Search

Context: An increasing demand is observed in various domains to employ Machine Learning (ML) for solving complex problems. ML models are implemented as software components and deployed in Machine Learning Software Systems (MLSSs). Problem: There is a strong need for ensuring the serving quality of MLSSs. False or poor decisions of such systems can lead to malfunction of other systems, significant financial losses, or even threats to human life. The quality assurance of MLSSs is considered a challenging task and currently is a hot research topic. Objective: This paper aims to investigate the characteristics of real quality issues in MLSSs from the viewpoint of practitioners. This empirical study aims to identify a catalog of quality issues in MLSSs. Method: We conduct a set of interviews with practitioners/experts, to gather insights about their experience and practices when dealing with quality issues. We validate the identified quality issues via a survey with ML practitioners. Results: Based on the content of 37 interviews, we identified 18 recurring quality issues and 24 strategies to mitigate them. For each identified issue, we describe the causes and consequences according to the practitioners' experience. Conclusion: We believe the catalog of issues developed in this study will allow the community to develop efficient quality assurance tools for ML models and MLSSs. A replication package of our study is available on our public GitHub repository.

This is the protocol for a systematic review to synthesize the burden of low back pain and risk factors and factors associated with low back pain in chiropractors and chiropractic students.

Additional file 1: Racial Distribution of Canadian Chiropractors.

This protocol is for a scoping review which aims to describe the prevalence, incidence, and factors associated with pain-related disabilities among Indigenous peoples in Canada.

Research Question. What is the test-retest reliability for passive hip rotation range of motion measurements in adults? Protocol This systematic review protocol was developed using the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis Protocols (PRISMA-P). (1) a) Introduction i. Objectives (item #7) Our objective is to determine the test-retest reliability of passive hip rotation range of motion measurements in adults. b) Methods i. Eligibility (item #8) Design: Systematic review of the literature Population: Adults (aged ≥ 18). Outcome: We will target studies that report on the test-retest reliability for passive hip rotation range of motion measurements. Passive hip rotation range of motion is movement that is applied manually by an assessor, where the joint motion occurs from an external force in the assessment of either internal or external hip rotation. Study designs/characteristics: Eligible studies must meet the following criteria: 1) English language; 2) Published in a peer-reviewed journal; 3) cohort, cross-sectional, or reliability studies. Definitions: Test re-test reliability is the degree to which repeated measures of a stable phenomenon by different people and/or instruments result in similar measurements over time. (2,3) We will exclude: 1) practice guidelines, letters, editorials, commentaries, unpublished manuscripts, dissertations, government reports, books and book chapters, conference proceedings, meeting abstracts, lectures and addresses, consensus development statements, and guideline statements; 2) systematic and non-systematic reviews, and case studies; 3) cadaveric or animal studies; 4) studies that only assess active hip range of motion or fail to report passive joint measurements. (2) ii. Information sources (item #9) We will search MEDLINE, CINAHL, SPORTDiscus and Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials from database to inception to April 30, 2020. iii. Search Strategy (item #10) The electronic databases outlined above will be systematically searched from inception to April 30, 2020. The search strategy will be developed in consultation with an experienced health sciences librarian (see Appendix A), which will be reviewed by a second librarian using the Peer Review of Electronic Search Strategies Checklist. (4,5) The search strategy will be developed in MEDLINE and adapted for each database. Search terms will include subject headings (e.g., MeSH in MEDLINE) for each database and free text words for key concepts of hip joint, range of motion, reliability and validity. iv. Study records (items #11a, 11b, 11c) All citations retrieved from the search strategy will be exported to Excel for management, where duplicates will be removed. In stage 1, pairs of reviewers will independently screen titles and abstracts to classify articles that are relevant, possibly relevant, or irrelevant using the inclusion and exclusion criteria. In stage 2, the same reviewers will extract data and results from eligible studies by reviewing full-text manuscripts, where any disagreements will be discussed to reach consensus. A third independent reviewer will resolve any disagreements that cannot reach consensus. Reporting and organization of study records will be based on the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) statement. (6) v. Data items (item #12) The following will be extracted from each study: 1) primary author and year; 2) study design; 3) setting and subjects; numbers enrolled; 4) case definition 5) assessment tool; versus reference/gold standard 6) measures of test-retest reliability. We will attempt to contact authors if one of the data items are missing. vi. Outcomes and prioritization (item #13) The targeted outcome will be the measurement of passive hip rotation range of motion. vii. Risk of bias in individual studies (item #14) To facilitate the assessment of possible risk of bias, pairs of reviewers will independently appraise eligible studies. Reviewers will assess the risk of bias using the COSMIN Risk of Bias checklist for reliability which will assess the stability of the patients during the measurements, appropriateness of time interval, testing conditions, appropriate statistical analysis, and any other important flaws in study design. (7) Studies will be deemed with an overall risk of bias interpretation as inadequate, doubtful, adequate, or very good. We will report the percent agreement based on independent critical appraisal between paired reviewers. viii. Data synthesis (items #15a, 15b, 15c, 15d) If the clinical, methodological, and statistical characteristics (i.e. I2 statistic) of included studies are sufficiently homogeneous, a meta-analysis will be conducted using a random-effects model. Clinical heterogeneity will be assessed based on the potential differences in population, index tests, reference standards, or outcomes across studies. Methodological heterogeneity will be assessed based on the overall judgement from the COSMIN risk of bias checklist as inadequate, doubtful, adequate, or very good overall rating. Statistical heterogeneity will be assessed using the I2 statistic, where I2 of 50% considered high (heterogeneous). Results will be stratified by population, index test, reference standard, and measurement (e.g., kappa versus intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) for inter-rater reliability). If quantitative synthesis is not appropriate, a systematic narrative synthesis will be provided and summarized in text, tables, and figures to explain the findings of included studies. (8) This will include clinical, methodological, and statistical characteristics for both reliability and validity studies. For reliability, data will be analyzed by examining ICC, Kappa, and Standard Error of Measurement (SEM) values. For construct validity, data will be analyzed by examining correlation coefficients. When there is missing data, we will attempt to contact the original authors to obtain relevant missing data. If this cannot be obtained, the study results will be described based on the available information. References 1. Moher D, Shamseer L, Clarke M, Ghersi D, Liberati A, Petticrew M, Shekelle P, Stewart LA. Preferred reporting items for systematic review and meta-analysis protocols (PRISMA-P) 2015 statement. Systematic reviews. 2015 Dec 1;4(1):1. 2. Fletcher RH, Fletcher SW, Fletcher GS. Clinical epidemiology: the essentials. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 2012 Dec 17. 3. Mokkink LB, Terwee CB, Patrick DL, Alonso J, Stratford PW, Knol DL, Bouter LM, de Vet HC. The COSMIN study reached international consensus on taxonomy, terminology, and definitions of measurement properties for health-related patient-reported outcomes. Journal of clinical epidemiology. 2010 Jul 1;63(7):737-45. 4. McGowan J, Sampson M, Salzwedel DM, Cogo E, Foerster V, Lefebvre C. PRESS peer review of electronic search strategies: 2015 guideline statement. Journal of clinical epidemiology. 2016 Jul 1;75:40-6. 5. Sampson M, McGowan J, Cogo E, Grimshaw J, Moher D, Lefebvre C. An evidence-based practice guideline for the peer review of electronic search strategies. Journal of clinical epidemiology. 2009 Sep 1;62(9):944-52. 6. Moher D, Liberati A, Tetzlaff J, Altman DG. Preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses: the PRISMA statement. Annals of internal medicine. 2009 Aug 18;151(4):264-9. 7. Mokkink LB. COSMIN Risk of Bias checklist. Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute: Amsterdam, The Netherlands. 2018 Jul. 8. Campbell M, McKenzie JE, Sowden A, Katikireddi SV, Brennan SE, Ellis S, Hartmann-Boyce J, Ryan R, Shepperd S, Thomas J, Welch V. Synthesis without meta-analysis (SWiM) in systematic reviews: reporting guideline. bmj. 2020 Jan 16;368.

As machine learning (ML) systems get adopted in more critical areas, it has become increasingly crucial to address the bias that could occur in these systems. Several fairness pre-processing algorithms are available to alleviate implicit biases during model training. These algorithms employ different concepts of fairness, often leading to conflicting strategies with consequential trade-offs between fairness and accuracy. In this work, we evaluate three popular fairness pre-processing algorithms and investigate the potential for combining all algorithms into a more robust pre-processing ensemble. We report on lessons learned that can help practitioners better select fairness algorithms for their models.

This is a protocol for a rapid review of the literature, using WHO Rapid Review Methods, to investigate the the impact of spinal manipulation on the immune system. Principal investigator: Pierre Côté, Faculty of Health Sciences and Centre for Disability Prevention and Rehabilitation at Ontario Tech University and CMCC, Ontario Tech University, Faculty of Health Sciences, 2000 Simcoe St N, Oshawa, ON L1G 0C5 Review team members: Pierre Côté, Carol Cancelliere, Silvano Mior, Ngai Chow, Anne Taylor-Vaisey, Stephen Injeyan, Julita Teodorczyk-Injeyan, J. David Cassidy

A scoping review to identify and map currently existing evidence on minimal clinical datasets for measuring and monitoring health status in patients with spine related MSK pain conditions in primary and outpatient healthcare settings.

We will conduct a systematic rapid review of the literature to determine the effectiveness and safety of non-pharmacological interventions delivered through synchronous telehealth compared to non-pharmacological interventions delivered in-person on clinical and functional outcomes for the management of patients with musculoskeletal disorders.

This is the protocol for a systematic review of the quantitative and qualitative evidence on the effectiveness and user experiences of digitally delivered sleep interventions used to improve sleep and mental health outcomes in post-secondary students.

This is the protocol for a systematic review on the psychometric properties, minimal clinically important difference, and minimal detectable change of the World Health Organization Disability Assessment Schedule in persons with non-specific low back pain

A rapid scoping review of the literature describing approaches that are used to consult stakeholders when developing evidence-informed health policies for the delivery of healthcare services in Canada.

This is the protocol for a scoping review to describe the pre-rehabilitation scores of functioning measured using the World Health Organization Disability Assessment Schedule (WHODAS)-36 or WHODAS-12 in persons with non-specific low back pain.

Context: An increasing demand is observed in various domains to employ Machine Learning (ML) for solving complex problems. ML models are implemented as software components and deployed in Machine Learning Software Systems (MLSSs). Problem: There is a strong need for ensuring the serving quality of MLSSs. False or poor decisions of such systems can lead to malfunction of other systems, significant financial losses, or even threat to human life. The quality assurance of MLSSs is considered as a challenging task and currently is a hot research topic. Moreover, it is important to cover all various aspects of the quality in MLSSs. Objective: This paper aims to investigate the characteristics of real quality issues in MLSSs from the viewpoint of practitioners. This empirical study aims to identify a catalog of bad-practices related to poor quality in MLSSs. Method: We plan to conduct a set of interviews with practitioners/experts, believing that interviews are the best method to retrieve their experience and practices when dealing with quality issues. We expect that the catalog of issues developed at this step will also help us later to identify the severity, root causes, and possible remedy for quality issues of MLSSs, allowing us to develop efficient quality assurance tools for ML models and MLSSs., Accepted as a registered report by ICSME 2022

Additional file 2. Enquête nationale stagiaires en centres de soins (PILOTE) - Diagnostic & prise en charge des cervicalgies en chiropraxie.

Additional file 1. STROBE Statement—Checklist of items that should be included in reports of cross-sectional studies.

Additional file 1. Interview Guide

The inter-rater reliability of the Quebec Task Force (QTF) classification system for Whiplash-Associated Disorders (WAD) remains unknown. Our objective was to determine the inter-rater reliability of the WAD classification between an experienced chiropractic clinician and two chiropractic residents.We conducted an inter-rater reliability study using baseline clinical data from 80 participants assessed for inclusion in a randomized clinical trial of the conservative management of WAD grades I and II. We reported reliability using Cohen's kappa (k) and 95% confidence intervals (CI).The mean duration of WAD symptoms was 7.6 days (s.d.=5.2). In our study, the interrater reliability of the WAD grade classification varied from k=0.04 (95% CI -0.04 to 0.12) to k=0.80 (95% CI 0.67 to 0.94).Inter-rater reliability of the WAD classification varied greatly across raters and may be associated with the experience of the raters and with their understanding of the criteria. Our results suggest that clinicians may benefit from training to standardize how they classify WAD. Furthermore, our results need to be tested in a different sample of patients and with a range of clinicians from different clinical disciplines.La fiabilité inter-utilisateur du système de classification des troubles associés au coup de fouet cervical (TACF) établi par le Groupe de travail du Québec (GTQ) demeure inconnue. Notre étude visait à établir la fiabilité inter-évaluateur du système de classification des troubles associés au TACF utilisé par un chiropraticien clinicien d’expérience et deux résidents en chiropratique.On a effectué notre étude à l’aide de données cliniques de départ sur 80 participants à un essai clinique, à répartition aléatoire, sur le traitement conservateur du TACF de stades I et II. On a utilisé le coefficient kappa (k) de Cohen et des intervalles de confiance (IC) à 95 % pour évaluer la fiabilité.La durée moyenne des symptômes du TACF était de 7,6 jours (écart-type :5,2). La fiabilité inter-utilisateur de la classification des TACF a varié de k = 0,04 (IC à 95 % – de 0,04 à 0,12) à k = 0,80 (IC à 95 % de 0,67 à 0,94).La fiabilité inter-utilisateur de la classification des TACF a beaucoup varié d’un évaluateur à l’autre; l’écart pourrait être lié à l’expérience de l’évaluateur et à sa compréhension des critères de classification. Selon les résultats de notre étude, les cliniciens pourraient bénéficier d’une formation servant à normaliser leur méthode de classification des TACF. Nos résultats devraient être confirmés par une autre étude utilisant un autre échantillon de patients et un éventail de cliniciens appartenant à diverses disciplines.

Additional file 1.

Supplemental material, sj-docx-2-sjp-10.1177_14034948211015814 for Depression, anxiety and stress among Swedish university students before and during six months of the COVID-19 pandemic: A cohort study by Fred Johansson, Pierre Côté, Sheilah Hogg-Johnson, Ann Rudman, Lena w. Holm, Margreth Grotle, Irene Jensen, Tobias Sundberg, klara Edlund and Eva Skillgate in Scandinavian Journal of Public Health

Supplemental material, sj-pptx-1-sjp-10.1177_14034948211015814 for Depression, anxiety and stress among Swedish university students before and during six months of the COVID-19 pandemic: A cohort study by Fred Johansson, Pierre Côté, Sheilah Hogg-Johnson, Ann Rudman, Lena w. Holm, Margreth Grotle, Irene Jensen, Tobias Sundberg, klara Edlund and Eva Skillgate in Scandinavian Journal of Public Health

Supplemental material, sj-docx-3-sjp-10.1177_14034948211031402 for Depression, anxiety and stress among Swedish university students during the second and third waves of COVID-19: A cohort study by Fred Johansson, Pierre Côté, Sheilah Hogg-Johnson and Eva Skillgate in Scandinavian Journal of Public Health

Additional file 1.

Supplemental material, sj-docx-2-sjp-10.1177_14034948211015814 for Depression, anxiety and stress among Swedish university students before and during six months of the COVID-19 pandemic: A cohort study by Fred Johansson, Pierre Côté, Sheilah Hogg-Johnson, Ann Rudman, Lena w. Holm, Margreth Grotle, Irene Jensen, Tobias Sundberg, klara Edlund and Eva Skillgate in Scandinavian Journal of Public Health

Additional file 2.

Supplemental material, sj-docx-3-sjp-10.1177_14034948211031402 for Depression, anxiety and stress among Swedish university students during the second and third waves of COVID-19: A cohort study by Fred Johansson, Pierre Côté, Sheilah Hogg-Johnson and Eva Skillgate in Scandinavian Journal of Public Health

This paper outlines the first steps toward developing the ICF-based assessment schedule for manual medicine with a focus on low back pain (LBP). It reports on the results of a consensus process to develop the default and optional versions of the set of ICF categories (ManMed Set) the assessment schedule should cover, and gives insight in expert input toward building a toolbox of instruments for assessing the ManMed Set categories. A scoping review and qualitative study were conducted, each resulting in a list of ICF categories. These categories, along with the categories of the ICF Generic-30 Set, Comprehensive ICF Core Set for LBP, and from an existing Delphi study, served as the starting point for an established consensus process to decide on the ManMed Set. After alternating plenary and working group sessions, an iterative ranking process and cut-off calculation, the multi-professional and international group of 20 experts in manual medicine included 23 categories in the default ManMed version (16 + the ICF Generic-7 Set categories) and 25 in the optional version. Their development is a major step toward developing an assessment schedule that can be employed in standardizing the assessment and reporting of functioning in manual medicine, initially of LBP patients.Implications for rehabilitationThe ICF assessment schedule for manual medicine has potential use in supporting rehabilitation practice, such as for planning interventions, defining rehabilitation goals, and measuring and documenting functioning outcomes.It can be used to promote interdisciplinary coordination of care and facilitate communication between members of a multidisciplinary rehabilitation team within manual medicine and beyond.The ICF assessment schedule for manual medicine can facilitate rehabilitation and manual medicine research by providing evidence for optimizing rehabilitation practice. The ICF assessment schedule for manual medicine has potential use in supporting rehabilitation practice, such as for planning interventions, defining rehabilitation goals, and measuring and documenting functioning outcomes. It can be used to promote interdisciplinary coordination of care and facilitate communication between members of a multidisciplinary rehabilitation team within manual medicine and beyond. The ICF assessment schedule for manual medicine can facilitate rehabilitation and manual medicine research by providing evidence for optimizing rehabilitation practice.

Additional file 4.

Additional file 1: Appendix 1. Search strategy in Medline.

Additional file 3.

Supplemental material, sj-docx-1-sjp-10.1177_14034948211015814 for Depression, anxiety and stress among Swedish university students before and during six months of the COVID-19 pandemic: A cohort study by Fred Johansson, Pierre Côté, Sheilah Hogg-Johnson, Ann Rudman, Lena w. Holm, Margreth Grotle, Irene Jensen, Tobias Sundberg, klara Edlund and Eva Skillgate in Scandinavian Journal of Public Health

Additional file 1. Interview Guide.

Background In the midst of the coronavirus pandemic, the International Chiropractors Association (ICA) posted reports claiming that chiropractic care can impact the immune system. These claims clash with recommendations from the World Health Organization and World Federation of Chiropractic. We discuss the scientific validity of the claims made in these ICA reports. Main body We reviewed the two reports posted by the ICA on their website on March 20 and March 28, 2020. We explored the method used to develop the claim that chiropractic adjustments impact the immune system and discuss the scientific merit of that claim. We provide a response to the ICA reports and explain why this claim lacks scientific credibility and is dangerous to the public. More than 150 researchers from 11 countries reviewed and endorsed our response. Conclusion In their reports, the ICA provided no valid clinical scientific evidence that chiropractic care can impact the immune system. We call on regulatory authorities and professional leaders to take robust political and regulatory action against those claiming that chiropractic adjustments have a clinical impact on the immune system.

Purpose For clinicians, treating the cause of non-pathological low back pain (LBP) is central. For patients, it is how LBP limits their activities of daily living. Little is known about clinicians’ understanding of disability and the patient’s perspective. We conducted a qualitative study to examine how clinicians involved in the care of patients with BP describe and define disability, its associated changes, and rehabilitation. Methods Two focus groups (FGs) were conducted with spine specialists including eleven confirmed orthopedic surgeons and neurosurgeons, ten advanced residents, and five other clinicians. Participants were questioned about their views on disability, what it means to them and to the patients. Responses were collected by two independent observers using Metaplan techniques. Large stickers were used to collect participants’ responses/ideas; the stickers were posted on billboards so the FGs could check them during the discussion. Metaplan was used to aggregate responses. Results Disability was viewed as a major source of physical limitations, difficulties in performing daily activities, associated with emotional distress, and raising legitimacy issues. Changes in roles engaged the social component. Considered from the patients’ perspective, negative emotions and social issues were emphasized, along with the patients’ resources. For rehabilitation, the participants emphasized patient-centered care, teamwork, and objectives for care. Conclusion The participants pointed to disability as an umbrella term for impairments, activity limitations, and participation restrictions. They underlined the necessity for clinicians to help patients define their level of optimal functioning when faced with BP, utilizing adaptation and teamwork within the therapeutic relationship.

Additional file 1. MEDLINE Search Strategy.

Little is known about effective, efficient and acceptable management of back pain in children. A comprehensive and updated evidence synthesis can help to inform clinical practice. Objective: To inform clinical practice, we aim to conduct a systematic review of the literature and synthesise the evidence regarding effective, cost-effective and safe rehabilitation interventions for children with back pain to improve their functioning and other health outcomes. Prospero registration number: CRD42019135009.

The patient has always been at the centre of the evidence-based medicine model. Case-based critical reviews, such as best-evidence topics, however, are incomplete reflections of the evidence-based medicine philosophy, because they fail to consider the patient's perspective. We propose a new framework, called the 'Shared Decision Evidence Summary' (ShaDES), where the patient's perspective on available treatment options is explicitly included.

Additional file 2. Glossary.

Additional file 3. Data Extraction Form.

Additional file 1. PRISMA-P 2015 Checklist. Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis Protocols (PRISMA-P) 2015 Statement.

The appropriate use of antiretrovirals reduces morbidity and mortality caused by HIV infection. The present article provides health care professionals with a practical guide for the use of antiretrovirals. Therapy should be initiated based predominantly on clinical presentation and CD4 count, and should consist of three active drugs or at least two active drugs when this is not possible, as in cases of some treatment-experienced patients. This is the most effective way to achieve long-term suppression of viral replication. Selection of individual drugs in the regimen should consider the weight of the evidence supporting these choices, as well as their tolerability profiles and ease of use, the patients’ comorbidities and treatment history. Treatment interruption is not recommended, either in aviremic patients or in those who have experienced virological failure. Instead, the therapeutic regimen should be adjusted to minimize side effects, promote adherence and suppress viral replication.

The objectives of the present research were twofold. The main objective was to study the effects of different types of social situations (very intimate vs. very task-specific), language choices made by Anglophone interlocutors (French vs. English) and subjects' ethnolinguistic vitality (French vs. English) on the language spoken by Francophones and on their perception of the interaction. A secondary goal was to develop a taxonomy of social situations representative of the everyday lives of students to serve in a study of ethnolinguistic contact. In order to achieve these objectives three studies were conducted. In the first study a total of 4753 relationships, topics of conversation and activities constituting various interpersonal situations were provided by 484 subjects. The social situations were rank-ordered by 121 student/experimenters according to their level of intimacy and task specificity. The social situations collected could be grouped into six clusters representing six levels of intimacy and task specificity. On the basis of these clusters a taxonomy of social situations was elaborated. A second study was conducted to further validate the findings obtained in the first study and to select 8 social situations to serve as stimuli in the third study. Two hundred and forty-three students from introductory psychology classes rated 20 social situations on their degree of intimacy and task specificity. The twenty social situations used as stimuli were taken from the taxonomy presented in the first study. In a third and final study, Francophone subjects' language behavior was studied by having them read four short vignettes representing an interaction between a Francophone and an Anglophone. The subjects were instructed to identify with the Francophone interlocutor represented in the vignettes and to respond in writing to the Anglophone interlocutor in the language of their choice. Depending on the experimental condition the subjects were exposed to one of four possibilities: (1) four vignettes representing very intimate situations where the Anglophone interlocutor always responded in French, (2) four vignettes representing very intimate situations where the Anglophone interlocutor always responded in English, (3) four vignettes representing very task-specific situations where the Anglophone interlocutor always responded in French, and lastly (4) four vignettes representing very task-specific situations where the Anglophone interlocutor always responded in English. (Abstract shortened by UMI.)

In the last 20 years, Elmer Driedger’s “modern principle” has emerged as THE expression of the Supreme Court of Canada’s preferred approach to statutory interpretation. The authors examine this fundamental development in Canadian law, including the variable relations between Driedger’s quote and the Court’s use of it, the different circumstances in which the principle is invoked and its influence on the caselaw of other superior courts in the country. Follows an appraisal of the impact of the “modern principle” on Canadian law. The principle is shown to serve three clearly different functions. It is used in the interpretation of statutes, it provides judges with a justification framework for interpretive decisions, and it is also instrumental in the legitimization of the judicial function in statutory interpretation. No doubt, the “modern principle” has brought about some advances in the law relating to statutory interpretation in Canada. However, the author reckon that it constitutes an over-simplified reflection of the actual practice of Canadian jurists, including judges. As a result, Driedger’s principle provides neither a valid method for interpreting statutes nor a suitable structure for the courts’ justification of interpretive decisions. One should not see in it more than a good starting point for statutory interpretation., Un résumé en français est également disponible, [À l'origine dans / Was originally part of : Fac. Droit - Coll. facultaire - Théories du droit]