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In recent years, seeds and pseudocereals, such as chia, sesame, flax or quinoa, have been incorporated into different food products, improving their nutritional profile and providing benefits for human health due to their composition. However, the addition of these ingredients to new formulations of foods can also contribute to a higher exposure to compounds that are harmful to health such as chemical process contaminants or certain allergens, among others. This review provides an overview about the composition of these ingredients, the benefits/risks associated with their addition in bakery products, and their impact on sensory attributes of these new food formulations., This work was supported by the Community of Madrid and European funding from FSE and FEDER programs (project S2018/BAA-4393, AVANSECAL-II-CM)

El desarrollo de formulaciones a partir de ingredientes naturales es un desafío actual de industria cosmética. La Salvia hispanica (chía) es una planta herbácea que se consume hace miles de años debido a su alto valor nutritivo y sus amplias propiedades promotoras de la salud. El quitosano, es un biopolímero conocido por sus grandes aplicaciones en la cosmética debido a sus propiedades biológicas y tecnológicas. El objetivo del trabajo fue diseñar una crema cosmética a partir del aceite de la semilla de Salvia Hispánica L. (Chía) y quitosano a través del diseño de experimentos. Se determinaron algunos parámetros de calidad del aceite chía mostrando resultados satisfactorios. Se diseñó una crema (o/w) con empleo del diseño de mezcla D-optimal de tres componentes con restricciones: ácido esteárico, alcohol cetílico y agua. Las variables respuesta fueron pH y extensibilidad. Los datos se ajustaron a modelos lineales obteniendo una significación p < 0,05, pérdida de ajuste p>0,05 y R2 ajustado próximo a 1. Además, se realizaron pruebas de ciclo stress congelación – descongelación y centrifugación. La evaluación sensorial preliminar realizada a las formulaciones seleccionadas mostró buen grado de aceptación. No se evidenció crecimiento bacteriano, ni fúngico en el análisis microbiológico de las preparaciones., Development of cosmetic formulations based on natural ingredients is a current challenge for the cosmetic industry. Salvia hispanica (chia) is a herbaceous plant that has been consumed for thousands of years due to its high nutritional value and extensive health-promoting properties. Chitosan is a biopolymer well known for its great applications in cosmetics due to its biological and technological properties. The objective of the work was to design a cosmetic cream from the seed oil of Salvia Hispánica L. (Chia) and chitosan through the design of experiments. Some quality parameters of chia oil were determined, showing satisfactory results. An (o/w) cream was designed using the constrained three-component D-optimal mixture design: stearic acid, cetyl alcohol, and water. The response variables were pH and extensibility. Data were fitted to linear models, obtaining significance p < 0.05, loss of fit p>0.05 and adjusted R2 close to 1. In addition, freeze-thaw stress cycle tests and centrifugation were performed. The preliminary sensory evaluation carried out on the selected formulations showed the degree of acceptance. The microbiological analysis performed did not show bacterial or fungal growth.

Chia seed oil (CSO) is a natural carotenoid that has active pharmacological properties and has been the most popular in recent years. The aim this study was to investigate the hypoglycemic antioxidative/nitrosative, oxidative DNA damage and adenosine deaminase effects of chia seed oil on streptozotocin induced diabetes in rats. Sprague Dawley, adult, male rats were used in the study. Animals were divided into the following groups: Group I (Control, n=7), Group II (Chia Group, Chia seed oil (CSO) was applied by oral gavage at 1g/kg for 14 days, n=7), Group III ((Diabetes (DM) Group, Streptozotocin (STZ) was applied as 50 mg/kg i.p. single dose (n=7)), and Group IV (DM+CSO Group, STZ 50 mg/kg i.p. single dose +CSO was applied by oral gavage at 1g/kg for 14 days after diabetes was induced, (n=7)). Physiological parameters (body weight, blood glucose) were evaluated. STZ exposure increased serum TOS, OSI and NO levels, which are markers associated with oxidative damage, while PON enzyme activities decreased compared to the control group and did not change TAS levels. Moreover, 8-OHdG level and ADA activity were increased in the diabetic groups. In addition, it was found to regulate body weight and increased glucose in the diabetic group.Our results show that Chia treatment effectively counteracts oxidative stress-mediated free radicals damage caused by diabetes and may serve as a therapeutic agent in reducing oxidative damage in diabetic subjects.

Salvia hispanica L. is an annual herbaceous plant commonly known as “Chia”. It has been recommended for therapeutic use because of its use as an excellent source of fatty acids, protein, dietary fibers, antioxidants, and omega-3 fatty acids. A literature survey concerning phytochemical and biological investigations of chia extracts revealed less attention towards the non-polar extracts of S. hispanica L. aerial parts, which motivates us to investigate their phytochemical constituents and biological potentials. The phytochemical investigation of the non-polar fractions of S. hispanica L. aerial parts resulted in the tentative identification of 42 compounds using UPLC-ESI-MS/MS analysis with the isolation of β-sitosterol (1), betulinic acid (2), oleanolic acid (3), and β-sitosterol-3-O-β-D-glucoside (4). GLC-MS analysis of the seeds’ oil showed a high concentration of omega-3 fatty acid, with a percentage of 35.64% of the total fatty acid content in the seed oil. The biological results revealed that the dichloromethane fraction showed promising DPPH radical-scavenging activity (IC50 = 14.73 µg/mL), antidiabetic activity with significant inhibition of the α-amylase enzyme (IC50 673.25 μg/mL), and anti-inflammatory activity using in vitro histamine release assay (IC50 61.8 μg/mL). Furthermore, the dichloromethane fraction revealed moderate cytotoxic activity against human lung cancer cell line (A-549), human prostate carcinoma (PC-3), and colon carcinoma (HCT-116) with IC50s 35.9 ± 2.1 μg/mL, 42.4 ± 2.3 μg/mL, and 47.5 ± 1.3 μg/mL, respectively, and antiobesity activity with IC50 59.3 μg/mL, using pancreatic lipase inhibitory assay. In conclusion, this study’s findings not only shed light on the phytochemical constituents and biological activities of the non-polar fractions of chia but also should be taken as a basis for the future in vivo and clinical studies on the safety and efficacy of chia and its extracts. Further study should be focused towards the isolation of the active principles of the dichloromethane fraction and studying their efficacy, exact mechanism(s), and safety, which could benefit the pharmaceutical industry and folk medicine practitioners who use this plant to cure diseases.

Appropriate water management practices are essential for the successful cultivation of chia in water-scarce situations of semiarid regions. This is highly essential when new crops such as chia are introduced for ensuring diversity and water saving. Therefore, field trials (2020–21 and 2021–22) were conducted to understand the impact of deficit irrigation and bioregulators (BRs) on the seed yield, water productivity, and oil quality of chia. The effect of foliar application of BRs such as thiourea (TU; 400 ppm), salicylic acid (SA; 1.0 mM), potassium nitrate (KN; 0.15%), potassium silicate (KS; 100 ppm), kaolin (KO; 5%), and sodium benzoate (SB; 200 ppm) were monitored at different levels of irrigation: 100 (I100), 75 (I75), 50 (I50), and 25 (I25) percent of cumulative pan evaporation (CPE). Deficit irrigation at I25, I50, and I75 led to 55.3, 20.1, and 3.3% reductions in seed yield; 42.5, 22.5, and 4.2% in oil yield; and 58.9, 24.5, and 5.7% in omega–3 yield, respectively, relative to I100. Bioregulators could reduce the adverse impact of water deficit stress on seed, oil, and omega–3 yield. However, their beneficial effect was more conspicuous under mild water stress (I75), as revealed by higher seed yield (4.3–6.9%), oil yield (4.4–7.1%), and omega–3 yield (4.7–8.5%) over control (I100 + no BRs). Further, BRs (KN, TU, and SA) maintained oil quality in terms of linolenic acid and polyunsaturated fatty acid contents, even under mild stress (I75). Foliar application of KN, TU, and SA could save water to an extent of 36–40%. Therefore, the adverse impact of deficit irrigation on seed, oil, and omega–3 yields of chia could be minimized using BRs such as KN, TU, and SA, which can also contribute to improved water productivity.

Los hábitos alimentarios de los consumidores han cambiado progresivamente en las últimas décadas, buscando una alternativa de alimentos con alto valor nutricional e impacto en la salud. En ese sentido, los productos panarios son clave en la dieta y poseen potencial para ser adicionados con ingredientes nutritivos y saludables. Sin embargo, esto presenta un desafío tecnológico debido a la inclusión de ingredientes carentes de gluten, además de cumplir con las expectativas de los consumidores en cuanto a características de producto fresco con el mismo valor nutricional/funcional a pesar de no ser elaborado en el día. Para ello, la tecnología de elaboración de productos panarios precocidos y congelados asegura la disponibilidad del producto a cualquier hora del día. En este sentido, las harinas integrales de amaranto (Amaranthus caudatus, Amranthus spinosus y Amaranthus hypochondriacus), quínoa (Chenopodium quinoa) y/o semillas de chía (Salvia hispanica) y sus harinas integrales y desengrasadas, tras la extracción del aceite, son las materias primas investigadas en este estudio para ser incorporadas a formulaciones panarias por ser ingredientes con alto valor nutricional. Para ello, se determinó el nivel máximo de sustitución de harina de trigo por los nuevos ingredientes teniendo en cuenta la conservación de la calidad tecnológica, un mayor aporte nutricional y la aceptabilidad por parte de los consumidores. Con esta información se desarrolló una formulación optimizada con la inclusión de harinas integrales de amaranto, quínoa y chía, utilizando un diseño factorial (19% amaranto; 4% quínoa y 10 % chía). Este producto panario, con solo un 33 % de sustitución de harina, presentó mejores características tecnológicas, nutricionales y sensoriales que un producto integral de trigo. El proceso de precocido/congelado/almacenamiento en congelación no mermó de manera significativa sus características tecnológicas, a excepción de algunos parámetros de textura, conservando su valor nutricional. La ingesta de este producto optimizado con mayor contenido de fibra, proteínas de alto valor biológico, ácidos grasos insaturados, mayor contenido de minerales y menor índice glucémico podría contribuir a la prevención del desarrollo de enfermedades precedidas por el síndrome metabólico. Las harinas sustitutas alternativas propuestas en esta investigación podrían incrementar sustancialmente el valor nutricional y funcional de alimentos a base de cereales a bajos porcentajes de sustitución. Consumers eating habits have progressively changed in recent decades, seeking an alternative food with high nutritional value and impact on health. In this sense, bread products are key in the diet and have the potential to be added with nutritious and healthy ingredients. However, this presents a technological challenge due to the inclusion of gluten-free ingredients, along with meeting consumer expectations regarding fresh product characteristics with the same nutritional/functional value despite not being made on the same day. Therefore, the technology for making pre-cooked and frozen bread products ensures the availability of the product at any time of the day. In this sense, the wholemeals of amaranth (Amaranthus caudatus, Amranthus spinosus and Amaranthus hypochondriacus), quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa) and/or chia seeds (Salvia hispanica) and their wholemeal and defatted flours, after extracting the oil, are the raw materials investigated in this study to be incorporated into bakery formulations as they are ingredients with high nutritional value. For this, the maximum level of substitution of wheat flour by the new ingredients was determined, taking into account the conservation of technological quality, a greater nutritional contribution and acceptability by consumers. With this information, an optimized formulation was developed with the inclusion of wholemeal amaranth, quinoa and chia flours, using a factorial design (19% amaranth; 4% quinoa and 10% chia). This bread product, with only 33% flour substitution, presented better technological, nutritional and sensory characteristics than a whole wheat product. The pre-cooked/frozen/frozen storage process did not significantly reduce its technological characteristics, with the exception of some texture parameters, preserving its nutritional value. The intake of this optimized product with a higher fiber content, high biological value proteins, unsaturated fatty acids, higher mineral content and lower glycemic index could contribute to the prevention of the development of diseases preceded by metabolic syndrome. The alternative substitute flours proposed in this research could substantially increase the nutritional and functional value of cereal-based foods at low substitution percentages.

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the phytochemical profiles of the seeds, sprouts, leaves, flowers, roots and herb of Salvia hispanica and to demonstrate their significant contribution to antioxidant and antimicrobial activities. Applied methods were: HPLC-DAD coupled with post-column derivatization with ABTS reagent, untargeted metabolomics performed by LC-Q-Orbitrap HRMS, and two-fold micro-dilution broth method, which involved suspending a solution of tested compounds dissolved in DMSO in Mueller–Hinton broth for bacteria or Mueller–Hinton broth with 2% glucose for fungi. Metabolomic profiling using LC-Q-Orbitrap HRMS used in this study yielded the identification and preliminary characterization of one hundred fifteen compounds. The dominant class of compounds was terpenoids (31 compounds), followed by flavonoids (21 compounds), phenolic acids and derivatives (19 compounds), organic acids (16 compounds) and others (fatty acids, sugars and unidentified compounds). The organic and phenolic acids were the most abundant classes in terms of total peak area, with distribution depending on the plant raw materials obtained from S. hispanica. The main compound among this class for all types of extracts was rosmarinic acid which was proven to be the most abundant for antioxidant potential. All tested extracts exhibited considerable antibacterial and antifungal activity. The strongest bioactivity was found in leaf extracts, which presented bactericidal activity against Gram-positive bacteria (S. aureus, S. epidermidis, M. luteus and E. faecalis). The work represents the first compendium of knowledge comparing different S. hispanica plant raw materials in terms of the profile of biologically active metabolites and their contribution to antioxidant, antimicrobial and antifungal activity.

Fil: Bailey, Jannika. Universidad Juan Agustín Maza. Facultad de Ciencias de la Nutrición. Mendoza. República Argentina. Fil: Farah, Silvia. Universidad Juan Agustín Maza. Facultad de Ciencias de la Nutrición. Mendoza. República Argentina. Fil: Mezzatesta, Pablo. Universidad Juan Agustín Maza. Facultad de Ciencias de la Nutrición. Mendoza. República Argentina. Fil: Raimondo, Emilia. Universidad Juan Agustín Maza. Facultad de Ciencias de la Nutrición. Mendoza. República Argentina. Current nutritional recommendations lead to reformulate traditional products, such as fresh noodles, in order to improve the nutrients, they provide. The objective of this work was to determine the variation of the nutritional profile of fresh noodles by partially replacing wheat flour with chia and amaranth flour. For this purpose, wheat flour was partially substituted with 15% chia flour and 11% amaranth flour, respecting the proportions of the rest of the ingredients (called FS) and fresh noodles with unsubstituted wheat flour, which is taken as the standard (F). Once prepared, protein, total fat, ash, moisture, and fiber were determined by official analytical techniques, including carbohydrates by difference, energy value by calculation, and fatty acid profile by gas chromatography. From the analytical results, it appears that protein increased from 7.76 g% (F) to 10.87 g% (FS), carbohydrates decreased from 51.68 g% (F) to 39.87 g% (FS), and fiber increased from 3.19 g% (F) to 8.68 g% (FS). Total fats increased from 13.18 g% (F) to 18.68 g% (FS), of which omega-3 fatty acids increased from 0.67 g% (F) to 4.03 g% (FS). Energy value varies from 356 kcal/100 g (F) to 369 kcal/100 g (F). With the partial substitution of wheat flour with chia and amaranth, it was possible to improve the nutritional profile of the noodles, making them a feasible option for both industrial and home use.

Chia is an important medicinal crop with lot of nutritional value in seeds and there is lot of demand to chia seeds grown without any chemical application. In this context, present study was concentrated on foliar application of different elicitors at 25 and 50 days after sowing as effective plant protectants by inducing plant defense response. Both black and white chia plants sprayed with chitosan at 200 ppm were un-affected by any pest and diseases. The plants sprayed with other elicitors like 100 ppm of salicylic acid, methyl jasmonic acid, potassium silicate, 200 ppm of boric acid, humic acid and 5000 ppm of dry yeast and PGPR are less prone to pest and disease attack. Whereas, the maximum pest infestation and disease incidence were noticed in plants sprayed with gibberellic acid (pest - 2.38 and 1.93%; disease - 0.89% in both) and in control (pest - 1.34 and 1.04%; disease - 1.34 and 0.74%) in black and white chia respectively.

The salinity of water and soil resources and lack of appropriate quality water resources are major threats to agricultural development in arid and semiarid regions such as Iran, Khouzestan province. The implementation of haloculture projects causes the availability of saline water resources in these areas. Therefore, the study on the effects of salinity on seed generation was the essential aim of current research. In this study, because of the importance of nutrition, medical and industrial of Chia (Salvia hispanica L.), Guar (Cyamopsis tetragonoloba L.), Luffa (Luffa cylindrical L.), and Karela (Momordica charantia L.), the effect of saline water on seed germination indices were evaluated. The seed germination indices consisted of germination percentage (Gp%), the coefficient of the velocity of germination (Gi), seed vigor index (Vi), germination uniformity (GU), salinity tolerance index (STI), dry weight, fresh weight, and the percentage of moisture of the radical and plumule were determined under salinity stress. To achieve the aims of the current study, four salinity levels were used, including Karoon River water (as a control treatment) with an average electrical conductivity of 1.21 dS /m and diluted drain water with an electrical conductivity of 5, 10, 15, 20 dS/m (S1, S2, S3, S4, S5, respectively) in three replications (R1, R2, and R3). The experimental design was completely random. The analysis of variance of measured indices in the experiment showed that the effects of salinity on germination percentage of Guar and Luffa at 1% and Karela and Chia at 5% level of probability were significantly affected by salinity stress. The effect of salinity on the velocity of germination of the studied species was significant. Also, the salinity effect on the seed vigor index of Guar and Chia was significant at the 1% level. Increasing salinity significantly decreased the seed vigor index in the mentioned species. According to the results of this study, among four seeds, Chia and Guar were identified as the most tolerant plant to salinity stress in the seedling stage.

In this study, it was aimed to investigate the effects of dietary chia seeds and oil levels in laying quails on performance, external and internal egg quality traits, and serum biochemical properties. Total of 90 female Japanese quails 10 weeks old were randomly allocated to five treatment groups consisting of six subgroups, each containing of 3 quails. Quails were fed for 10 weeks with five treatment diets prepared by adding chia seeds (1 and 2%) and chia oil (0.5 and 1.0 g/kg) to the basal diet (control). Body weight change was improved by dietary addition of 2% chia seeds (P0.05). Compared to control, the supplementation of chia seeds (1 and 2%) and 0.5 g/kg of chia oil to the diet was effective in increasing the eggshell resistance (P0.05). Serum glucose and HDL levels increased with the addition of chia seeds (%1) and oil (0.5 and 1.0 g/kg) to the diet (P, Bu çalışmada, yumurtlayan bıldırcın rasyonlarına farklı seviyelerde ilave edilen chia tohumu ve yağının performans, yumurta kalitesi ve serum biyokimyasal parametreleri üzerine etkisinin araştırılması amaçlanmıştır. Çalışmada 10 haftalık yaştaki toplam 90 dişi Japon bıldırcını, her biri 3 bıldırcın içeren 6 alt gruptan oluşan 5 muamele grubuna rastgele dağıtılmıştır. Bıldırcınlar, bazal rasyona (chia tohumu ve yağı eklenmeden) chia tohumu (%1 ve %2) ve chia yağı (0,5 ve 1,0 g/kg) ilave edilerek hazırlanan beş muamele rasyonu ile 10 hafta süreyle yemlenmişlerdir. Rasyona %2 chia tohumu ilavesiyle canlı ağırlık artışı sağlanmıştır (P0.05). Kontrole göre, rasyona chia tohumu (%1 ve %2) ve 0.5 g/kg chia yağı ilavesi yumurta kabuğu kırılma direncini artırmada etkili olmuştur (P0.05). Serum glukoz ve HDL seviyeleri rasyona chia tohumu (%1) ve yağ (0.5 ve 1.0 g/kg) ilavesiyle artmıştır (sırasıyla P

A chia tem alto valor nutricional, e rica em acidos graxos poli-insaturados, proteinas e minerais, alem de fibras e polifenois. A prevencao de certas doencas tem sido relacionada a um consumo apropriado em fibras alimentares e omega-3 e pobres em gorduras saturada, trans e colesterol. Nesta conjuntura temos a chia ( Salvia hispanica L. ) que e uma semente versatil devido a suas inumeras propriedades. Esta pesquisa procurou observar a acao da farinha de chia nos parâmetros bioquimicos de Drosophila melanogaster, utilizadas como modelo experimental. Obteve-se a farinha de chia no comercio local. Nas dietas quando adicionado 10%, 20% e 30% de farinha de chia, detectou-se uma reducao na glicose correlacionando a adicao da farinha de chia com a diminuicao das taxas, demonstrando que emprego da Salvia hispanica L. como substrato alimentar no modelo experimental Drosophila melanogaster modificou os parâmetros bioquimicos. Por meio deste estudo pode-se inferir que a farinha de chia possui um efeito protetor no modelo experimental ( Drosophilas melanogaster ). Recomenda-se a elaboracao de mais estudos para a confirmacao destes resultados.

We examined the acrylamide content in samples of wheat bread with chia seeds added at different concentrations (2%, 5%, 7%, 10%) and cooked at predefined conditions (20 min at 200°C) by a validated...

Fil: Colussi, Narella Antonina. Universidad Nacional del Nordeste. Facultad de Medicina; Argentina. Fil: Todaro, Juan Santiago. Universidad Nacional del Nordeste. Facultad de Medicina; Argentina. Fil: Olea, Gabriela Beatriz. Universidad Nacional del Nordeste. Facultad de Medicina; Argentina. Fil: Stoyanoff, Tania Romina. Universidad Nacional del Nordeste. Facultad de Medicina; Argentina. Fil: Aguirre, María Victoria. Universidad Nacional del Nordeste. Facultad de Medicina; Argentina. El objetivo de este trabajo fue evaluar histológicamente la adecuación de las dos dietas híbridas para ratones Balb/c a partir de harina integral de chia, lino y otros ingredientes naturales tipicos del NEA argentino. Ratones Balb/c fueron distribuidos en 3 grupos (n = 10) y alimentados con dieta A: control comercial, dieta B: harina integral de chía, y dieta C: harina integral de lino, durante 70 días. La adecuación nutricional de las dietas a nivel histológico se evaluó mediante tinciones H/E y PAS en muestras de estómago, duodeno, hígado y riñón. Las dietas B y C no causaron alteraciones histopatológicas en órganos del aparato digestivo, hígado y riñón. This work aimed to histologically evaluate the adequacy of the two-hybrid diets for Balb/c mice based on integral chia and flax flour and other natural ingredients typical of Northeast Argentina. Balb/c mice were randomly distributed into 3 groups (n=10/group) and fed diet A (commercial control), B (integral chia flour) and diet C (integral flax flour) for 70 days. The nutritional adequacy of the diets at the histological level was evaluated at the histological level using H/E and PAS stains in stomach, duodenum, liver, and kidney samples. Diets B and C did not cause histopathological alterations in organs of the digestive system, liver and kidney.

Objective: This study aimed to investigate the effects of Chia (Salvia hispanica L.) oil and Dandelion (Taraxacum Officinale) extract on Tumor Necrosis Factor-α (TNF-α) and Interleukin 6 (IL-6) release in liver tissue of diabetic rats. Material and Method: Experimental groups were created as control, sham, chia, dandelion, diabetes (DM), diabetes+chia (DC), and diabetes +dandelion (DD). Body weight and blood glucose measurements were taken on the 1st, 3rd, and 17th days of the study and evaluated statistically. A one-way ANOVA test was performed to determine the differences between the groups. The Duncan test was used to compare significant differences between groups. At the end of the study, Masson's trichrome staining and Hematoxylin-Eosin staining were employed for histological examinations of liver tissues, and the distribution of TNF-α and IL-6 was examined by applying the Streptavidin-biotin peroxidase method. Results: It was determined that body weight and blood glucose measurements were significantly decrease for the DC group compared to other groups. Immunoreactivity of TNF-α and IL-6 was found to decrease in DC and DD groups at close to the control levels. Conclusion: Based on our results, it was thought that the use of chia and dandelion in diabetes may contribute to the alleviation of disease-related complications by having a positive effect on proinflammatory cytokine levels.

The aim of the study was to evaluate the stability of cold-pressed sunflower oil mixed with different seeds and herb. The seeds and herb were added at 1% and 5% concentrations; samples were divided into 2 groups: stored in the dark and light. The primary products of oxidation and chlorophyll content were monitored during 3 months of storage. The results showed very low oxidation stability of experimentally produced cold-pressed oil mixtures/dressings, especially during storage on the light. The samples with 5% of hemp herb addition showed the best stability since they have peroxide value under 20 mekv O2.kg-1, both in the dark and on the light. Other samples, both stored in the dark and on light, were declared as not for human consumption due to high oxidative product development. The research represents an important storability evaluation of products that can be found on the market and that can be found very attractive for consumers.

Background Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a public health problem lacking an approved pharmacological treatment. Omega-3 fatty acids have shown to reverse NAFLD. Chia is a seed rich in α-linolenic acid (ALA), antioxidants, and fiber; therefore, it could be useful to treat NAFLD. Methods In a single arm experimental design study, the effect of 25 g/day of milled chia was assessed in 25 patients with NAFLD. After two weeks of dietary stabilization (basal condition) and eight weeks of a chia-supplemented isocaloric diet, liver:spleen attenuation index and visceral abdominal fat (VAF) were measured by computed tomography. Lipids, lipoproteins, free fatty acids (FFA), and ALA plasma concentrations were also determined. Results Dietary chia supplementation induced an increase in plasma ALA concentration (75%) and dietary fiber (55%) consumption. After chia supplementation, VAF (9%), body weight (1.4%), total cholesterol (2.5%), non-high density lipoprotein cholesterol (3.2%), and circulating FFA (8%) decreased. Furthermore, NAFLD regressed in 52% of the treated patients (P Conclusions The results of the present study show that 25 g/day of milled chia ameliorates NAFLD. Chia is an accessible vegetal source of omega-3 fatty acids, antioxidants, and fiber, which could have the potential to prevent metabolic abnormalities in NAFLD patients. Considering that there is no pharmacological treatment approved for NAFLD, the findings of the present study suggest that a chia-supplemented diet could be an innovative alternative to control this disease. Retrospectively registered https://clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT03942822

Background Myxospermy is a process by which the external surfaces of seeds of many plant species produce mucilage—a polysaccharide-rich gel with numerous fundamental research and industrial applications. Due to its functional properties the mucilage can be difficult to remove from the seed and established methods for mucilage extraction are often incomplete, time-consuming and unnecessarily wasteful of precious seed stocks. Results Here we tested the efficacy of several established protocols for seed mucilage extraction and then downsized and adapted the most effective elements into a rapid, small-scale extraction and analysis pipeline. Within 4 h, three chemically- and functionally-distinct mucilage fractions were obtained from myxospermous seeds. These fractions were used to study natural variation and demonstrate structure–function links, to screen for known mucilage quality markers in a field trial, and to identify research and industry-relevant lines from a large mutant population. Conclusion The use of this pipeline allows rapid analysis of mucilage characteristics from diverse myxospermous germplasm which can contribute to fundamental research into mucilage production and properties, quality testing for industrial manufacturing, and progressing breeding efforts in myxospermous crops.

Chia (Salvia hispanica L.) seed has high potential in the development of functional food due to its protein content with a special amino acid profile. Among the hematopoietic-derived cells, monocytes are endowed with high plasticity, responsible for their pro-and anti-inflammatory function in M1 and M2 phenotype polarization, respectively. Indeed, monocytes are involved in several oxidative-and inflammatory-associated disorders such as cancer, obesity, and cardiovascular and neurodegenerative diseases. This study was designed to investigate the role of chia protein hydrolysates (CPHs) in primary human monocyte–macrophage plasticity response using biochemical, RT-qPCR, and ELISA assays. Our results showed that CPHs reduce ROS and nitrite output, as proinflammatory cytokine secretion, and enhance the expression and release of anti-inflammatory cytokines. In addition, CPHs reverse LPS-associated M1 polarization into M2. These findings open new opportunities for developing nutritional strategies with chia as a dietary source of biopeptides to prevent the development and progression of oxidative-and inflammatory-related diseases., This research was funded by grant CYTED-2019/119RT0567 from the Spanish Ministry of Science, Innovation, and Universities. E.G-C and M.C.M-L acknowledge financial support from the European Regional Development Fund Operational Programme (US-1263458 and US-1381492, respectively). R.T has the benefit of a Margarita Salas fellowship (20214) from the Ministry of Universities (Spain).

Bu çalışmada, farklı oranlarda (%4 ve %8) keten ve çiya tohumu ile zenginleştirilmiş yayın balığı (Silurus glanis) köftelerinin bazı kalite kriterlerinin incelenmesi amaçlanmıştır. Balık köfteleri depolamanın belirli günlerinde (1, 7 ve 14. gün) toplam aerobik mezofilik bakteri (TAMB), psikrotrofik bakteri, maya-küf, tiyobarbitürik asit (TBARS), toplam uçucu bazik azotu (TVB-N), pH ve duyusal kalite parametreleri yönünden araştırılmıştır. Mikrobiyolojik analiz sonuçlarına göre keten ve çiya tohumu ile zenginleştirilmiş köfte örneklerinde bakteri sayısı, kontrol grubu örneklere göre daha düşük bulunmuş ve tüm gruplarda depolama süresine paralel olarak artış (p, This study aimed to examine some quality criteria of catfish (Silurus glanis) fishballs enriched with flax and chia seeds at different rates (4% and 8%). Total aerobic mesophilic bacteria (TAMB), psychrotrophic bacteria, yeast-mold, thiobarbituric acid (TBARS), total volatile basic nitrogen (TVB-N), pH and sensory levels on certain days of storage (1, 7, and 14 days) of fishballs investigated in terms of quality parameters. According to the results of microbiological analysis, the number of bacteria in the ball samples enriched with flax and chia seeds was lower than in the control group samples, and an increase was detected in all groups in parallel with the storage period (p

Una Crónica radial donde cuenta la historia de superación de un deportista en condición de discapacidad, realizando un paralelo con otra deportista que cuenta con todas sus capacidades. A radio chronicle that tells the story of the overcoming of a disabled athlete, making a parallel with another athlete who has all her abilities. Comunicador Social Pregrado

Chia (Salvia hispanica L.) seeds have antioxidant properties that can improve livestock performance and productivity. Probiotics are feed additives that may have pharmaceutical and/or metabolic effects on animal health and growth performance. Due to the differences in their mode of action, it is thought that the combined use of chia seeds, probiotics and enzyme mix will cause additional effects on performance, blood and rumen parameters in ruminant animals. For this purpose, Tuj sheep (n=20; 1.5 years old; average 40.5 kg) were divided into 1 control and 3 experimental groups, each with 5 animals. Trail rations were separately and combined with 0, 2.5% chia seeds (CT), 1g/kg probiotic enzyme mixture (P+E) and 2.5% CT + 1g/kg P+E were added. Sheep were fed for a total of 21 days, with 7 days of adaptation and 14 days of trial period. The results indicated that the effect of adding CT and/or P+E to the diets of Tuj sheep on fattening performance was found to be insignificant (P>0.05). While rumen total essential oil (tVFA) acid concentration increased in the control experimental group (P0.05). While the concentrations of serum, non-esterified fatty acids, betahydroxybutyric acid, nitric oxide and calcium values differed from the experimental groups to which feed additives was added compared to the control group (P0.05)., Chia (Salvia hispanica L.), Labiate ailesinin bir üyesidir ve tohumları, çiftlik hayvanlarının performansını ve üretkenliğini artırabilecek fenolik bileşikler ve çoklu doymamış yağ asitleri (PUFA'lar) bakımından zengin, antioksidan özelliğindedir. Probiyotikler ise hayvan sağlığı ve büyüme performansı üzerinde farmasötik ve/veya metabolik etkilere sahip olabilecek yem katkı maddeleridir. Etki tarzlarındaki farklılıklar nedeniyle, bunların kombinasyonları ruminant hayvanlarda performans, kan ve rumen parametreleri üzerinde ilave etkilere sahip olabilir. Bu amaçla, çalışmada Tuj koyunları (n=20; 1,5 yaşında; ortalama 40,5 kg) her birinde 5 hayvan bulunacak şekilde 1 kontrol ve 3 deneme grubuna ayrılmıştır. Çalışma rasyonlarına ayrı ve kombine olarak, sırası ile 0, %2,5 chia tohumu (CT), 1g/kg probiyotik enzim karışımı (P+E) ve %2,5 CT + 1g/kg P+E ilavesi yapılmıştır. Koyunlar 7 gün adaptasyon ve 14 gün deneme süresi olacak şekilde toplam 21 gün beslenmiştir. Sonuçlar göstermiştir ki, Tuj koyunlarının rasyonlarına CT ve/veya P+E ilavesinin besi performansı üzerine etkisinin önemsiz bulunmuştur (P>0,05). Rumen toplam uçucu yağ (tVFA) asitleri konsantrasyonu kontrol grubuna göre artarken (P0,05). Serum Esterleşmemiş yağ asitleri, Betahidroksibütrikasit, Nitrik oksit ve kalsiyum, değerleri katkı maddesi ilavesi yapılan deneme gruplarında kontrol grubuna göre farklılık gösterirken (P0,05).

Objectives: The pseudo-cereals chia, amaranth, and quinoa have received increasing attention due to their advantageous nutritional features in recent years. However, their influence on subjective satiety and consecutive energy intake in humans is mainly unknown. The purpose of this research was to determine whether subjective food consumption and satiety during an open buffet meal were different after consuming test meals prepared with chia, amaranth, or quinoa seeds. Materials and Methods: Subjects (n=35) were given four mid-morning snacks in a randomized cross-over design. On various test days, participants received plain yogurt (CON), yogurt containing 14 g of chia (CHI), amaranth (AMA), or quinoa (QUI). After subjects were told to report visual analogue scale (VAS) scores on sensory outcomes, they were provided an ad libitum meal and their energy intake was recorded.Results: VAS scores were similar between the test meals. Area under curve data of VAS scores indicated similar hunger, satiety, prospective food consumption and amount of food that could be consumed between the study groups. On the other hand, the area under curve data of desire for sugary snacks was significantly lower in QUI in comparison to CON and CHI. Individuals in all groups had similar energy intake during ad libitum lunch. No difference was determined between chia, amaranth, and quinoa test meals. Conclusion: Iso-caloric test meals prepared with yogurt and chia, amaranth, or quinoa seeds showed similar effects on ad libitum energy intake and subjective appetite sensations.

La planta de tratamiento de agua residual del municipio de Chía PTAR I, fue construida en 1989 con el fin de atender el tratamiento de aguas negras para suplir el caudal de dicho momento, incorporando un procedimiento que permitiera la reducción de la contaminación. Con el pasar de los años este tratamiento se tornó convencional y poco eficaz, dada su menor capacidad de tratamiento versus el crecimiento poblacional y urbanístico del municipio. De allí que este proyecto busca analizar la calidad del agua cruda y tratada, de acuerdo con lo establecido en la Resolución 631 de 2015, a partir de la información suministrada por EMSERCHIA E.S.P. De otra parte, con relación a los vertimientos, se analiza el estado que presenta la planta en cuanto a sus procesos y operaciones unitarias, acorde a lo estipulado en la Resolución 0330 de 2017. De esta manera, se adelantan cálculos que permiten establecer las cargas contaminantes, como consecuencia del crecimiento poblacional del municipio, proyectado al 2050. Finalmente, se plantea una propuesta de mejoramiento de la planta de tratamiento de agua residual del municipio de Chía PTAR I, de acuerdo con tales condiciones y exigencias. Es así como se elabora la memoria de cálculo con los laboratorios obtenidos, proyecciones de la carga contaminante y de caudales al 2050, además, en la propuesta de mejoramiento, se plantea un sistema de lodos activados que incluye los cálculos y planos del tren de tratamiento propuesto. De este modo, se busca enfrentar los problemas ambientales generados por el actual proceso utilizado en el tratamiento de aguas, al estar enfrentando deficiencias operativas, en cuanto a su capacidad como cuerpo receptor, insuficiencia en sus procesos y tecnologías que han generado, entre otras situaciones, evidente inconformidad por cuenta de sus habitantes, quienes vienen enfrentando impactos ambientales y de salubridad, caso de los malos olores generados por las lagunas facultativas existentes en la PTAR I de Chía, obligando a buscar alternativas que conduzcan a un adecuado manejo de aguas domésticas y de vertimientos industriales, que, de igual manera, afectan al río Bogotá. The wastewater treatment plant of the municipality of Chía PTAR I, was built in 1989 to supply the flow at that time, incorporating a procedure that will reduce pollution. Over the years, this treatment became conventional and ineffective, given its lower treatment capacity versus the population and urban growth of the municipality. Hence, this project seeks to analyze the quality of raw and treated water, in accordance with the provisions of Resolution 631 of 2015, based on the information provided by EMSERCHIA E.S.P. On the other hand, with respect to discharges, the state of the plant is analyzed in terms of its processes and unit operations, in accordance with the provisions of Resolution 0330 of 2017. In this way, calculations are made to establish the polluting loads. As a consequence of the population growth of the municipality, projected to 2050. Finally, a proposal is proposed to improve the wastewater treatment plant of the municipality of Chía PTAR I, in accordance with such conditions and requirements. This is how the calculation memory is prepared with the laboratories obtained, projections of the pollutant load and flows to 2050, in addition, in the improvement proposal, an activated sludge system is proposed that includes the calculations and plans of the treatment train proposed. In this way, it seeks to face the environmental problems generated by the current process used in water treatment, as it is facing operational deficiencies, in terms of its capacity as a receiver of the body, insufficiency in its procedures and technologies that have generated, among others. situations, evident disagreement on behalf of its inhabitants, who have been facing environmental and health impacts, case of bad odors generated by the existing facultative lagoons in PTAR I of Chía. to force to look for alternatives that lead to a thanks to an adequate management of domestic waters and industrial discharges, which, in the same way, provides affect to the Bogotá river. Pregrado

The article is devoted to justifying the expediency of using chia seeds in dessert recipes. Developed recipes for pudding and mousse desserts are offered.

El presente estudio tiene como fin demostrar la factibilidad de la implementación de una planta productora de barras energéticas a base de Quinua y Chía. El producto será llamado “Mixbar”, el cual será presentado en empaques CPP de 41.5 g, cajitas de 12 empaques y cajas máster de 12 cajitas. Mixbar es una mezcla de frutos secos que le dan un valor altamente proteico con alto contenido de ácidos grasos esenciales, vitaminas y minerales, ricas en antioxidantes y aminoácidos esenciales que el organismo no puede sintetizar por sí mismo. El segmento de mercado al que se ha orientado el proyecto es la población de los niveles socioeconómicos A, B y C de Lima Metropolitana, para personas entre las edades de 13 a 55 años. El producto va direccionado va direccionado como único canal a un precio de S/ 2.60, comercializado como alimento de alto contenido nutritivo y de consumo rápido. La localización de la planta se estableció mediante el método de ranking de factores. De acuerdo a ello, la provincia de Huancayo, Junín, es seleccionado como punto óptimo para su instalación, tomando como factor importante la disponibilidad de materia prima. El área a construir es de 418.1 metros cuadrados para cubrir una demanda en el quinto año de 1,104,738 unidades de barras energéticas. El proyecto es técnicamente viable al no tener factores limitantes para su implementación, asimismo, contará con una capacidad instalada de 3,854,336 barras energéticas al año, que a su vez es la capacidad de producción del proceso de horneado. La inversión estimada es de S/ 1,567,225.89 con un aporte propio del 50% y financiamiento del 50% restante. Mediante esta base mencionada, se realizaron las evaluaciones correspondientes, obteniendo un VAN económico de S/ 375,089.98 y un VAN financiero de S/ 535,781.09. El análisis de este indicador y otros, como la TIR económica y financiera de 20.8% y 29.4% respectivamente, confirman que el proyecto es económica y financieramente viable. The purpose of this study is to demonstrate the feasibility of implementing a plant to produce energy bars based on Quinoa and Chia. The product will be called "Mixbar", which will be presented in CPP packs of 41.5 grams, 12-pack boxes and master boxes of 12 boxes. Mixbar is a mixture of nuts that give it a high protein value with high content of essential fatty acids, vitamins and minerals, rich in antioxidants and essential amino acids that the body cannot synthesize by itself. The market segment targeted by the project is the population of socioeconomic levels A, B and C of Metropolitan Lima, for people between the ages of 13 and 55. The product is targeted as a single channel at a price of S/. 2.60, marketed as a food with high nutritional content and quick consumption. The location of the plant was established using the factor ranking method. Accordingly, the province of Huancayo, Junín, was selected as the optimum location for the plant, taking raw material availability as an important factor. The area to be built is 418.1 square meters to cover a demand in the fifth year of 1,104,738 units of energy bars. The project is technically feasible because there are no limiting factors for its implementation, and it will have an installed capacity of 3,854,336 energy bars per year, which in turn is the production capacity of the baking process. The estimated investment is S/ 1,567,225.89 with an own contribution of 50% and financing of the remaining 50%. On this basis, the corresponding evaluations were performed, obtaining an economic NPV of S/ 375,089.98 and a financial NPV of S/ 535,781.09. The analysis of this indicator and others, such as the economic and financial IRR of 20.8% and 29.4%, respectively, confirm that the project is economically and financially viable.

El interés por el cuidado en la alimentación personal y llevar un estilo de vida saludable está en constante crecimiento en los últimos años y se espera que siga aumentando. Por ello, se encontró una oportunidad dentro del mercado de fideos; sin embargo, para diferenciarse del mismo, se optó por emplear insumos variados que aporten al consumidor una alimentación nutritiva. Debido a estos motivos, se realizó un estudio de prefactibilidad para la implementación de una planta productora de fideos (espagueti) enriquecidos con harina de tarwi y chía que brindan mejores propiedades como el aumento de proteína, fibra, entre otras cosas. Mediante el estudio de mercado, se reconoció la demanda interna aparente de fideos en el mercado peruano y, aplicando diferentes criterios de segmentación, se precisó que la demanda especifica del proyecto da como resultado 843 677 paquetes de fideos para el quinto año de operación. A través de un análisis de macrolocalización y microlocalización, en el que se contrastan diversos factores, se pudo determinar que el mejor lugar para el establecimiento de la planta de fideos “Profid” es en el distrito de Lurín, ubicado en el departamento de Lima. Tras una evaluación para determinar el tamaño óptimo de la planta, el valor correspondiente dio como resultado el mismo que el tamaño mercado que fue calculado por la demanda especifica del proyecto. Asimismo, se determinó que las unidades mínimas a producir para no generar pérdidas fueron de 446 577 paquetes de fideos por año. El proyecto tiene estimado una inversión de 3 602 967,23 soles para el horizonte de 5 años de operación. A demás, se comparó el grado de rentabilidad entre un escenario económico y financiero mediante los siguientes indicadores: VAN, TIR, B/C y Periodo de recupero. La evaluación demostró una mejor rentabilidad mediante el apalancamiento al 42,34% con una tasa efectiva anual de 15,07%. The interest in taking care of personal nutrition and leading a healthy lifestyle has been growing steadily in recent years and is expected to continue increasing. Therefore, an opportunity was found within the noodle market; however, in order to differentiate from it, it was decided to use a variety of inputs that provide the consumer with a nutritious diet. For these reasons, a pre-feasibility study was conducted for the implementation of a plant to produce noodles (spaghetti) enriched with tarwi and chia flour, which provide better properties such as increased protein and fiber, among other things. Through the market study, the apparent internal demand for noodles in the Peruvian market was recognized and, applying different segmentation criteria, it was determined that the specific demand of the project results in 843 677 packages of noodles for the 5th year of operation. Through a macro- and micro-location analysis, in which various factors are contrasted, it was determined that the best location for the establishment of the "Profid" noodle plant is in the district of Lurin, located in the department of Lima. After an evaluation to determine the optimal size of the plant, the corresponding value was the same as the market size that was calculated for the specific demand of the project. Likewise, it was determined that the minimum units to be produced in order not to generate losses were 446 577 packages of noodles per year. The project has an estimated investment of 3 602 967,23 soles for the 5-year operating horizon. In addition, the degree of profitability was compared between an economic and financial scenario using the following indicators: NPV, IRR, B/C and Payback Period. The evaluation showed a better profitability through leverage at 42,34% with an effective annual rate of 15,07%.

En el presente trabajo, realizamos un estudio de pre-factibilidad para instalar una fábrica productora de bizcochos a base de harina de kiwicha con semillas de chía, con el objetivo de precisar si el proyecto es viable económica, social, ambiental, comercial y técnicamente al establecer dicha fábrica. El mercado objetivo está determinado por los hombres y mujeres de Lima Metropolitana entre los NSE A, B y C, que se preocupen por tener una vida saludable. Además, se calculó que la demanda anual máxima y tamaño de planta del proyecto es de 2 064 948 paquetes de bizkiwicha de 70 g cada uno, que equivalen a 172 079 cajas de 12 bizcochos. Se estableció que la localización óptima de la fábrica es Lurín, en el parque industrial Lúcumo. También se determinó que el tamaño de planta estará limitado por el tamaño de mercado. Se verificó que se requerirán cuatro operarios por cada turno de trabajo, se armó el plan de producción anual, el requerimiento de materiales y el plano de la industria con un área total de 999,23 ¿2. Concluimos que el proyecto cuenta con rentabilidad y viabilidad positivas. Esto obteniendo, luego de la evaluación económica, un VAN de 147 838 soles y un TIR de 22,59% mayor al COK de 18,00%. Asimismo, obtuvimos un VAN de 223 134 soles y un TIR de 33,10% mayor al CPPC de 12,80%. Se midió la contribución social del proyecto de inversión, lo que se calculó obteniendo los siguientes resultados: el cálculo del valor agregado en 4 268 304 soles, densidad de capital 70 250 soles/habitante, intensidad de capital de 0,2633 soles invertidos por cada sol de valor agregado, y la relación producto-capital de 3,80 veces la inversión. In the present work, a prefactibility study was carried out for the installation of a plant that produces cakes based on amaranth flour with chia seeds, with the aim of determining the economic, social, environmental, market and technical viability of the installation of said plant. The target market is determined by men and women of Metropolitan Lima between SEL A, B and C, who have a healthy diet. In addition, the annual demand for the project was calculated, which is 2 064 948 packages of bizkiwicha 70g each, equivalent to 172 079 boxes of 12 cakes. It was established that the optimal location for the plant is Lurin, in the Lucumo industrial park. Also, we determined that the plant size will be limited by the market size. It was verified that four operators will be required each turn, the annual production plan was elaborated, the material requirement calculated, and the industry construction plan designed with a total area of 999,23 m2. We concluded that the project has both positive profitability and viability. After the economic evaluation, we obtained a NPV of 147 838 soles and an IRR of 22,59%, which is higher than the COK of 18,00%. In addition, we obtained a NPV of 223 134 soles and an IRR of 33,10%, which is higher than the CPPC of 12,80%. The social contribution of the investment project was measured, which was calculated, obtaining the following results: the calculation of the added value in 4 268 304 soles, capital density 70 250 soles / inhabitant, Capital intensity of 0,2633 of investment for each sol of added value, and the product-capital ratio of 3,80 times the investment.

La prevalencia actual de las dislipemias muestra una tendencia al alza, promovido en parte, por los estilos de vida actuales, y los hábitos de alimentación, donde predominan las dietas con alimentos ricos en grasas saturadas y azúcares. Es por eso por lo que, en primer lugar, para tratar dicha enfermedad se recurre a los tratamientos no farmacológicos, como son los cambios en el estilo de vida: incrementando la práctica de deporte diaria y sustituyendo los alimentos ricos en azúcares y grasas saturadas por una dieta rica en grasas saludables y fibra. Actualmente, el tratamiento de elección para tratar las dislipemias, concretamente en la hipercolesterolemia, donde los niveles de colesterol en sangre son elevados, son las estatinas, sin embargo, sus efectos adversos, que en ocasiones pueden ocasionar malestar al paciente, han impulsado con mayor fuerza la búsqueda de nuevos tratamientos que ocasionen en menor medida estos efectos adversos, o inclusive que no los produzca. Es por tanto, que las investigaciones en búsqueda de nuevos tratamientos tienen como objetivo encontrar sustancias naturales novedosas, o sustancias de uso habitual por la población, de las cuales se desconocía su posible aplicación como tratamiento para tratar las dislipemias por sus propiedades hipolipemiante. Son de empleo común, la chía, la avena, así como el té verde, sin embargo, la levadura roja de arroz es la sustancia más innovadora y que está teniendo una mayor repercusión hoy día. Esto es debido a la capacidad de esta sustancia de producir metabolitos secundarios con actividad biológica; entre ellos destaca la monacolina K, una estatina análoga a la lovastatina. La levadura roja de arroz es un de los componentes principales de muchos de los complementos alimenticios que existen en el mercado para tratar las dislipidemias. Además, coadyuvantes como la berberina, y la coenzima Q10, también forman parte de estos complementos. Universidad de Sevilla. Grado en Farmacia

In the present work, the microbiological quality of sesame, flaxseed, chia, pumpkin sunflower seeds, a mix of seeds, as well as flaxseed flour, marketed in southern Portugal, were studied through the counting of aerobic microorganisms at 30 degrees C (AM), molds and yeast (M&Y), Escherichia coli (beta-glucuronidase positive) (beta-GP E. coli), Staphylococcus coagulase positive, and detection of Salmonella spp. The persistence of AM and M&Y populations were also counted in organic and non-organic flaxseed at 20 degrees C for 11 months. The seeds with the highest average of AM were flaxseed (1,3 x 10(6) CFU/g) followed by flaxseed flour (1,1 x 10(6) CFU/g) while the lowest level was found in chia (2,9 x 10(4) CFU/g). This seed also presented the lowest average values of filamentous fungi (9,8 x 10(2) CFU/g), whereas sunflower seeds had the highest levels (1,7 x 10(5) CFU/g). Flaxseed flour had the highest yeast counts (1,5 x 10(4) CFU/g). Although some samples had high levels of AM and fungi, beta-GP E. coli and Salmonella were not detected, therefore, they complied with the microbiological criteria of the European Union. The organic flaxseed contained higher numbers of AM and M&Y than the non-organic ones (p < 0.05). In addition, the storage of flaxseed at 20 degrees C resulted in changes of AM and M&Y, showing that these populations were able to remain viable after eleven months (AM Log 5.4-Log 5.6; M&Y Log 2.8 - Log 4.1). The results obtained in the present study, namely those high levels of AM and fungi (>10(6) and 10(4) CFU/g respectively), alert to the need of improving processing practices, storage/distribution conditions of edible seeds and derivatives, as well as the requirement of implementing adequate decontamination techniques. info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion

Received: August 1st, 2022 ; Accepted: October 17th, 2022 ; Published: October 24th, 2022 ; Correspondence: ds.dr.ali.fadaam@uoanbar.edu.iq A laboratory experiment was carried out in the tissue culture laboratories of the College of Agriculture \ University of Anbar \ Iraq from 1/2/ 2021 till 1/7/2021, to multiply and produce some active compounds in Chia in vitro. Nutrition medium (MS) (Murashige and Skoog) was used to propagate chia plants. The culture medium was enriched with benzyl adenine regulator at MS concentrations, 1, 2, and 3 mg L-1 with five replicates for each one, respectively, in order in the multiplication phase, to know its effect on some morphological characteristics of Chia plants such as branch length, nodes and leaflets number. Also, brassinolide was laid out of 0, 1 and 2 mg L-1 , while NAA added of 0, 1, 2 and 3 mg L-1 with five replicates for each one respectively, were added to the culture media at the rooting stage, in order to test its effectiveness in improving the formation of rootlets of Chia plants. In another experiment, the culture medium was enriched with different concentrations of the melatonin PGR 0, 1, 2, and 3 mg L-1 , with five replicates for each one, respectively, in order to study the effect of melatonin in the production of active compounds. The results showed that enrichment of the culture medium with benzyl adenine at a concentration of 1 mg L-1 increased the length, branches number and nodules number in plantlets (9.46 cm branch-1 , 5.45 branch plantlet-1 , and 9.57 nodes shoot-1 ). The combined effect of Brassinolide 1 mg L-1 and 3 mg L-1 NAA improved both number of rootlets and their length. of 10.5 rootlets plantlet-1 and 5.7 cm, respectively. Also, the addition of melatonin to the culture medium significantly diversifying active compounds in term of quantity and quality characteristics. The concentration of 1 mg L-1 of melatonin gave the highest number of active compounds (25 compounds), however the etheric compounds and fatty acid derivatives were the highest. The percentage of etheric compounds was 80.0% by adding 3 mg L-1 of melatonin, and the percentage of fatty acid derivatives reached 16.36% of the total area ratio by adding 1 mg L-1.

Olive leaves (OL) are products of olive cultivation with a high commercial value because they contain valuable bioactive compounds. Chia and sesame seeds have a high functional value because of their attractive nutritional properties. When combined in the extraction process, the two products constitute a product of high quality. The use of pressurized propane in vegetable oil extraction is advantageous because it provides solvent-free oil. This study aimed to combine two high-quality products to obtain oils with a unique combination of attractive nutritional properties and high levels of bioactive compounds. The mass percentage yields of the OL extracts with chia and sesame oils were 23.4% and 24.8%, respectively. The fatty acid profiles of the pure oils and their respective OL-enriched oils were similar. There was an aggregation of the 35% and 32% (v/v) bioactive OL compounds in chia and sesame oils, respectively. OL oils exhibited superior antioxidant capacities. The induction times of the OL extracts with the sesame and chia oils increased by 73% and 4.4%, respectively. Incorporating OL active compounds in healthy edible vegetable oils using propane as a solvent promotes the reduction of lipid oxidation, improves the lipid profiles and health indices of the oils, and forms a product with attractive nutritional characteristics.

Despite showing a drop in production, Brazil is one of the largest coconut producers in the world, however chia seeds are still little produced. This research sought to investigate the market for these foods through mapping on websites and the INPI. There were a total of 19 coconut industries, with the Northeast as its epicenter, and 12 with chia, led by the Southeast. 18 products with coconut and 9 with chia were found. The value of coconut was higher in regions where its production is insignificant. The recent cultivation of chia has made market investigation impossible to date. There are 359 patent applications with the general descriptor "coconut", while "chia" presented only 10. The search for patents relating the two foods did not yield results. The study shows the feasibility of developing products that include the analyzed raw materials , as well as the registration of patents. A pesar de mostrar una caída en la producción, Brasil es uno de los mayores productores de coco del mundo, sin embargo, las semillas de chía aún se producen poco. Esta investigación buscó investigar el mercado de estos alimentos a través del mapeo en sitios web y el INPI. Había un total de 19 industrias de coco, con el noreste como epicentro, y 12 con chía, lideradas por el sureste. Se encontraron 18 productos con coco y 9 con chía. El valor del coco fue mayor en las regiones donde su producción es insignificante. El cultivo reciente de chía ha hecho que la investigación de mercado sea imposible hasta la fecha. Existen 359 solicitudes de patente con el descriptor general "coco", mientras que "chía" presentó solo 10. La búsqueda de patentes que relacionen los dos alimentos no arrojó resultados. El estudio muestra la viabilidad de desarrollar productos que incluyan las materias primas analizadas, así como el registro de patentes. Apesar de apresentar uma queda na produção, o Brasil é um dos maiores produtores de coco do mundo, no entanto as sementes de chia ainda são pouco produzidas. A presente pesquisa buscou investigar o mercado desses alimentos por meio de mapeamento em websites e no INPI. Foram totalizadas 19 indústrias de coco, sendo o Nordeste o seu epicentro, e 12 de chia, lideradas pelo Sudeste. Foram encontrados 18 produtos com coco e 9 com chia. O valor do apresentou-se mais elevado em regiões que sua produção é insignificante. O cultivo recente da chia impossibilitou ainvestigação de mercado até o presente momento. Há 359 depósitos de patentes com o descritor geral "coco”, enquanto “chia” apresentou apenas 10. A busca por patentes que relacionasse os dois alimentos não obteve resultados. O estudo mostra a viabilidade de desenvolvimento de produtos que englobe as matérias-primas analisadas, como também o registro de patentes.

Kültür varlıklarının korunması ve yönetilmesi süreçlerinde, koruma ile gelişme önerileri arasında denge kurulmasında yeni ve önemli bir araç olarak tanımlanan kültürel miras etki değerlendirme (KÜMED) konusu, 2000’li yılların başında çevresel etki değerlendirmeden ayrılarak geliştirilmeye başlanmıştır. “The United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO)” Dünya Miras Merkezi ve “International Council on Monuments and Sites (ICOMOS)” başta olmak üzere, kültür varlıklarının sürdürülebilirliğinin güçlendirilmesi hedefiyle birçok uluslararası kurum ve kuruluş tarafından çeşitli KÜMED rehberleri ve ilkeleri yayımlanmıştır. Son yıllarda Türkiye’nin yakından izlediği Avrupa Birliği ve Amerika Birleşik Devletleri’nde, bu rehberlerin ülke mevzuatlarıyla bütünleştirilerek uygulanması uluslararası koruma literatürüne ve etki değerlendirme pratiklerine geniş katkılar sunmaktadır. Türkiye’de de KÜMED’in, mevcut koruma-etki değerlendirme-planlama sistemi içinde nasıl konumlandırılabileceği tartışılmaktadır. Bu nedenle, bu çalışmada, KÜMED ile ilgili uluslararası yaklaşımlardan ve örnek uygulamalardan yapılan çıkarımlarla Türkiye’deki kültür mirası ve etki değerlendirme ilişkisinin kurulabilmesi için benimsenmesi gereken KÜMED ilkeleri tanımlanmaktadır. Bu bağlamda; KÜMED kavramı açıklanmakta, günümüzdeki uluslararası çevresel etki değerlendirme yaklaşımlarında da görülen “proje” ya da “gelişme” odaklı perspektiften önemli ölçüde uzaklaşan, uluslararası koruma kurumlarının KÜMED yaklaşımlarına yer verilmektedir. Çalışmada ayrıca, gelişmiş ülkeler arasından KÜMED’e yenilikçi yaklaşımlar sunan ve Türkiye’de KÜMED’in geliştirilmesine katkı sağlayabilecek nitelikte çeşitlenen dört yurt dışı deneyimi olan Liverpool, Kinderdijk-Elshout, York Kenti Planı ve Özgürlük Anıtı örnekleri karşılaştırılarak değerlendirilmiştir. Uluslararası KÜMED yaklaşımları bağlamında Türkiye’de hazırlanmış KÜMED uygulamalarından sayılabilecek olan Haliç Metro Geçiş Köprüsü ve Avrasya Tüneli Türkiye’deki KÜMED sorunlarına dikkat çekilerek incelenmiştir. Ele alınan KÜMED uygulamalarının hepsinin öne çıkan nitelikleri ve güçlü özellikleri çerçevesinde Türkiye için ulusal bir koruma stratejisinin ihtiyacının yanı sıra; koruma-KÜMED-planlama sisteminin yeniden kurgulanarak bütünleştirilmesi gerekliliği vurgulanarak Türkiye’de uygulanabilir bir KÜMED için temel ilkeler geliştirilmiştir.. Heritage impact assessment (HIA) which is a new important tool to establish the balance development proposals within the processes of conservation and management of cultural properties, has shown remarkable progress since its differentiation from environmental impact assessment (EIA) in the early 2000s. Various HIA guidelines and principles among which UNESCO World Heritage Centre and ICOMOS take attention have been published by international institutions and organisations to strengthen the sustainability of cultural properties. While Turkey has followed the improvements in the E.U and the U.S. where the integration of these guidelines has enhanced HIA are integrated the integration of these guidelines into countries' legislation has contributed extensively to HIA practices put HIA into force in Turkey is still an outstanding question. Therefore, this study aims to describe a general HIA framework for Turkish conservation sites based on the international approaches and cases from E.U. countries and the U.S. The proposed framework includes a national conservation strategy for Turkey, a conservation-HIA-planning system design connected by HIA, and procedures and processes for an effective HIA. As the impact assessment refers not only to a legal procedure but also a technical tool, the study's methodology comprises literature research on the history of HIA and its evolution in Turkey, recent international perspectives of HIA, and examination of six case studies, two of which are from Turkey. Four cases from developed countries that represent innovative approaches to HIA are chosen based on their applicable regulations concerning HIA in Turkey and their impact assessment process and methodology. Turkish cases, on the other hand, exemplify how international HIA frameworks have been treated. It is crucial to see examples from developed countries that offer different HIA frameworks in addition to the ICOMOS' HIA Guidance for internationally listed cultural heritage. In this context, the paper begins with a brief introduction and continues with the conceptual explanation of HIA and case studies, respectively; Heritage Impact Assessment of Liverpool Waters, Heritage Impact Assessment Study of Proposed Spatial Plans on the Mill Network at Kinderdijk-Elshout, Heritage Impact Assessment of York Local Plan, and Heritage Impact Assessment for the Statue of Liberty New Museum Construction. In addition to their general HIA approaches, the scale and characteristics of the cultural heritage expected to be affected by the developments have been considered. The main theme of the third part includes the current relationship between cultural heritage and impact assessment practices in Turkey. Two HIA cases from Turkey, Golden Horn Metro Crossing Bridge and Eurosia Tunnel, are examined and evaluated. When all cases from E.U, the U.S, and Turkey's HIA challenges are considered together, it is seen that there are many problems to be solved fora more effective HIA. Linked with the Turkish challenges, these problems are evaluated, and recommendations are provided under three headlines: the gap in the Turkish legislation-Turkish National Conservation Strategy, the adaptation of international principles-HIA defined in the Turkish conservation-impact assessment mechanism, connection issues between theory and practice of HIA -A New Improved Process for HIA studies. In order to propose a robust HIA framework for Turkish conservation areas, it is found out that there is an urgent need for radical changes in planning, conservation, and impact assessment regulations as experienced in England and the Netherlands cases. This is described by the general conservation strategy for the whole country, grounded on Turkish cultural property descriptions. Similarly, each law or procedure within these three disciplines should be interconnected and integrated by putting innovative approaches into the planning system. As seen in the U.S. cases, although impact assessment and conservation could be connected via guidance on the actor relations, for an effective process, HIA should be built parallel to both conservation-management of cultural heritage and decision-making process of policies, plans, and projects. Therefore, the proposed HIA flowchart and its impact assessment phases constitute a more extensive process that includes three mechanisms to be managed by features of any conservation area. Inspired by the technical principles of ICOMOS HIA Guidance, evaluated legal systems, and considering the scales of cultural heritage, this study supports HIA theory and practice by declaring it as an integration instrument when it puts the cultural property in the centre. Publisher's Version Emerging Sources Citation Index (ESCI) TR-Dizin WOS:000733969300004 TR - Dizin

Mastic tree (Pistacia lentiscus var. chia Duham.) is an important medicinal aromatic plant which is being culti-vated without any regular fertilization generally. Foliar Zn applications have great importance for many com-mercial plant species because of their important role in metabolic activities. In this study, the effects of foliar ZnSO4 sprayings (0, 0.2, 0.4, 0.8%) applied at 50% and 100% leafing stages, on some yield parameters and essential oil composition of mastic tree were assessed. A field experiment was carried out for two consecutive years at Ege University, Turkey. Mastic resin yield was more than doubled with 0.8% Zn particularly in the second year. The highest leaf Zn content was measured as 187.8 mg l- 1 with 0.8% zinc spraying while it was 35.4 mg l- 1 in unsprayed trees at 100% leafing in the first year. Leaf essential oil and alpha-tocopherol contents were not significantly influenced by different Zn levels and leafing stages in both years. As for the major essential oil constituents, 13-myrcene (62.4%), germacrene-D (14.3%), alpha-terpinenyl acetate (5.52%), t-caryophyllene (2.1%) and alpha-pinene (1.4%) were determined. Zinc sprayings increased the 13-myrcene, germacrene-D and alpha-pinene contents particularly at 100% leafing in the first year. In mastic tree two consecutive applications of Zn seems to be necessary for reaching to desirable leaf Zn contents. Application of 0.8% Zn or more would be proper to increase the contents of most parameters assessed., Ege University Scientific Research Project Commision, ?Izmir, TURKEY [FGA201920722], This research was supported by the Ege University Scientific Research Project Commision, ?Izmir, TURKEY [Grant No. FGA201920722].

Acidic chitinase (Chia) digests the chitin of insects in the omnivorous stomach and the chitinase activity in carnivorous Chia is significantly lower than that of the omnivorous enzyme. However, mechanistic and evolutionary insights into the functional changes in Chia remain unclear. Here we show that a noninsect-based diet has caused structural and functional changes in Chia during the course of evolution in Carnivora. By creating mouse-dog chimeric Chia proteins and modifying the amino acid sequences, we revealed that F214L and A216G substitutions led to the dog enzyme activation. In 31 Carnivora, Chia was present as a pseudogene with stop codons in the open reading frame (ORF) region. Importantly, the Chia proteins of skunk, meerkat, mongoose, and hyena, which are insect-eating species, showed high chitinolytic activity. The cat Chia pseudogene product was still inactive even after ORF restoration. However, the enzyme was activated by matching the number and position of Cys residues to an active form and by introducing five meerkat Chia residues. Mutations affecting the Chia conformation and activity after pseudogenization have accumulated in the common ancestor of Felidae due to functional constraints. Evolutionary analysis indicates that Chia genes are under relaxed selective constraint in species with noninsect-based diets except for Canidae. These results suggest that there are two types of inactivating processes in Carnivora and that dietary changes affect the structure and activity of Chia.

Background The term ‘superfoods’ is used to market foods considered to have significant health benefits. ‘Superfoods’ are claimed to prevent diseases as well as improving overall health, though the lack of explicit criteria means that any food can be labelled ‘super’ without support from scientific research. Typically, these ‘superfoods’ are rich in a particular nutrient for example antioxidants or omega-3 fatty acids. The objective of this study was to investigate the nutritional properties of a selection of superfood seeds: flax, chia, hulled sunflower and two types of processed hemp seeds and determine whether they may have potential health benefits. Methods We developed a simple aqueous extraction method for ground seeds and analysed their composition by mineral, protein and monosaccharide analyses. Cell viability assays were performed on Caco-2 and IEC-6 intestinal epithelial cells using increasing doses of the prepared extracts. Results Increased cell viability was observed in both cell lines with increasing concentrations of the flax seed, chia seed or hulled sunflower extracts (P < 0.05). Compositional analyses revealed the presence of polysaccharides, proteins and essential minerals in the aqueous extracts and in vitro assays showed sunflower had the highest antioxidant activity. However, differences in extract composition and antioxidant properties could not be directly related to the observed increase in cell viability suggesting that other components in the extracts may be responsible. Future studies will further characterize these extracts and investigate whether they are beneficial for gastrointestinal health.

RESUMEN A partir del caso de tres municipios colindantes con Bogotá, se analizan las particularidades e implicaciones diferenciadas del proceso de metropolización. Se argumenta que las actuales transformaciones no solo obedecen a las dinámicas propias de la urbanización, sino que los procesos históricos y actuales también han tenido origen tanto en decisiones específicas de grupos sociales determinados, como en la falta de decisiones y en la ausencia de coordinación entre entidades territoriales. En ese sentido, la recién conformada Región Metropolitana Bogotá-Cundinamarca puede ser la oportunidad para atender las problemáticas resultantes del proceso de metropolización y solventar algunas de sus falencias. Además, su potencialidad radica en la posibilidad de generar una visión de futuro unificada y la coordinación efectiva entre los instrumentos de planeación, gestión, seguimiento y control del ordenamiento territorial. Para terminar, con base en el análisis de este artículo y como aporte a las discusiones de constitución de la Región Metropolitana, proponemos un cinturón verde entre Bogotá, Cota y Chía, para disminuir la tendencia a la conurbación y a la expansión ininterrumpida de la mancha urbana de Bogotá sobre la Sabana Centro. ABSTRACT Referring to the case of three municipalities surrounding Bogotá, we analyze the distinct features and specific implications of metropolization process. We argue this process is not merely a result of typical urbanization dynamics, but it also comes from specific decision of some social groups, omissions, and absence of coordination between territorial bodies. In that sense, the recently established Bogotá-Cundinamarca Metropolitan Region might be an opportunity to address the problems resulting from metropolization processes and solve some of its shortcomings. Furthermore, its potential lies in the possibility of generating a unified vision of the future and effective coordination between the instruments of planning, management, monitoring and control of land use. Finally, based on this article analysis and as a contribution to the discussions of the debate around the Metropolitan Region, we propose a green belt between Bogotá, Cota and Chía, to reduce the tendency to conurbation and the continuous expansion of the urban area of Bogotá over the Sabana Centro province. RESUMO A partir do caso de três municípios vizinhos à Bogotá, são analisadas as particularidades e implicações diferenciadas do processo de metropolização. Argumenta-se que as transformações atuais não se devem apenas às dinâmicas típicas da urbanização, mas também aos processos históricos e atuais que têm se originado tanto em decisões específicas de determinados grupos sociais, como na falta de decisões e na ausência de coordenação entre entidades territoriais. Nesse sentido, a recém-formada Região Metropolitana de Bogotá-Cundinamarca pode ser a oportunidade para enfrentar os problemas decorrentes do processo de metropolização e solucionar algumas de suas deficiências. Além disso, seu potencial reside na possibilidade de gerar uma visão unificada de futuro, e uma efetiva articulação entre os instrumentos de planejamento, gestão, monitoramento e controle do ordenamento territorial. Para concluir, com base na análise deste artigo e como contribuição às discussões sobre a constituição da Região Metropolitana, propomos um cinturão verde entre Bogotá, Cota e Chía, para reduzir a tendência à conurbação e expansão ininterrupta do setor urbano de Bogotá na Savana Central.

The aim of the study was to characterize halotolerant bacteria and to evaluate their plant growth promotion potential on chia and quinoa seedlings under saline stress. Isolated microorganisms were evaluated for nitrogen fixation, phosphate solubilization, and production of siderophores and indole acetic acid. Three strains and two consortia were selected: Halomonas sp. (SFS), Micrococcus luteus (SA211), Bacillus sp. (HX11), C1 (SA211 + SFS), and C2 (SA211 + HX11). In vitro assays using water agar and half-strength Murashige-Skoog plates showed that an increase in salinity led to an increased seedlings mortality and a decrease in germination (lower than 40%), in total length (varying between 16% and 87% decreases), root length (from 60% to 92% lesser length) and dry weight (from 7% to 86% lower weight). Also, the relative growth index (RGI) decreased for both crops in most treatments, except those with HX11 and C2. These treatments had the highest growth parameters and RGI values in presence of high salinity in chia (50 and 100 mmol/L NaCl) and quinoa (200 and 400 mmol/L NaCl). SA211, the highest producer of indole acetic acid, showed a detrimental effect and anomalous phenotype on plants. Our results suggest that Bacillus sp. HX11, with multiple plant growth promotion traits and tolerance to saline stress, has a great potential as a bioinoculant in saline conditions and could be used as a biofertilizer for crop production. EEA Salta Fil: Yañez-Yazlle, María Florencia. Universidad Nacional de Salta. Instituto de Investigaciones para la Industria Química; Argentina Fil: Yañez-Yazlle, María Florencia. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Instituto de Investigaciones para la Industria Química; Argentina Fil: Yañez-Yazlle, María Florencia. Universidad Nacional de Salta. Facultad de Ciencias Naturales; Argentina Fil: Romano-Armada, Neli. Universidad Nacional de Salta. Instituto de Investigaciones para la Industria Química; Argentina Fil: Romano-Armada, Neli. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Instituto de Investigaciones para la Industria Química; Argentina Fil: Romano-Armada, Neli. Universidad Nacional de Salta. Facultad de Ingeniería; Argentina Fil: Acreche, Martín Moisés. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA). Estación Experimental Agropecuaria Salta; Argentina Fil: Acreche, Martín Moisés. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina. Fil: Rajal, Verónica Beatriz. Universidad Nacional de Salta. Instituto de Investigaciones para la Industria Química; Argentina Fil: Rajal, Verónica Beatriz. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Instituto de Investigaciones para la Industria Química; Argentina Fil: Rajal, Verónica Beatriz. Universidad Nacional de Salta. Facultad de Ingeniería; Argentina Fil: Rajal, Verónica Beatriz. Nanyang Technological University. School of Biological Sciences. Singapore Centre for Environmental Life Sciences Engineering; Singapur Fil: Irazusta, Verónica Patricia. Universidad Nacional de Salta. Instituto de Investigaciones para la Industria Química; Argentina Fil: Irazusta, Verónica Patricia. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Instituto de Investigaciones para la Industria Química; Argentina Fil: Irazusta, Verónica Patricia. Universidad Nacional de Salta. Facultad de Ciencias Naturales; Argentina

Proyecto de emprendimiento de pregrado. RiverArte, arte con globos. Proyecto enfocado en analizar la demanda, oferta, preferencias y tendencias del servicio de decoración con globos en el sector de Chía y Sabana Centro mediante una investigación de mercado, para así determinar la viabilidad de creación de empresa en este sector. Entrepreneurship project. RiverArte, balloon art. The project focused on analyzing the demand, supply, preferences, and trends of the balloon decoration service in Chia and Sabana Centro's sector through market research to determine the feasibility of creating a company in this sector. Profesional en Negocios Internacionales http://unidadinvestigacion.usta.edu.co Pregrado

Salvia hispanica L. is an alternative crop cultivated by farmers who want to diversify their production. However, this species is sensitive to salinity, which affects its germination negatively. Seed priming with different attenuators is a technique with potential to mitigate the effects of salt stress. Thus, the objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of seed priming with the use of different attenuators on the germination, growth, and organic solute accumulation of S. hispanica seedlings under salt stress. The experimental design was completely randomized, with treatments distributed in a 4 × 5 factorial scheme, corresponding to four seed priming treatments and five osmotic potentials, with four replicates of 50 seeds in each treatment. The seed treatments consisted of presoaking seeds for 4h in salicylic acid, gibberellic acid, and distilled water and the control treatment, which did not involve soaking. These seeds were germinated at osmotic potentials of 0.0, -0.1, -0.2, -0.3, and -0.4 MPa, using NaCl as an osmotic agent to simulate the different salinity levels. Among all the treatments implemented, S. hispanica seed priming with salicylic acid was the most efficient in mitigating the salt stress effects. Salvia hispanica L. is an alternative crop cultivated by farmers who want to diversify their production. However, this species is sensitive to salinity, which affects its germination negatively. Seed priming with different attenuators is a technique with potential to mitigate the effects of salt stress. Thus, the objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of seed priming with the use of different attenuators on the germination, growth, and organic solute accumulation of S. hispanica seedlings under salt stress. The experimental design was completely randomized, with treatments distributed in a 4 × 5 factorial scheme, corresponding to four seed priming treatments and five osmotic potentials, with four replicates of 50 seeds in each treatment. The seed treatments consisted of presoaking seeds for 4h in salicylic acid, gibberellic acid, and distilled water and the control treatment, which did not involve soaking. These seeds were germinated at osmotic potentials of 0.0, -0.1, -0.2, -0.3, and -0.4 MPa, using NaCl as an osmotic agent to simulate the different salinity levels. Among all the treatments implemented, S. hispanica seed priming with salicylic acid was the most efficient in mitigating the salt stress effects.

Members of the bacterial genus Vibrio utilize chitin both as a metabolic substrate and a signal to activate natural competence. Vibrio cholerae is a bacterial enteric pathogen, sub-lineages of which can cause pandemic cholera. However, the chitin metabolic pathway in V. cholerae has been dissected using only a limited number of laboratory strains of this species. Here, we survey the complement of key chitin metabolism genes amongst 195 diverse V. cholerae. We show that the gene encoding GbpA, known to be an important colonization and virulence factor in pandemic isolates, is not ubiquitous amongst V. cholerae. We also identify a putatively novel chitinase, and present experimental evidence in support of its functionality. Our data indicate that the chitin metabolic pathway within V. cholerae is more complex than previously thought, and emphasize the importance of considering genes and functions in the context of a species in its entirety, rather than simply relying on traditional reference strains.

Salvia hispanica cultivation is recent in Brazil and occurs in the off-season, when there is lower water availability in the soil. Water deficit is one of the abiotic factors that most limit germination for compromising the sequence of metabolic events that culminate with seedling emergence. Several attenuating substances have been used to mitigate the effects resulting from this stress and give higher tolerance to the species. Thus, the objective of this study was to evaluate the action of different agents as water stress attenuators in the germination and accumulation of organic compounds in S. hispanica seedlings. The treatments consisted of pre-soaking the seeds for 4 hours in salicylic acid (1 mM.L-1), gibberellic acid (0.4 mM.L-1), distilled water and control treatment (without soaking). The seeds were germinated at osmotic potentials of 0.0, -0.1, -0.2, -0.3 and -0.4 MPa, using PEG 6000 as an osmotic agent. The variables germination percentage, germination speed index, shoot and primary root lengths, total dry mass, proline, total soluble sugars and total free amino acids were analyzed. Salicylic acid and gibberellic acid led to the best results among the attenuators tested, increasing germination, length, dry mass and biochemical components of S. hispanica seedlings under water deficit. Therefore, salicylic and gibberellic acids are efficient in mitigating water stress in S. hispanica seeds up to the potential of -0.4 MPa. Resumo O cultivo da Salvia hispanica é recente no Brasil e se dá no período de entressafra, quando há menor disponibilidade hídrica no solo. O déficit hídrico é um dos fatores abióticos que mais limitam a germinação por comprometer a sequência de eventos metabólicos que culminam com a emergência da plântula. Diversas substâncias atenuadoras têm sido empregadas com a finalidade de mitigar os efeitos resultantes desse estresse e conferir maior tolerância às espécies. Desse modo, objetivou-se avaliar a ação de diferentes agentes como atenuadores do estresse hídrico na germinação e acúmulo de compostos orgânicos em plântulas de S. hispanica. Os tratamentos consistiram na pré-embebição das sementes durante 4 horas em ácido salicílico (1 mM.L-1), ácido giberélico (0,4 mM.L-1), água destilada e o tratamento controle (sem embebição). As sementes foram germinadas sob os potenciais osmóticos 0,0, -0,1, -0,2, -0,3 e -0,4 MPa, utilizando PEG 6000 como agente osmótico. Analisaram-se as variáveis porcentagem de germinação, índice de velocidade de germinação, comprimento da parte aérea e da raiz primária, massa seca total, prolina, açúcares solúveis totais e aminoácidos livres totais. O ácido salicílico e o ácido giberélico apresentaram os melhores resultados, dentre os atenuadores testados, incrementando a germinação, o comprimento, a massa seca e os componentes bioquímicos de plântulas de S. hispanica sob déficit hídrico. Logo, os ácidos salicílico e giberélico são eficientes na mitigação do estresse hídrico em sementes de S. hispanica até o potencial -0,4 MPa.

Chia (Salvia hispanica L.), is a traditional pre-Colombian food crop from Central America. Being considered the richest botanical source of omega-3 fatty acids, it has recently been rediscovered as a functional food and feed. A growing body of literature indicates that dietary chia seeds greatly improve animal products quality without compromising growth, productivity and organoleptic quality. Chia is mainly cultivated as a seed crop but recently interest has been raised on biomass production as a potential forage source opening alleys toward the integration of chia in crop-livestock systems. Literature on chia is flourishing, up to now reviews addressed botany, agronomy phytochemical and medicinal uses, this article reviews the main findings on chia use in animal nutrition and includes an overview on both seed and biomass yield and quality as affected by environment, agronomy, and genetic background. Chia is a short-day flowering crop, seed yields of commercial varieties can be as high as 2999 kg ha–1 in areas of origin while at European latitudes seed production is severely hampered by photoperiod sensitivity (max 518 kg ha–1). The viable growing of chia for seeds worldwide relies on the availability of genotypes flowering at longer days than in the areas of origin, while for whole plant a relatively high forage yield can be expected. In southern Italy commercial short-day flowering varieties yielded up to 2.07 t ha–1 of leaf dry biomass and in Greece chia yielded up to 15 T ha−1 dry biomass. Chia seeds supplement in livestock diet are administered with the main objective to increase the content of omega-3 and improve animal health. The majority of work has been done on poultry and rabbits where rewarding results have been obtained in terms of improvement of products lipids profile. Only one work was published on pig but the first results are encouraging. Published data on ruminants are few but in agreement with findings on other species these works demonstrate chia has no adverse effects health performances, and sizeable improvement of milk fatty acid profile. A qualitative improvement of freshwater cultivated fish fillets was also obtained with a partial replacement of soybean oil with chia. Finally an innovative study tested the effect of total or partial replacement of wheat bran in the diets of two edible insects that can be considered the new frontier of food and feed production chains.

Cookies, which form the largest category of bakery snacks, are considered a good vehicle to introduce nutrients into the diet. In this study, to increase the nutritional value of traditional commercial cookies, wheat flour was substituted with defatted flours made from flax, sesame, chia, and poppy, which are byproducts of the oil extraction industry. The differences in the technological properties, nutritional composition, and consumer acceptance of the reformulated cookies were evaluated. The results show that the wheat cookies used as the control showed a more elastic behavior than the cookies elaborated with defatted seed flours, which showed a greater tendency to crumble. The use of defatted seed flours yielded cookies with a higher content of protein and fiber, and a lower content in carbohydrates than the wheat cookies. Consumer evaluations for the sesame and flax cookies were similar to those for the traditional wheat cookies, with positive assessments on all of the parameters evaluated. On the other hand, the cookies elaborated using chia and poppy flours received the least positive evaluations from consumers. Thus, the use of some defatted seed flours, mainly flax and sesame, is proposed as an interesting alternative to produce health-promoting cookies in order to cover the current demand for gluten-free products.

The arid Southwest has been heavily impacted by drought and climate change. The Southwest states are some of the driest in the nation. From 2000 to 2020, 65% of the state of Utah experienced abnormally dry conditions, 78% of Arizona, 69% of New Mexico, and 71% of Nevada. Drought can damage pastures and crops, leading to economic losses in agriculture. Sustaining agricultural production (crops, food, livestock) on tribal lands will become progressively more challenging in the future due to decreased water availability, extended droughts, and changes in precipitation quantities and timing. This fact sheet is the second in a series of three that provide an overview of drought-tolerant crops, grasses, and native plants, which may assist in maintaining agricultural production for food and feed and sustain grasslands and rangelands in the arid Southwest. These plants possess unique characteristics that enable them to thrive under dry conditions and other stresses. Their drought-tolerant features are discussed in addition to soil preferences, preferred growing conditions, and market conditions and profitability.

The objective of the present work was to develop novel alternative gluten-free premixes for their application in the production of a bread product. Eight formulations of premixes based on light buckwheat flour (LBF) or whole buckwheat flour (WBF) supplemented with chia flour (CF) in a 90:10 ratio (w/w), with and without the addition of xanthan gum (XG 2 g/100 g) were evaluated. A commercial gluten-free premix was used as control. Breads were baked using each formulation and the control premix. The loaves prepared with buckwheat flour and supplemented with CF and XG exhibited a significantly lower mass loss during baking than the control. All the loaves made with LBF presented a higher air fraction, alveolar area and lightness than those prepared with WBF. The joint addition of XG:CF decreased the hardness of the LBF-based loaves. The selected premix (LBF:XG:CF) and the bread exhibited a higher protein, ash, crude fiber and polyunsaturated fatty acid content and antioxidant activity than the commercial premix and its bread (control). The development of premixes based on buckwheat and chia flour represents an alternative with high nutritional value that can be applied to the formulation of gluten-free breads, with adequate technological properties. Fil: Coronel, Estefanía. Provincia de Buenos Aires. Gobernación. Comisión de Investigaciones Científicas; Argentina. Universidad Nacional del Centro de la Provincia de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Ingeniería Olavarría. Departamento de Ingeniería Química; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina Fil: Guiotto, Estefania Nancy. Provincia de Buenos Aires. Gobernación. Comisión de Investigaciones Científicas. Centro de Investigación y Desarrollo en Criotecnología de Alimentos. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - La Plata. Centro de Investigación y Desarrollo en Criotecnología de Alimentos. Universidad Nacional de La Plata. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas. Centro de Investigación y Desarrollo en Criotecnología de Alimentos; Argentina Fil: Aspiroz, Maria Cristina. Universidad Nacional del Centro de la Provincia de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Agronomía; Argentina Fil: Tomás, Mabel Cristina. Provincia de Buenos Aires. Gobernación. Comisión de Investigaciones Científicas. Centro de Investigación y Desarrollo en Criotecnología de Alimentos. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - La Plata. Centro de Investigación y Desarrollo en Criotecnología de Alimentos. Universidad Nacional de La Plata. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas. Centro de Investigación y Desarrollo en Criotecnología de Alimentos; Argentina Fil: Nolasco, Susana Maria. Universidad Nacional del Centro de la Provincia de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Ingeniería Olavarría. Departamento de Ingeniería Química; Argentina. Provincia de Buenos Aires. Gobernación. Comisión de Investigaciones Científicas; Argentina Fil: Capitani, Marianela Ivana. Universidad Nacional del Centro de la Provincia de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Ingeniería Olavarría. Departamento de Ingeniería Química; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Tandil; Argentina

Research background. In spite of being a significantly growing segment, there are still problems regarding the nutritional, technological and sensory profiles of gluten-free products. Thus, the combination of a variety of functional ingredients is required in order to achieve the desired product quality. Experimental approach. Three types of flour, chestnut, buckwheat and potato, were chosen in this study because they are all gluten-free, nutritionally richer and technologically more advantageous than wheat flour. They are combined with chia seeds, which are also functional ingredients as they are rich in dietary fibre and unsaturated fatty acids. Therefore, this study aims to evaluate the utilization of chia seeds with chestnut, buckwheat and potato flour in biscuits as overall quality enhancers in gluten-free products. The proximate composition, total phenolic content, antioxidant activity, some biscuit quality parameters and the sensory properties of the samples were investigated, and some changes in these products during storage were monitored and evaluated. Results and conclusions. According to the results, biscuits with chestnut flour had the highest phenolic content (400.2 mg gallic acid equivalent (GAE) per 100 g dry sample) and total antioxidant activity (155.5 mg Trolox equivalent (TE) per 100 g dry sample). Biscuits with chestnut and chia seeds had the hardness of 30.1 N (p, Pozadina istraživanja. Usprkos sve većoj potražnji za bezglutenskim proizvodima, još uvijek postoje prepreke pri dobivanju proizvoda optimalne hranjive vrijednosti te tehnološkog i senzorskog profila. Stoga je za postizanje željene kakvoće proizvoda potrebno kombinirati različite funkcionalne sastojke. Eksperimentalni pristup. Za ovo su ispitivanje odabrana tri tipa brašna, i to od kestena, heljde i krumpira, jer sva tri ne sadržavaju gluten, a nutritivno i tehnološki su bogatija od pšeničnog brašna. Kombinirana su sa chia sjemenkama, koje su također funkcionalni sastojak, jer su bogate vlaknima i nezasićenim masnim kiselinama. Stoga je svrha ovoga rada bila procijeniti učinak dodatka chia sjemenki te brašna od kestena, heljde i krumpira na poboljšanje kakvoće bezglutenskih keksa. Ispitani su kemijski sastav, ukupni udjel polifenola, antioksidacijska aktivnost, pojedini parametri kakvoće i senzorska svojstva uzoraka, te su praćene i mjerene promjene tih značajki u dobivenim proizvodima tijekom skladištenja. Rezultati i zaključci. Dobiveni rezultati pokazuju da su keksi s kestenovim brašnom imali najveći udjel polifenola izražen u ekvivalentima galne kiseline, i to 400,2 mg u 100 g suhe tvari, te najveću ukupnu antioksidacijsku aktivnost izraženu u Trolox ekvivalentima, od 155,5 mg u 100 g suhe tvari. Keksi s brašnom od kestena i chia sjemenkama imali su najveću tvrdoću od 30,1 N (p

El incremento de enfermedades relacionadas con alteraciones en la homeostasis de la glucosa (i.e., obesidad, diabetes, glucogenosis), ha generado un continuo interés en el consumo de la quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa) y la chía (Salvia hispanica L.). Por ello, se ha estudiado en un primer objetivo el almidón de quinoa comparado con otros almidones comerciales (patata, arroz, trigo, maíz), determinando sus propiedades térmicas y de pasta y el efecto del tratamiento hidrotérmico en sus cinéticas de liberación de glucosa, así como evaluar el efecto de añadir harina de chía desgrasada (H_Ch) en los flujos de glucosa y en la respuesta metabólica en células HepG2. Como segundo objetivo, se ha estudiado el efecto de remplazar harina de trigo por harina de quinoa roja (QR) (25 %), quinoa blanca (QB) (25 %), chía (Ch) (20 %) y chía semidesgrasada (Ch_D) (20 %) en formulaciones de pan. Se ha observado el impacto fisiológico de estos ingredientes en diferentes modelos murinos (hiperglucemia, predisposición transgeneracional al acúmulo lipídico hepático y deficiencia en hierro) en combinación con una dieta alta en grasa, centrándonos en la contribución inmunonutricional sobre el control de la homeostasis de la glucosa. El almidón de quinoa mostró parámetros tecnológicos asociado con una mayor susceptibilidad a la gelatinización y correlacionándose con su mayor digestibilidad comparada con otros almidones. La incorporación de H_Ch no afectó significativamente al coeficiente de difusión de glucosa, si bien, disminuyó la respuesta metabólica mitocondrial, en presencia de insulina, en los cultivos HepG2. En los ensayos in vivo, la administración de los panes con quinoa y chía a ratones hiperglucémicos redujo la resistencia a la insulina (HOMAir) en comparación con el pan de trigo (PT). Sin embargo, el grupo Ch_D obtuvo niveles similares de peroxidación lipídica hepática al grupo PT. Este efecto se asocia más con la actividad de moduladores de la inmunidad innata, como los inhibidores de proteasa, que con el perfil nutricional (cantidad de almidón/omega-3). En animales con tendencia al acúmulo lipídico hepático, la administración de panes con QB y Ch también mejoró el índice HOMAir respecto al PT, acompañado de una modulación de la expresión (ARNm) de biomarcadores lipogénicos hepáticos. Estos cambios se asociaron con una variación positiva de la población mieloide en el torrente circulatorio periférico. Esta misma tendencia en las células mieloides también se observó en el modelo de deficiencia en hierro, manteniendo normalizados los niveles de glucosa, similares al grupo deficiente en hierro, previniendo el aumento de la glucemia después de la ingesta de dieta alta en grasa, a contraposición de lo que ocurrió con PT. En conclusión, la quinoa y la chía poseen propiedades beneficiosas a través del control inmunonutricional favoreciendo la prevención/atenuación en el desarrollo de enfermedades metabólicas a través del control de la homeostasis de la glucosa.