report of M. pseudophaseolina causing charcoal rot on beans, in Argentina, and the first report of M. tecta outside Australia. Pathogenicity tests on strawberry plants revealed marked host specialization, being the isolates obtained from strawberry more virulent than those from other hosts.

Formation of chlorate (ClO

Perchlorate and chlorate are both strong oxidants and thyroid toxicants that are widely distributed in soil, water and human foods. The red swamp crayfish (Procambarus clarkii) is a common aquatic organism that is popular in Chinese culinary dishes. Dietary intake is the main route of human exposure to perchlorate and chlorate, though the health risks of crayfish consumption are unknown. Thus, this study investigated the quantities of perchlorate and chlorate in red swap crayfish from sampling sites in five provinces located near the Yangtze River in China, along with the associated health risks of consuming this species. Perchlorate was detected in 55.6-100 % of crayfish samples in each sampling location, and chlorate was found in 100 % of samples cross all sites. Concentrations of perchlorate in crayfish from upstream provinces (Hubei, Hunan and Jiangxi) were higher than those from downstream provinces (Anhui and Jiangsu). Perchlorate and chlorate concentrations were positively correlated in crayfish, suggesting that chlorate may be a degradation byproduct of perchlorate. The quantities of both pollutants in hepatopancreas tissue were higher than in muscle tissues (p0.05), such that we do not recommend ingesting crayfish hepatopancreas. Hazard quotient (HQ) values for chlorate in crayfish were1 across all provinces, suggesting no potential health risk of chlorate exposure through crayfish consumption. However, perchlorate concentrations in crayfish from the Jiangxi province had an associated HQ value1, suggesting potential risks for human health. These results will be useful in informing mitigation measures aimed at reducing perchlorate exposure associated with crayfish consumption.

Deliberate addition of mildly oxidative chlorate (ClO

This study for the first time reports dynamic site-specific modulation of sialic acids on synaptic glycoproteins within seconds of depolarization, underpinning sialylation as an important dynamic PTM in cellular signaling., Graphical Abstract Highlights • Comprehensive sialiomics of isolated rat synaptosomes. • Site-specific modulation of sialic acids on surface glycoproteins after brief depolarization. • Sialylation as dynamic modification important for synaptic depolarization-dependent processes., Synaptic transmission leading to release of neurotransmitters in the nervous system is a fast and highly dynamic process. Previously, protein interaction and phosphorylation have been thought to be the main regulators of synaptic transmission. Here we show that sialylation of N-linked glycosylation is a novel potential modulator of neurotransmitter release mechanisms by investigating depolarization-dependent changes of formerly sialylated N-linked glycopeptides. We suggest that negatively charged sialic acids can be modulated, similarly to phosphorylation, by the action of sialyltransferases and sialidases thereby changing local structure and function of membrane glycoproteins. We characterized site-specific alteration in sialylation on N-linked glycoproteins in isolated rat nerve terminals after brief depolarization using quantitative sialiomics. We identified 1965 formerly sialylated N-linked glycosites in synaptic proteins and found that the abundances of 430 glycosites changed after 5 s depolarization. We observed changes on essential synaptic proteins such as synaptic vesicle proteins, ion channels and transporters, neurotransmitter receptors and cell adhesion molecules. This study is to our knowledge the first to describe ultra-fast site-specific modulation of the sialiome after brief stimulation of a biological system.

Understanding characteristics that permit survival and growth of Paucilactobacillus wasatchensis as part of the nonstarter microbiota of cheese is important for minimizing unwanted gas formation in cheese that can cause downgrading because of slits and cracks. The ability of Plb. wasatchensis WDC04 to survive pasteurization was studied by inoculating raw milk with 108 cfu/mL and measuring survival after processing through a high-temperature, short-time pasteurizer. Extent and rate of growth of Plb. wasatchensis WDC04 as a function of pH, salt concentration, and presence of various organic acids were studied using 48-well microplates in an automated spectrophotometer measuring optical density at 600 nm. Better growth in the 1-mL wells was obtained when a micro-anaerobic environment (similar to that which occurs in cheese) was created by enzymically removing the oxygen. Faster growth occurred around neutral pH (pH 6 to 8) than at pH 5 (cheese pH), whereas only marginal growth occurred at pH 4. Adding sodium chloride retarded growth of Plb. wasatchensis WDC04, but slow growth occurred even at salt concentrations up to 6%. At salt-in-moisture (S/M) concentrations found in cheese, the rate of growth at 3.5% S/M >4.5% S/M >5.5% S/M. Thus, low salt level in cheese is a risk factor for Plb. wasatchensis growth during cheese storage and unwanted slits and cracks. Some of the organic acids tested (propionic, formic, and citric) tended to suppress growth of Plb. wasatchensis WDC04 more than would be expected from their effect on pH. No survival of Plb. wasatchensis WDC04 after pasteurization was observed with the reduction in numbers being 8 logs or more. Even subpasteurization heating at 69°C for 15 s was sufficient to inactivate Plb. wasatchensis WDC04, so its presence as part of the nonstarter microbiota of cheese should be considered as a postpasteurization environmental contamination.

Histomoniasis is currently a re-emerging disease of major significance for many commercial turkey and broiler breeder production companies because of the unavailability of drugs or vaccines. The protozoa Histomonas meleagridis (HM) requires the presence of enteric microflora to promote the disease. The objectives of this research note were to evaluate the effect of dietary administration of sodium chlorate (SC) and sodium nitrate (SN) in vitro and in vivo for HM prophylaxis in poults. A total of 128 day-of-hatch female poults obtained from a commercial hatchery were wing-tagged and randomly assigned into 1 of 4 experimental groups: negative control (NC), positive control, dietary inclusion of SC (3,200 ppm) and SN (500 ppm). Poults from groups SC and SN started on their respective diets on day 12. All groups, except the NC, were challenged with 2 × 105 HM on day 19. Controls were fed a basal diet, identical to the treatment diets but not supplemented with SC or SN. Body weight gain (BWG) was determined weekly, starting on day 1 until day 28, and postchallenge morbidity and mortality were recorded. On day 28 of age, all surviving poults were lesion scored for hepatic and cecal lesions. Ceca and distal ileum were collected on day 28 for bacterial recovery on selective media for total aerobic, lactic acid bacteria, or gram-negative bacteria. The addition of SC and SN in the in vitro growth of HM greatly reduced the growth of the protozoa after 20 h of incubation when compared with the control nontreated group (P

A key step in the chlorine cycle is the reduction of perchlorate (ClO4-) and chlorate (ClO3-) to chloride by microbial respiratory pathways. Perchlorate-reducing bacteria and chlorate-reducing bacteria differ in that the latter cannot use perchlorate, the most oxidized chlorine compound. However, a recent study identified a bacterium with the chlorate reduction pathway dominating a community provided only perchlorate. Here we confirm a metabolic interaction between perchlorate- and chlorate-reducing bacteria and define its mechanism. Perchlorate-reducing bacteria supported the growth of chlorate-reducing bacteria to up to 90% of total cells in communities and co-cultures. Chlorate-reducing bacteria required the gene for chlorate reductase to grow in co-culture with perchlorate-reducing bacteria, demonstrating that chlorate is responsible for the interaction, not the subsequent intermediates chlorite and oxygen. Modeling of the interaction suggested that cells specialized for chlorate reduction have a competitive advantage for consuming chlorate produced from perchlorate, especially at high concentrations of perchlorate, because perchlorate and chlorate compete for a single enzyme in perchlorate-reducing cells. We conclude that perchlorate-reducing bacteria inadvertently support large populations of chlorate-reducing bacteria in a parasitic relationship through the release of the intermediate chlorate. An implication of these findings is that undetected chlorate-reducing bacteria have likely negatively impacted efforts to bioremediate perchlorate pollution for decades.

The objective of this study was to assess the effects of electrochemically activated drinking water (ECW) on milk chlorate, milk perchlorate, milk iodine, milk composition, milk fatty acid profile, and overall performance of dairy cows. Ten Red Danish cows in mid-lactation (203 ± 31 d in milk; average ± SD) were chosen from these 2 groups for intensive sampling. The treated group drank water with 4 ppm of ECW (29 mg/L of chlorate of Neuthox, Danish Clean Water A/S, Sønderborg, Denmark). The treatment lasted 60 consecutive days, with milk and water sampling on d 0, 30, and 60. Additionally, milk samples from both the control group and treated group were taken on d 90 to assess if any carry-over effect was present. Interactions between period and milk yield and somatic cell for the full group and period and milk fat content and milk urea nitrogen in the selected animals occurred. Milk yield was not significantly affected by treatments. Milk fat, milk fatty acid profile, chlorate, perchlorate, and iodine contents were not significantly different between treatments. Milk urea increased, whereas β-hydroxybutyrate and somatic cell count decreased significantly in the treated groups. Results showed that at a dosing of 4 ppm of ECW, both chlorate and perchlorate concentrations in milk (

Chlorine, chlorine dioxide, and ozone are widely used as disinfectants in drinking water treatments. However, the combined use of different disinfectants can result in the formation of various organic and inorganic disinfection byproducts (DBPs). The toxic interactions, including synergism, addition, and antagonism, among the complex DBPs are still unclear. In this study, we established and verified a real-time cell analysis (RTCA) method for cytotoxicity measurement on Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cell. Using this convenient and accurate method, we assessed the cytotoxicity of a series of binary combinations consisting of one of the 3 inorganic DBPs (chlorite, chlorate, and bromate) and one of the 32 regulated and emerging organic DBPs. The combination index (CI) of each combination was calculated and evaluated by isobolographic analysis to reflect the toxic interactions. The results confirmed the synergistic effect on cytotoxicity in the binary combinations consisting of chlorite and one of the 5 organic DBPs (2 iodinated DBPs (I-DBPs) and 3 brominated DBPs (Br-DBPs)), chlorate and one of the 4 organic DBPs (3 aromatic DBPs and dibromoacetonitrile), and bromate and one of the 3 organic DBPs (2 I-DBPs and dibromoacetic acid). The possible synergism mechanism of organic DBPs on the inorganic ones may be attributed to the influence of organic DBPs on cell membrane and cell antioxidant system. This study revealed the toxic interactions among organic and inorganic DBPs, and emphasized the latent adverse outcomes in the combined use of different disinfectants.

Upon the European commission’s request in 2013, Denmark initiated a survey of the levels of chlorate and perchlorate in agriculture products from the Danish market over a period of 4 years from 2014 to 2017. The results of the survey were used to guide decision making with a view to setting maximum levels for intra-Union trade in 2013 and reviewing and updating the levels from 2020. The results of the Danish survey and the employed analytical method are documented in this paper. In addition to the 89 domestic samples, 30 samples of foreign origin were analysed for chlorate and perchlorate, together with ten samples of baby food and seven samples of infant formula collected from the Danish market. Samples were extracted using the Quick Polar Pesticides extraction method (QuPPe) and analysed on a triple quadrupole LC-MS/MS system. The levels of both chlorate and perchlorate detected in samples originating from Denmark were lower than the current MRLs except for a single sample of lettuce. Moreover, the percentage of foreign samples that were positive for chlorate and perchlorate residues was higher than the percentage of domestic samples. The reason for the generally low levels and low frequency of chlorate and perchlorate in Danish products is most likely linked to the fact that the water supply in Denmark is 100% unchlorinated ground water. The present study shows that residues of perchlorate and chlorate are found in Danish food products at a relatively low frequency and that the levels found are below the EU’s MRLs implemented in 2020.

Perchlorate and chlorate are ubiquitous pollutants in various types of foodstuffs, drinking water and environmental compartments. They have raised great concerns due to potential adverse effects on human thyroid functions. Dietary intake is considered as the predominant pathway for human exposure to perchlorate and chlorate. Nevertheless, data on human exposure to the chemicals above remain limited, particularly for the most vulnerable populations such as infants. In the present study, 62 breast milks, 53 infant formulas, 88 baby supplementary food and 50 tap water samples were collected in South China and the levels of perchlorate and chlorate were measured in these samples. Perchlorate and chlorate were frequently detected in more than 90% of measured samples. In these different types of samples, the median concentrations of perchlorate were 0.65 μg/L, 0.61 μg/kg, 0.56 μg/kg and 1.18 μg/L, respectively, while the median concentrations of chlorate were 1.73 μg/L, 2.48 μg/kg, 2.67 μg/kg and non-detected, respectively. Health risk assessment using hazard quotient suggested that perchlorate and chlorate exposure in the sampled baby food are not expected to increase the risk of an adverse health effect. To our knowledge, this is the first study simultaneously investigating perchlorate and chlorate exposure in Chinese infants via food intake.

Drinking water utilities are interested in upgrading their treatment facilities to enhance micropollutant removal and byproduct control. Pre-oxidation by chlorine dioxide (ClO

A model was developed for predicting a locked signal under a series of refocusing pulses for Nuclear Quadrupole Resonance (NQR) of spin I=32 and tested with a powder of KClO

The fate of sodium [36Cl]chlorite in simulated intestinal fluids and residues of chlorate in broiler chickens fed 0, 10, 100, or 1000 mg•kg-1 of dietary sodium chlorite for 7 days was determined. [36Cl]Chlorite was stable in water and simulated intestinal fluid during 6 h incubations but was rapidly degraded to chlorine dioxide, sodium chloride, and sodium chlorate in simulated gastric fluids. Addition of starch, citrate, or soybean shifted the relative proportions of chloroxyanions formed; addition of ferrous chloride caused quantitative formation of sodium chloride in gastric and intestinal fluids. [36Cl]Chlorite underwent reductive transformation when fortified into chicken serum. Residues of chlorate in broiler chickens ranged from 3.5 to 374 ng•g-1 in gizzard, were

Cellulose grains were carbonized and applied as catalyst supports for nickel- and magnetite-promoted bimetallic palladium- and platinum-containing catalysts. The bimetallic spherical aggregates of Pd and Pt particles were created to enhance the synergistic effect among the precious metals during catalytic processes. As a first step, the cellulose bead-based supports were impregnated by nitrate salts of nickel and iron and carbonized at 973 K. After this step, the nickel was in an elemental state, while the iron was in a magnetite form in the corresponding supports. Then, Pd and Pt particles were deposited onto the supports and the catalyst surface, precious metal nanoparticles (10–20 nm) were clustered inside spherical aggregated particles 500–600 nm in size. The final bimetallic catalysts (i.e., Pd–Pt/CCB, Pd–Pt/Ni–CCB, and Pd–Pt/Fe3O4–CCB) were tested in hydrogenation of chlorate ions in the aqueous phase. For the nickel-promoted Pd–Pt catalyst, a &gt, 99% chlorate conversion was reached after 45 min at 80 °C. In contrast, the magnetite-promoted sample reached an 84.6% chlorate conversion after 3 h. Reuse tests were also carried out with the catalysts, and in the case of Pd–Pt/Ni–CCB after five cycles, the catalytic activity only decreased by ~7% which proves the stability of the system.

To establish a method for determination of perchlorate and chlorate in infant formula by ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry(UPLC-MS/MS).Chlorate-~(18)O_3 and perchlorate-~(18)O_4 were added to the samples, and the filtrate was collected and analyzed by UPLC-MS/MS by vortex mixing, extraction, centrifugation and filtration. The mobile phase was 20 mmol/L ammonium formate and acetonitrile. The Waters Torus~(TM) DEA(2.1 mm×100 mm, 1.7 μm)column was used to separate chlorate and perchlorate. The negative spray ionization(ESI-) was used. The multi-response monitoring(MRM) mode was used for monitoring. The internal standard method was used for quantification.The linear relationships of chlorate and perchlorate were good in the range of 0.2-200 μg/L and 0.1-100 μg/L(R~2gt; 0.999), respectively. The detection limits(LOD, S/N=3) of chlorate and perchlorate were 0.35 μg/kg and 0.12 μg/kg, respectively, and the quantitative limits(LOQ, S/N=10) of chlorate and perchlorate were 1.16 μg/kg and 0.40 μg/kg, respectively. At the addition levels of 15.0, 75.0 and 150 μg/kg, the chlorate recovery was 91.9%-102.8% and the relative standard deviation(RSD, n=6) was 2.5%-4.4%. At the addition levels of 7.5, 37.5 and 75.0 μg/kg, the recovery rate of perchlorate was 91.3%-106.3% and the RSD(n=6) was 2.6%-3.9%. CONCLUSTION The method is simple, rapid, sensitive and accurate, and is suitable for simultaneous analysis of perchlorate and chlorate in various complex substrates.

It is fairly crucial to detect inorganic explosives through a sensitive and fast method in the field of public safety, nevertheless, the high non-volatility and stability characteristics severely confine their accurate on-site detection from a real-world surface. In this work, an efficient, simple and cost effective method was developed to fabricate uniform silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) immobilized on polyurethane (PU) sponge through the in-situ reduction of polydopamine (PDA) based on mussel-inspired surface chemistry, in virtue of a large quantities catechol and amine functional groups. The formed PU@PDA@Ag sponges exhibited high SERS sensitivity, uniformity and reproducibility to 4-Aminothiophenol (4-ATP) probe molecule, and the limit of detection was calculated to be about 0.02 nmol L−1. Moreover, these PU@PDA@Ag sponges could be served as excellent flexible SERS substrates to rapidly detect trace inorganic explosives with high collection efficiency via swabbing extraction. The detection limit for perchlorates (ClO4−), chlorates (ClO3−) and nitrates (NO3−) were approximately down to 0.13, 0.13 and 0.11 ng respectively. These flexible substrates not only could drastically increase the sample collection efficiency, but also enhance analytical sensitivity and reliability for inorganic explosive, and would have a great potential application in the future homeland security fields.

The results of the validation study of the LC-ESI-MS/MS method for the determination of chlorate (ClO3-), perchlorate (ClO4-) and bromate (BrO3-) in water and food samples are summarized. Towards this, 284 samples of drinking water were analysed, out of which the 69% contained chlorate above the limit of quantitation (LOQ) of 0.01 mg/L, with maximum amount of 1.1 mg/L. Only 6 samples were found to be positive with perchlorate at levels

Eutrophication has become a great concern in recent years with the algae blooms in source water resulting in a serious threat posing to the safety of drinking water. Chlorine dioxide (ClO

Background Tyrosine sulfation is a post-translational modification found on many surface receptors and plays an important role in cell-cell and cell-matrix interactions. However, tyrosine sulfation of therapeutic antibodies has only been reported very recently. Because of potential potency and immunogenicity concerns, tyrosine sulfation needs to be controlled during the manufacturing process. Methods and results In this study, we explored methods to modulate antibody tyrosine sulfation during cell line development and upstream production process. We found that tyrosine sulfation levels were significantly different in various Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cell lines due to differential expression of genes in the sulfation pathway including tyrosylprotein sulfotransferase 2 (TPST2) and the sulfation substrate transporter SLC35B2. We also screened chemical inhibitors to reduce tyrosine sulfation in CHO culture and found that sodium chlorate could significantly inhibit tyrosine sulfation while having minimal impact on cell growth and antibody production. We further confirmed this finding in a standard fed-batch production assay. Sodium chlorate at 16 mM markedly inhibited tyrosine sulfation by more than 50% and had no significant impact on antibody titer or quality. Conclusion These data suggest that we can control tyrosine sulfation by selecting CHO cell lines based on the expression level of TPST2/SLC35B2 or adding sodium chlorate in upstream production process. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.

This study is the first that monitored the presence and levels of chlorite, chlorate and bromate in tap drinking water of Egypt. Three hundred and eight samples were collected from 22 governorates across Egypt and were analyzed using a standardized ion chromatography method. Forty-seven samples were contaminated by one or more of the inorganic disinfection by-products (DBPs) and only 12 samples exceeded the admissible maximum contamination levels (MCLs). The ratio of samples detected, and exceeding the MCLs were low relative to the global literature. Chlorate was the most prevalent inorganic DBPs (40 samples; concentration

Potassium chlorate (KClO3) has been widely used to evaluate the divergence in nitrogen use efficiency (NUE) between indica and japonica rice subspecies. This study investigated the transcriptional regulation of major genes involved in the NUE in rice treated with KClO3, which acts as an inhibitor of the reducing activity of nitrate reductase (NR) in higher plants. A set of two KClO3 sensitive nitrate reductase (NR) and two nitrate transporter (NRT) introgression rice lines (BC2F7), carrying the indica alleles of NR or NRT, derived from a cross between Saeilmi (japonica, P1) and Milyang23 (indica, P2), were exposed to KClO3 at the seedling stage. The phenotypic responses were recorded 7 days after treatment, and samples for gene expression, physiological, and biochemical analyses were collected at 0 h (control) and 3 h after KClO3 application. The results revealed that Saeilmi (P1, japonica) and Milyang23 (P2, indica) showed distinctive phenotypic responses. In addition, the expression of OsNR2 was differentially regulated between the roots, stem, and leaf tissues, and between introgression lines. When expressed in the roots, OsNR2 was downregulated in all introgression lines. However, in the stem and leaves, OsNR2 was upregulated in the NR introgression lines, but downregulation in the NRT introgression lines. In the same way, the expression patterns of OsNIA1 and OsNIA2 in the roots, stem, and leaves indicated a differential transcriptional regulation by KClO3, with OsNIA2 prevailing over OsNIA1 in the roots. Under the same conditions, the activity of NR was inhibited in the roots and differentially regulated in the stem and leaf tissues. Furthermore, the transcriptional divergence of OsAMT1.3 and OsAMT2.3, OsGLU1 and OsGLU2, between NR and NRT, coupled with the NR activity pattern in the roots, would indicate the prevalence of nitrate (NO3¯) transport over ammonium (NH4+) transport. Moreover, the induction of catalase (CAT) and polyphenol oxidase (PPO) enzyme activities in Saeilmi (P1, KClO3 resistant), and the decrease in Milyang23 (P2, KClO3 sensitive), coupled with the malondialdehyde (MDA) content, indicated the extent of the oxidative stress, and the induction of the adaptive response mechanism, tending to maintain a balanced reduction–oxidation state in response to KClO3. The changes in the chloroplast pigments and proline content propose these compounds as emerging biomarkers for assessing the overall plant health status. These results suggest that the inhibitory potential of KClO3 on the reduction activity of the nitrate reductase (NR), as well as that of the genes encoding the nitrate and ammonium transporters, and glutamate synthase are tissue-specific, which may differentially affect the transport and assimilation of nitrate or ammonium in rice.

Chlorine dioxide was produced by the reduction of chlorate with hydrogen peroxide in strongly acidic media. To avoid reaction interference during measuring procedures, UV spectra were acquired to monitor the chlorate reduction. This reduction led to the formation of chlorine dioxide and notable concentrations of chlorite and hypochlorous acid/chlorine, suggesting that the hydrogen peroxide:chlorate ratio is important. Once chlorates are transformed to chlorine dioxide, the surplus hydrogen peroxide promoted the further reaction of the chlorinated species down to less-important species. Moreover, chlorine dioxide was stripped with the outlet gas flow. A linear relationship was established between the amount of limiting reagent consumed and the maximum height of the absorption peak at 360 nm after testing with different ratios of hydrogen peroxide and chlorate, allowing calculations of the maximum amount of chlorine dioxide formed. To verify the reproducibility of the method, a test with four replicates was conducted in a hydrogen peroxide/chlorate solution where chlorine dioxide reduction was not promoted due to the presence of surplus chlorate in the reaction medium after the test. Results confirmed the efficient formation of this oxidant, with maximum concentrations of 8.0 ± 0.33 mmol L−1 in 400–450 min and a conversion percentage of 97.6%. Standard deviations of 0.14–0.49 mmol L−1 were obtained during oxidation (3.6–6.5% of the average), indicating good reproducibilit, El dióxido de cloro fue producido por la reducción de clorato con peróxido de hidrógeno en medios fuertemente ácidos. Para evitar la interferencia de la reacción durante los procedimientos de medición, se adquirieron espectros UV para monitorear la reducción de clorato. Esta reducción condujo a la formación de dióxido de cloro y concentraciones notables de clorito y ácido hipocloroso/cloro, lo que sugiere que la relación peróxido de hidrógeno:clorato es importante. Una vez que los cloratos se transforman en dióxido de cloro, el peróxido de hidrógeno excedente promovió la reacción adicional de las especies cloradas hasta las especies menos importantes. Además, el dióxido de cloro se eliminó con el flujo de gas de salida. Se estableció una relación lineal entre la cantidad de reactivo limitante consumido y la altura máxima del pico de absorción a 360 nm después de probar con diferentes proporciones de peróxido de hidrógeno y clorato, lo que permitió calcular la cantidad máxima de dióxido de cloro formado. Para verificar la reproducibilidad del método, se realizó una prueba con cuatro repeticiones en una solución de peróxido de hidrógeno/clorato donde no se promovió la reducción del dióxido de cloro debido a la presencia de clorato excedente en el medio de reacción después de la prueba. Los resultados confirmaron la formación eficiente de este oxidante, con concentraciones máximas de 8,0 ± 0,33 mmol L Se realizó una prueba con cuatro repeticiones en una solución de peróxido de hidrógeno/clorato donde no se promovió la reducción del dióxido de cloro debido a la presencia de clorato excedente en el medio de reacción después de la prueba. Los resultados confirmaron la formación eficiente de este oxidante, con concentraciones máximas de 8,0 ± 0,33 mmol L Se realizó una prueba con cuatro repeticiones en una solución de peróxido de hidrógeno/clorato donde no se promovió la reducción del dióxido de cloro debido a la presencia de clorato excedente en el medio de reacción después de la prueba. Los resultados confirmaron la formación eficiente de este oxidante, con concentraciones máximas de 8,0 ± 0,33 mmol L−1 en 400-450 min y un porcentaje de conversión del 97,6%. Se obtuvieron desviaciones estándar de 0,14–0,49 mmol L −1 durante la oxidación (3,6–6,5 % del promedio), lo que indica una buena reproducibilidad

[ES] La presencia de oxoaniones clorados en agua es un problema de difícil solución pues no se pueden eliminar fácilmente con los tratamientos convencionales presentes en las depuradoras. Una opción alternativa desarrollada en este trabajo final de máster es su reducción catalítica con hidrógeno (a temperatura ambiente y presión atmosférica) para su transformación en cloruros. Para ello, se han utilizado catalizadores basados en metales nobles y se ha realizado un estudio que permite evaluar la actividad de los catalizadores preparados para la eliminación de cloritos y cloratos. También, se han analizado los factores que llevan a conseguir catalizadores más activos y se han optimizado tanto su preparación como las condiciones de reacción. Como catalizador, se ha utilizado platino soportado sobre alúmina con diferencias en el método de preparación (método de impregnación, temperatura de calcinación y cantidad de catalizador preparada). Para la caracterización de los catalizadores se han empleado técnicas de difracción de rayos X en polvo, espectrometría de emisión óptica de plasma de acoplamiento inductivo (ICP-OES), quimisorción de hidrógeno y microscopía electrónica de barrido (SEM). En los experimentos realizados, se ha empleado un reactor de vidrio de 1 L con los contaminantes (cloritos o cloratos) y un cromatógrafo iónico para analizar la presencia de los oxoaniones y el cloruro. Sin embargo, cuando se ha llevado el estudio a menor escala (reactores de 250 mL únicamente con cloratos) se han realizado valoraciones para determinar los cloruros formados. La realización de este trabajo permitió determinar la influencia de la temperatura de calcinación en la dispersión del platino sobre la alúmina y conocer como la mayor dispersión favorece una mayor actividad del catalizador. También, se determinó que la accesibilidad a los sitios activos del catalizador mejora con su reutilización. Además, se ha logrado que los experimentos puedan realizarse como prácticas de estudiantes para Ingeniería Química., [EN] The presence of chlorinated oxoanions in water is a difficult problem to solve as they cannot be easily eliminated with conventional treatments present in wastewater treatment plants. An alternative option developed in this master's thesis is their catalytic reduction with hydrogen (at room temperature and atmospheric pressure) for their transformation into chlorides. For this purpose, catalysts based on noble metals have been used and a study has been carried out to evaluate the activity of the catalysts prepared for the elimination of chlorites and chlorates. Also, the factors that lead to more active catalysts have been analysed, and their preparation and reaction conditions have been optimised. As catalyst, platinum supported on alumina has been used with differences in the preparation method (impregnation method, calcination temperature and amount of catalyst prepared). Powder X-ray diffraction, inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES), hydrogen chemisorption and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) have been used to characterise the catalysts. In the experiments, a 1 L glass reactor with the contaminants (chlorites or chlorates) and an ion chromatograph have been used to analyse the presence of the oxoanions and chloride. However, when the study has been out on a smaller scale (250 mL reactors with chlorates only), titrations have been made to determine the chlorides formed. This work made it possible to determine the influence of the calcination temperature on the dispersion of platinum on alumina and to know how the higher dispersion favours a higher activity of the catalyst. It was also determined that the accessibility to the active sites of the catalyst improves with their reuse. Besides, it has been achieved that the experiments can be carried out as a student internship for Chemical Engineering., [CA] La presència d'oxoanions clorats en aigua és un problema de difícil solució perquè no es poden eliminar fàcilment amb els tractaments convencionals presents en les depuradores. Una opció alternativa desenvolupada en aquest treball fi de màster és la seua reducció catalítica amb hidrogen (a temperatura ambient i pressió atmosfèrica) per a la transformació en clorurs. Per a això, s'han utilitzat catalitzadors basats en metalls nobles i s'ha realitzat un estudi que permet avaluar l'activitat dels catalitzadors preparats per a l'eliminació de clorits i clorats. També, s'han analitzat els factors que porten a aconseguir catalitzadors més actius i s'han optimitzat tant la seua preparació com les condicions de reacció. Com a catalitzador, s'ha utilitzat platí suportat sobre alúmina amb diferències en el mètode de preparació (mètode d'impregnació, temperatura de calcinació i quantitat de catalitzador preparada). Per a la caracterització dels catalitzadors s'han emprat tècniques de difracció de raigs X en pols, espectrometria d'emissió òptica de plasma d'acoblament inductiu (ICP-OES), quimisorció d'hidrogen i microscòpia electrònica d'escombratge. En els experiments realitzats, s'ha emprat un reactor de vidre d'1 L amb els contaminants (clorits o clorats) i un cromatògraf iònic per a analitzar la presència dels oxoanions i el clorur. No obstant això, quan s'ha emportat l'estudi a menor escala (reactors de 250 ml únicament amb clorats) s'han realitzat valoracions per a determinar els clorurs formats. La realització d'aquest treball permet determinar la influència de la temperatura de calcinació en la dispersió del platí sobre l'alúmina i conèixer com la major dispersió afavoreix una major activitat del catalitzador. També, es va determinar que l'accessibilitat als llocs actius del catalitzador millora amb la seua reutilització. A més, s'ha aconseguit que els experiments puguen realitzar-se com a pràctiques d'estudiants per a Enginyeria Química.

The Sample Analysis at Mars (SAM) instrument on the Curiosity rover has detected evidence of oxychlorine compounds (i.e., perchlorates and chlorates) in Gale crater, which has implications for past habitability, diagenesis, aqueous processes, interpretation of in situ organic analyses, understanding the martian chlorine cycle, and hazards and resources for future human exploration. Pure oxychlorines and mixtures of oxychlorines with Mars-analog phases have been analyzed for their oxygen (O ) and hydrogen chloride (HCl) releases on SAM laboratory analog instruments in order to constrain which phases are present in Gale crater. These studies demonstrated that oxychlorines evolve O releases with peaks between ~200 and 600 C, although the thermal decomposition temperatures and the amount of evolved O decrease when iron phases are present in the sample. Mg and Fe oxychlorines decompose into oxides and release HCl between ~200 and 542 C. Ca, Na, and K oxychlorines thermally decompose into chlorides and do not evolve HCl by themselves. However, the chlorides (original or from oxychlorine decomposition) can react with water-evolving phases (e.g., phyllosilicates) in the sample and evolve HCl within the temperature range of SAM (

Natural chlorate (ClO

This work reports the use of a special PEM-electrolyzer equipped with diamond anodes for the highly-efficient disinfection of water preventing the formation of chlorates and perchlorates. The cell is a MIKROZON® cell manufactured by CONDIAS (Itzehoe, Germany) with a very short hydraulic residence time (0.008 s for 90 L h−1, which is the maximum allowable flowrate) and a polymer exchange membrane electrolyte that separates the anode and cathode into a membrane-electrode assembly. This cell can avoid the formation of significant concentrations of chlorates because of the very short contact time between the water and the electrode that prevents the oxidation of hypochlorite by hydroxyl radicals. In this paper, we report tests in which we demonstrate this outstanding performance even in the worst conditions (low flowrate) and we also explain the differences observed in the operation in continuous and discontinuous mode with the same water.

To evaluate the capacity of national laboratories for determination of chlorate in drinking water using Proficiency Testing Program.The preparation method of the Secondary Standard Materials were used as the reference for the sample preparation in this Proficiency Testing Program. The homogeneity and stability of the samples and short-term stability for simulated transportation were tested by Single Factor Analysis of Variance(ANOVA) and Linear Regression and Mean consistency test. The result provided by participant laboratories were analyzed by robust statistics and assessed using the Z-score.A total of 327 laboratories throughout the country participated in the Proficiency Testing Program. 307 laboratories, or 93. 9% of total participating laboratories, obtained satisfactory result. Results provided by 5 laboratories, or 1. 5% of total participating laboratories, were found to suggest doubts in their capacities. Finally, there were 15 laboratories, constituting 4. 6% of total participating laboratories, with result that were found to be outliers.The capacity of national laboratories for determination of chlorate in drinking water has been ranked as satisfactory according to statistical analysis of the Proficiency Testing Program result. Only a small portion of the participants require further improvement in their capacities.

This study concerns the performance evaluation of 6-carboxyl chitin for its wound healing application. 6-Carboxyl chitins were prepared by the oxidation of chitin at C-6 with NaClO/TEMPO/NaBr after α-chitin was pretreated in NaOH/urea solution. The products with different molecular weights were obtained by changing reaction conditions. They all were completely oxidized at C-6 and N-acetylated at C-2 according to FT-IR and NMR results. 6-Carboxyl chitins could stimulate significantly the proliferation of human skin fibroblasts (HSF) and human keratinocytes (HaCaT), and the bioactivities were concentration and Mws dependent. Within the scope of the study, 10-40 kDa of Mws and 10-100 μg/mL of concentrations were most suitable for the HSF proliferation, but the proliferation of HaCaT increased with decreasing the concentration and Mw. In addition, 6-carboxyl chitins could also induce macrophages and fibroblasts to secrete growth factors. Therefore, 6-carboxyl chitins could be expected to be an active ingredient for wound healing.

Sodium chlorate (NaClO

The indiscriminate use of nitrogenous fertilizers continues unabated for commercial crop production, resulting in air and water pollution. The development of rice varieties with enhanced nitrogen use efficiency (NUE) will require a thorough understanding of the molecular basis of a plant&rsquo, s response to low nitrogen (N) availability. The global expression profiles of root tissues collected from low and high N treatments at different time points in two rice genotypes, Pokkali and Bengal, with contrasting responses to N stress and contrasting root architectures were examined. Overall, the number of differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in Pokkali (indica) was higher than in Bengal (japonica) during low N and early N recovery treatments. Most low N DEGs in both genotypes were downregulated whereas early N recovery DEGs were upregulated. Of these, 148 Pokkali-specific DEGs might contribute to Pokkali&rsquo, s advantage under N stress. These DEGs included transcription factors and transporters and were involved in stress responses, growth and development, regulation, and metabolism. Many DEGs are co-localized with quantitative trait loci (QTL) related to root growth and development, chlorate-resistance, and NUE. Our findings suggest that the superior growth performance of Pokkali under low N conditions could be due to the genetic differences in a diverse set of genes influencing N uptake through the regulation of root architecture.

The strictly anaerobic serum bottles were applied to investigate methane oxidation coupled to chlorate (ClO3−) reduction (MO-CR) without exogenous oxygen. 0.35 mM ClO3− was consumed within 20 days at the reduction rate of 17.50 μM/d, over three times than that of ClO4−. Chlorite (ClO2−) was not detected throughout the experiment and the mass recovery of Cl− was over 89%. Isotope tracing results showed most of 13CH4 was oxided to CO2, and the electrons recovery reached to 77.6%. Small amounts of 13CH4 was consumed for DOC production probably through aerobic methane oxidation process, with oxygen generated from disproportionation reaction. In pMMO (key enzyme in aerobic oxidation of methane) inhibition tests, ClO3− reduction rate was slowed to 7. 0 μmol/d by 2 mM C2H2, real-time quantitative PCR also showed the transcript abundance of pMMO and Cld were significantly dropped at the later period of experiment, indicating that the O2 disproportionated from ClO2− was utilized to active CH4. NC10 bacteria Candidatus Methylomirabilis, related closely to oxygenic denitrifiers M. oxyfera, was detected in the system, and got enriched along with chlorate reduction. Several pieces of evidence supported that NC10 bacteria promoted CH4 oxidation coupled to ClO3− reduction, these oxygenic denitrifiers may perform ClO2− disproportionation to produce O2, and then oxidized methane intracellularly.

This work focuses on disinfection of water using electrolysis with diamond coatings avoiding or minimizing the formation of hazardous chlorates and perchlorates using a special type of commercial cells designed by CONDIAS (Itzehoe, Germany) in two different sizes: the CabECO and the MIKROZON cells. In these cells, the electrolyte that separates the anode and cathode is a proton exchange membrane. This helps to minimize the production of perchlorate and this behavior is enhanced in the smallest cell for which the very low contact times between the electrodes and the water allows to avoid the production of perchlorates when operating in a single-pass mode, which becomes a really remarkable point. In this paper, we report tests in which we demonstrate this outstanding performance and we also explain the differences observed in the two cells operating with the same water.

Private-label products, products owned by supermarkets, are a growing area of the food supply. The aim of this study was to assess the effect of an intervention that provided an Australian supermarket (&lsquo, intervention supermarket&rsquo, ) with comparative nutrition data to improve the healthiness of their private-label range. Between 2015 and 2016, the intervention supermarket received reports that ranked the nutritional quality of their products against competitors. Changes in the nutrient content (sodium, sugar, saturated fat, energy and Health Star Rating) of products from the intervention supermarket between 2015 and 2018 were compared against changes achieved for three comparators (private-label products from two other supermarkets and branded products). The intervention supermarket achieved a significantly greater reduction in the sodium content of their products relative to all three comparators, which ranged between &minus, 104 and &minus, 52 mg/100 g (all p &lt, 0.05). Conversely, the three comparators each achieved a greater relative reduction in the sugar content of their products by between &minus, 3.5 and &minus, 1.6 g/100 g (all p &lt, 0.05). One of the comparators also had a greater relative reduction in the saturated fat and energy content of their products compared to the intervention supermarket (both p &lt, 0.05). There were negligible differences in the Health Star Rating of products between the intervention supermarket and comparators (all p &gt, 0.05). Providing comparative nutrition information to a supermarket may be ineffective in improving the healthiness of their private-label products, likely due to competing factors that play a role in the decision-making process behind product reformulation and product discontinuation/innovation.

Chlorate has been described as an emerging pollutant that compromises water sources. In this study, bioelectrochemical reactors (BERs) using Dechloromonas agitata CKB, were evaluated as a sustainable alternative for chlorate removal. BERs were operated under flow-recirculation and batch modes with an applied cell-voltage of 0.44 V over a resistance of 1 kΩ. Results show chlorate removal up to 607.288 mg/L. After 115 days, scanning electron microscopy showed biofilm development over the electrodes, and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy confirmed the biocatalytic effect of CKB. The theoretical chlorate bioreduction potential (e° = 0.792 V) was proven, and a kinetic study indicated that 6 electrons were involved in the reduction mechanism. Finally, a hypothetical bioelectrochemical mechanism for chlorate reduction in a BER was proposed. This research expands upon current knowledge of novel electrochemically active microorganisms and widens the scope of BER applications for chlorate removal.

The dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) reductase family of enzymes has many subfamilies catalyzing unique biogeochemical reactions. It also has many uncharacterized subfamilies. Comparative genomics predicted one such subfamily to participate in a key step of the chlorine cycle because of a conserved genetic association with chlorite dismutase, implying they produce chlorite through chlorate or perchlorate reduction. We determined the activity of the uncharacterized enzyme by comparing strains in the phototrophic genus Rhodoplanes that encode either a typical perchlorate reductase or the uncharacterized enzyme. Rpl. piscinae and Rpl. elegans, which encode perchlorate reductase, grew by using perchlorate as an electron acceptor. In contrast, Rpl. roseus, which encodes the uncharacterized enzyme, grew by chlorate reduction but not by perchlorate reduction. This is the first report of perchlorate and chlorate being used as respiratory electron acceptors by phototrophs. When both chlorate and perchlorate were present, Rpl. roseus consumed only chlorate. Highly concentrated Rpl. roseus cells showed some perchlorate consumption, but chlorate consumption occurred at a ten-fold higher rate. Together, these genomic and physiological data define a new group of chlorate reductases. Some organisms encode both this chlorate reductase and a perchlorate reductase, raising new questions about the physiology and evolution of chlorine oxyanion respiration. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.

The influence of sodium chlorate (SC), ferulic acid (FA), and essential oils (EO) was examined on the survivability of two porcine diarrhetic enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) strains (F18 and K88) and populations of porcine fecal bacteria. Fecal bacterial populations were examined by denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) and identification by 16S gene sequencing. The treatments were control (no additives), 10 mM SC, 2.5 mg FA /mL, a 1.5% vol/vol solution of an EO mixture as well as mixtures of EO + SC, EO + FA, and FA + SC at each of the aforementioned concentrations. EO were a commercial blend of oregano oil and cinnamon oil with water and citric acid. Freshly collected porcine feces in half-strength Mueller Hinton broth was inoculated with E. coli F18 (Trial 1) or E. coli K88 (Trial 2). The fecal-E. coli suspensions were transferred to crimp top tubes preloaded with the treatment compounds. Quantitative enumeration was at 0, 6, and 24 h. All treatments reduced (P < 0.05) the counts of E. coli F18 at 6 and 24 h. With the exception of similarity coefficient (%SC), all the other treatments reduced (P < 0.05) the K88 counts at 24 h. The most effective treatments to reduce the F18 and K88 CFU numbers were those containing EO. Results of DGGE revealed that Dice percentage similarity coefficients (%SC) of bacterial profiles among treatment groups varied from 81.3% to 100%SC. The results of gene sequencing showed that, except for SC at 24 h, all the other treatments reduced the counts of the family Enterobacteriaceae, while Lactobacillaceae and Ruminococcaceae increased and Clostridiaceae decreased in all treatments. In conclusion, all treatments were effective in reducing the ETEC, but EO mixture was the most effective. The porcine microbial communities may be influenced by the studied treatments.