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Project Extension for Community Healthcare Outcomes (ECHO) Nevada applied the ECHO virtual hub-and-spoke telementoring model over nine 6-week cohorts (between November 2019 and November 2021) supporting community health workers (CHWs) who advise clients with diabetes or pre-diabetes. This study describes the program implementation, including evaluation data collection efforts. Didactic topics included ‘Intro to Healthy Eating and Easy Wins’ to ‘Grocery Shopping, Cooking Tips, Reading Labels, Meal Plans’ and ‘Reducing Bias and Being a Good Role Model’. Spoke participants signed up to review cases. Seventy-three of the enrolled participants (n = 100) attended three or more of the six sessions. Spoke participants completed 42 case presentations. The average self-efficacy increased from 2.7 [standard deviation (SD): 1.1] before completing the program to 4.1 (SD: 0.8) after completing the program. Average knowledge scores increased from 71 (SD: 16) before completing the program to 83 (SD: 14) after completing the program. Five group interviews drew actionable feedback that was incorporated into the program. Key elements of the ECHO model were successfully incorporated to support educational goals of a cohort of CHWs in nutritional coaching. Our program evaluation data tracking system shows non-significant but encouraging results regarding self-efficacy improvement and knowledge retention.

Habitat restoration is a key strategy for recovering imperiled species, and planning habitat restoration activities cost effectively can help advance recovery objectives. Habitat restoration planning involves decisions about where and when to undertake restoration, and what type of restoration to undertake. This article focuses on decisions about the amount of restoration to undertake for a given type, location, and time, termed intervention intensity. A return on investment framework is developed for incorporating intervention intensity into habitat restoration planning. The framework is then applied in the context of planning habitat restoration for Pacific salmon recovery as a case study. Results showed that no single intervention type or location dominated, and several returns to scale relationships emerged across the candidate interventions. Scenarios that considered interventions across multiple intensities outperformed single-intensity scenarios in terms of total benefits and cost effectiveness. These findings highlight the usefulness of exploratory return on investment analysis for prioritizing habitat restoration interventions, and underscore the importance of systematically considering how much restoration to undertake, in addition to what to do and where.

Stream temperatures in the Pacific Northwest are projected to increase with climate change, placing additional stress on cold-water salmonids. We modeled the potential impact of increased stream temperatures on four anadromous salmonid populations in the Chehalis River Basin (spring-run and fall-run Chinook salmon Oncorhynchus tshawytscha, coho salmon O. kisutch, and steelhead O. mykiss), as well as the potential for floodplain reconnection and stream shade restoration to offset the effects of future temperature increases. In the Chehalis River Basin, peak summer stream temperatures are predicted to increase by as much as 3°C by late-century, but restoration actions can locally decrease temperatures by as much as 6°C. On average, however, basin-wide average stream temperatures are expected to increase because most reaches have low temperature reduction potential for either restoration action relative to climate change. Results from the life cycle models indicated that, without restoration actions, increased summer temperatures are likely to produce significant declines in spawner abundance by late-century for coho (-29%), steelhead (-34%), and spring-run Chinook salmon (-95%), and smaller decreases for fall-run Chinook salmon (-17%). Restoration actions reduced these declines in all cases, although model results suggest that temperature restoration alone may not fully mitigate effects of future temperature increases. Notably, floodplain reconnection provided a greater benefit than riparian restoration for steelhead and both Chinook salmon populations, but riparian restoration provided a greater benefit for coho. This pattern emerged because coho salmon tend to spawn and rear in smaller streams where shade restoration has a larger effect on stream temperature, whereas Chinook and steelhead tend to occupy larger rivers where temperatures are more influenced by floodplain connectivity. Spring-run Chinook salmon are the only population for which peak temperatures affect adult prespawn survival in addition to rearing survival, making them the most sensitive species to increasing stream temperatures.

The article of record as published may be found at https://doi.org/10.1175/WAF-D-17-0190.1 The objective in this study is to demonstrate how two unique datasets from the Tropical Cyclone Intensity (TCI-15) field experiment can be used to diagnose the environmental and internal factors contributing to the interruption of the rapid decay of Hurricane Joaquin (2015) and then a subsequent 30-h period of constant intensity. A special CIMSS vertical wind shear (VWS) dataset reprocessed at 15-min intervals provides a more precise documentation of the large (;15 m s21) VWS throughout most of the rapid decay period, and then the timing of a rapid decrease in VWS to moderate (;8 m s21) values prior to, and following, the rapid decay period. During this period, the VWS was moderate because Joaquin was between large VWSs to the north and near-zero VWSs to the south, which is considered to be a key factor in how Joaquin was able to be sustained at hurricane intensity even though it was moving poleward over colder water. A unique dataset of High Definition Sounding System (HDSS) dropwindsondes deployed from the NASA WB-57 during the TCI-15 field experiment is utilized to calculate zero-wind centers during Joaquin center overpasses that reveal for the first time the vortex tilt structure through the entire troposphere. The HDSS datasets are also utilized to calculate the inertial stability profiles and the inner-core potential temperature anomalies in the vertical. Deeper lower-tropospheric layers of near-zero vortex tilt are correlated with stronger storm intensities, and upper-tropospheric layers with large vortex tilts due to large VWSs are correlated with weaker storm intensities. Office of Naval Research Eric Hendricks, Mary Jordan, and Bob Creasey are supported by the Office of Naval Research (ONR) Grant N0001417WX01042, Russell Elsberry by ONR Grant N000141712160, and Chris Velden by ONR GRANT N00014-14-1-0116.

For species of conservation concern, an essential part of the recovery planning process is identifying discrete population units and their location with respect to one another. A common feature among geographically proximate populations is that the number of organisms tends to covary through time as a consequence of similar responses to exogenous influences. In turn, high covariation among populations can threaten the persistence of the larger metapopulation. Historically, explorations of the covariance in population size of species with many (>10) time series have been computationally difficult. Here, we illustrate how dynamic factor analysis (DFA) can be used to characterize diversity among time series of population abundances and the degree to which all populations can be represented by a few common signals. Our application focuses on anadromous Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha), a species listed under the US Endangered Species Act, that is impacted by a variety of natural and anthropogenic factors. Specifically, we fit DFA models to 24 time series of population abundance and used model selection to identify the minimum number of latent variables that explained the most temporal variation after accounting for the effects of environmental covariates. We found support for grouping the time series according to 5 common latent variables. The top model included two covariates: the Pacific Decadal Oscillation in spring and summer. The assignment of populations to the latent variables matched the currently established population structure at a broad spatial scale. At a finer scale, there was more population grouping complexity. Some relatively distant populations were grouped together, and some relatively close populations – considered to be more aligned with each other – were more associated with populations further away. These coarse‐ and fine‐grained examinations of spatial structure are important because they reveal different structural patterns not evident in other analyses.

Iron is essential to life and is actively absorbed by enterocytes and secreted into plasma by the iron exporter ferroportin (SLC40A1). Dysregulation of iron homeostasis is a key component of many diseases such as hemochromatosis and beta-thalassemia. Ferroportin is the only known iron exporter protein, and as such is an important therapeutic target. To-date, modulators of ferroportin activity have shown promise in pre-clinical models, with recent screening assays enabling screening in a high throughput “loss of signal” format. Herein, we describe the design and synthesis of a novel BODIPY-labelled minihepcidin peptide to enable the high content analysis of ferroportin (SLC40A1) pharmacology, and the high throughput screening of compounds in a “gain of signal” assay format.