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In this study, we evaluate a set of high-resolution (25–50 km horizontal grid spacing) global climate models (GCMs) from the High-Resolution Model Intercomparison Project (HighResMIP), developed as part of the EU-funded PRIMAVERA (Process-based climate simulation: Advances in high resolution modelling and European climate risk assessment) project, and from the EURO-CORDEX (Coordinated Regional Climate Downscaling Experiment) regional climate models (RCMs) (12–50 km horizontal grid spacing) over a European domain. It is the first time that an assessment of regional climate information using ensembles of both GCMs and RCMs at similar horizontal resolutions has been possible. The focus of the evaluation is on the distribution of daily precipitation at a 50 km scale under current climate conditions. Both the GCM and RCM ensembles are evaluated against high-quality gridded observations in terms of spatial resolution and station density. We show that both ensembles outperform GCMs from the 5th Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP5), which cannot capture the regional-scale precipitation distribution properly because of their coarse resolutions. PRIMAVERA GCMs generally simulate precipitation distributions within the range of EURO-CORDEX RCMs. Both ensembles perform better in summer and autumn in most European regions but tend to overestimate precipitation in winter and spring. PRIMAVERA shows improvements in the latter by reducing moderate-precipitation rate biases over central and western Europe. The spatial distribution of mean precipitation is also improved in PRIMAVERA. Finally, heavy precipitation simulated by PRIMAVERA agrees better with observations in most regions and seasons, while CORDEX overestimates precipitation extremes. However, uncertainty exists in the observations due to a potential undercatch error, especially during heavy-precipitation events. The analyses also confirm previous findings that, although the spatial representation of precipitation is improved, the effect of increasing resolution from 50 to 12 km horizontal grid spacing in EURO-CORDEX daily precipitation distributions is, in comparison, small in most regions and seasons outside mountainous regions and coastal regions. Our results show that both high-resolution GCMs and CORDEX RCMs provide adequate information to end users at a 50 km scale.

Climate hazards associated with compound events (CEs) have lately received increasing attention over South America (SA) due to their potential risks and amplification of impacts. This work addressed the evaluation of different temperature- and precipitation-based CE in SA considering the CORDEX-CORE ensemble of regional climate models (RCMs) and their driving earth system models (ESMs) in the reference period 1981–2010 and the late 21st century (2070–2099), for the Representative Concentration Pathways (RCPs) 2.6 and 8.5 scenarios. The assessment focused on model performance for the individual events—heatwaves (HWs), Extreme rainfall (ER) days, and dry-spells (DSs)—and their compound occurrence in terms of climatological frequency and duration. The spatial patterns of individual events were adequately reproduced by the RCMs, evidencing general overestimations in extreme precipitation intensities. In terms of CE, the frequencies of coincident HWs and DSs (sequential DSs and ER) were remarkable over central-eastern Brazil and southern SA (southeastern SA). The main features of CE were generally well-simulated by the RCMs, although they presented regional differences such as an underestimation of the maximum frequencies of these two CE in northeastern Brazil and southeastern SA, respectively. The high-resolution information was generally in line with the larger-scale driving ESMs. The climate change signal analysis generally showed robust future increases in CE frequency and duration in different areas of SA, as for coincident HWs and DSs (sequential DSs and ER) over northern SA and southern Brazil (southeastern SA). This was mostly consistent among the RCMs ensemble and notably strengthened in the worst-case scenario (RCP 8.5).

Die demografische Entwicklung sowie der rasante Fortschritt der Heilkunde werden zu einer grundlegenden Verschiebung des Krankheitsspektrums fuhren und tiefgreifende Veranderungen des Gesundheitssystems erfordern. Dabei ist insbesondere eine drastische Zunahme von unheilbaren und medizinisch nur begrenzt therapierbaren chronischen korperlichen Krankheiten sowie von Multimorbiditaten, Funktionsbeeintrachtigungen und Pflegebedurftigkeit zu prognostizieren, die das Gesundheitswesen vor neue Herausforderungen stellen wird. Im Bereich der psychischen Storungen werden die Prognosen kontrovers eingeschatzt. Derzeit belegen die bevolkerungsbasierten epidemiologischen Studien zwar eine Zunahme von Demenzerkrankungen, aber eine eher unterproportionale Haufigkeit psychischer Storungen im Alter. Moglicherweise wird die wahre Pravalenz psychischer Storungen bei alteren Menschen in diesen Studien allerdings aus methodischen Grunden unterschatzt. Die Versorgungssituation von Personen von uber 60 Jahren mit Psychotherapie ist prekar. Verglichen mit jungeren Kohorten erhalten altere Menschen deutlich seltener Psychotherapie bzw. nehmen diese in Anspruch.

Irradiation of the absorption band of an NAD (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide) dimer analogue, 1-benzyl-1,4-dihydronicotinamide dimer, (BNA)(2), in acetonitrile containing a cyclopentadienyliron dicarbonyl dimer, [CpFe(CO)(2)](2), results in generation of 2 equiv of the cyclopentadienyliron dicarbonyl anion, [CpFe(CO)(2)](-), accompanied by the oxidation of (BNA)(2) to yield 2 equiv of BNA(+). The studies on the quantum yields, the electrochemistry, and the transient absorption spectra have revealed that the photochemical generation of [CpFe(CO)(2)](-) by (BNA)(2) proceeds via photoinduced electron transfer from the triplet excited state of (BNA)(2) to [CpFe(CO)(2)](2).

The formation of phase bands in in situ diffusion couples of the V-N system was studied by the reaction of vanadium sheet with pure nitrogen within the temperature range 1100 °C to 1700 °C and the nitrogen pressure range 2 to 24 bar. Under these conditions, phase bands of β-V2N and δ-VN1−x develop. The morphology of the β-V2N/α-V(N) interface depends on the saturation state of the α-V(N) core. If the nitrogen content in α-V(N) is high, the interface has a jagged appearance, whereas at low nitrogen contents of the α-V(N) phase, the interface is planar. Electron probe microanalysis (EPMA) was used to measure the diffusion profiles within the couples. The homogeneity regions of the nitride phases were established and the phase diagram accordingly corrected. From the growth rates of the phase bands, the mean composition-independent nitrogen diffusivities in β-V2N and δ-VN1−x were derived. These diffusivities follow an Arrhenius equation with activation energies of 2.92 (β-V2N) and 2.93 eV (δ-VN1−x ). By using δ-VN1−x as a starting material and a low nitrogen pressure during annealing, it could be shown that the direction of nitrogen diffusion can be reversed, i.e., β-V2N is formed on the surface of the couple as a result of out-diffusion of nitrogen.

The widespread deployment of optical interconnects in data centers has renewed the interest in multimode fiber communications. Due to the complexity of modern transmission techniques, performance analysis relies on numerical simulations that require an accurate channel model to reflect reality with the needed precision. As there is no standard model for channel simulation, we investigate a deterministic, a statistical and the Cambridge 108 Fiber model for derivation of the multimode fiber (MMF) impulse response. Numerical simulations are performed in order to calculate the 3-dB bandwidth for each model. We show that the Cambridge model is generally a compromise between the statistical and the theoretical model, which seem to represent a pessimistic and an optimistic scenarios, respectively.

The influence of water shortage and ethylene (ethephon) application on ear fertility and tillering of barley plants were compared. In both cases, highest sensitivity was observed during jointing and pre-anthesis (Feekes 7–9). The ear initial with the surrounding tissue was identified as the site of ethylene action. Treating this region of barley plants with AVG before wilting partly prevented drought effects. These results, in connection with rising ethylene values in ear-bearing stem segments of wilting barley plants (more obvious in increasing ACC and MACC levels), especially in the drought-sensitive stages, favors a role for ethylene in the development of cereal plants under drought.

We propose the use of single-carrier frequency-domain equalization (SC-FDE) for the compensation of modal dispersion in short distance optical links using multimode fibers and 850 nm VCSELs. By post-processing of experimental data, we demonstrate, at 7.9% overhead, the error-free transmission (over a 4 Mbit sequence) of OOK-modulated 5 Gbps over 2443 meters of OM3 fiber (with a nominal 3300 MHz×km bandwidth). The proposed solution may be applied as a low cost alternative for data center and supercomputer interconnects.

SUMMARY: 1. Introduction. - 2. The issue of the derogable nature of the provision. - 3. The content of the right to information. - 4. The content of the right of consultation. - 5. The right to obtain copies of the documents consulted. - 6. Limits regarding the exercise of the rights: uses and abuses. – 7. The right to information of the shareholder. – 8. The right to inspection of the shareholder.

CONTENTS: I. Introduction. II. Company Limited by Shares. III. Limited Partnership by Shares. IV. Limited Liability Company: 1. Amendments to «common» Limited Liability Company in 2013; 2. The Simplified Limited Liability Company (s.r.l.s.): new art. 2463 bis c.c.; 3. The Limited Liability Company with Reduced Capital; 4. Innovative Start-up incorporated as Limited Liability Company. V. The Single Member companies: the Sole Quota Holder (s.r.l.) and the Sole Shareholder (s.p.a.). VI. Relationship between Italian reforms and the situation in some other Member States. VII. Reasons for the introduction of the European Private Company.