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The research presents the results of a survey carried on in Craiova, one of the largest Romanian cities, which contains numerous buildings from the late 19th and early 20th centuries, some of which were reconsolidated and brought back to use, while others are still decaying. The aim was to spatially investigate residents’ perceptions of the built heritage in the historical city center of Craiova based on questionnaires and mapping perceptions using the Emotional GIS (EGIS) methodology proposed by Wang (2021) and the extent to which this heritage could be a valuable asset for cultural tourism. The alteration of function as well as the context for part of the historical area of the city center testify to the musealization of the study area. The large number of buildings included on the heritage list outlines the characteristics of a living open-air museum, capitalizing on the heritage in situ.

Nowadays, built heritage condition assessment is realized through on-site or photo-aided visual inspections, reporting pathologies manually on drawings, photographs, notes. The knowledge of the state of conservation goes through subjective and time or cost consuming procedures. This is even relevant for a historic building characterized by geometrical and morphological complexity and huge extension, or at risk of collapse. In this context, advancements in the field of Computer Vision and Artificial Intelligence provide an opportunity to address these criticalities. The proposed methodology is based on a Mask R-CNN model, for the detection of decay morphologies on built heritages, and, particularly on historic buildings. The experimentation has been carried out and validated on a highly heterogeneous dataset of images of historic buildings, representative of the regional Architectural Heritage, such as: castles, monasteries, noble buildings, rural buildings. The outcomes highlighted the significance of this remote, non-invasive inspection technique, in support of the technicians in the preliminary knowledge of the building state of conservation, and, most of all, in the decay mapping of some particular classes of alterations (moist area, biological colonization).

This research aims to reveal and discuss state-of-the-art research addressing the relation between built heritage and individuals’ subjective wellbeing (SWB). Through a systematic literature review, fifty-one studies were analyzed. Even if limited, past research confirms the substantial relation between built heritage and subjective wellbeing, and six primary factors and other sub-factors were identified. This paper's originality is found in its focus, being the link between built heritage and subjective wellbeing seldom addressed, and the definition of a six-factor model deduced from the state-of-the-art, as a theoretical framework to support further research. This paper contributes to the ongoing notion of human-centrality in the built environment and the growing trend to give importance to the human experiences within the built heritage context. The results are valuable for academics and policymakers, contributing to a tailored and place-based sustainable urban development.

Historic school buildings, erected during the end of the 19th–beginning of the 20th century, represent a specific constructional type that should be encountered as part of the common European built heritage. They present various similarities, especially in the regions of S. Europe, even though they were mainly built with local materials following the traditional constructional principles of each area. Due to their constant function as educational units, there is an increased interest on their structural and energy integration, without, however, following the principles of restoration of historic structures. To this extent, the acknowledgement of the tangible and intangible values they encompass is crucial, as well as their enlistment in order to be treated as heritage assets. In this study, an effort has been made to testify the characteristics (historic, architectural, constructional) of the historic school buildings located in the Municipality of Agia, region of Thessaly, central Greece. A case study was selected, concerning the old elementary school of Megalovrysso, where a detailed investigation was implemented, including onsite inspection, architectural overview, determination of constructional materials and types, investigation of the preservation state, as well as structural analysis through the three-dimensional finite element model. All research data were comparatively evaluated in order to determine the principles governing the construction of the studied school buildings and establish the significance of this unrecognized part of European built heritage that should be further assessed.

In recent decades, the Italian building trade has recorded an increasing interest in the renovation and improvement of both listed and unlisted existing buildings by the Ministry of Culture, growing the debate on adapting historical buildings to current sustainability needs. The Italian National Institute of Statistics (ISTAT) observed the increase in family commuting and the attractiveness of marginal territories. Despite the scarcity of services, one-fifth of Italian small municipalities are attractive according to some indicators, primarily the demographic growth in the last three years. The COVID-19 pandemic has contributed to the re-evaluation of inland areas. Remote working and the new need for open spaces could increase the return to small villages and be further boosted by the fiscal incentives. This paper considers the evolution of last year’s real estate market, evaluating whether the regulatory tools for energy retrofit and tax relief meet the trade crisis with a possible benefit of preserving historical buildings. This research cannot ignore the European background; therefore, this paper offers an overview of EU regulatory strategies for energy efficiency recently issued to increase sustainability, focusing on tax credits for improving existing buildings. In conclusion, some considerations are proposed for future in-depth research.

This research aims to reveal and discuss state-of-the-art research addressing the relation between built heritage and individuals’ subjective wellbeing (SWB). Through a systematic literature review, fifty-one studies were analyzed. Even if limited, past research confirms the substantial relation between built heritage and subjective wellbeing, and six primary factors and other sub-factors were identified. This paper's originality is found in its focus, being the link between built heritage and subjective wellbeing seldom addressed, and the definition of a six-factor model deduced from the state-of-the-art, as a theoretical framework to support further research. This paper contributes to the ongoing notion of human-centrality in the built environment and the growing trend to give importance to the human experiences within the built heritage context. The results are valuable for academics and policymakers, contributing to a tailored and place-based sustainable urban development.

Timber heritage sites are vulnerable to damage from moisture. Simple meteorological descriptions of climate need to be tuned to capture drivers that threaten heritage, including dimensional change, insect attack and mould growth. Global climate models often provide projections through to the end of the 21st century but need to be translated to a local level to reveal processes of deterioration at specific sites. Translation to a local level can be challenging and requires the use of local information from a range of sources. This translation is explored over a range of sites facing different climate pressures, including fungal and insect risk at Harmondsworth Great Barn, England; changes in humidity range, salt risk and algal growth in rural timber buildings in the Midwestern states, USA; wind-driven rain impacts on board houses in Freetown, Sierra Leone; and rainfall and humidity range on timber buildings among the tropical rainforests of the Amazon, Congo Basin and Southeast Asia. Evidence-based narratives provide a tool to incorporate a multiplicity of local information to enrich projections and the interpretation of the model output. These could build trust and aid decision-making based on future projections, which are inherently uncertain.

The Greek legal framework for the protection of the architectural heritage of the center of Athens promotes, for historical-political reasons, its archaeological wealth and neoclassical interpretation, neglecting the protection and promotion of important buildings and open spaces of the 20th century which, as modern monuments, complete the city’s image and identity, interpreting its evolution mechanisms and the way that people appropriate it in the everyday life. Our research project aims to study the historic urban landscape of the Fokionos Negri street- linear park that has been formed during the first half of the 20th century and hosts many buildings characteristic of "Athenian modernism", an area of significant importance for the functional and social evolution of the wider center of Athens. The research goals have a triple approach, architecture, landscape and social. One of the main goals is the presentation and analysis of the notable morphological and typological features of the interwar apartment buildings on the street, but also of the history of their people. This approach is presented in the issue we created for one of the Interwar apartment buildings and landmark of the area, the Lanaras family’s apartment building. The project aims to contribute both to the documentation of the interwar architectural heritage of Athens and to the production of a broad framework of knowledge that may be the basis for how to understand and appreciate the historic urban landscape in Greece, in order to elaborate the criteria of its protection and prudent management.

The Adaptive Reuse (AR) of heritage buildings is a complex process, which aims to preserve the values of heritage buildings while adapting them for use in the present and transferring them to the future. This paper aims to identify steps in this process and develop a structured model. The model is an ‘ideal’, it needs validation in practice; however, it is expected that following this model can help to preserve and conserve the values of heritage buildings. To come to an overview of the process and to identify its main steps, a literature review at an international level has been conducted. The analysis of the literature revealed that the AR process as a whole in relation to heritage buildings has not been widely studied. Based on the results of this review, a conceptual model representing the AR process of heritage buildings has been defined. This model consists of 10 steps: ‘initiative’, ‘analysis of heritage buildings’, ‘value assessment, ‘mapping level of significance’, ‘definition of adaptive reuse potential’, ‘definition of design strategy’, ‘final decision-making’, ‘execution’, ‘maintenance’, and ‘evaluation after years’. This model can act as a comprehensive theoretical basis for further studies on the AR process of heritage buildings.

Historical buildings are the expression of the traditions and techniques of people and societies that made them and thus must be studied and documented to prevent loss or damage, also ensuring that any restoration, maintenance, and reuse activities are undertaken consciously. To date, existing digital methods are not always appropriate for the built heritage sector. At the same time, older domain experts and physical textual archives collected a large amount of unique knowledge which is only partially transferred to digital resources. Examples are historical construction techniques, terminology for damage pathologies and heritage elements, etc. Transferring this knowledge into new applications and open data spaces could prevent its loss and improve its sharing.

The mobile mapping systems (MMSs) are increasingly used in the Architecture, Engineering and Construction sector (AEC). Their involvement in the digital transition of our cities and built heritage could be a valuable solution in speeding up the scan-to-BIM processes. In this framework, the course “Knowledge of the built heritage in the era of climate change” of Politecnico di Torino offers an innovative approach for MSc degree students in Building Engineering. In fact, it deals with the whole workflow from the surveying activities (data acquisition and processing), to the BIM modelling up to the final digital twin integrated with e.g. sensors data and management information. This contribution describes the case studies of the multidisciplinary course as an application for this methodology, where not only terrestrial laser scanning or UAVs (Unmanned Aerial Vehicles) have been used, but also MMSs have been tested to understand if they could be a suitable option. This paper aims to show the course experience derived from the collaboration of the geomatics and drawing domains along with students’ results and feedback. Moreover, the research underlines the pros and cons of this procedure.

In response to today’s contemporary challenge regarding how to tackle the effects of climate change in heritage environments, natural ventilation arises as a compatible, low-cost and environmentally friendly passive cooling strategy for the Mediterranean climate. However, an identified research gap concerns the lack of studies addressing data from both the urban and building scales. An innovative, multi-scale approach is introduced in this research, through the study of airflow on the neighbourhood, street canyon and building scales, which is then evaluated using field measurements. The effect of urban density and street-canyon geometry on indoor thermal comfort is discussed in the case of adobe buildings with pass-through spaces (portico), and timber projections with multiple openings (sahnisi). The originality of the presented research lies in the adopted multi-scale methodology. On the district level of study, analytical tools and urban-scale considerations in the development of vernacular buildings are discussed through the lens of environmental performance. Building ventilation is addressed as a function of in-street and rooftop airflow, demonstrating the airflow gradient across the scales under study. Furthermore, the impact of various window operation patterns is quantified, given the variability of the background wind and street geometry. The results indicate best practices for enhancing the cooling effect of natural ventilation, highlighting the role of occupant behaviour and night-time ventilation. Finally, key directions regarding conservation practices in urban contexts are discussed, bringing energy performance and comfort into cultural heritage studies.

Dissertação de mestrado em Arquitetura, Cultura Arquitetónica, A presente dissertação propõe-se a reconhecer o património edificado, tendo como mote uma visão alargada, de edifício à paisagem, integrando distintas escalas e âmbitos conceptuais. Somos assim orientados pela abrangência de escala considerada nas recomendações da Convenção de Amsterdão (1915), e mais particularmente na Convenção Europeia de Paisagem (Florença, 2000). Destes documentos advém o âmbito de incidência., abrindo campo a uma leitura integrada do ambiente construído e da atividade humana que nele tem lugar, tendo em atenção o interesse público da paisagem nos campos cultural, económico, ecológico, ambiental e social. Conforme definição da Convenção de Florença: 'Paisagem" designa urna parte do território, tal corno é apreendida pelas populações, cujo carácter resulta da ação e da interação de fatores naturais e/ou humanos. Neste encalce a investigação partiu do inventário de solares, casas agrícolas e quintas do território em análise, o concelho de Paredes, e com particular incidência no acervo construído entre os séculos XVIII e XX, para a partir daí individualizar aspetos identitários das construções e avançar progressivamente na leitura dos espaços, construções e atividades associadas que conformam a paisagem. Nesta ampla leitura foi necessário relacionar diferentes escalas: a escala da casa (o domínio do doméstico), a escala da quinta (o domínio de produção) e a escala da paisagem (o domínio do quadro espacial e humano global). Escalas que permitem elaborar uma leitura estratigráfica da paisagem que, apesar da incidência nos seus aspetos físicos, não deixa de considerar outros subjacentes à ocupação humana como o habitar, socializar e o produzir. Assim, as quintas (incluindo aqui solares e/ou casas burguesas) não podem ser desligadas da sua dimensão produtiva que interfere fortemente na organização do território, sendo um agente ativo na vivência e modelação da paisagem. Por fim, sendo objetivo desta investigação fomentar uma leitura ampla do património, reclama-se o seu lugar na discussão e potenciação de oportunidades que garantam a sustentabilidade da paisagem e dos indivíduos que a habitam. Com esta investigação evita-se um ato de constante perceção do território como superfície a impermeabilizar, ou seja, capaz de suportar uma urbanização extensiva. Um estudo de relações existentes que contraria a leitura abstrata e distante transposta para instrumentos como o PDM e suas considerações., The present dissertation proposes to recognise the built heritage, having as its motto an enlarged view, from the building to the landscape, thus integrating on its different reading scales and conceptual scopes. We're guided in the scale's range proposed in the Amsterdam's Convention (1975), and more particularly in the European Landscape Convention (Florence, 2000). From these documents comes the scope of incidence, opening the field to an integrated reading of the built environment and the human activity that takes place on it, paying attention to the public interest of the landscape on its cultural, economic, ecological, environmental and social dimensions, According to the definition by Florence's Convention; "Landscape" is an area, as perceived by people, whose character is the result of the action and interaction of natural and/or human factors. In this pursuit, the investigation opens from the inventory of manor houses, agricultural houses and farms of the territory under analysis, Paredes County, and particularly in the collection built between the XVIII and XX centuries. From that point to individualize identity aspects of the constructions and progressively advance in the reading of spaces, constructions and associated activities that conform with the landscape. In the large reading, it was necessary to relate different scales: the house scale (domestic domain), the farm scale (production domain) and the landscape scale (dominance of the global space and human frame). Said Scales allow the elaboration of a stratigraphic reading of the landscape that, despite the focus on its physical aspects, does not fail to consider other aspects, underlying human occupation such as living, socializing, and producing. So, the farms (including her manor houses and/or bourgeois houses) can't be disconnected from their productive dimension, that strongly interferes with the organization of the territory, being an active agent in the living and modelling of the landscape. Finally, as the objective of this investigation is to encourage a large reading of heritage, its place is claimed in the discussion and enhancement of opportunities that guarantee the sustainability of the landscape and the individuals that inhabit it. With this thesis, an act of constant perception of the territory as a surface to be waterproofed is avoided, that is, capable of supporting extensive urbanization. A study of existing relationships that goes against the abstract and the distant reading transposed to instruments such as the PDM and its considerations

[EN] Between 2020 and 2021, the world was paralyzed due to the COVID-19 Pandemic. Concurrently, the devastating effects of Greenhouse Gases, the cause of the drastic Climate Change that threatens us, were considerably reduced. Nature had a well-deserved respite when we were locked-up and immobile, and the architectural heritage was protected by stabilizing the drastic changes in the climate. Are we the protagonists of the devastation of the planet and consequently, of the destruction of our architectural heritage? The intervention processes for existing structures must respond, in a compatible way, to their particular building technologies and their geographical location. If the only “green” building is that which already exists, the recycling of its components and recovery are sustainable techniques that our ancestors used as a conscious process to protect, and not waste, the natural resources of our planet earth necessary for their survival., [ES] Entre los años 2020 y 2021, el mundo se paralizó debido a la pandemia del COVID-19. Durante este periodo, se redujeron considerablemente los efectos devastadores de los gases de efecto invernadero, causantes del cambio climático que acecha. La naturaleza tuvo un merecido respiro, y el patrimonio arquitectónico se vio menos castigado al estabilizarse los cambios drásticos del clima. ¿Somos a nivel global responsables de la devastación del planeta y, como consecuencia, de la destrucción de nuestra arquitectura patrimonial? Los procesos de intervención en estas estructuras existentes deben responder, de manera compatible, a sus tecnologías edilicias particulares y su ubicación geográfica. Si el único edificio sostenible es el que ya existe, la recuperación y el reciclaje de sus componentes cobran sentido, pues emplean técnicas sostenibles que utilizaban nuestros antepasados como procesos conscientes para proteger, y no desperdiciar, los recursos naturales de nuestro planeta Tierra, necesarios para su supervivencia.

[EN] Between 2020 and 2021, the world was paralyzed due to the COVID-19 Pandemic. Concurrently, the devastating effects of Greenhouse Gases, the cause of the drastic Climate Change that threatens us, were considerably reduced. Nature had a well-deserved respite when we were locked-up and immobile, and the architectural heritage was protected by stabilizing the drastic changes in the climate. Are we the protagonists of the devastation of the planet and consequently, of the destruction of our architectural heritage? The intervention processes for existing structures must respond, in a compatible way, to their particular building technologies and their geographical location. If the only “green” building is that which already exists, the recycling of its components and recovery are sustainable techniques that our ancestors used as a conscious process to protect, and not waste, the natural resources of our planet earth necessary for their survival. [ES] Entre los años 2020 y 2021, el mundo se paralizó debido a la pandemia del COVID-19. Durante este periodo, se redujeron considerablemente los efectos devastadores de los gases de efecto invernadero, causantes del cambio climático que acecha. La naturaleza tuvo un merecido respiro, y el patrimonio arquitectónico se vio menos castigado al estabilizarse los cambios drásticos del clima. ¿Somos a nivel global responsables de la devastación del planeta y, como consecuencia, de la destrucción de nuestra arquitectura patrimonial? Los procesos de intervención en estas estructuras existentes deben responder, de manera compatible, a sus tecnologías edilicias particulares y su ubicación geográfica. Si el único edificio sostenible es el que ya existe, la recuperación y el reciclaje de sus componentes cobran sentido, pues emplean técnicas sostenibles que utilizaban nuestros antepasados como procesos conscientes para proteger, y no desperdiciar, los recursos naturales de nuestro planeta Tierra, necesarios para su supervivencia.

The value of cultural heritage is a constantly evolving and debated issue in heritage theory. While primarily the focus was on tangible qualities, intangible values gained more importance in the twenty-first century. However, in some cases, it can be complicated to evaluate the intangible values of specific artefacts with politically disturbing associations, such as Soviet architecture in a post-Soviet context. Based on a Lithuanian case study, the paper contributes to the debate on the value of Soviet architecture, focusing not on individual buildings but on broader themes. By using framework analysis as a conceptual background, the article analyzes the legacy of the Soviet past not as physical objects but as cultural references. Interpreting “cultural references” as containers of social and cultural meanings that are much broader than just the embodiment of the ideological system, the paper suggests that dissonance should not lead to the uncompromising delisting and probably the destruction of the built heritage of troublesome past. Although the article focuses on the evaluation of Soviet architecture in a post-Soviet context, the conceptual approach can contribute to the broader debate on postcolonial heritage globally.

The architectural engineering and construction sector accounts for about 30-40% of global energy consumption. The European goal of reducing this consumption and the linked greenhouse gas emissions calls for an increased capacity to implement building renovations. Building Information Modelling (BIM) and Building Performance Simulations (BPS) are among the most promising tools for fostering interdisciplinary, efficient processes and feasible analysis and design solutions to support this goal. Of the whole building stock, heritage buildings represent the most challenging part, although their potential as a driver for mitigating climate change and supporting sustainable development is being increasingly recognized. This paper presents a Heritage BIM and BPS-based workflow to support the energy and environmental improvement of publicly-owned historical buildings, that was applied to 9 case studies of 7 different Mediterranean countries. The overall aim of this research is to enhance the capacity of public local administrations and professionals to upgrade the historical building stock and demonstrate the scalability of the proposed workflow to the entire building stock of the Mediterranean area.

Built heritage, in addition to being an element of cultural identity, is to be regarded as a source of inspiration and creativity for present and future generations. It is an ever-evolving repository of knowledge about culture and society, which, due to its importance and uniqueness, must be preserved. Historical buildings are the expression of the traditions and techniques of people and societies that made them and thus must be studied and documented to prevent loss or damage, also ensuring that any restoration, maintenance, and reuse activities are undertaken consciously. To date, existing digital methods are not always appropriate for the built heritage sector. At the same time, older domain experts and physical textual archives collected a large amount of unique knowledge which is only partially transferred to digital resources. Examples are historical construction techniques, terminology for damage pathologies and heritage elements, etc. Transferring this knowledge into new applications and open data spaces could prevent its loss and improve its sharing. In recent years, the digitalisation of existing knowledge has been widely debated; there are currently many digital resources available to improve modeling capabilities and solve complex problems in well-defined subject areas of analysis, conservation and restoration. However, this research faces the scattering of a wide variety of digital data, that is distributed in numerous independent archives and possesses a great heterogeneity in the type of media and formats used. Among them, the gradual introduction of Building Information Modelling in the field of built heritage - also referred to as Heritage BIM - HBIM - has only partially mitigated the criticality; especially on aspects concerning representation through standard formats, transmission, and consistency of modeled data, especially in open collaborative formats and platforms. A selection of multiple technologies should be made on a case by case basis. To solve some of the aforementioned problems, this paper proposes an innovative workflow to integrate technologies related to Open Data, Semantic Web, Linked Data, and HBIM , to manage all the knowledge collected, used and shared for the conservation and enhancement of historical buildings in a collaborative platform, including .geometric-constructive aspects from direct analysis up to intangible data from indirect sources and related to traditions and knowledge of arts and crafts. Such an approach, and the models based on it, would support the ideal collaborative space for the management of open built heritage data, in the framework of the European Open Science Cloud (EOSC); thus, they can take on a richer meaning and value, becoming an integral part of an information network that enables their correlation with different disciplines. The adoption of this open data space workflow, within EOSC, will allow experts and stakeholders in the field to gather the knowledge about construction techniques, spread in different resources around the world. This will enable interdisciplinary exchange and interoperability, as well as promote a culture of data sharing on the permanence and mutations of architectural typologies built over the centuries in Europe, helping to foster a deeper engagement of heritage in modern society.

PurposeEven if there is a wealth of research highlighting the key role of values and cultural significance for heritage management and, defining specific interventions on built heritage, seldom the relation to their leading values and values hierarchy have been researched. How do values and interventions relate? What values trigger most and least interventions on heritage? How do these values relate and characterize interventions? And what are the values hierarchy that make the interventions on built heritage differ?Design/methodology/approachThis paper conducts a systematic content analysis of 69 international doctrinal documents – mainly adopted by Council of Europe, UNESCO, and ICOMOS, during 1877 and 2021. The main aim is to reveal and compare the intervention concepts and their definitions, in relation to values. The intensity of the relationship between intervention concepts and values is determined based on the frequency of mentioned values per intervention.FindingsThere were three key findings. First, historic, social, and aesthetical values were the most referenced values in international doctrinal documents. Second, while intervention concepts revealed similar definitions and shared common leading values, their secondary values and values hierarchy, e.g. aesthetical or social values, are the ones influencing the variation on their definitions. Third, certain values show contradictory roles in the same intervention concepts from different documents, e.g. political and age values.Originality/valueThis paper explores a novel comparison between different interventions concepts and definitions, and the role of values. The results can contribute to support further research and practice on clarifying the identified differences.

Located in Largo do Paissandu, the Hotel Victoria inaugurated at the final stage of what was called the brazilian “Belle Époque”. With six pavements, piped water and eletrical installation, it had a notorious place at the main periodics of the city. After a decade of operation, it mysteriously disappears of the newspapers. With Prestes Maia’s Plan of Avenues and the resignification of the “modern”, emerges the need to link São Paulo to a architectural model that resembled cities like New York. Thus, the building was demolished to give room to the Wilton Paes de Almeida Building, that, years later, wold be recognized as a patrimony of the city. O artigo analisa a formação e a remodelação do centro da cidade de São Paulo durante a primeira metade do século XX, tomando como objeto de estudo o Hotel Victoria, localizado no Largo do Paissandu. Para isto, debruçou-se sobre matérias e anúncios publicitários dos periódicos mais relevantes da época, visto que eram eles os responsáveis por ditar o ritmo da vida social na cidade, retratando a busca insaciável por aquilo que era novo, bom e moderno. Em seguida, aborda-se a reformulação desse conceito, representada, sobretudo, na aplicação do Plano de Avenidas de Prestes Maia.

The goal of this paper is to question the idea of authenticity in the tourist industry, using the Old City of Akko (north Israel) as a case study. It will question the ability of tourism to serve as a tool for preserving living-cultural- heritage. Is there "authenticity" in tourism? Is cultural-based-tourism a means of preserving intangible heritage? Does cultural-based-heritage recreate heritage, invent heritage or is it just a means of creating experiences? Situated on a peninsula in North Israel, the old city of Akko is a vertical of many historical layers, from 5000 years ago till date. Imprints of tangible heritage from all periods and living intangible cultural heritage entwine with each other in the ancient allies of the city. Intensive excavations uncovered massive Middle-aged Crusader remains dated to the 12th and 13th century. They lie beneath the existing Ottoman fortified city, constructed in the 18th and 19th centuries. Akko of today is a vibrant city. Residents reside within these Ottoman buildings constructed 300 years ago. Updated research indicates that the cultural heritage of Akko includes many additional values. These include intangible heritage values that are practiced by these residents in the historic allies. This ‘Living Heritage’ is linked to the current community of the city and represents the ‘continuity’ of traditions and practices that comprise living dimensions and the continuity of traditions, skills, and craftspeople. Successful scientific research methods, documentation and safeguarding procedures of these intangible values are still developing. This paper will present examples of intangible heritage in the Historical Urban Landscapes of Akko and will question the ability of new touristic initiatives as a means of preserving this heritage and the spirit of the city. Some of these examples are led by the locals but most of the new initiatives are belong to entrepreneurs new to the city. They all offer an authentic experience in the city. They suggest a combination of visits to the main tourist attractions developed by the authorities and an opportunity to encounter living-traditional-culture aspects in the city. They include tours with local guides, living-in local houses, participating-in local traditional meals with the residents, meeting and watching various craftsmen or joining traditional community events. For tourists, these are unique opportunities that could be called "authentic experiences". For tourist experts these experiences are often regarded as means to present rare cultural heritage aspects. For the authorities, these experiences are regarded as new development resources and tools. For the locals these are new economic opportunities. So, is this a win-win-win-win situation? Are these initiatives means to preserve and safeguard the authentic intangible heritage values and the unique spirit of the city?

Un peu moins de dix ans après sa création et au lendemain de l’arrivée des trithérapies, Act Up-Paris, association de lutte contre le sida issue de la communauté homosexuelle, se dote en 1997 d’un groupe interne dédié à la gestion de ses archives et autres ressources documentaires. Enquêter sur le dispositif mis en place par ce groupe amène à réfléchir aux différentes fonctions que peuvent revêtir l’archivage et la mémoire en contexte militant. L’Archive est une mémoire des morts, le lieu centralisant les traces d’actions passées qui témoignent des rapports de force face aux pouvoirs publics, espace d’apprentissage pratique et politique, facteur de continuité et de transmission entre générations. Jusqu’à ce que ce processus d’accumulation ne devienne un véritable « problème »… matériel. En 2013, Act Up-Paris est placée en redressement judiciaire. Face à la menace de sa disparition, le choix est fait de confier ses archives aux institutions étatiques. Or, ce sauvetage patrimonial n’est pas dépourvu d’ambivalence quant à son sens et à ses effets. Revenir aux manières de concevoir l’archive et la mémoire des militants et militantes d’Act Up-Paris permet justement de percevoir, au fil du temps, les transformations et les tensions dans lesquelles elles sont prises. In 1997, a little less than a decade after its founding, and just after the arrival of triple combination therapies, Act Up-Paris, an association created within the homosexual community to fight against AIDS, created an internal group for the management of its archives and other documentary resources. Investigating the set-up developed by the group raises questions about the different functions archiving and memory can serve in an activist context. The Archive became the memory of the dead, a place centralizing the traces of past actions that expressed the power relations with public authorities, a space for practical and political education, and a factor of continuity and inter-generational transmission. At least until this process of accumulation became a real material ‘problem’. In 2013, Act-Up Paris was near bankruptcy. Faced with the threat of its disappearance, the association chose to transfer its archives to public institutions, but the meaning and impact of this rescue of a cultural heritage remain ambivalent. Reviewing the ways the archive and the memory of the activists of Act-Up Paris were conceived allows us to perceive the transformations and tensions accompanying them over time.

Dans quelle mesure la mobilisation de la notion de générations futures, dans les domaines de la science, du politique ou encore des médias, contribue-t-elle paradoxalement à occulter les enfants et les jeunes d’aujourd’hui, en tant qu’acteurs de chair et d’os et dotés d’agentivité ? En quoi interroge-t-elle le rapport au patrimoine, et plus particulièrement la patrimonialisation comme processus d’appropriation et de transmission ? Après avoir situé les notions d’enfance et de génération, l’analyse de deux études de cas ethnographiques, fondées sur des travaux de terrain menés au Mexique et en France avec des enfants et des jeunes, permettra de confirmer notre hypothèse selon laquelle la notion de générations futures relève d’un discours a-historique à visée performative et sous-tendu par plusieurs présupposés conduisant à minorer la place et le rôle des enfants et des jeunes dans la patrimonialisation. To what extent does the use of the notion of ‘future generations’, in the areas of science, politics or the media, paradoxically help to eclipse today’s children and youth as flesh-and-blood actors endowed with agency? How does it question the relationship to cultural heritage, and more specifically, to the designation of that heritage as a process of appropriation and transmission? After preliminary remarks situating the notions of childhood and generation, we analyse two ethnographic case studies based on fieldwork with infants and young people in Mexico and France. These studies confirm our hypothesis that the notion of future generations stems from an ahistorical discourse with a performative aim and presuppositions that lead to reducing the place and role of children and young people in the process of heritage creation.

Ce texte issu de deux entretiens avec Michel Manson retrace son parcours d’historien de l’enfance. Il explique que, malgré les travaux de Philippe Ariès, les enfants restaient encore, au commencement de sa carrière dans les années 1970, singulièrement absents des préoccupations historiques. De l’Antiquité à nos jours, sont considérées les trois grandes thématiques auxquelles il s’est plus particulièrement intéressé, à savoir le jeu et le jouet, la littérature pour la jeunesse et les sucreries (les bonbons). Lors de ces entretiens, des photographies sur des trouvailles archéologiques, sur des objets, sur des peintures (Pierre Bruegel, Lucas Cranach…) ont été soumises à sa sagacité pour recueillir ses réflexions sur les osselets, les poupées, le cheval-bâton, la représentation de l’enfance et de ses jouets dans l’histoire de l’art, le passage du jouet écologique au jouet industriel, les scénographies des musées du jouet. This text, based on two interviews with Michel Manson, retraces his experience as a historian of childhood. He explains that at the beginning of his career in the 1970s, in spite of the pioneering studies of Philippe Ariès (1914-1984), children were still strangely absent from historical preoccupations. The three major themes which have particularly interested him are games and toys, literature for children and sweets, from Antiquity to the present day. During these interviews, he was shown photographs of archaeological finds, objects and paintings (by Bruegel the Elder, Lucas Cranach and others) in order to elicit his thoughts on knucklebones, dolls, the hobby horse, the representation of childhood and toys in the history of art, the passage from the ecological toy to the industrial toy and scenography in toy museums.

Qu’il s’agisse de sections mises en place au sein d’institutions muséales existantes (Muséum national d’histoire naturelle, Cité des sciences et de l’industrie, Historial de la Vendée) ou d’établissements entièrement conçus pour le jeune public (le Musée en Herbe, le Préau des Accoules, etc.), les musées pour enfants fleurissent aussi timidement que tardivement dans l’Hexagone, à considérer leur multiplication outre-Atlantique, et ce, dès la toute fin du xixe siècle. À l’heure où se forge le concept s’en distinguent en France les musées d’éducation ou musées pédagogiques, plus anciens, qui s’adressent quant à eux prioritairement aux enseignants, tandis que s’en rapprochent les musées scolaires. Ce faisant, l’étanchéité des modèles ne recouvrant pas celle des réalisations, les frontières se brouillent permettant l’émergence à Paris, au sein du Musée pédagogique, d’un musée des Poupées que fréquentent les enfants et où s’exposent, en miniatures, l’histoire et la géographie de la diversité costumière. Confrontant cette expérience singulière, dont le dénouement s’avère loin d’être prémédité, à celles menées concomitamment au Brooklyn Children’s Museum, premier du genre, l’analyse met en exergue l’enfance d’un certain sens du patrimoine, faisant la part belle à la participation et à l’expérience. Compared with the spread of children’s museums in North America – a phenomenon dating back to the very end of the 19th century – France’s initiatives, whether the special sections set up within existing museum structures (the Museum national d’Histoire naturelle and the Cité des sciences et de l’industrie in Paris, the Historial de la Vendée in the Loire region) or new institutions entirely conceived for young visitors (the Musée en Herbe in Paris, le Préau des Accoules in Marseilles, etc.) have been slow in coming. When the concenpt first emerged, educational museums, which were older and mainly addressed at teachers, were distinguished from the slightly later school museums created by pupils in class. These hermetically separate models did not necessarily correspond to the end results, however, and the blurring of the borders permitted, for example, the creation of a doll museum within the Musée Pédagogique in Paris, where children could discover in miniature form the history and geography of clothing styles. By comparing this singular experiment and its unanticipated outcome with those carried out at the pioneering Brooklyn Children’s Museum in New York, this analysis highlights the ‘childhood’ of a certain approach to cultural heritage that favours participation and direct experience.

Le 15 avril 2019, l’incendie de la cathédrale Notre-Dame de Paris provoque une émotion internationale. En France, cet événement surgit à l’intérieur d’un autre, tout aussi brûlant : le mouvement social inédit des Gilets jaunes qui bat son plein depuis cinq mois déjà. Le soir de l’incendie, une allocution présidentielle devait clore le « grand débat national » censé répondre à la contestation. L’incendie reporte l’allocution et importe l’émotion patrimoniale au cœur de la mobilisation sociale. L’émotion est d’emblée polémique et politique. Sur les réseaux sociaux puis dans la rue ou sur les ronds-points, les Gilets jaunes doivent réagir à l’événement et le prendre en charge dans leur agenda depuis leur position spécifique. Ces diverses réactions et actions illustrent l’inventivité propre au mouvement tout en offrant un observatoire sur les enjeux politiques contemporains du patrimoine. On 15 April 2019, the fire that ravaged the Notre Dame Cathedral in Paris provoked great emotion worldwide. In France, however, this event emerged within another one: the unprecedented gilets jaunes (‘yellow vests’) social movement that had been in full swing for five months. The evening of the fire, a speech by French President Emmanuel Macron was scheduled to close the ‘great national debate’ organised in response to the protests. The fire put the speech on standby and put heritage emotion at the centre of the social mobilisation. This emotion was immediately polemical and political: on the social networks, and then in the streets or at the roundabouts, the gilets jaunes had to react to the event and integrate it into their own specific agenda. These different reactions and actions illustrate the movement’s particular inventiveness but also offer an observation post for analysing the contemporary political stakes of the cultural heritage.

« Il est difficile de travailler dans une école qui n’a pas de mémoire. » Ces propos de Philippe Durey, qui dirigea l’École du Louvre avant de consacrer plusieurs années de recherches et d’écriture à ce livre éclairent le projet qui a été le sien et permettent de penser que la tâche de ses successeurs sera plus aisée, tant son ouvrage vient, de manière fort heureuse, combler un manque et donner une histoire à l’École du Louvre tout en lui rendant la mémoire. Certes, tout n’était pas inconnu ...

L’article considère le « frémissement patrimonial » que peut causer l’évocation des « parties de sonnette » (le jeu qui consiste à sonner à une porte, puis à déguerpir). De nombreux matériaux (petits films contemporains réalisés par les enfants eux-mêmes, évocations littéraires anciennes, dessins humoristiques d’albums pour la jeunesse, témoignages…) sont mobilisés pour considérer comment les enfants se jouent des adultes. Attesté depuis le xixe siècle, ce jeu a suivi les transformations des dispositifs sonores associés au seuil (heurtoir, cordon, sonnette électrique). Il n’est pas exempt de dangerosité (réelle ou symbolique), car c’est le piment de ce jeu d’enfants que de savoir que les « victimes » adultes peuvent s’exaspérer d’être dérangées. Par son ancienneté, par l’émotion qu’il suscite, ce jeu pourrait presque relever du « patrimoine » de l’enfance ; des romans régionalistes, des fêtes locales et des sites Internet de villages du Sud-Ouest, mettent d’ailleurs en avant la « tradition » équivalente du « tustet » ou du « martelet ». Plusieurs éléments concourent néanmoins pour que ce tout petit jeu n’accède jamais à une « inscription » patrimoniale. This article considers the ‘heritage quiver’ that can be caused by the mention of « ding, dong, ditch » (a game that consists of ringing at someone’s door and running off). Various materials – little films from the present day made by the children themselves, literary citations from the past, children’s cartoons, testimonies – are used to explore how children tease adults. Attested since the 19th century, this prank has followed the transformation of sound devices associated with the doorstep (knocker, string, electric doorbell). It contains its share of danger, whether real or symbolic, because children thrive on the knowledge that the adult ‘victims’ they disturb can loose their tempers. In its long history and the emotion it arouses, this game is almost part of the ‘cultural heritage’ of childhood. Indeed, regionalist novels, local celebrations and websites of villages in southwestern France highlight the equivalent ‘tradition’ of the « tustet » (with a door knocker). That said, several elements contribute to keeping this tiny little game from obtaining a place in the cultural heritage.

À partir des données d’une enquête menée sur les visites muséales enfantines, cet article avance l’hypothèse que le regard porté sur l’enfance constitue l’un des rouages non seulement de la mise en patrimoine mais aussi, et plus largement, d’une définition même de la patrimonialité comme outil politique d’une cosmologie occidentale. La mise en perspective de la visite de La Fabuloserie, musée d’art brut, et de celle du château de Versailles par des enfants de moins de 7 ans permet, à travers deux cas contrastés, d’envisager les conditions d’accès à la culture savante et la façon dont les adultes en intériorisent la valeur. Grâce aux tout-petits, destinataires de l’intention patrimoniale de parents, enseignants ou professionnels de la culture, apparaissent des formes de médiations spécifiques qui révèlent plus largement la place de l’enfance dans la mécanique de production de la valeur culturelle. Drawing on data from an enquiry on children visiting museums, this article suggests that childhood representations contribute to the identification of cultural heritage. More broadly, it considers heritage as a political tool of western cosmology. Comparing children under 7 years of age visiting museums – La Fabuloserie, a private museum in the French countryside devoted to Art Brut, and the royal Versailles palace – this paper observes conditions of children’s access to high culture and the way it is internalised by adults. Parents who expect their children to gain cultural knowledge, teachers who organize school visits, and culture professionals guiding them through a museum, thus allow us to discern specific forms of public outreach that reveal how childhood deals with mechanisms of producing cultural value.

Dans cet entretien mené par Sarah Gensburger, Monica Eileen Patterson met en avant un courant émergeant parmi les pratiques curatoriales que de plus en plus de musées, partout dans le monde, sont en train d’encourager : la curation par les enfants. Donner l’occasion aux enfants d’organiser des expositions profite de multiples façons aux musées qui cherchent à rendre leur offre plus vivante et stimulante, car le jeune public est expert en matière d’innovation, de créativité et d’interactivité. En prenant part de manière critique aux expositions organisées par les enfants, les universitaires, et de façon plus large les membres de la société, peuvent trouver un précieux aperçu de comment les enfants voient et vivent les choses. En tant qu’importants acteurs sociaux et détenteurs de savoir, les enfants ont beaucoup à apprendre au monde qu’ils habitent, pour peu que les adultes autour d’eux les écoutent. Dans cet entretien, Monica Eileen Patterson présente sa vision d’une nouvelle muséologie critique par les enfants, et le rôle essentiel que joue le curatoriat mené par les enfants dans ce domaine. Elle explique comment s’est développé son intérêt pour le sujet, les contributions que les enfants curateurs peuvent apporter à la pratique muséologique, et les défis rencontrés par les enfants et les musées lorsqu’ils s’engagent dans cette démarche. In this interview by Dr. Sarah Gensburger, Dr. Monica Eileen Patterson discusses an emerging subfield of curatorial practice being facilitated by more and more museums around the world: child curating. Creating opportunities for children to curate exhibitions offers many benefits to museums seeking to animate and enliven their offerings, for children are experts of innovation, creativity, and interactivity. By critically engaging with exhibitions curated by children, scholars and members of society more broadly can gain valuable insights into young people’s perspectives and experiences. As important social actors and knowledge-bearers, children have much to teach the world they inhabit, if only the adults around them will listen. In this interview, Patterson lays out her vision for a new, critical children’s museology and the crucial role of children’s curating within it. She shares how her interest in this field developed, the contributions child curators can make to museological practice, and the challenges children and museums face in taking this work forward.

Depuis un quart de siècle, l’École nationale des chartes a fait l’objet d’un grand nombre de publications, toutes collectives, issues pour certaines de colloques et journées d’études. Il est à noter que toutes sont, sans exception, liées à l’École de manière plus ou moins formelle, soit qu’elles aient été éditées directement par elle, soit que les directeurs d’ouvrage y soient en poste, ou, à tout le moins, en soient issus. En outre, leur rythme s’est accéléré ces derniers temps, à mesure qu’...

Bénéficiaires de la médiation, mis en situation de jouer les médiateurs, éventuellement producteurs de patrimoine, et eux-mêmes (ou du moins leur culture) susceptibles d’être patrimonialisés, les enfants participent d’une manière ou d’une autre des principales étapes du processus d’institution patrimoniale. L’intérêt porté à ces différentes postures suppose des angles d’approche, des problématisations, des objets, sensiblement différents, mais dans tous les cas une attention dédoublée, dirigée tout à la fois vers les rôles assignés par les adultes et vers l’initiative enfantine. Décentrer ainsi le regard pour le tourner vers cet acteur plus ou moins autonome qu’est l’enfant, c’est se donner l’opportunité, du moins en fait-on le pari, d’appréhender autrement notre présent du patrimoine. In one way or another, children participate in the main steps of the heritage creation process, whether they benefit from mediation, are placed in the mediator’s role, possibly become heritage producers or are themselves (or at least their cultures) likely to become part of the cultural heritage. The investigation of these varied roles presumes considerably different approaches, subjects and formulations of the issues, but in every case, it calls for a twofold vision that is directed at once towards the roles assigned by adults and the children’s own initiatives. Decentring the gaze in this way in order to focus on the child as a more or less autonomous player constitutes – in our view at least – an opportunity to understand the present of our cultural heritage in other ways.

In this interview by Dr. Sarah Gensburger, Dr. Monica Eileen Patterson discusses an emerging subfield of curatorial practice being facilitated by more and more museums around the world: child curating. Creating opportunities for children to curate exhibitions offers many benefits to museums seeking to animate and enliven their offerings, for children are experts of innovation, creativity, and interactivity. By critically engaging with exhibitions curated by children, scholars and members of society more broadly can gain valuable insights into young people’s perspectives and experiences. As important social actors and knowledge-bearers, children have much to teach the world they inhabit, if only the adults around them will listen. In this interview, Patterson lays out her vision for a new, critical children’s museology and the crucial role of children’s curating within it. She shares how her interest in this field developed, the contributions child curators can make to museological practice, and the challenges children and museums face in taking this work forward.

Depuis 2010, Arles est début décembre le théâtre d’une manifestation singulière célébrant une cinquantaine de fillettes arborant pour la première fois la vêture traditionnelle des jeunes filles de la Belle Époque. Ces enfants deviennent, à l’issue d’une présentation solennelle assortie d’un défilé et d’un spectacle, des Mireillettes, des petites « Mireilles ». Une référence à l’héroïne du poème en langue provençale de Frédéric Mistral (1830-1914). Désignée d’emblée par son initiatrice comme une invention de la tradition, cette fête est surinvestie de références et s’inspire des nombreuses cérémonies régionalistes initiées dès la deuxième moitié du xixe siècle. Cependant, en s’adressant à un jeune public, elle se veut le premier rite de passage d’un itinéraire costumier de la tradition scandant, selon les groupes folkloriques et les érudits locaux d’aujourd’hui, les âges de la vie. Organisée par l’association Festiv’Arles, cette cérémonie théâtralisée dépasse, cependant, la simple transmission de codes vestimentaires d’autrefois ; elle renvoie aux enjeux qui traversent la communauté des « gens du costume traditionnel ». Elle éclaire la démarche identitaire telle que la formulent ces adultes et offre potentiellement un renouvellement générationnel de cet entre-soi fondé sur une interprétation du passé dont le costume traditionnel est le témoin. Elle se présente également comme un lieu de transmission où les acteurs de la tradition partagent un corpus inédit de savoirs relatifs à la Provence et à son histoire. Enfin, cette fête des Mireillettes offre une tribune privilégiée pour affirmer le présent des valeurs mémorielles du territoire arlésien. Une manière de revendiquer une juste place dans la cité pour ce patrimoine de la tradition, un patrimoine immatériel qui conjugue savoir-faire et représentations mentales, et reconstruit un passé toujours en devenir. Every December since 2010, the city of Arles has been the setting of a singular event celebrating some fifty little girls dressed for the first time in the traditional costume of young women of France’s Belle Epoque. At the end of a formal ceremony accompanied by a parade and a performance, these children become ‘Mireillettes’, or ‘little Mireilles’, a reference to the heroine of a poem written in the Provençal language by Frédéric Mistral (1830-1914). As its founder recognises, this festival is an invention of tradition; abounding in local references, it draws on many regionalist ceremonies introduced in the second half of the 19th century. By addressing itself to a young audience, however, it aspires to be the first rite of passage along the itinerary of clothing traditions that, for today’s folklore groups and local experts, mark the steps of life. But this carefully orchestrated ceremony, organised by the association Festiv’Arles, goes beyond the simple transmission of the dress codes of another era. It touches on questions that are shared by those who consider themselves the ‘People of the Traditional Costume’ and thus sheds light on the adults’ own approach to identity. It potentially opens the way for a generational renewal of their self-segregation that is based on an interpretation of the past through the traditional costume. It is also a locus of transmission, where the protagonists of the tradition share the unfamiliar corpus of knowledge about Provence and its history. And ultimately, the festival provides a singular tribune for affirming the memorial values of the territory known as the Pays d’Arles. It is a way of claiming a just place in the society for this traditional heritage, an intangible culture that combines know-how and mental representations to reconstruct an ever-evolving past.

Dans le Haut Vallespir, les adultes organisent depuis plusieurs décennies des versions enfantines des fêtes de l’Ours qu’ils considèrent comme un trésor culturel dont ils veulent assurer la pérennité. Si les fêtes des adultes reposent sur une vision très genrée des relations sociales, cette dimension est en revanche totalement absente des fêtes destinées aux enfants auxquels les connotations sexuelles des pratiques ne sont pas transmises. L’article explore la façon dont cette désexualisation transforme en profondeur non seulement la fête des enfants et la répartition des rôles entre hommes et femmes, mais également celle des adultes, la fête des petits fonctionnant comme une sorte de laboratoire des évolutions possibles. In the Haut Vallespir (Pyrénées Occidentales department), adults have been organising children’s versions of the Festes de l’Os, the ‘Bear Festivals’ which they hold to be a cultural treasure that they seek to preserve. While the adults’ festivals are rooted in a highly gendered vision of social relations, this dimension is totally absent from the festivals for children, where the sexual connotations of the practices are not transmitted. This article explores the way such a desexualisation profoundly transforms not only the children’s festival and the division of roles between men and women, but the adults’ festival as well, insofar as the youngsters’ event functions as a kind of laboratory for possible changes.

The article investigates the possibilities of re-activating the built heritage of the Marche Apennine through shared, creative, and transcalar approaches. This is a particularly challenging task for marginal inner areas, which during the pandemic have been even more isolated due to previous structural issues such as lack of services, poor accessibility, economic stagnation, and depopulation. Italian inner areas are also facing an increase in environmental risks linked to ongoing climate change. This work focuses on the Appennino Basso Pesarese Anconetano in the Marche Region as part of the national project “Branding4Resilience”. The research methodological approach entails an exploration of the territory through quantitative and qualitative tools to investigate the possibility of a new reading of the Marche inner area and suggest operation at a local level, without losing the wider perspective on global challenges. This interpretation is synthesized in a territorial portrait that supports visions for the sustainable transformation of the area, and shows the need for shared collaborative approaches for more inclusive forms of living together. Finally, the work proposes built heritage as a trigger for development processes in marginalized territories, thus highlighting the crucial role of design and creativity, through transcalar approaches, to unveil relevant and often hidden resources and to envisage resilient futures for inner areas.

El Centro de Investigación de Arquitectura Tradicional (CIAT) es un centro científico-tecnológico fruto del convenio suscrito en 1996 entre la Universidad Politécnica de Madrid y el Ayuntamiento de Boceguillas (Segovia, España) para el desarrollo de actividades de investigación, formación y difusión de los valores de la arquitectura y la construcción tradicionales, la ciudad histórica, el paisaje cultural y el patrimonio edificado. La excelente disposición del Ayuntamiento de Boceguillas, la ayuda recibida de la Universidad Politécnica de Madrid y de su Escuela Técnica Superior de Arquitectura, y la financiación recibida de la Consejería de Fomento de la Junta de Castilla y León y del Programa Leader II de la Unión Europea (gestionado en la comarca nordeste de Segovia por CODINSE) hicieron posible la rehabilitación del edificio que alberga su sede y el inicio de su programa de actividades, que celebra en 2021 su veinticinco aniversario.

The devastating explosion in Beirut’s port on August 4, 2020 will forever be engraved in the memory of the Lebanese people. Within moments, a city with over 5,000 years of history was in ruins. Aside from the terrible casualties, the blast impacted one of the largest concentrations of heritage buildings in the city, dating from the 19th and 20th centuries. For this reason Beirut Heritage Initiative (BHI) was established in an attempt to help restore the city’s built heritage and to preserve both the urban and the social fabric of the damaged neighborhoods. BHI’s first mission was focused on emergency works such as rapid sheltering and consolidation of damaged buildings to prevent further damage due to the winter weather. After this emergency phase, BHI has engaged in partial reconstructions to enable vulnerable inhabitants to return to their homes, and a third phase has focused on full restoration projects for highly damaged buildings.

The accelerated growth of Calcutta as a trading center under the British between the mid-18th and early 20th centuries brought an influx of diverse trading communities, including Armenians, Baghdadi Jews, Parsis, and Chinese, who settled in the historic bazaar nucleus of the city known today as Central Calcutta. These ethnoreligious communities erected significant heritage buildings reflecting their cultures. But with large-scale emigration and a rapidly dwindling local population, this shared built heritage is in neglect and has little or no relevance for Central Calcutta’s contemporary communities. This paper discusses the issues faced by these heritage resources and offers recommendations for enhancing community engagement, initiating co-management and developing common goals amongst contemporary communities so as to effectively safeguard this built heritage of dwindling minorities.

INTRODUCCIÓN. Los estudios de vulnerabilidad sísmica a gran escala, que arrojan resultados más precisos, requieren mayores datos de entrada que caractericen las edificaciones del área de estudio. Ante ello el presente trabajo se ocupa de la caracterización geométrica del patrimonio edificado tradicional del Centro Histórico de Cuenca (CHC)-Ecuador, constituido por edificaciones de adobe y de ladrillo. OBJETIVO. Establecer rangos de variación para los parámetros geométricos dimensionales y un catálogo de edificaciones de adobe y de ladrillo típicas, con miras a su modelización numérica. MÉTODO. La variabilidad de los parámetros geométricos considerados se exploró mediante tres estrategias: 1) consultas en la Base de Datos Catastral de la ciudad; 2) revisión de tesis de arquitectura; y 3) revisión de expedientes de intervención en edificaciones del CHC. RESULTADOS. 1) Tabla de rangos de variabilidad de los parámetros geométricos de edificaciones de adobe y ladrillo, 2) Catálogo de seis edificaciones tradicionales típicas: tres edificaciones de ladrillo y tres edificaciones de adobe. DISCUSIÓN Y CONCLUSIONES. Debido a los descartes asumidos, la tipicidad capturada en el catálogo de edificaciones tiene un sesgo hacia las tipologías no intervenidas y plantas regulares; que, aun siendo un reto, es posible su modelación numérica en los actuales softwares de análisis sísmico de edificios de mampostería.

Manifold representations of the dwelling are expressed in the work of artist, poet, writer, editor, and activist Alootook Ipellie in the bi-monthly publication Inuit Today in the 1970s and 1980s, as a cross-section through key moments in Inuit Nunangat history. This essay thus examines Ipellie’s representations of space—not as an attempt to theorize Inuit space but rather to offer reflections on how these representations challenged ways of knowing and interpreting Arctic communities. We first address the Arctic representation in Ipellie’s work, which emphasizes the existing richness of the land according to Inuit perspectives as opposed to Qallunaat (non-Inuit) interpretations. His drawings also offer political comments on land disputes and the exploitation of territory. We then explore the representation of buildings, as Ipellie witnessed the transition from traditional to government housing. Ipellie’s humour-based approach constituted a strong social and political critique of housing issues and settler-colonial building practices. This artist acknowledged Inuit ingenuity when speaking of traditional housing, thus advocating for Inuit knowledge, invention, and built heritage. Lastly, we discuss the representation of multiple voices in the struggles over space, including Inuit communities and non-human agents, such as animals and land. Dwelling on the notion of “lines” and “the in-between”, we consider the thickness of Ipellie’s drawn lines and attend to the multiple entanglements between the artist’s political cartoons and the many lines of settler-colonialism, such as boundaries, frontiers, roads, pipelines, spatial construction, buildings, and planning., Cet essai examine les représentations de l’habitation dans l’oeuvre de l’artiste, poète, écrivain, éditeur et activiste Alootook Ipellie. Analysant tout particulièrement son travail publié entre les années 1970-80 dans le magazine bimensuel Inuit Today, cet essai accorde une attention particulière à la spatialité dans le travail d’Alootook Ipellie. Cet essai n’est pas une tentative de théoriser l’espace inuit mais plutôt une série de réflexions sur la manière dont les illustrations d’Ipellie défient les façons de connaître et interpréter l’Inuit Nunangat. L’essai aborde d’abord le portrait de l’Arctique dans l’oeuvre d’Ipellie qui exprime la richesse existante du territoire plutôt que l’espace en tant que potentiel conteneur d’infrastructures coloniales. Les dessins examinés explorent les conflits territoriaux et l’exploitation de l’environnement. Deuxièmement, la représentation des bâtiments y est étudiée dans la mesure où Ipellie a assisté à la transition du mode de vie nomade à l’intervention de l’état sur l’habitat et les questions sociales. Son approche humoristique constitue une forte critique sociale et politique sur les problèmes de logement et les pratiques de construction. Ipellie célèbre la sagesse de ses ancêtres en abordant l’habitat traditionnel, plaidant ainsi pour les connaissances et l’inventivité inuit. Troisièmement, l’article examine la représentation de multiples voix dans les débats autour du territoire dont celles des communautés Inuit mais également des non-humains, y compris les animaux et la terre. S’appuyant sur la notion de « lignes » et sur « l’entre-deux », l’article explore les enchevêtrements de lignes des caricatures politiques d’Ipellie, mais également des tracés du colonialisme tels que les frontières, routes, oléoducs, bâtiments, infrastructures, relevés et plans.

Scholarship on architecture and urbanism in antiquity has focused on building activity and investment in the fabric of cities as positive processes, typically starting from the assumption that such developments were welcomed by inhabitants – but were they? This article examines objections to urban renewal and the construction of monumental public building in the Roman world. Specifically, it focuses on the city of Prusa and the controversy surrounding the renovation of its civic centre by the local politician Dio Chrysostom in the early 2nd century AD. Using speeches and letters written at the time, the article presents both a new interpretation of this specific episode and brings to the fore the rarely articulated and yet highly controversial nature of building projects that are traditionally thought of as being beneficial. In the conclusion, we also see how this example contributes to research on the issue of heritage as a pre-modern phenomenon.

El espacio público de los centros históricos de ciudades mexicanas se ha forjado a partir de prácticas sociales y económicas, reglamentos, obra pública, así como la limitación o incentivación de ciertas actividades por parte de la autoridad municipal. En la actualidad, las prácticas de comercio informal, las expresiones políticas y la protesta ciudadana se confrontan con el interés por salvaguardar el patrimonio edificado y su aprovechamiento turístico, lo cual ha propiciado la aparición de nuevas actividades en esos espacios. Con la finalidad emprender una investigación acerca de los nuevos usos emergentes en el espacio público y sus efectos en el patrimonio edificado, se revisa la evolución histórica del uso, reglamentación y obra pública en estos sitios, a partir del análisis de textos y la observación participativa, teniendo como caso de estudio el centro histórico de Morelia, Michoacán, México.

[EN] Since 1950, more than 300 villages were depopulated at the Spanish Central Pyrenees. Several experiences have been tested in these depopulated settlements in the last decades: from rewilding, local agriculture, neo-rural communities, tourism to local recovery. The emerging recovery of depopulated settlements by former inhabitants illustrates an interesting phenomenon in rural territories under the threat of shrinkage and the touristic pressure. Our spatial analysis of the ongoing recovery process in the study case of Jánovas, identifies effective strategies by the local community. The evolving community is reunited around the shared goal of reinhabiting their village, reconnecting the village with its territory, updating the settlement by implementing the needed collective spaces and services, and sensitively adapting the heritage spaces in order to sustainably integrate newcomers within the local community., [CA] Des de 1950, més de tres-cents pobles s'han quedat sense habitants als Pirineus centrals espanyols. S han dut a terme diferents assajos en aquests assentaments a les darreres dècades: des de la renaturalització, agricultura local, comunitats neorurals, turisme... fins a recuperació local. La recuperació emergent d'assentaments despoblats per antics habitants il·lustra un fenomen interessant en territoris rurals sota l'amenaça d'encongiment i de pressió turística. La nostra anàlisi espacial de l'actual procés de recuperació a l'estudi de cas de Jánovas identifica estratègies efectives de la comunitat local. Simultàniament, la recerca reconeix diverses estratègies aprofitant i potenciant les característiques del patrimoni construït. L'emergent comunitat s'aplega al voltant de l'objectiu comú de tornar a habitar el seu poble, reconnectant-lo amb el seu territori, posant al dia l'assentament mitjançat els espais i serveis col·lectius necessaris, i adaptant de manera sensible els espais patrimonials per acollir de manera sustentable els nouvinguts a la comunitat local., [ES] Desde 1950, más de trescientos pueblos se han quedado sin habitantes en los Pirineos centrales españoles. Se han llevado a cabo diferentes ensayos en estos asentamientos en las últimas décadas: desde la renaturalización, agricultura local, comunidades neorrurales, turismo... hasta recuperación local. La emergente recuperación de asentamientos despoblados por antiguos habitantes ilustra un fenómeno interesante en territorios rurales bajo la amenaza de encogimiento y de presión turística. Nuestro análisis espacial del actual proceso de recuperación en el estudio de caso de Jánovas identifica estrategias efectivas de la comunidad local. La emergente comunidad se reúne en torno al objetivo común de volver a habitar su pueblo, reconectándolo con su territorio, poniendo al día el asentamiento mediante los espacios y servicios colectivos necesarios, y adaptando de forma sensible los espacios patrimoniales para acoger de forma sustentable a los recién llegados a la comunidad local. Al mismo tiempo, esto demuestra el carácter resiliente de algunos pueblos abandonados., [FR] Depuis 1950, plus de trois-cents villages ont perdu leurs habitants aux Pyrénées centrales espagnoles. Plusieurs essais on été mis en oeuvre dans ces établissements pendant les dernières décennies : de la renaturalisation, agriculture locale, communautés néorurales, tourisme... jusqu à la récupération locale. La récupération émergente d établissement dépeuplés par d anciens habitants met en lumière un phénomène intéressant sur des territoires ruraux menacés par le rétrécissement et la pression touristique. Notre analyse spatiale du processus actuel de récupération de l étude de cas localde Jánovas identifie des stratégies efficaces de la communauté locale. Cette communauté émergente se rassemble avec l objectif de regagner son village : en le reconnectant au territoire, en mettant en jour l établissement moyennant les espaces et les services collectifs necessaires, en adaptant de manière sensible les espaces patrimoniaux afin d acueillir durablement les nouveaux venus à la communauté rurale.

The protection, management, and valorization processes of the Built World Heritage, of which the historic center of Rome is an integral part, include the study and use of the historical documents preserved in the archives of the territory. The Corp of Civil Engineering of Rome (Genio Civile di Roma) Found, kept in the State Archives in Rome, is a crucial source for the knowledge of the built heritage of Rome. The Fund holds significant data about the urban development of the city and the intervention to preserve the historic built heritage, from the last three decades of the 19th century – when Rome began as the capital of the unified state of Italy – to the mid of the 20th century. For the valorization of the Found a research agreement between the State Archives of Rome and the University of Rome “Tor Vergata” is established: in this framework, the cataloging and the study of this unique documentary heritage are correlated with integrated digital tools.

The importance of the cultural landscape in the construction of the identity of places is notorious. Santa Maria, a city in the "heart" of Rio Grande do Sul, had significant importance in the twentieth century for its great economic and urban growth, and currently, it is suffering with the decay and devaluation of its heritage, a situation worsened by the lack of political concerns for the valuation of its public spaces. By choosing the city as the object of research and considering its cultural landscape remaining from historical processes, this dissertation is dedicated to characterize and identify the shaping elements of the cultural landscape of the central area of the city of Santa Maria/RS. The methodological procedures developed and applied are divided into four stages, starting with a theoretical and documental analysis, which will help characterize the cultural landscape of the central area with the mapping of the shaping elements. This will be followed by the application of questionnaires to technicians and specialists in order to obtain the evaluation of the degree of importance of the elements, and together with the next stage of analysis by the author, will serve as a basis for defining the objectives of landscape quality and presentation of the perceptual attributes. Finally, it is intended to introduce measures for maintenance, management and planning of the cultural landscape of the central area of the city of Santa Maria/RS. As results the public and built spaces were identified, characterized, valued and spatialized with the help of geotechnologies, being these elements considered extremely important in their majority. Still, proposals are presented for measures of maintenance, management and planning of the landscape, which should attract the attention of managers and the community in general on behalf of these public and built heritage assets so important for maintaining the identity of the central area. É notória a importância da paisagem cultural na construção da identidade dos lugares. Santa Maria, cidade no “coração” do Rio Grande do Sul, teve significativa importância no século XX pelo seu grande crescimento econômico e urbano, e, atualmente, vem sofrendo com a decadência e desvalorização do seu patrimônio, quadro agravado pela falta de preocupações políticas de valorização dos seus espaços públicos. Ao escolher a cidade como objeto da pesquisa e considerando sua paisagem cultural remanescente de processos históricos, esta dissertação dedica-se a caracterizar e identificar os elementos configuradores da paisagem cultural da área central da cidade de Santa Maria/RS. Os procedimentos metodológicos desenvolvidos e aplicados estão divididos em quatro etapas, iniciando com uma análise teórica e documental, que auxiliará na caracterização da paisagem cultural da área central com os mapeamentos dos elementos configuradores. Após tem-se a aplicação de questionários a técnicos e especialistas para se obter a valoração do grau de importância dos elementos, e juntamente a etapa seguinte de análises da autora, servirão de embasamento para definição dos objetivos de qualidade da paisagem e apresentação dos atributos perceptivos. Por fim pretende-se introduzir medidas de manutenção, gestão e ordenamento da paisagem cultural da área central da cidade de Santa Maria/RS. Como resultados os espaços públicos e edificados foram identificados, caracterizados, valorados e espacializados com o auxílio das geotecnologias, sendo estes elementos considerados extremamente importantes na sua maioria. Ainda, são apresentadas propostas de medidas de manutenção, gestão e ordenamento da paisagem, as quais devem atrair os olhares de gestores e da comunidade em geral em prol desses bens patrimoniais públicos e edificados tão importantes para a manutenção da identidade da área central.

Ovim je radom obrađena većina fragmenata oslikane žbuke iz zapadnog apoditerija rimskih termi u Varaždinskim Toplicama, odnosno nekadašnjem rimskom naselju Aquae Iasae koje je bilježilo kontinuitet naseljenosti još od prapovijesti. Ulomci su pripadali zidnoj, a zasigurno i stropnoj dekoraciji zapadnog apoditerija termi. Uglavnom se radi o fragmentima s naslikanim bordurama i trakama različitih boja, poglavito u kombinaciji crvene i žute boje, no neki ulomci sadrže i različite geometrijske elemente, kao i motive vegetabilnog i arhitektonskog podrijetla, što ukazuje na raznovrsnost u načinu dekoriranja. Rezultati analize ulomaka pokazuju da su utjecaji u načinu dekoriranja vjerojatno došli iz Slovenije te Cisalpinskog područja, kao i da su praćeni trendovi u izradi zidnih slika koji su u doba kasne antike bili prisutni na širem prostoru Rimskog Carstva, što se uočava iz odabira motiva, boja i pigmenata oslika. Unatoč brojnim nepoznanicama, analiza fragmenata zidnog oslika zapadnog apoditerija varaždinskotopličkog termalnog sklopa, koju donosi ovaj rad, pruža osnovni uvid u zidne ili stropne ukrase spomenute prostorije, kao i okvir za njihovo daljnje istraživanje. This thesis deals with the majority of fragments of painted plaster from the western apodyterium of the Roman baths in Varaždinske Toplice, i.e. the former roman settlement of Aquae Iasae, which recorded the continuity of population since prehistoric times. The fragments belonged to the wall and presumably ceiling decoration of the western apodyterium of the thermal baths. These are mainly fragments with painted strips of different colors, mainly in a combination of red and yellow, but some fragments also contain different geometric patterns, as well as motifs of vegetable and architectural origin, which indicates a variety of decoration. The results of the analysis of the fragments show that the influences of decoration style probably came from Slovenia and the Cisalpine area, as well as that they followed the trends in wall painting that were present in the wider area of the Roman Empire during late antiquity, which is indicated by the choice of motifs, colors and painting pigments. Despite the numerous unknowns, the analysis of fragments of the wall painting of the western apodyterium of the Varaždin Toplice thermal complex provides a basic insight into the wall or ceiling decorations of the apodyterium, as well as a framework for further research.

There has been much confusion in property rights inquiry into real (immovable) property (i.e., land) between open access and common property, and between public property and common property because that is often also open access. This paper argues that the property rights and access control are two distinct dimensions of land resource management. Access control involves the exercise of exclusionary power relevant to the management of the immovable property (property management) for its optimal use. A review of the literature shows that definitions of property management tend to be too narrow but point towards the need to articulate issues within the property rights paradigm. As a contribution to sustainable resource use as a dimension of land planning, this paper points out and discusses the probable sources of the confusion between land property rights and property management. A “Land Property Rights and Management Matrix” (LPRMM) is developed as a theoretical tool for clarifying the confusion and the relationships amongst relevant concepts. The LPRMM is theoretically informed by Barzel’s not entirely correct distinction between legal (de jure) and economic (de facto) rights and enriched by relevant literature on property rights and property management. Practical use of the LPRMM is illustrated by its application to analyze the issues pertaining to the actual resource-use phenomena in colonial military buildings erected on both private and public land in Hong Kong. The results show that heritage buildings on land under public ownership as private property can be neglected or intensively managed. The LPRMM is not only a useful theoretical tool for precisely assessing the actual affairs of resource use but also a practical tool for identifying issues of property management in its widest sense. The LPRMM offered is a proper interpretation of Barzel’s distinction between legal and economic rights and contributes to systematically re-interpreting property management as town planning writ large in terms of de jure property rights and de facto access.