Search

Funder: alborada trust; FundRef: https://doi.org/10.13039/100008288, In rabbits, a white-spotted liver can be indicative of one of several disease processes, frequently caused by parasites. To date, the prevalence of white-spotted liver in wild rabbits, Oryctolagus cuniculus, in the United Kingdom is undetermined. We evaluated the prevalence and main parasitic etiologies of this entity in a U.K. population of wild rabbits. Wild rabbits (n = 87) were shot in Cambridgeshire for population control, and cadavers were donated for research. Postmortem examination was undertaken, including gross and histologic hepatic examination. Macroscopic lesions consistent with white-spotted liver were found in 46 of 87 (53%) rabbits examined; most of these lesions were considered to be mild. For 28 of 46 (59%) rabbits with gross hepatic lesions, an etiologic agent was apparent histologically. Eimeria stiedae was detected in 21 of 87 (24%) rabbits, and Calodium hepaticum (syn. Capillaria hepatica) was detected in 7 of 87 (8%). In the subset of rabbits killed in the summer, there was a significant association between white-spotted liver and juvenile age class. There was also an association between white-spotted liver caused by E. stiedae and juvenile age class. When restricting analysis to rabbits with white-spotted liver caused by E. stiedae and submitted in the summer, both juvenile age class and female had significant effects. E. stiedae and C. hepaticum can be transmitted to pet lagomorphs via contaminated vegetation, and to humans in the case of the latter, which demonstrates the importance of monitoring the prevalence of these parasitic diseases in wild rabbits.

Subsistence hunting is the main source of protein for forest reserve dwellers, contributing to the development of spurious infections by Calodium hepaticum, frequently associated with the consumption of the liver from wild mammals. The prevalence of infections by soil-transmitted helminths (STHs) and intestinal protozoa is considered an indicator of the social vulnerability of a country, besides providing information on habits, customs and quality of life of a given population. Intestinal parasites mostly affect poor rural communities with limited access to clean water and adequate sanitation. This study reports the results of a parasitological survey carried out in 2017 and 2019, in two municipalities (Xapuri and Sena Madureira) in Acre State. Stool samples were collected from 276 inhabitants. Upon receipt, each sample was divided into two aliquots. Fresh samples without preservative were processed and examined by the Kato-Katz technique. Samples fixed in 10% formalin were processed by the spontaneous sedimentation and the centrifugal sedimentation techniques. Calodium hepaticum eggs were found in three stool samples. The overall STH prevalence was 44.9%. The hookworm prevalence (19.2%) was higher than that of Ascaris lumbricoides (2.5%) and Trichuris trichiura (0.7%), an unexpected finding for municipalities belonging to the Western Brazilian Amazon. When considering parasites transmitted via the fecal-oral route, Endolimax nana and Entamoeba coli showed the highest positivity rates, of 13% and 10.9%, respectively. This study is the first report of spurious infection by C. hepaticum among forest reserve dwellers that consume undercooked liver of lowland pacas. Additionally, this is the first report of Blastocystis sp. in Acre State.

Capillaria hepatica (syn. Calodium hepaticum) is a parasitic nematode of rodents, rarely infecting humans. An asymptomatic Israeli adult male with extensive travel history was diagnosed with a liver mass on routine post-thymectomy follow-up. Imaging and computer tomography (CT) guided biopsy were inconclusive. Surgical excision revealed an eosinophilic granuloma with fragments of a nematode suspected to be C. hepatica. Molecular methods verified the diagnosis, and the patient was treated empirically. This is the first case of hepatic capillariasis described in Israel, and the first to be diagnosed using molecular methods.

International audience; Hepatic capillariasis is a rare and neglected zoonosis affecting wild and synanthropic small rodents. It is caused by infection with Calodium hepaticum in liver. Despite the worldwide distribution of the host Rattus norvegicus (brown or street rats) in the urban area, the epidemiological status of this parasitosis remains unknown. In the present study, we examined a total of 27 brown rats from the city centre and a garden (four km from the city centre) of Marseille, France. All rats were autopsied and 52% showed the presence of C. hepaticum eggs in the liver. This result draws general attention to public health risks, since street rats are living near the human population.

Introduction: Calodium hepaticum (syn. Capillaria hepatica) is a nematode with worldwide distribution among rodents (Rattus rattus, Rattus norvegicus) which can also infect human beings through ingestion of embryonated eggs and cause the zoonotic disease of capillariasis philippinensis. This study aimed to determine the C. hepatica infection in Rattus spp. in Sanandaj, Kurdistan province of Iran, as well as orally infecting of Balb/c mice with embryonated eggs. Methods: Area of study was the city of Sanandaj located in the west of Iran, wherein 4 R. norvegicus, 6 R. rattus and 10 Mus musculus were captured using live traps in a period of more than 2 years. Livers were examined for C. hepatica infection, sectioned, and then stained with hematoxylin and eosin. Embryonated eggs were used in order to experimentally infect 3 Balb/c mice orally. Results: Capillaria hepatica was detected in 5 out of 20 livers (25%); rates of infection were 50% (2/4) for R. norvegicus, 50% (3/6) for R. rattus, and 0% (0/10) for M. musculus. Cross sections of the livers showed active infections as eggs were deposited beside the worms, and they were also observed inside the female worms. After performing the autopsy on 3 mice that had been infected experimentally, there was no sign of infection based on gross and microscopic examinations. Conclusion: This study was the first report on C. hepatica infection in Rattus spp. in Sanandaj. The main reservoir hosts of C. hepatica infection in different areas of Sanandaj were R. rattus and R. norvegicus. On the other hand, with regard to limited sample size of study, no significant role could be considered for either infection or transmission of C. hepatica for M. musculus in these areas.

Calodium hepaticum (Trichinellida: Capillaridae) is a parasitic nematode of mammals distributed worldwide. Although this parasite can infect the liver of a wide diversity of mammals (including humans), it is mostly associated with Muroidea hosts. Sigmodontinae rodents were recently recognized as important hosts of this parasite in Argentina, but the impact of this parasitism on these hosts has not been established. Here we report results of histopathological analyses of 40 livers of Akodon azarae infected with C. hepaticum. Lesions were classified into 4 categories: level 0, absence of lesions; level 1, with focal granulomatous hepatitis; level 2, presence of multifocal granulomatous hepatitis, fibrosis and focal necrosis with neutrophils, and level 3, absence of intact adult parasites, diffuse distribution, necrosis, and fibrosis. Most samples presented lesions of level 2 (55%), but all categories of lesions were found. This is the first study to describe the lesions caused by C. hepaticum in the liver of Sigmodontinae rodents, and the results suggest that infection by this parasite is costly to A. azarae populations. Fil: Fantozzi, María Cecilia. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Santa Fe. Instituto de Ciencias Veterinarias del Litoral. Universidad Nacional del Litoral. Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias. Instituto de Ciencias Veterinarias del Litoral; Argentina Fil: Sanchez, Amorina. Universidad Nacional del Litoral; Argentina Fil: Scartascini Ciorciari, A. L.. Universidad Nacional del Litoral; Argentina Fil: Peña, Fiama Evelin. Universidad Nacional del Litoral; Argentina Fil: Canal, Ana María. Universidad Nacional del Litoral; Argentina Fil: Beldomenico, Pablo Martín. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Santa Fe. Instituto de Ciencias Veterinarias del Litoral. Universidad Nacional del Litoral. Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias. Instituto de Ciencias Veterinarias del Litoral; Argentina

There is limited knowledge about parasites of the endangered Ryukyu long-furred rat, Diplothrix legata (Murinae, Rodentia) endemic to Okinawa, Tokunoshima, and Amami-Oshima Islands in Japan. In the present study, postmortem histopathological examination of an individual found on Amami-Oshima Island revealed a mixed helminth infection of Calodium hepaticum, Hydatigera taeniaeformis, and Angiostrongylus cantonensis. These helminths are considered non-native to Amami-Oshima Island and are maintained by invasive mammals, such as non-native rats and outdoor cats. This observation presents a new host record for C. hepaticum and H. taeniaeformis and the first record of A. cantonensis in Ryukyu long-furred rat on Amami-Oshima Island.

Objective: To investigate the prevalence of Calodium hepaticum (C. hepaticum) in rodents and insectivores from Wuhan section of the Yangtze River in China, and to provide evidence for the prevention and treatment of hepatic Calodium infection. Methods: Rodents and insectivores were captured from three selected Yangtze River beaches using mousetraps. The three survey sites were divided into six areas according to natural conditions, with 60 mousetraps placed in each area. The liver lesions in the captured rodents were observed by the naked eye and the eggs in the liver tissue were observed by microscopic examination. Results: A total of 1 080 mousetraps were placed, and 1 075 mousetraps were retrieved, with the retrieve rate as 99.5%. A total of 101 Apodemus agrarius, 12 Rattus norvegicus, and 9 Crocidura attenuata were caught. The average density of rodents and insectivores was 10.5% and 0.8%, respectively. DNA of egg nodules from infected rodents showed 98% similarity with that of C. hepaticum 18S rRNA (LC425008.1). One Rattus norvegicus was infected with C. hepaticum, with an infection rate of 3.23% in the Erqi river beach; the other two beaches did not show the incidence of C. hepaticum. Conclusions: The monitoring of C. hepaticum in the Yangtze River beaches should be strengthened to reduce the risk of human C. hepaticum infection.

Calodium hepaticum (Nematoda; Capillariidae) is a parasitic nematode of mammals with a cosmopolitan distribution. Adults of this nematode can infect the liver of many mammalian species, including humans, but the main hosts are members of the superfamily Muroidea. Among these, Rattus spp. have the highest apparent prevalences reported worldwide. There are only two reports of C. hepaticum infecting Sigmodontinae species (Muroidea: Cricetidae). In this survey, we examined the occurrence of C. hepaticum in two assemblages of Sigmodontinae rodents from Argentina (Santa Fe and Entre Rios provinces). The diagnosis was made by morphological features, histopathological exam, and molecular characterization of 18S ribosomal RNA gene region. Here, we show that C. hepaticum is a common parasite of Sigmodontinae. We report the infection in six species (all new hosts): Akodon azarae, Calomys callidus, Calomys venustus, Oligoryzomys flavescens, Oligoryzomys nigripes, and Oxymycterus rufus. This is the first report of C. hepaticum in Sigmodontinae rodents from Argentina and the second record in this subfamily for South America. It is also the first confirmation of C. hepaticum infection in Sigmodontinae by molecular diagnosis. The genetic findings and the prevalences observed, together with the existing information on C. hepaticum, lead us to propose that Rattus spp. brought C. hepaticum to the New World exposing Sigmodontinae rodents, which are frequently infected by this parasite. The high prevalence of infection in A. azarae (41.2%) suggests that this host may be playing an important role in C. hepaticum dynamics in the New World., Centro de Estudios Parasitológicos y de Vectores

Helminths were examined in 292 wild rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus) collected in Tenerife, Fuerteventura, La Palma and El Hierro islands, and La Graciosa islet (Canary Islands, Spain), from 2008 to 2012. Three species of cestodes, Taenia pisiformis (Taeniidae), Andrya cuniculi and Neoctenotaenia ctenoides (Anoplocephalidae), and three species of nematodes Trichostrongylus retortaeformis (Trichostrongylidae), Passalurus ambiguus (Oxyuridae) and Calodium hepaticum (Capillariidae), were identified. Only 2 species (N. ctenoides and P. ambiguus) were regularly present in all the islands, with an average prevalence above 50 %. Possible causes of the present distribution of helminths are commented. Insular and founder effects on parasite species in isolated ecosystems are demonstrated. The finding of the zoonotic species C. hepaticum solely in La Palma, represents a novel identification of this nematode in O. cuniculus in the Canary Islands.

SUMMARYUrban slum environments in the tropics are conducive to the proliferation and the spread of rodent-borne zoonotic pathogens to humans. Calodium hepaticum (Brancroft, 1893) is a zoonotic nematode known to infect a variety of mammalian hosts, including humans. Norway rats (Rattus norvegicus) are considered the most important mammalian host of C. hepaticum and are therefore a potentially useful species to inform estimates of the risk to humans living in urban slum environments. There is a lack of studies systematically evaluating the role of demographic and environmental factors that influence both carriage and intensity of infection of C. hepaticum in rodents from urban slum areas within tropical regions. Carriage and the intensity of infection of C. hepaticum were studied in 402 Norway rats over a 2-year period in an urban slum in Salvador, Brazil. Overall, prevalence in Norway rats was 83% (337/402). Independent risk factors for C. hepaticum carriage in R. norvegicus were age and valley of capture. Of those infected the proportion with gross liver involvement (i.e. >75% of the liver affected, a proxy for a high level intensity of infection), was low (8%, 26/337). Sixty soil samples were collected from ten locations to estimate levels of environmental contamination and provide information on the potential risk to humans of contracting C. hepaticum from the environment. Sixty percent (6/10) of the sites were contaminated with C. hepaticum. High carriage levels of C. hepaticum within Norway rats and sub-standard living conditions within slum areas may increase the risk to humans of exposure to the infective eggs of C. hepaticum. This study supports the need for further studies to assess whether humans are becoming infected within this community and whether C. hepaticum is posing a significant risk to human health.

The occurrence of the black rat, Rattus rattus , in major Brazilian cities has increased in the recent years. To evaluate if the efforts of public rodent control have been reaching the species in the city of São Paulo, a survey was conducted in flooding areas using live trapping before and after implementation of the control program. Captures were carried out from 2009 to 2011, and animals were evaluated for their risk of zoonosis transmission. The number of R. rattus captured after control did not differ from the number of animals captured before the control program in the Spring/Summer season, but, in the Autumn/Winter season, effective control was observed. Low infestations of Ctenocephalides felis (Siphonaptera) and Echinolaelaps echidninus (Acarina) were observed, and antibodies against Leptospira spp. were detected in just 1 of 65 serum samples. Ten out of 18 serum samples were sororeactive for Vaccinia virus, suggesting contact between R. rattus and the pathogen Calodium hepaticum (= Capillaria hepaticum ) (Nematoda) was found in the liver of 73.4% of captured R. rattus. In conclusion, R. rattus may not be effectively controlled by the rodent Control Program in the city of São Paulo, and represents a threat to human health, justifying permanent environmental management and educational programs. RESUMO: A ocorrência do rato de telhado, Rattus rattus , nas grandes cidades brasileiras aumentou nos últimos anos. A fim de investigar se os esforços do controle público de roedores têm atingido essa espécie, foi conduzido um levantamento em áreas com risco de inundação na cidade de São Paulo, com armadilhas para captura viva dos roedores, antes e depois do controle público. O estudo foi realizado entre 2009 e 2011, e os animais capturados foram estudados para identificar seu risco como transmissores de zoonoses. O número de R. rattus capturados após o controle não diferiu entre o número de animais capturados antes do programa de controle, no período de primavera/verão, mas, no período de outono/inverno, foi observada efetividade do controle. Foram registradas infestações baixas de Ctenocephalides felis (Siphonaptera) e Echinolaelaps echidninus (Acarina). Anticorpos contra Leptospira spp. foram detectados em apenas 1 das 65 amostras de soro. Dez entre 18 amostras de soro foram sororeativas para o vírus Vaccinia , sugerindo o contato entre R. rattus e o patógeno Calodium hepaticum (Nematoda) foi encontrado no fígado de 73,4% dos R. rattus capturados. Concluiu-se que R. rattus pode não ser controlado pelas ações propostas pelo Programa de Controle de Roedores na cidade de São Paulo e representa uma ameaça para a saúde humana, justificando permanentes programas de gestão ambiental e programas educacionais.

Calodium hepaticum (previously called Capillaria hepatic a), a nematode, is found worldwide but has been only rarely reported in Great Britain. The main hosts of the parasite are rodents, but disease is occasionally reported in other species, including people. The liver is the main organ parasitised and infection is passed on by predation or scavenging a dead infected host. The last case reported in a European brown hare ( Lepus europaeus ) in Great Britain was in 1911 by William Nicoll in reporting a case to the Zoological Society of London.1 The clinical signs described the affected hare to ‘pitch violently …

La capillariose hepatique humaine due a Calodium hepaticum (synonyme Capillaria hepatica) est rarement decrite en Afrique, sans doute faute d’outils diagnostics. Cependant, il est connu que le reservoir animal est constitue par les rongeurs. Lors d’une etude portant sur 24 rats noirs (Rattus rattus) captures a Rethy (RD du Congo) et 20 rats de Gambie (Cricetomys gambianus) de Dakar (Senegal), des lesions hepatiques macroscopiques et histologiques de capillariose ont ete mises en evidence chez 8 individus (3 a Rethy et 5 a Dakar). Ces resultats nous ont amenes a proposer, outre des mesures d’hygiene, la mise en place d’une epidemiosurveillance de cette grave parasitose, notamment de l’enfant, lors d’enquetes serologiques et/ou coproscopiques.

Copyright © 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. Calodium hepaticum (Syn. Capillaria hepatica) is a zoonotic liver nematode of mammals distributed worldwide. Rodents are believed to be the main reservoirs of this nematode. In this paper, prevalence of the parasite was analyzed in liver histological sections from 51 house mice (Mus musculus) caught in human-inhabited houses, from two localities (Furnas and Rabo de Peixe) on São Miguel island from the Azores archipelago (Portugal). Mean prevalence of infection was 19.6%, with 33.3% prevalence in Furnas and 4.1% in Rabo de Peixe (P = 0.07). No significant differences were found between the prevalence of infection and the age, body weight and the sex of mice. Hepatic lesions found were either acute and/or chronic stage and consisted of moderate to severe multifocal pyogranulomatous hepatitis with encapsulated eggs with typical bipolar plugs and moderate to severe necrotizing hepatitis consistent with larva tracks. Periportal inflammatory infiltration, hepatocyte regeneration and bile duct hyperplasia were also noted. In most cases, hepatic lesions occupied more than 50% of the liver, but despite severe lesions, in some mice, no signs of hepatic failure were noticed. The high rate of infection found in the present study suggests that house mice are an important reservoir for this parasite in the Azores and could have a role in human transmission. CIRN (Centro de Investigacão em Recursos Naturais, Universidade dos Açores),and DRCT (Direcção Regional da Ciência e Tecnologia, Governo dos Açores).

This study aims to report the incidence of Calodium hepaticum among dogs and cats, pets or stray animals, captured by the Zoonosis Control Center (CCZ) in Lages, Santa Catarina, Brazil. Fecal samples from 108 pet dogs and eight pet cats, and from 357 stray dogs and 97 stray cats, captured by CCZ, were analyzed within the period from July 2010 to November 2012. Coproparasitological exams were performed by techniques of sedimentation, centrifuge-flotation, and simple flotation. Among 465 fecal samples from dogs and 105 from cats, the overall spurious infections for C. hepaticum eggs were 1.05%. For dogs, this positivity was 0.43% and for cats it was 3.81%. The two positive dogs were stray and out of the four cats, three were stray and one was a pet. Although the occurrence of C. hepaticum eggs was low, these data reveal the existence of infected rodents, especially in public places, since, out of the six infected animals, five (83.33%) were stray. These results are discussed and analyzed with an emphasis on the risk to public health.

Calodium hepaticum (Bancroft, 1893) Moravec, 1982 (syn. Capillaria hepatica) is a cosmopolitan capillariid nematode, infecting mainly rodents and occasionally other mammals, including humans. Reports of C. hepaticum in canids are rare and the present one is, to the best of our knowledge, the first reported case in a red fox (Vulpes vulpes Linnaeus) in Italy. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) examination of the eggs of C. hepaticum allowed a precise description of the egg morphology, which is one of the most relevant specific characteristics of capillariid nematodes. The egg shell showed a fibrous beam-like network which differs from that of the eggs of closely related trichinelloid species. This characteristic can be useful especially in case of spurious infection, when misdiagnosis among different trichinelloids species can occur.

Calodium hepaticum infection is rarely reported in carnivores. We describe two cases of C. hepaticum infection, causing liver lesions, in wild jungle cats (Felis chaus) in Sri Lanka.

Calodium hepaticum (syn. Capillaria hepatica), a nematode parasite commonly found in the liver of wild rodents, infects a wide variety of mammals, including humans. A retrospective study of black-tailed prairie dogs (Cynomys ludovicianus) at the Baltimore Zoo showed that 5 of 21 (24%) of the prairie dogs submitted for postmortem examination between 1981 and 2001 had hepatic capillariasis, with all the infections diagnosed during or after 1997. Affected livers contained multifocal granulomas containing numerous eggs and occasional adult nematodes. Asymptomatic wild rats in the zoo with a high prevalence of infection may have served as a reservoir for the disease. Wild rodent control is essential to minimize exposure of susceptible exhibition animals as well as humans to C. hepaticum.

This study was conduced on the parasitic helminths of 42 belly banded squirrels (Callosciurus erythraeus) and 53 nutrias (Myocastor coypus), captured in five prefectures in Japan. Brevistriata calloscinrus and Storongyloides sp. were obtained from the squirrels, and Storongyloides myopotami, Calodium hepaticum and Fasciola sp. were obtained from the nutrias. 国内5郡県で採集されたタイワンリスCallosciurus erythraeus42個体およびヌートリアMyocastor coypus 53固体について内部寄生蠕虫類の調査を行った。これら2種の外来哺乳類における本格的な寄生蠕虫調査は今回が初めてである。その結果,タイワンリスからはBrevistriata callosciuviおよびStorongyloides sp.が,またヌートリアからはStorongyloides myopotami. Calodium hepaticumおよびFasciola sp.がそれぞれ見つかった。Fasciola sp.がヌートリアに寄生していた例は日本において初めての報告である。Fasciola sp.とC.hepaticumは人獣共通寄生虫症の病原体なので留意すべきである。

O nematóide Calodium hepaticum (sin. Capillaria hepatica) é um helminto zoonótico encontrado infectando principalmente ratos. A prevalência da infecção de C. hepaticum em Rattus norvegicus foi investigada em área urbana do Rio de Janeiro (Brasil) com baixo planejamento e saneamento. A presença de C. hepaticum foi identificada através da presença de lesões macroscópicas caracterizadas por manchas extensas de coloração branco-amarelada difusa por toda superfície do tecido do fígado e através de análise histológica. A prevalência total da infecção foi de 45% sem diferença significativa entre o sexo e idade. A presença de roedores infectados próximos do peridomicílio representa um risco substancial para a saúde humana. The nematode Calodium hepaticum (syn. Capillaria hepatica) is a zoonotic helminth found mainly infecting rats. It was studied the prevalence of C. hepaticum infection in Rattus norvegicus in an urban area of Rio de Janeiro (Brazil), with low urban planning and sanitation. The presence of C. hepaticum was identified through visible yellowish-white lesions in liver tissue and histological analyses. The total prevalence of infection was 45%, with no significant differences between sex and age. The presence of infected rodents near the peridomestic area poses substantial risk to human health.

Humans can get infected with several zoonotic diseases from being in close contact with rats. This study was aimed at determining the prevalence and histopathological changes caused by Calodium hepaticum and Cysticercus fasciolaris in infected livers of wild caught urban rats. Of the 98 urban rats (Rattus rattus diardii and Rattus norvegicus) autopsied, 64.3% were infected; 44.9% were infected with Caladium hepatica, 39.3% were infected with Cysticercus fasciolaris, and 20.4% were infected with both parasites. High infection rates suggest that urban rats are common reservoir for both parasites, which are potentially a threat to man. Calodium hepaticum infections were identified by the presence of ova or adults in the liver parenchyma. They appear as yellowish white nodules, measuring 1–7 mm in diameter or in streaks scattered widely over the serosal surface of the liver. Cysticercus fasciolaris infections are recognized morphologically by their shape (round or oval) and are creamy white in colour. Histological studies of Calodium hepaticum showed areas of granulomatous lesions with necrotic areas around the dead ova and adults. In almost all cases, the rats appeared robust, looked healthy, and showed no visible signs of hepatic failure despite the fact that more than 64.0% of their livers were infected by either one or both parasites.

[spa] Introducción: Las infecciones por parásitos transmitidos por vía fecal-oral son frecuentes en áreas remotas de la Amazonia. No obstante, la epidemiología de estos parásitos en la Amazonia y la validez de técnicas de laboratorio tradicionales empleadas en el diagnóstico permanecen hasta hoy poco estudiadas. Objetivos: Estudio 1: Estudiar la dinámica de la transmisión de Calodium hepaticum en una comunidad rural del municipio de Presidente Figueiredo, estado del Amazonas, Brasil; Estudio 2: Estimar la prevalencia de parásitos intestinales y estudiar factores de riesgo para las infecciones por helmintos en una cuidad remota (Barcelos) del municipio de Barcelos, estado del Amazonas; Estudio 3: Evaluar el desempeño de dos técnicas de sedimentación espontánea (Técnica de sedimentación espontánea de Lutz -SST- y Paratest) para el diagnóstico de parásitos intestinales. Material y métodos: Para el estudio 1 se analizaron muestras de heces de 135 personas (y 2 perros) y tejido hepático de un pecarí. Las heces de los perros fueron recogidas del jardín de los domicilios de personas que presentaron infección espuria por C. hepaticum. Fueron investigados los hábitos alimentarios de la población. Para el estudio 2, un estudio transversal fue realizado con 594 personas de 137 domicilios. Fueron recogidos datos socio-demográficos y características de los domicilios. En el estudio 3, una única muestra de heces de 143 individuos fue evaluada realizando tres réplicas para cada prueba. Fueron evaluados los resultados de la homogeneidad y concordancia entre réplicas y entre pruebas. La sensibilidad y especificidad fueron estimadas usando un modelo de clase latente bayesiano. Resultados: Estudio 1: La incidencia poblacional de infección espuria fue del 6.7% (IC 95%: 2.08 - 11.24) y la intradomiciliar entre el 50 a 83.3%. El riesgo de infección espuria fue 10 veces mayor en personas que consumen hígado de mamífero silvestre (P = 0.02). El hígado del pecarí y una muestra de heces de perro presentaron huevos de C. hepaticum. El consumo del hígado infectado fue identificado como la causa de las infecciones espurias diagnosticadas en uno de los domicilios. Estudio 2: Las prevalencias de Ascaris lumbricoides, anquilostoma, complejo Entamoeba histolytica, Trichuris trichiura y multiparasitosis por helmintos fueron del 53.4%, 27.1%, 13.6%, 8.8% y 24.6%, respectivamente. Los principales factores de riesgo detectados fueron no tener letrina (OR= 1.71, IC 95% 1.05 - 2.78) para la infección por A. lumbricoides; ser varón (OR= 2.43, IC 95% 1.58 - 3.75) y tener suelo de tierra o madera en el domicilio (OR= 1.74, IC 95% 1.04 - 2.90) para la infección por anquilostoma; finalmente ser varón para la infección múltiple por helmintos (OR= 2.26, IC 95% 1.30 - 3.93). Fueron identificados cuatro barrios con mayor riesgo de infección por helmintos. Estudio 3: Ambas pruebas presentaron una alta repetibilidad para la detección de parásitos intestinales exceptuando para Blastocystis spp. y anquilostoma. La concordancia entre pruebas fue alta (coeficiente de correlación de concordancia, 0.72 - 0.88) excepto para Blastocystis spp., anquilostoma y T. trichiura. Las dos pruebas presentaron una baja sensibilidad (39.4% - 49.2% para SST, 35.8% - 53.8% para Paratest) y una alta especificidad (93.2% - 97.2%). Conclusiones: Hemos descrito una alta incidencia intradomiciliar de C. hepaticum relacionada al hábito de comer hígado de mamífero silvestre y este mecanismo de transmisión fue importante en la dinámica de transmisión del helminto en la comunidad. La identificación de factores de riesgo y barrios de mayor riesgo de infección por helmintos en la ciudad puede ayudar en la implementación de medidas específicas para el control de las infecciones. Las dos técnicas de sedimentación presentaron elevada repetibilidad y concordancia en general, baja sensibilidad y elevada especificidad para el diagnóstico de parásitos intestinales., [eng] Introduction: There are few studies on the epidemiology of parasites transmitted via the fecal-oral route in remotes areas of Amazonia and the validity of the laboratory techniques used to diagnose these parasites. Objectives: (1) Study the dynamics of the transmission of Calodium hepaticum in a community of the state of Amazonas, Brazil. (2) Estimate the prevalence of intestinal parasites and study the risk factors of helminth infections in a city of the state of Amazonas. (3) Evaluate the performance of the Lutz spontaneous sedimentation technique and the Paratest for diagnosis. Material and methods: (1) Stool samples of 135 people (and 2 dogs), the liver of a peccary and the alimentary habits of the population were evaluated; (2) Stool samples from 584 subjects were evaluated and sociodemographic data collected; (3) Stool samples (n=143) were evaluated performing three replicates/test. Homogeneity results and concordance between replicates and tests were assessed. Sensitivity and specificity were estimated using a Bayesian latent class model. Results: (1) The incidence of spurious infection was 6.7% (95% CI: 2.08-11.24) and the intradomicile incidence was 50%-83.3%. The risk of infection was 10-fold greater in persons consuming wild mammal liver (P=0.02). The consumption of peccary liver caused infection in one household. (2) The prevalence of Ascaris lumbricoides, hookworm and Trichuris trichiura was 53.4%, 27.1% and 8.8%, respectively. The main risk factors were lack of latrine (OR=1.71; 95% CI 1.05-2.78) for A. lumbricoides infection; being male (OR=2.43; 95% CI 1.58-3.75) and having a earth or wood floor at home (OR=1.74; 95% CI 1.04-2.90) for hookworm; being male for multiple infection by helminths (OR=2.26; 95% CI 1.30-3.93). Four neighborhoods presented greater risk of helminth infection. (3) Both tests presented a high repeatability except for Blastocystis spp. and hookworm diagnosis. Concordance between tests was high except for Blastocystis spp., hookworm and T. trichiura. Both tests presented a low sensitivity (35.8%-53.8%) and a high specificity (93.2%-97.2%). Conclusions: We found a high intradomicile incidence of C. hepaticum related to the habit of eating mammal liver. Identification of risk factors may help to implement control measures. Both tests showed little sensitivity for the diagnosis of intestinal parasites.

Calodium hepaticum (syn. Capillaria hepatica) is a nematode of the Capillariidae family that infects rodents and other mammals. In Brazil, human spurious infections of C. hepaticum have been detected in indigenous or rural communities from the Amazon Basin, but not in the southern states of the country. Here, we report the highest occurrence (13.5% of 37 residents) of C. hepaticum human spurious infection detected in Brazil and the first record in a southern region, Guaraquecaba. The finding is explained by the area being located in the Atlantic Forest of the state of Parana, surrounded by preserved forests and because the inhabitants consume the meat of wild mammals.

Calodium hepaticum (syn. Capillaria hepatica) é um nematódeo trichurídeo parasito de parênquima hepático de roedores e outros mamíferos. As infecções em humanos são raras, mas são relatadas em diversas regiões do mundo. Numerosos fatores contribuem para a distribuição desta zoonose, particularmente, uma densa população de roedores associada com ambientes urbanos com carência de saneamento básico, tais como aqueles encontrados em algumas cidades da região Norte do Brasil, como a cidade de Belém, localizada na Amazônia Oriental. Este estudo quantifica e demonstra a infecção por Calodium em roedores comensais sinantrópicos, de três bairros da cidade de Belém, Estado do Pará, com carência de saneamento público e alta incidência de leptospirose humana. Um total de 50 roedores foram capturados para análise (26 Rattus rattus e 24 R. norvegicus) e destes, 23 (10 R. rattus e 13 R. norvegicus) apresentaram típicas lesões hepáticas, macroscópicas, causadas por C. hepaticum. A análise de amostras por microscopia de luz direta e histopatológica do fígado dos roedores permitiu a identificação de espécimes desse parasito em fase larvar e adulta, além de numerosos ovos apresentando dupla casca estriada e dois tampões operculares. Este é o primeiro registro da ocorrência de C. hepaticum in R. rattus and R. norvegicus na região Amazônica, alertando para um considerável risco de transmissão para a população humana. Calodium hepaticum (syn. Capillaria hepatica) is a trichurid nematode that parasitizes the hepatic parenchyma of rodents and other mammals. Infections in humans are rare, although they have been reported worldwide. A number of factors contribute to the distribution of this zoonosis, particularly the presence of dense populations of rodents associated with relatively poor urban environments, such as those found in parts of the northern Brazilian city of Belém in the eastern Amazon Basin. This study quantified Calodium infections in commensal synanthropic rodents in Belém. Rodents were captured in three neighborhoods characterized by poor public sanitation and the city's highest incidence of human leptospirosis. A total of 50 rodents were captured (26 Rattus rattus and 24 R. norvegicus), and 23 (10 R. rattus and 13 R. norvegicus) presented macroscopic lesions typical of C. hepaticum. Light microscopy of fresh samples and histological specimens permitted the identification of larvae and adult specimens containing numerous eggs with a double-striated shell and bipolar opercula with plugs. This is the first report of C. hepaticum in R. rattus and R. norvegicus from the Amazon Basin, and it shows a considerable risk of transmission to the local human population.

Submitted by Geyciane Santos (geyciane_thamires@hotmail.com) on 2015-08-07T14:36:36Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Disserta????o - Vera L??cia Coimbra Moreira.pdf: 173676939 bytes, checksum: 643c5b8525ed51ecdce8f978186dd9ce (MD5) Approved for entry into archive by Divis??o de Documenta????o/BC Biblioteca Central (ddbc@ufam.edu.br) on 2015-08-11T15:41:19Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Disserta????o - Vera L??cia Coimbra Moreira.pdf: 173676939 bytes, checksum: 643c5b8525ed51ecdce8f978186dd9ce (MD5) Approved for entry into archive by Divis??o de Documenta????o/BC Biblioteca Central (ddbc@ufam.edu.br) on 2015-08-11T15:48:04Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Disserta????o - Vera L??cia Coimbra Moreira.pdf: 173676939 bytes, checksum: 643c5b8525ed51ecdce8f978186dd9ce (MD5) Made available in DSpace on 2015-08-11T15:48:05Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Disserta????o - Vera L??cia Coimbra Moreira.pdf: 173676939 bytes, checksum: 643c5b8525ed51ecdce8f978186dd9ce (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-12-06 CAPES - Coordena????o de Aperfei??oamento de Pessoal de N??vel Superior Urban rodents are denominated sinanthropes, commensal, due to their assosciation to human species and for depend of anthropic environment for survive. Historically, these animals are recognized as transmitter???s agents of diseases for humans and domestic animals, since Black Death, in XIV century. However, urban rats transmit many other parasites beyond the bacteria Yersinia pestis, they hot and transmit helminths, however more studies must be developed, after Abu-Madi (2005). The present work intends to accomplish a survey of the helminth fauna of urban rats with zoonotic potential in the districts of Bel??m-Pa. In the year of preparation of the project (2008), Guam?? and Montese (Terra Firme) districts were selected, these two districts with a high index of leptospirosis (SINAN, 2007) and with poor sanitation and garbage accumulation close to houses (clues to rodents presence). In these districts, 16 rodents of genus Rattus were captured, of distinct sex and reproductive age. Captured animals were necropsied at Biot??rio of ICB/UFPA and helminths found were colleted for studies and identification of species at LBCH-UFPA. Two of the species identified with zoonotic potential, Calodium hepaticum and Angiostrongylus cantonensis, have a worldwide distribution and have Rattus rattus and R. norvegicus as main definitive hosts. Calodium hepaticum is a trichurid nematode that parasitizes the hepatic parenchyma, with capacity to infect many species of mammals, including human. However, this finding is rare. Angiostrongylus cantonensis is a parasite of the pulmonar artery of rodents that, in humans, have their life cycle interrupted during the passage to central nervous system, giving risc to a local inflammatory process known as eosinophilic meningitis, a disease considered endemic in asian countries, with reported cases in Brazil, in Espirito Santo and Pernambuco. This is the first record of these helminths in rats from Bel??m, that contributes for mapping of occurrence these nematodes and serves as alerts to public health about these zoonosis that urban population and their visitors are exposed. Roedores urbanos s??o tamb??m denominados sinantr??picos comensais devido a sua associa????o ?? esp??cie humana e, depend??ncia do ambiente antr??pico para sua sobreviv??ncia. Historicamente, estes animais s??o reconhecidos como agentes transmissores de doen??as aos homens e aos animais dom??sticos, desde a dissemina????o da Peste Negra, no s??culo XIV. Entretanto, ratos urbanos veiculam muitos outros parasitos al??m da bact??ria Yersinia pestis, albergam e transmitem helmintos, aos quais devem ser dedicados maiores estudos, segundo Abu-Madi (2005). Este trabalho objetivou fazer um levantamento da helmintofauna com potencial zoon??tico de ratos urbanos em bairros de Bel??m-PA. ?? ??poca da elabora????o do projeto (2008), foram selecionados Guam?? e Montese (Terra Firme), os dois bairros com os ??ndices mais elevados de leptospirose (SINAN, 2007) e com saneamento urbano prec??rio e ac??mulo de lixo pr??ximo ??s casas (ind??cios da presen??a dos roedores). Nestes bairros, foram capturados 16 roedores do g??nero Rattus, de sexo e idade reprodutiva distintas. Os animais capturados foram necropsiados no Biot??rio do ICB/UFPA e os helmintos encontrados, retirados para estudo e identifica????o de esp??cie no LBCH-UFPA. Duas das esp??cies identificadas, Calodium hepaticum e Angiostrongylus cantonensis, possuem reconhecido potencial zoon??tico de ocorr??ncia mundial, apresentando Rattus rattus e R. norvegicus como principais hospedeiros definitivos. Calodium hepaticum ?? um nemat??deo trichurideo, parasito de par??nquima hep??tico, com capacidade de infectar diversas esp??cies de mam??feros, incluindo a esp??cie humana, embora este seja um achado considerado raro. Angiostrongylus cantonensis ?? um parasito de art??ria pulmonar de roedor que, no homem, tem seu ciclo interrompido na passagem pelo sistema nervoso central, desencadeando um processo inflamat??rio local, conhecido como meningite eosinof??lica, enfermidade considerada end??mica em pa??ses asi??ticos, com casos relatados no Brasil, nos estados do Esp??rito Santo e Pernambuco. Este ?? o primeiro registro da ocorr??ncia de ambos os helmintos circulando no munic??pio de Bel??m, atrav??s de ratos, o que contribui para o mapeamento da ocorr??ncia destes nemat??deos e serve de alerta ??s institui????es de controle de endemias, do risco para a sa??de p??blica sobre estas zoonoses as quais a popula????o da cidade e seus visitantes est??o expostos.

Calodium hepaticum infection was diagnosed in the Bristol Zoo Gardens in 13 captive rodents of four species that died or were humanely killed over a 40-month period. Of these infected animals, nine were black-tailed prairie dogs (Cynomus ludovicianus), representing 45% of the members of this species examined during the study. A wild rat (Rattus norvegicus) found dead in an enclosure was also infected. To date few cases of C. hepaticum infection have been reported in the UK. The number of cases diagnosed in this urban zoo may be explained by the potentially high prevalence of infection in urban rat populations and increased risk of exposure of zoo animals kept in enclosures to which rats have access. As C. hepaticum is potentially zoonotic, members of staff in zoos should be careful to avoid soil-to-mouth contact, particularly in prairie dog enclosures.

We report, for the first time, an incidental finding of Calodium hepaticum infestation in a sub-adult female Cape ground squirrel (Xerus inaurus). Post mortem examination of the squirrel revealed severe haemoperitoneum, splenomegaly and hepatomegaly with miliary white spots distributed diffusely throughout the hepatic parenchyma. Histologically the portal tracts in the liver showed granulomatous inflammation with fibrosis and numerous giant cells. Occasional adult worms were identified and there were multiple C. hepaticum eggs distributed diffusely throughout the portal tracts and the parenchyma. The spleen also contained C. hepaticum eggs. The genus Rattus is the primary host and reservoir of C. hepaticum, but C. hepaticum infections have been reported previously in other Sciuridae. Based on our findings, people should be cautious of the zoonotic potential of C. hepaticum, when they come into contact with the Cape ground squirrel.

Capillaria hepatica in primates in zoological collections in the British Isles We read with interest the short communication by [Pizzi and others (2008)][1] describing Capillaria hepatica (syn Calodium hepaticum ) infection in two white-faced saki monkeys ( Pithecia pithecia ) and a Sulawesi crested

Calodium hepaticum (syn. Capillaria hepatica) is a globally distributed zoonotic nematode with low host specificity and a high affinity to the liver. Although murid rodents are the main definite hosts, various other mammals can be affected with hepatic capillariasis: non-murid rodents, Insectivora, Chiroptera, Lagomorpha, Artiodactyla, Perissodactyla, Hyracoidea, Marsupialia, Carnivora, and Primates. Overall, more than 180 mammalian species (including humans) are known as suitable hosts of this pathogen. This review gives an overview of the distribution and host spectrum of C. hepaticum in non-Muroidean mammals in wildlife and zoos as well as in domesticated and laboratory animals. Furthermore, the role of spurious infections in animals and the dissemination of C. hepaticum by mammalian and non-mammalian animals are summarized.

We report, for the first time, an incidental finding of Calodium hepaticum infestation in a sub-adult female Cape ground squirrel (Xerus inaurus). Post mortem examination of the squirrel revealed severe haemoperitoneum, splenomegaly and hepatomegaly with miliary white spots distributed diffusely throughout the hepatic parenchyma. Histologically the portal tracts in the liver showed granulomatous inflammation with fibrosis and numerous giant cells. Occasional adult worms were identified and there were multiple C. hepaticum eggs distributed diffusely throughout the portal tracts and the parenchyma. The spleen also contained C. hepaticum eggs. The genus Rattus is the primary host and reservoir of C. hepaticum, but C. hepaticum infections have been reported previously in other Sciuridae. Based on our findings, people should be cautious of the zoonotic potential of C. hepaticum, when they come into contact with the Cape ground squirrel.