Search

International audience

International audience; Sodium (23 Na) MRI proffers the possibility of novel information for neurological research but also particular challenges. Uncertainty can arise in in vivo 23 Na estimates from signal losses given the rapidity of T2* decay due to biexponential relaxation with both short (T 2 * short) and long (T 2 * long) components. We build on previous work by characterising the decay curve directly via multi-echo imaging at 7 T in 13 controls with the requisite number, distribution and range to assess the distribution of both in vivo T 2 * short and T 2 * long and in variation between grey and white matter, and subregions. By modelling the relationship between signal and reference concentration and applying it to in vivo 23 Na-MRI signal, 23 Na concentrations and apparent transverse relaxation times of different brain regions were measured for the first time. Relaxation components and concentrations differed substantially between regions of differing tissue composition, suggesting sensitivity of multi-echo 23 Na-MRI toward features of tissue composition. As such, these results raise the prospect of multi-echo 23 Na-MRI as an adjunct source of information on biochemical mechanisms in both physiological and pathophysiological states. In the physiological state, the maintenance of the transmembrane sodium (23 Na) concentration gradient (10-15 mM intracellular sodium concentration and ~140 mM extracellular sodium concentration) is a precondition for several critical cellular functions. These include the transport of ions, neurotransmitters and nutrients; regulation of osmotic and electrostatic forces on cells and macromolecules; as well as the transmission of action potentials 1-3. In the diseased state, multiple pathological pathways can lead to aberrations of these functions. Such alterations can lead to changes in intra-and extracellular concentrations due to a reduced ability to maintain resting conditions and due to conformational changes in cells themselves as well as the cellular environment in which they are embedded. Thus, 23 Na-MRI is a potential source of more direct and quantitative biochemical information than is generally possible with conventional proton (1 H) MRI 4. As such, there is substantial interest in 23 Na-MRI regarding a range of neurological conditions despite the additional complications of acquiring 23 Na-MRI signal, including stroke 5 , epilepsy 6 , tumors 7 and neurodegenerative diseases 8-12. The quadrupolar 23 Na nucleus (spin = 3/2) is subject to the influence of fluctuations in neighbouring electric fields due to net positive and non-uniform distribution of charge 3,13-15. In the presence of a magnetic field, 23 Na nuclei exhibit four discrete energy states, with three possible (single quantum, SQ) transitions (−1/2, +1/2 "cen-tral transition"; −3/2, −1/2 and 1/2, 3/2 "satellite transitions"). In highly motile environments such as plasma or cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), the correlation time (τ C) is much shorter than the Larmor period (ω 0 −1) (ω 0 • τ C ≪ 1), leading to monoexponential longitudinal (T 1) and transverse (T 2) relaxation. This is in contrast to tissue environments such as within cells and the interstitial spaces between cells where diffusion is restricted by interactions of the 23 Na cation with macromolecular anions. Such interactions modulate decay behaviour in a measurable way: the satellite transitions are subject to additional fast relaxation processes so that both T 1 and T 2 reflect

The SPIRIT parallel imaging algorithm was evaluated for use in a data rejection and replacement scheme to reduce motion artefacts.

International audience; The SPIRIT parallel imaging algorithm was evaluated for use in a data rejection and replacement scheme to reduce motion artefacts.

International audience; In this abstract we develop and validate an MRI acquisition/reconstruction method to derive the temporal dynamics of 23Na within a 20 min scan.

International audience; The SPIRIT parallel imaging algorithm was evaluated for use in a data rejection and replacement scheme to reduce motion artefacts.

International audience; The SPIRIT parallel imaging algorithm was evaluated for use in a data rejection and replacement scheme to reduce motion artefacts.

International audience; The study aimed to provide values of the short and long T2* sodium components of the human brain at 7T using a multi-echoes 23Na MRI approach (n=24 TE). These results may help improving sodium quantification at 7T.

International audience; Facioscapulohumeral muscular dystrophy (FSHD) is one of the most common hereditary muscular disorders. Currently FSHD has no known effective treatment and detailed data on the natural history are lacking. Determination of the efficacy of a given therapeutic approach might be difficult in FSHD given the slow and highly variable disease progression. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) has been widely used to qualitatively and quantitatively evaluate in vivo the muscle alterations in various neuromuscular disorders. The main aim of the present study was to investigate longitudinally the time-dependent changes occurring in thigh muscles of FSHD patients using quantitative MRI and to assess the potential relationships with the clinical findings. Thirty-five FSHD1 patients (17 females) were enrolled. Clinical assessment tools including manual muscle testing using medical research council score (MRC), and motor function measure (MFM) were recorded each year for a period ranging from 1 to 2 years. For the MRI measurements, we used a new quantitative index, i.e., the mean pixel intensity (MPI) calculated from the pixel-intensity distribution in T1 weighted images. The corresponding MPI scores were calculated for each thigh, for each compartment and for both thighs totally (MPItotal). The total mean pixel intensity (MPItotal) refers to the sum of each pixel signal intensity divided by the corresponding number of pixels. An increased MPItotal indicates both a raised fat infiltration together with a reduced muscle volume thereby illustrating disease progression. Clinical scores did not change significantly over time whereas MPItotal increased significantly from an initial averaged value of 39.6 to 41.1 with a corresponding rate of 0.62/year. While clinical scores and MPItotal measured at the start of the study were significantly related, no correlation was found between the rate of MPItotal and MRC sum score changes, MFMtotal and MFM subscores. The relative rate of MPItotal change was 2.3% (0.5-4.3)/year and was significantly higher than the corresponding rates measured for MRCS 0% (0-1.7) /year and MFMtotal 0% (0-2.0) /year (p = 0.000). On the basis of these results, we suggested that muscle MRI and more particularly the MPItotal index could be used as a reliable biomarker and outcome measure of disease progression. In slowly progressive myopathies such as FSHD, the MPItotal index might reveal subclinical changes, which could not be evidenced using clinical scales over a short period of time.

National audience

© 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Purpose: To investigate in adults the associations between histologic features of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and quantitative measures derived from diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI). Materials and Methods: Eighty-nine adults undergoing standard-of-care liver biopsy for NAFLD were recruited for DWI. Biopsies were scored for histologic features of NAFLD. DWI was performed using b-values of 0, 100, and 500 s/mm2. Images were reconstructed using either conventional magnitude averaging (CMA) or a method to address bulk motion artifacts (Beta∗ LogNormal, BLN). The apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) and the diffusivity (D) and perfusion fraction (F) of the intravoxel incoherent motion (IVIM) model were measured in the right hepatic lobe using both reconstructions. Associations between histologic features and DWI-derived measures were tested statistically with several methods including multiple linear regression. Results: Using CMA and BLN reconstructions, respectively, the means (and ranges) were 1.7 (1.1-3.5) and 1.4 (1.0-3.2) × 10-3mm2/s for ADC, 1.1 (0.84-1.4) and 0.84 (0.53-1.1) × 10-3mm2/s for D, and 17 and 18 (2.3-35)% for F. For both reconstruction methods, D decreased with steatosis and F decreased with fibrosis (P < 0.05). ADC was not independently associated with any histologic feature. Conclusion: Steatosis and fibrosis have significant independent effects on D and F in adults undergoing biopsy for NAFLD.

Diffusion-weighted images of the liver exhibit signal dropout from cardiac and respiratory motion, particularly in the left lobe. These artifacts cause bias and variance in derived parameters that quantify intravoxel incoherent motion. Many models of diffusion have been proposed, but few separate attenuation from diffusion or perfusion from that of bulk motion. The error model proposed here (Beta*LogNormal) is intended to accomplish that separation by modeling stochastic attenuation from bulk motion as multiplication by a Beta-distributed random variate. Maximum likelihood estimation with this error model can be used to derive intravoxel incoherent motion parameters separate from signal dropout, and does not require a priori specification of parameters to do so. Liver intravoxel incoherent motion parameters were derived for six healthy subjects under this error model and compared with least-squares estimates. Least-squares estimates exhibited bias due to cardiac and respiratory gating and due to location within the liver. Bias from these factors was significantly reduced under the Beta*LogNormal model, as was within-organ parameter variance. Similar effects were appreciable in diffusivity maps in two patients with focal liver lesions. These results suggest that, relative to least-squares estimation, the Beta*LogNormal model accomplishes the intended reduction of bias and variance from bulk motion in liver diffusion imaging.

To explore the MR signatures of brown adipose tissue (BAT) compared with white adipose tissue (WAT) using single-voxel MR spectroscopy.(1) H MR STEAM spectra were acquired from a 3 Tesla clinical whole body scanner from seven excised murine adipose tissue samples of BAT (n=4) and WAT (n=3). Spectra were acquired at multiple echo times (TEs) and inversion times (TIs) to measure the T1, T2, and T2-corrected peak areas. A theoretical triglyceride model characterized the fat in terms of number of double bonds (ndb) and number of methylene-interrupted double bonds (nmidb).Negligible differences between WAT and BAT were seen in the T1 and T2 of fat and the T2 of water. However, the water fraction in BAT was higher (48.5%) compared with WAT (7.1%) and the T1 of water was lower in BAT (618 ms) compared with WAT (1053 ms). The fat spectrum also differed, indicating lower levels of unsaturated triglycerides in BAT (ndb=2.7, nmidb=0.7) compared with WAT (ndb=3.3, nmidb=1.0).We have demonstrated that there are several key MR-based signatures of BAT and WAT that may allow differentiation on MR imaging.

A theoretical triglyceride model was developed for in vivo human liver fat (1) H MRS characterization, using the number of double bonds (-CH=CH-), number of methylene-interrupted double bonds (-CH=CH-CH(2)-CH=CH-) and average fatty acid chain length. Five 3 T, single-voxel, stimulated echo acquisition mode spectra (STEAM) were acquired consecutively at progressively longer TEs in a fat-water emulsion phantom and in 121 human subjects with known or suspected nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. T(2)-corrected peak areas were calculated. Phantom data were used to validate the model. Human data were used in the model to determine the complete liver fat spectrum. In the fat-water emulsion phantom, the spectrum predicted by the model (based on known fatty acid chain distribution) agreed closely with spectroscopic measurement. In human subjects, areas of CH(2) peaks at 2.1 and 1.3 ppm were linearly correlated (slope, 0.172; r = 0.991), as were the 0.9 ppm CH(3) and 1.3 ppm CH(2) peaks (slope, 0.125; r = 0.989). The 2.75 ppm CH(2) peak represented 0.6% of the total fat signal in high-liver-fat subjects. These values predict that 8.6% of the total fat signal overlies the water peak. The triglyceride model can characterize human liver fat spectra. This allows more accurate determination of liver fat fraction from MRI and MRS.