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Introdução: A síndrome de Pickardt-Fahlbusch, muito rara, encontra-se no grupo das síndromes endócrinas de interrupção da haste hipofisária, resultando no hipotireoidismo terciário. A fisiopatologia não está totalmente elucidada, sugerindo alterações de ordens cromossômicas. Apresentação do caso: Paciente com 13 anos, sexo feminino, natural do Gama - DF, deu entrada no pronto socorro do Hospital Regional de Santa Maria (HRSM) com rebaixamento do nível de consciência associado a hipoglicemia grave, apresentando melhora após reversão da hipoglicemia. Discussão: Observa-se uma maior prevalência da síndrome de Pickardt-Fahlbusch no sexo masculino, com sintomas de hipotireoidismo grave bem presentes, necessitando realizar exames complementares: laboratoriais e de imagens. Afastadas outras causas e realizado diagnóstico, deve iniciar precocemente as medidas terapêuticas, reduzindo os efeitos e complicações da ausência dos hormônios tireoidianos principalmente na faixa etária pediátrica. Outras características também podem vir acompanhadas, mascarando o diagnóstico, já que alteração ocorre a nível de haste hipofisária, o que induz outras sintomatologias. Conclusão: É imprescindível, diante das várias características apresentadas, entender e estudar mais sobre a síndrome de Pickardt.

Introdução: Exostose múltipla hereditária (EMH) corresponde ao distúrbio hereditário musculoesquelético do crescimento ósseo intracondral. Caracteriza-se pela presença de saliências ósseas recobertas por cartilagem hialina em duas ou mais regiões metafisárias, formando, dessa forma, os osteocondromas. Estes ocorrem devido ao ativo crescimento e multiplicação celular no local. A EMH representa 40% dos tumores ósseos benignos e 10% de todos os tumores ósseos. Apresentação do caso: FAP, sexo masculino, 60 anos, com queixa de tumoração em joelho esquerdo, lateralmente à patela, há cerca de 10 anos. Relatou crescimento lento e indolor. Ao exame físico notou-se abaulamento de 8 cm longitudinal x 6 cm transversal x 3 cm anteroposterior, aderido ao plano ósseo patelar, endurecido, sem sinais flogísticos e que à movimentação acompanhava a patela em flexo-extensão do joelho esquerdo, ou seja, sem limitação de amplitude de movimento do membro em questão. Paciente apresentava-se estável e sem outras queixas. Realizou exames de imagem que evidenciaram tumoração óssea localizada no polo inferior da patela do joelho esquerdo, de caráter osteocartilaginoso, sugestivo de artrose nesta região. Foi orientada ressecção por abordagem cirúrgica, que sucedeu sem intercorrências, e o anatomopatológico confirmou diagnóstico de osteocondroma patelar sem sinais de malignidade. Discussão: As exostoses ou osteocondromas, nas proximidades das placas de crescimento ósseo, ocorrem mais comumente nas porções justa-epifisárias dos ossos longos, principalmente no fêmur distal, tíbia proximal, fíbula e úmero. A sintomatologia inclui dor persistente, causada pela pressão nos tecidos vizinhos, por distúrbios da circulação sanguínea ou raramente por compressão da medula espinhal. O diagnóstico é feito através do exame físico e exames de imagem. A EMH pode causar complicações, sendo que a mais grave é a malignização em condrossarcoma, que pode ocorrer em até 3,9% dos pacientes. Quanto ao tratamento, na presença de características clínicas ou radiológicas suspeitas, deve ser realizada a ressecção cirúrgica em bloco e a correlação histopatológica. Conclusão: Na EMH, a maioria das lesões são benignas, entretanto podem cursar com malignização e suscitar repercussões consideráveis na qualidade de vida dos indivíduos afetados. O diagnóstico é elementar, aprimorado no exame físico e radiológico, geralmente detectado na primeira década de vida e deve ser realizado precocemente a fim de evitar maiores complicações.

We prove that a family of Diophantine series satisfies an approximate functional equation. It generalizes a result by Rivoal and Roques and proves an extended version of a conjecture posed in their paper. We also characterize the convergence points, F. Chamizo is partially supported by the PID2020-113350GB-I00 grant of the MICINN (Spain) and by “Severo Ochoa Programme for Centres of Excellence in R&D” (CEX2019- 000904-S). B. Martin is supported by the joint FWF-ANR project Arithrand: FWF: I 4945-N and ANR-20-CE91-0006. This work is the result of the visit of the first author to the Université du Littoral Côte d’Opale. He appreciates the invitation, the support and the hospitality during this period

Cette synthèse dresse un bilan critique de l'état des connaissances sur la qualité des aliments d'origine animale selon les conditions de production de l’animal et de transformation des produits, y compris les attentes et comportements des consommateurs et les effets de la consommation des aliments sur la santé humaine. La qualité a été déclinée selon sept dimensions : sanitaire, commerciale, organoleptique, nutritionnelle, technologique, d’usage et d’image. Cette dernière recouvre les dimensions éthiques, culturelles et environnementales associées à l'origine de l'aliment et à la manière dont il a été élaboré. Ce cadre permet de mettre en évidence les priorités accordées à ces différentes dimensions et d'identifier les antagonismes et synergies potentiels entre elles. Nous faisons un constat de priorité accordée aux dimensions commerciales de la qualité, notamment pour les produits standards. Cette priorité a fortement orienté la sélection génétique des animaux et les pratiques d’élevage dans toutes les filières. Elle a permis des gains quantitatifs considérables, mais souvent au détriment d'autres dimensions de la qualité. Des exemples emblématiques sont le poulet de chair standard, pour lequel la sélection sur la vitesse de croissance et le rendement en filet ont eu des conséquences délétères sur les propriétés organoleptiques, nutritionnelles et d'image, et le devenir des mâles dans la filière poules pondeuses ; et certaines filières laitières, qui ont fortement spécialisé leurs animaux. La qualité peut se construire mais aussi s’altérer tout au long de la chaîne alimentaire. Nous soulignons les facteurs et les périodes critiques, comme les pratiques d’élevage, notamment l'alimentation des animaux, les phases de pré-abattage et d'abattage, les pratiques de transformation et de formulation des aliments. Nous pointons certains facteurs qui créent des antagonismes entre différentes dimensions de la qualité, comme la castration des porcs mâles, la substitution des aliments d'origine marine par des aliments d'origine végétale chez les poissons, et l'utilisation des nitrites dans la transformation de la viande. Les recherches s’orientent vers les possibles compromis entre ces effets positifs et négatifs et/ou vers des solutions pour dépasser ces antagonismes. Il y a aussi des aliments qui valorisent des synergies entre différentes dimensions de la qualité et entre les phases de production et de transformation, notamment les indications géographiques. Les études d’épidémiologie nutritionnelle montrent des associations entre la consommation d'aliments d'origine animale et l'augmentation ou la diminution du risque de maladies chroniques ; elles ont permis de formuler des recommandations en matière de santé publique. Cependant, elles ne prennent pas encore en compte les conditions de production et de transformation, et nous pointons le besoin d’une meilleure connexion entre les communautés scientifiques à l’échelle de l’élevage, de la transformation, de la nutrition humaine et de l'épidémiologie pour combler cette lacune. Les besoins de recherche et les pistes d'action publique sont discutés.

Storing energy efficiently is one of the main factors of a more sustainable world. The battey management system in energy storage plays an extremely important role in ensuring these systems’ efficiency, safety, and performance. This battery management system is capable of estimating the battery states, which are used to give better efficiency, a long life cycle, and safety. However, these states cannot be measured directly and must be estimated indirectly using battery models. Therefore, accurate battery models are essential for battery management systems implementation. One of these models is the nonlinear grey box model, which is easy to implement in embedded systems and has good accuracy when used with a good parameter identification method. Regarding the parameter identification methods, the nonlinear least square optimization is the most used method. However, to have accurate results, it is necessary to define the system’s initial states, which is not an easy task. This paper presents a two-outputs nonlinear grey box battery model. The first output is the battery voltage, and the second output is the battery state of charge. The second output was added to improve the system’s initial states identification and consequently improve the identified parameter accuracy. The model was estimated with the best experiment design, which was defined considering a comparison between seven different experiment designs regarding the fit to validation data, the parameter standard deviation, and the output variance. This paper also presents a method for defining a weight between the outputs, considering a greater weight in the output with greater model confidence. With this approach, it was possible to reach a value 1000 times smaller in the parameter standard deviation with a non-biased and little model prediction error when compared to the commonly used one-output nonlinear grey box model.

For x irrational, we study the convergence of series of the form ∑ n − s f ( n x ) where f is a real-valued, 1-periodic function which is continuous, except for singularities at the integers with a potential growth. We show that it is possible to fully characterize the convergence set and to approximate the series in terms of the continued fraction of x. This improves and generalizes recent results by Rivoal who studied the examples f ( t ) = cot ⁡ ( π t ) and f ( t ) = sin − 2 ⁡ ( π t ) .

Resume Objectif S’il faut evidemment se mefier des raccourcis, des inferences et des generalisations, force est de constater que la litterature peut offrir des eclairages singuliers sur des troubles du caractere et de la personnalite voire meme s’aventurer parfois dans une description subtile et inattendue d’une unite syndromique plus complexe ou d’un modele psychopathologique qui nous est familier. I. Gontcharov, a travers son personnage d’Oblomov, nous permet de revisiter le concept de psychasthenie decrit par Pierre Janet en 1903. Disciple de Th. Ribot, auquel il succedera a la chaire de psychologie experimentale et comparee du College de France, contemporain de Freud avec lequel il s’opposera sur la maniere de « penser la nevrose » (en termes de conflit chez l’un, de deficit chez l’autre), P. Janet developpera egalement le concept de subconscient. Son ouvrage Obsessions et psychasthenie est le premier a donner une description claire et coherente des obsessions-compulsions et a proposer une therapeutique psychologique originale ainsi qu’un modele psychologique explicatif. Qu’il nous soit permis ici de lui rendre hommage. Au-dela des vertus therapeutiques incontestables de la litterature, on cherchera a savoir comment le roman peut aider le clinicien a mieux apprehender un concept, une epoque voire meme etayer une hypothese diagnostique. Methode Nous envisagerons la fiction litteraire comme une ouverture sur un monde parallele, celui de la clinique psychiatrique, actualise par l’activite du lecteur, ses souvenirs, ses references, sa subjectivite. Par une analyse comparative, une sorte de mise en abyme entre d’un cote l’histoire de vie du personnage (Oblomov) et la reactivation de criteres diagnostiques plus operationnels de l’autre, nous tenterons de faire ressurgir un concept fondateur de notre discipline. Resultats On voit progressivement se devoiler une clinique psychiatrique extremement fine (la psychasthenie) qui se verra authentifiee par les descriptions classiques que nous connaissons. Discussion Se pose ici la question de la place que le roman reserve aux troubles psychiques. A travers une representation empathique et nuancee des maladies mentales, il donne a voir de l’interieur toute leur complexite, a l’aune de normes qui evoluent dans le temps, reflets d’une epoque et d’une societe donnees. Conclusion La litterature reflechit la « folie » (en tant qu’objet social et culturel), au sens ou, elle la reflete et permet de la re-penser.

Batteries have been the predominant energy storage system used in electric vehicles. Battery packs have a large number of cells that develop charge, thermal, and capacity imbalances over time, limiting the power, range, and lifetime. Electronic battery management and state of charge (SoC) equalization methods are necessary to mitigate such imbalances. Today, it is possible to find a wide range of battery equalization methods in the literature, but how to decide which of these methods should be applied in practice? This paper compares 24 SoC equalization circuits that are typically found in automotive applications. We employ an analytic hierarchy process (AHP) approach to rank these equalization circuits according to multiple decision criteria (energy efficiency, equalization speed, implementation and control simplicity, hardware size, and total price). We also prepared a survey to collect design preferences from multiple battery balancing experts from around the world in order to better understand the relative importance of different criteria. The obtained results confirm that automotive engineers continue to favor passive balancing methods because of their low price, small PCB size, and implementation simplicity—despite the energy efficiency benefits of active balancing.

Dual-comb LiDARs have the potential to perform high-resolution ranging at high speed. Here, through an implementation involving electro-optic modulators and heterodyne detection, we quantify the ranging systems trade-off between precision and non-ambiguity range (NAR) using a unique performance factor. We highlight the influence of the comb amplitude envelope on the precision with a distance measurement limited by the repetition rate of the optical comb. The influence of the combs repetition rate on the NAR and on the precision is illustrated through a setup allowing distance measurement with a tunable NAR. Finally, we demonstrate the impossibility to resolve different targets, quantify the impact on the measured distance and develop on the conditions in which non-linear effects of the interference make the measurement impossible., Comment: The authors acknowledge financial support by the Qombs Project (FET Flagship on Quantum Technologies grant No 820419) Quantum simulation and entanglement engineering in quantum cascade laser frequency combs

A previous study identified differences in rind aspects between

The current increasing need for privacy-preserving voice communications is leading to new ideas for securing voice transmission. This paper refers to a relatively new concept of sending encrypted data or speech as pseudo-speech in the audio domain over existing voice communication infrastructures, like 3G cellular network and Voice over IP (VoIP). The distinctive characteristic of such a communication system is that it relies on the robust transmission of binary information in the form of audio signal. This work presents a novel Data over Voice (DoV) technique based on codebooks of short harmonic waveforms. The technique provides a sufficiently fast and reliable data rate over cellular networks and many VoIP applications. The new method relies on general principles of Linear Predictive Coding for voice compression (LPC voice coding) and is more versatile compared to solutions trained on exact channel models. The technique gives by design a high control over the desired rate of transmission and provides robustness to channel distortion. In addition, an efficient codebook design approach inspired by quaternary error correcting codes is proposed. The usability of the proposed DoV technique for secure voice communication over cellular networks and VoIP has been successfully validated by empirical experiments. The paper details the system parameters, putting a special emphasis on system's security and technical challenges., 22 pages, 43 figures; submitted to Wireless Personal Communications, Springer on 17 Jul. 2020; initially accepted on 13 Apr. 2021; revised on 27 Apr. 2021; finally accepted on 6 Jan. 2022; published on 25 Jan. 2022; this work is supported by grant DGA Cifre-Defense program No 01D17022178 DGA/DS/MRIS and AID program No SED0456JE75

Operators monitoring closed-circuit television systems face many error-prone situations given the cognitive challenges they experience. The Scantracker is a prototype tool developed to support surveillance, relying on live oculometric data to trigger notifications that mitigate camera negligence, attention tunneling and vigilance decrement. To be robust and flexible, this tool must however collect valid gaze measures at a sufficient sampling rate and allow the display of surveillance-supportive visual notifications. This paper documents the integration of the Scantracker with the Microsoft HoloLens 2 augmented reality (AR) system embarked with eye tracking and reports a validity study performed in a high-fidelity surveillance simulation. The AR solution led to superior gaze validity than previous mobile or fixed oculometer integration. Implications of the solution integration are discussed and compared with the other implementations.

Electric forklifts are extremely important for the world’s logistics and industry. Lead acid batteries are the most common energy storage system for electric forklifts; however, to ensure more energy efficiency and less environmental pollution, they are starting to use lithium batteries. All lithium batteries need a battery management system (BMS) for safety, long life cycle and better efficiency. This system is capable to estimate the battery state of charge, state of health and state of function, but those cannot be measured directly and must be estimated indirectly using battery models. Consequently, accurate battery models are essential for implementation of advance BMS and enhance its accuracy. This work presents a comparison between four different models, four different types of optimizers algorithms and seven different experiment designs. The purpose is defining the best model, with the best optimizer, and the best experiment design for battery parameter estimation. This best model is intended for a state of charge estimation on a battery applied on an electric forklift. The nonlinear grey box model with the nonlinear least square method presented a better result for this purpose. This model was estimated with the best experiment design which was defined considering the fit to validation data, the parameter standard deviation and the output variance. With this approach, it was possible to reach more than 80% of fit in different validation data, a non-biased and little prediction error and a good one-step ahead result.

International audience; In two different goat farms, producing Picodon and Mutschli cheese respectively, two groups of lactating goats were fed alfalfa pellets (ALF) or sainfoin pellets (SNF) for 6 weeks. The cheeses produced at the end of the trial were analysed for sensory properties, composition, fatty acid profile, proteolysis, and rheology. The SNF Picodon had higher "goat" and "farm" aroma and odour, and higher bitter taste, compared with the ALF Picodon. The SNF Picodon showed lower dry matter than the ALF Picodon, leading to differences in texture and mouthfeel. The SNF Mutschli had a different mouthfeel than the ALF Mutschli. In a triangle test, consumers were able to perceive a difference in both Picodon and Mutschli between ALF and SNF groups. In both Picodon and Mutschli, feeding sainfoin increased cheese proteolysis and modified cheese fatty acid profile, resulting in higher polyunsaturated fatty acids proportion and lower n-6/n-3 ratio.

International audience; In the mountains, autochthonous and robust breeds are often used to valorize biodiverse grasslands. Along with their lower nutrient requirements, compared to specialized dairy breeds, they are expected to be better adapted to complex environments and valorize grasslands into dairy products of high quality. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to investigate the grazing selection of three contrasting dairy breeds on a biodiverse mountain pasture, and its consequences on milk fatty acid (FA) profile and prevalence of individual terpenes. A dual-purpose breed from the Italian Alps, the Valdostana Red Pied (Va), was compared to Montbéliardes (Mo), more specialized in milk production, and the highly specialized Holsteins (Ho). Diet selection was measured by scan-sampling, calculating selectivity indexes, and collecting simulated bites during two consecutive days in June (end of first grazing cycle) and July (second grazing cycle). Milk samples were collected at each milking during these experimental periods. Yield of milk and its fat and protein contents were measured. Milk FA and terpenes were analyzed by gas chromatographic methods. We tested the effects of breed, period and their interaction in a repeated mixed model, and calculated Pearson's correlations between behavioral data and milk FA as well as terpenes. The Va grazed less mature vegetation than Ho, but this difference was not sufficient to lead to a major breed effect on milk FA profile and prevalence of terpenes. However, the proportion of α-linolenic acid (C18:3 n-3) was always higher in the milk fat of Va than Ho (Mo were intermediary), but this without any correlation to grazing selection. This could be a consequence from a different metabolism concerning ruminal biohydrogenation, but must be further investigated. Finally, we confirmed previous studies that highlighted a link between milk quality and cows' grazing behavior, but here without differences among breeds. All cows adapted their behavior to the herbage evolution during the season, leading to higher proportions of unsaturated FA in July than June milks. Our study suggests that under mountain grazing conditions (biodiverse pasture and cows in late lactation), milk quality depends more on herbage composition than on cow breed.

International audience; L'authentification des pratiques d'élevage par des analyses rapides du lait et/ou du fromage est une préoccupation de nombreuses filières laitières depuis plusieurs années. Les techniques de spectroscopie dans le visible (VIS) et l’infrarouge (IR) ont été proposées comme outils d’authentification prometteurs en raison de leur rapidité et de leur faible coût qui permettent une application en routine. L’objectif de cette synthèse est de faire un point sur les connaissances concernant l’authentification de l’alimentation des vaches laitières en utilisant la spectroscopie (dans le VIS, le proche IR (SPIR) et le moyen IR (MIR)) sur le lait et le fromage. La spectroscopie IR permet de discriminer des laits ou des fromages issus de régimes contrastés avec une précision fréquemment supérieure à 90 %. Appliquée au lait, la SPIR seule présente des précisions légèrement inférieures à celles de la MIR lorsqu’elle ne tient pas compte du spectre VIS. La précision de la spectroscopie IR est largement réduite lorsqu’elle est utilisée pour discriminer des rations peu contrastées. Pour faire face à cette limite, des avancées récentes proposent d’utiliser la MIR sur le lait pour prédire des indicateurs de la proportion des différents aliments dans la ration des vaches. Des résultats prometteurs ont été obtenus, notamment pour prédire la proportion d’herbe pâturée dans la ration. Un exemple d’utilisation de la MIR pour authentifier, à l’échelle d’un territoire, la composition de la ration des troupeaux laitiers est fourni et les atouts et les faiblesses de cette application sont analysés.

Rearing dairy calves with their mothers could teach them how to graze, optimizing grass use, and improving their welfare and performance. We tested the short-term effects of dam-calf contact experience on grazing and social behavior of weaned calves, monitored over seven days for their first post-weaning grazing experience. “Dam” (D) calves were reared and grazed with their mothers until weaning. “Mixed” calves (M) were separated from their mothers after 4 ± 0.5 weeks, they experienced dam-calf contact, but not grazing. “Standard” (S) calves had never experienced either dam-calf contact (separated at birth) or grazing. Each group grazed an equivalent pasture plot offering heterogeneous herbage. Scan sampling of calves' activities was performed every 5 min, 6 h per day, on Days 0, 1, 2, 3, and 7. Daily, the time when calves started grazing after introduction to pasture, and the number and duration of their grazing cycles were measured. Daily activities were differentiated into ingestion, rumination, and idling. The proportion of time that calves spent grouped with other individuals or isolated, and standing or lying were recorded. When grazing, their bites were characterized by botanical family group, height of the selected bite and vegetation status. Individual average daily gains from the 2-week periods before and after grazing were calculated, and were equivalent between groups (313 ± 71 g/d). On Day 0, D-calves started grazing immediately (1 ± 4.1 min), unlike M- and S-calves (39 ± 4.1 and 23 ± 4.1 min), and D-calves grazed patches of dry grass 21.7 times less than M-calves and 16.9 times less than S-calves. Dry herbage patch preference and grazing start time differences disappeared on Day 1. Calves spent the same time ingesting and idling, but M-calves spent on average 1.6 times less ruminating than D- or S-calves. The D-calves showed grazing behavior similar to that of adult cows, selecting grasses throughout pasture utilization, although legumes and forbs were present in the grazed layer. On the contrary, M- and S-calves did not express any specific preference. The S-calves spent more time isolated but had more positive reciprocal interactions than the calves in the other groups.

The objective of this work is to compare the ability of three spectroscopy techniques: molecular fluorescence, near-infrared (NIR), and mid-infrared with attenuated total reflectance (MIR-ATR) spectroscopy to predict the concentrations of 8 carotenoids, 6 vitamins and 22 fatty acids (FA) in cow&rsquo, s milk. A dataset was built through the analysis of 242 frozen milk samples from different experiments. The milk compounds were analysed using reference methods and by NIR, MIR-ATR, and fluorescence to establish different predictive models. NIR spectroscopy allowed for better prediction of cis9-&beta, carotene, &beta, cryptoxanthin and the sum of carotenoids than the other techniques, with a coefficient of cross-validation in calibration (R2CV) &gt, 0.60 and a coefficient of determination in validation (R2V) &gt, 0.50. Their standard errors of prediction (SEP) were equal to 0.01, except for the sum of carotenoids (SEP = 0.15). However, MIR-ATR and fluorescence seem usable for the prediction of lutein and all-trans-&beta, carotene, respectively. These three spectroscopy methods did not allow us to predict (R2CV &lt, 0.30) vitamin contents except, for vitamin A (the best R&sup2, CV = 0.65 with NIR and SEP = 0.15) and &alpha, tocopherol (the best R&sup2, CV = 0.56 with MIR-ATR and SEP = 0.41), but all R&sup2, V were &lt, 0.30. NIR spectroscopy yielded the best prediction of the selected milk FA.

The Brjuno function attains a strict global minimum at the golden section., in French

International audience; The increasing need for secure voice communication is leading to new ideas for securing voice transmission. This work relates to a relatively new concept of sending encrypted speech as pseudo-speech in the audio domain over existing civilian voice communication infrastructure, like 2G-4G networks and VoIP. Such a setting is more universal compared to military \textquotedblleft Crypto Phones" and can be opened for public evaluation. Nevertheless, secure communication requires a prior exchange of cryptographic keys over voice channels, without reliance on any Public Key Infrastructure (PKI). This work presents the first formally verified and authenticated key exchange (AKE) over voice channels for secure military-grade voice communications. It describes the operational principles of the novel communication system and enlists its security requirements. The voice channel characteristics in the context of AKE protocol execution is thoroughly explained, with a strong emphasis on differences to classical store-and-forward data channels. Namely a robust protocol has been designed specifically for voice channels with double authentication based on signatures and Short Authentication Strings (SAS). The protocol is detailed and analyzed in terms of fundamental security properties and successfully verified in a symbolic model using Tamarin Prover.

The validity of two commercial-off-the-shelf eye trackers, including a fixed system and a mobile device, was compared in the context of a gaze-based assistant tool implemented to aid security surveillance. Participants performed a security surveillance simulation that required them to detect incidents across multiple video feeds. Aid from the Scantracker system—pinpointing neglected cameras while detecting and correcting attentional tunneling and vigilance decrease—was provided using gaze measures. Despite the lower amount of valid data for the mobile system, both devices computed similar measures of surveillance performance. Findings speak to the feasibility of using mobile robust-to-movement decision-support systems based on real-time gaze data to help improve incident detection in security surveillance environments.

International audience; A previous study identified differences in rind aspects between Cantal-type cheeses manufactured from the same skimmed milk, supplemented with cream derived either from pasture-raised cows (P) or from cows fed with maize silage (M). Using an integrated analysis of multiomic data, the present study aimed at investigating potential correlations between cream origin and metagenomic, lipidomic and volatolomic profiles of these Cantal cheeses. Fungal and bacterial communities of cheese cores and rinds were characterized using DNA metabarcoding at different ripening times. Lipidome and volatolome were obtained from the previous study at the end of ripening. Rind microbial communities, especially fungal communities, were influenced by cream origin. Among bacteria, Brachybacterium were more abundant in P-derived cheeses than in M-derived cheeses after 90 and 150 days of ripening. Sporendonema casei, a yeast added as a ripening starter during Cantal manufacture, which contributes to rind typical aspect, had a lower relative abundance in P-derived cheeses after 150 days of ripening. Relative abundance of this fungus was highly negatively correlated with concentrations of C18 polyunsaturated fatty acids and to concentrations of particular volatile organic compounds, including 1-pentanol and 3-methyl-2-pentanol. Overall, these results evidenced original interactions between milk fat composition and the development of fungal communities in cheeses.

Aim of this study was to evaluate effects on growth, slaughter performance, behavior, and rumen environment parameters of dietary supplementation with a live yeast strain of Saccharomyces cerevisiae in a high-concentrate finishing diet fed to young Charolais bulls. A total 171 bulls (initial body weight (BW) = 442 ± 22.8 kg) were stratified by BW and assigned to one of two experimental groups: Control (85 bulls) and Yeast (86 bulls). Each group was allotted to 6 contiguous pens. All bulls were fed the same finishing diet ad libitum as a total mixed ration (TMR) at 0900 h. The live yeast strain of Saccharomyces cerevisiae CNCM I-1077 was added to the Yeast bull premix to target a daily dose of 5 g/bull. Bull final BW (743 ± 18.7 kg) and average daily gain (1.64 ± 0.12 kg) did not differ between groups. However, yeast increased dry matter (DM) intake (11.0 versus 10.4 kg/d; P = 0.04) and tended to reduce (P = 0.08) the number of days required for finishing. The effect of yeast on DM intake was particularly relevant in the first weeks of fattening, possibly as a sign of better adaptation by bulls to the high-energy concentration of the finishing diet. Carcass weights and dressing did not differ between treatments, but the likelihood of producing a carcass graded as excellent by conformation score was 2.15 times higher for Yeast than Control bulls (Chi-Square = 14.7 and 95% confidence interval = 1.42–3.27; P

A Spark ignition (SI) engine is a complex, multi-domain component of the vehicle powertrain system. The engine control module (ECM) for an SI engine must achieve both high performance and good fuel efficiency. In this paper, we present a model-based development methodology for an open architecture ECM, addressing the entire development lifecycle including a control algorithm design, parameter calibration, hardware/software implementation, and verification/validation of the final system, both with bench tests on a dynamometer and in a real vehicle on the road. The ECM is able to achieve similar performance as the original proprietary ECM provided by the original equipment manufacturer. Its flexible and modular design enables easy extensibility with new control algorithms, and development of new engine types.

Despite being implicated in non-lymphoid tissues, non-recirculating T cells may also exist in secondary lymphoid organs (SLO). However, a detailed characterization of this lymphoid-resident T cell pool has not yet been done. Here we show that a substantial proportion of CD4 regulatory (Treg) and memory (Tmem) cells establish long-term residence in the SLOs of specific pathogen-free mice. Of these SLOs, only T cell residence within Peyer’s patches is affected by microbiota. Resident CD4 Treg and CD4 Tmem cells from lymph nodes and non-lymphoid tissues share many phenotypic and functional characteristics. The percentage of resident T cells in SLOs increases considerably with age, with S1PR1 downregulation possibly contributing to this altered homeostasis. Our results thus show that T cell residence is not only a hallmark of non-lymphoid tissues, but can be extended to secondary lymphoid organs., Non-circulating, tissue-resident T cells have been reported for non-lymphoid organs, but their characterization and regulation in secondary lymphoid organs (SLO) are still lacking. Here the authors show that age and microbiota both exert SLO-specific effects for the various tissue-resident T cell subsets.

Aiming to combine the flexibility of Brucella lumazine synthase (BLS) to adapt different protein domains in a decameric structure and the capacity of BLS and flagellin to enhance the immunogenicity of peptides that are linked to their structure, we generated a chimeric protein (BLS-FliC131) by fusing flagellin from Salmonella in the N-termini of BLS. The obtained protein was recognized by anti-flagellin and anti-BLS antibodies, keeping the oligomerization capacity of BLS, without affecting the folding of the monomeric protein components determined by circular dichroism. Furthermore, the thermal stability of each fusion partner is conserved, indicating that the interactions that participate in its folding are not affected by the genetic fusion. Besides, either in vitro or in vivo using TLR5-deficient animals we could determine that BLS-FliC131 retains the capacity of triggering TLR5. The humoral response against BLS elicited by BLS-FliC131 was stronger than the one elicited by equimolar amounts of BLS + FliC. Since BLS scaffold allows the generation of hetero-decameric structures, we expect that flagellin oligomerization on this protein scaffold will generate a new vaccine platform with enhanced capacity to activate immune responses.

Motivated by Newman's phenomenon for the Thue-Morse sequence $(-1)^{s(n)}$, where $s(n)$ is the sum of the binary digits of $n$, we investigate a similar problem for prime numbers. More specifically, for an integer $k\ge 2$, we explore the signs of $ S_k(x)=\sum_{p \le x} (-1)^{s_k(p)}$, where $s_k(n)$ is the sum of the last $k$ binary digits of $n$, and $p$ runs over the primes. We prove that $S_k(x)$ changes signs for infinitely many integers $x$, assuming that all Dirichlet $L$-functions attached to primitive characters modulo $2^k$ do not vanish on $(0,1)$. Our result is unconditional for $k\leq 18$. Furthermore, under stronger assumptions on the zeros of Dirichlet $L$-functions, we show that for $k\geq 4$, the sets $\{x> 2: S_k(x)>0\}$ and $\{x> 2: S_k(x)

International audience; Objectives: Adult immunoglobulin A vasculitis (IgAV) is an immune complex small vessel vasculitis. So far, the involvement of T cells in this pathology has been poorly studied. The aim of this study was to analyze T-cell homeostasis as well as cytokine and chemokine concentrations in the blood and tissues of IgAV patients. Methods: T cells, cytokine and chemokine concentrations were analyzed in peripheral blood using flow cyto-metry and multiplex assays. T-cell infiltrates in the kidney and the skin were characterized by im-munohistochemistry. This study prospectively included 44 adult patients with biopsy-proven IgAV and 24 age-and sex-matched healthy controls.Results: We observed reduced proportions of circulating CXCR5-and CXCR3-expressing memory CD4 T cells at diagnosis but normal values at remission. The plasma levels of Th1-related cytokines (IL-12, IL-27 and IFNγ) and of the TFH-related cytokine, IL-21, were paradoxically not reduced in patients. We observed increased plasma concentrations of the CXCR5 ligand, CXCL13, and of the CXCR3 ligands, CXCL10/11, suggesting a potential relocation of the corresponding T cells into inflamed tissues. We then confirmed the recruitment of CXCR3-expressing T cells into the skin and kidneys. In the skin, T-cell infiltrates mainly co-localized with damaged dermal small vessels. Finally, patients with the largest kidney T-cell infiltrates were also those with the highest proteinuria.Conclusion: Altogether, our results strongly suggest that, in IgAV patients, CXCL10/11 orchestrate the recruitment of CXCR3-expressing T cells in injured tissues, contributing to tissue damage and disease activity.

International audience; Soit q > 2 un nombre entier. Pour tout nombre entier n > 1 et k ∈ {0, . . . , q − 1} nous notons |n|k le nombre d’apparitions du chiffre k dans le développe-ment de n en base q. Nous étudions la distribution jointe des fonctions (n 7 → |n|k )16k

Use of AO in FSO has recently lead to notable improvements on the BER. To improve the system rejection bandwidth, we propose a complete and scalable AO RTC framework containing control and computation unit. We present results demonstrating robustness and stability of the RTC.

Let $b$ be an integer larger than 1. We give an asymptotic formula for the exponential sum $$\begin{eqnarray}\mathop{\sum }_{\substack{ p\leqslant x \\ g(p)=k}}\exp \big(2\text{i}\unicode[STIX]{x1D70B}\unicode[STIX]{x1D6FD}p\big),\end{eqnarray}$$ where the summation runs over prime numbers $p$ and where $\unicode[STIX]{x1D6FD}\in \mathbb{R}$, $k\in \mathbb{Z}$, and $g:\mathbb{N}\rightarrow \mathbb{Z}$ is a strongly $b$-additive function such that $\operatorname{pgcd}(g(1),\ldots ,g(b-1))=1$.

National audience; The early cow-calf separation is a common practice in most dairy farms, but it questions both farmers (costs and work involved) and citizens (animal welfare). Alternative practices, implemented by some farmers, allow the calves to suckle their dam or a foster cow. These practices, sometime historic, remain little known and their integration into modern farming systems is questionable. Surveys were thus carried out in 2018 in order to better know the motivation of the farmers, the diversity and the consequences of these practices on technical results. One hundred and two dairy farms, identified by various networks (farm advisors, cooperatives…) in the French Massif central (n = 11), the West (n = 50) and the East (n = 41) of France, were surveyed by phone (n = 56) or on-site (n =46). The median size of herds is 66 dairy cows (8 to 210), mainly from Montbéliarde and and Holstein breeds. More than half of the farms were in organic farming (56%), with a great diversity in milking and housing systems (milking parlour, robotic milking, tie-stall barn, loose housing…). Three major calves feeding practices, from birth until the sale or the weaning, were identified. They often differ within a same farm (n = 62) between the calves for sale (male or female) and the ones for renewal: 1 / the calves are exclusively fed by their mother; 2 / the calves are fed by their mother and then artificially (milk powder or entire milk); 3 / the calves are fed by their mother and then by a foster cow.The diversity of calves feeding systems is found in all types of farms, regardless to their size or their geographic location. Improving the health of animals (n = 52), the reduction of working time (n = 47) and livestock costs (n = 32) are the main motivations of farmers to implement these practices. For 80% of them, these alternative practices led to a reduction of diarrhoea frequency of calves and an improved growth. The late cow-calf separation remains the negative point of these practices, with mooing periods averaging 2.4 days. This survey, which allowed a better knowledge of feeding practices of dairy calves by their mother or a foster cow, will be complemented by similar works and farm experiments, at European level, in order to have a wider vision of these practices and their impact.; La séparation précoce mère-veau est une pratique courante dans la plupart des élevages laitiers, mais est sujette à de nombreuses interrogations tant chez les éleveurs (coûts engendrés, travail) que dans la société (bien-être animal). Des pratiques alternatives mises en place par certains éleveurs permettent aux veaux d'être allaités par leur mère ou une autre vache, appelée « nourrice ». Quoiqu’anciennes, ces pratiques demeurent peu connues et leur intégration aux conditions d’élevages modernes questionne. Des enquêtes ont ainsi été réalisées en 2018 pour connaître la motivation des éleveurs, la diversité et les conséquences de ces pratiques sur les résultats techniques. Cent deux élevages, identifiés par des réseaux divers (conseil en élevage, chambres d’agriculture, coopératives…), ont été enquêtés dans le Grand Ouest (n = 50), le Grand Est (n = 41) et le Massif central (n = 11), par téléphone (n = 56) ou sur place (n = 46). La taille médiane des troupeaux est de 60 vaches laitières (8 à 210), principalement constitués de vaches de race Montbéliarde et Holstein. Les élevages sont pour moitié en agriculture biologique (56%), avec une grande diversité de systèmes de traite et de logement (salle de traite en épi, robot, stabulation entravée, libre à logettes…). Trois grandes conduites d'allaitement des veaux, de la naissance à la vente ou au sevrage, ont été identifiées : 1/ les veaux sont allaités exclusivement par leur mère ; 2/ les veaux sont élevés par leur mère puis reçoivent une alimentation lactée artificielle (poudre ou lait entier) ; 3/ les veaux sont élevés par leur mère puis sous une vache nourrice. Elles diffèrent souvent au sein d’un même élevage (n = 62) entre les veaux destinés à la vente (mâles ou femelles) et les velles de renouvellement. La diversité des systèmes d'allaitement se retrouve dans tous les types d'élevages, quelle que soit leur taille ou leur localisation géographique. L'amélioration de la santé des animaux (n = 52), la diminution du temps de travail (n = 47) et des coûts d’élevage (n = 32) sont les principales motivations des éleveurs à mettre en place ces pratiques. Pour 80% d’entre eux, ces pratiques alternatives ont entrainé une diminution de la fréquence des diarrhées des veaux et une amélioration de leur croissance. La séparation tardive vache-veau demeure le point négatif de ces pratiques, avec des périodes de meuglements de 2,4 jours en moyenne. Certains éleveurs, ayant utilisé puis abandonné ces pratiques, pointent aussi d’autres limites (problèmes sanitaires, bâtiments inadaptés). Cette enquête, qui a permis de mieux connaître les pratiques d'allaitement des veaux laitiers par leur mère et sous nourrice, va être complétée par des enquêtes similaires et des expérimentations en fermes, au niveau européen, afin d’avoir une vision plus large de ces pratiques et de leurs impacts.

Adult immunoglobulin A vasculitis (IgAV) is an immune complex small vessel vasculitis. So far, the involvement of T cells in this pathology has been poorly studied. The aim of this study was to analyze T-cell homeostasis as well as cytokine and chemokine concentrations in the blood and tissues of IgAV patients.T cells, cytokine and chemokine concentrations were analyzed in peripheral blood using flow cytometry and multiplex assays. T-cell infiltrates in the kidney and the skin were characterized by immunohistochemistry. This study prospectively included 44 adult patients with biopsy-proven IgAV and 24 age- and sex-matched healthy controls.We observed reduced proportions of circulating CXCR5-and CXCR3-expressing memory CD4 T cells at diagnosis but normal values at remission. The plasma levels of Th1-related cytokines (IL-12, IL-27 and IFNγ) and of the TFH-related cytokine, IL-21, were paradoxically not reduced in patients. We observed increased plasma concentrations of the CXCR5 ligand, CXCL13, and of the CXCR3 ligands, CXCL10/11, suggesting a potential relocation of the corresponding T cells into inflamed tissues. We then confirmed the recruitment of CXCR3-expressing T cells into the skin and kidneys. In the skin, T-cell infiltrates mainly co-localized with damaged dermal small vessels. Finally, patients with the largest kidney T-cell infiltrates were also those with the highest proteinuria.Altogether, our results strongly suggest that, in IgAV patients, CXCL10/11 orchestrate the recruitment of CXCR3-expressing T cells in injured tissues, contributing to tissue damage and disease activity.

International audience

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National audience

In the line of classical work by Hardy, Littlewood and Wilton, we study a class of functional equations involving the Gauss transformation from the theory of continued fractions. This allows us to reprove, among others, a convergence criterion for a diophantine series considered by Chowla, and to give additional information about the sum of this series., Comment: in French. Aequationes Mathematicae, Springer Verlag, A para\^itre

International audience

7 pages; International audience; Reversibility and number-conservation are widely studied physics-like constraints for cellular automata (CA). Although both seem to be 'natural' constraints for a CA, it was conjectured that one-dimensional reversible and number-conserving CA (RNCCA) only has a limited computing ability. Particularly in the case of radius 1/2 (2-neighbor), it was shown that the class of RNCCA is equal to a trivial class of CA, so called shift-identity product cellular automata (SIPCA). But recently it was also shown that a RNCCA of neighborhood size four is computation-universal. In this paper, we list radius 1 (3-neighbor) RNCCAs up to 4-state by exhaustive search. In contrast to the radius 1/2 case, there are three new types of nontrivial RNCCA rules in the case of 4-state. We also show that it is possible to compose new nontrivial RNCCAs by modifying a SIPCA even when the state number is larger than four.

Reversibiliity and number-conservation are widely studied physics-like constraints for cellular automata (CA). Although both seem to be ‘natural’ constraints for a CA, it was conjectured that one-dimensional reversible and number-conserving CA (RNCCA) only has a limited computing ability. Particularly in the case of radius 1/2 (2-neighbor), it was shown that the class of RNCCA is equal to a trivial class of CA, so called shift-identity product cellular automata (SIPCA). But recently it was also shown that a RNCCA of neighborhood size four is computation-universal. In this paper, we list radius 1 (3-neighbor) RNCCAs up to 4-state by exhaustive search. In contrast to the radius 1/2 case, there are three new types of nontrivial RNCCA rules in the case of 4-state. We also show that it is possible to compose new nontrivial RNCCAs by modifying a SIPCA even when the state number is larger than four.

The main research goal of this paper is to reveal what information helps teachers adapt to students within a dashboard, how they use it, and how to provide better support. In this research, we observe information acquisition by teachers through a created stand-alone dashboard and interviews. The dashboard presents not only exercise performances and competency level of acquisition, but also error-type information. The analysis of these observations uncovers a first conceptual model of teacher adaptation workflow, as well as additional suggestions to ease adaptation in a future version of such a dashboard.

International audience; Milk samples were taken one , from a total of 1,224 Brown Swiss cows from 83 herds, and 1,500 mL of raw full-fat milk from each cow was processed according to a laboratory-scale model-cheese-making procedure. A sensory panel was assembled and the members trained to evaluate the sensory profile of individual model cheeses. The protocol scorecard was composed of 7 main sensory descriptors related to smell intensity, flavor intensity, taste (salt and sour), and texture (elasticity, firmness, and moisture), and 40 sensory attributes describing smell and flavor profiles. Sensory data were analyzed using a mixed model that included random effects of herd, animal, and panelist, as well as fixed effects of dairy system, days in milk, parity, and order of cheese presentation, and covariates for cheese weight and fat:protein ratio. The sensory profile was not much affected by the dairy farming systems included in the trial, but it was affected by farm within dairy system: cheeses from traditional dairy farms had a greater wood/humus attribute of both smell and flavor than those from modern farm. Of the modern farms, cheeses from those using total mixed rations including silages had a more intense smell of sour milk and a firmer, less moist texture than those using total mixed rations without silages. Moreover, for all the sensory traits, we found less variance related to herd and animals than that related to the panelists and the residuals. Stage of lactation was found to be the most important, whereas parity was riot relevant. In particular, cheese smell intensity (and some related attributes) exhibited a quadratic trend with lower values in mid-lactation, whereas flavor and salt descriptors were more intense in the last period of lactation.

Continuous contact with self-major histocompatibility complex ligands is essential for the survival of naive CD4 T cells. We have previously shown that the resulting tonic TCR signaling also influences their fate upon activation by increasing their ability to differentiate into induced/peripheral regulatory T cells. To decipher the molecular mechanisms governing this process, we here focus on the TCR signaling cascade and demonstrate that a rise in intracellular calcium levels is sufficient to modulate the phenotype of mouse naive CD4 T cells and to increase their sensitivity to regulatory T-cell polarization signals, both processes relying on calcineurin activation. Accordingly, in vivo calcineurin inhibition leads the most self-reactive naive CD4 T cells to adopt the phenotype of their less self-reactive cell-counterparts. Collectively, our findings demonstrate that calcium-mediated activation of the calcineurin pathway acts as a rheostat to shape both the phenotype and effector potential of naive CD4 T cells in the steady-state., eLife digest To help protect the body from disease, small immune cells called T lymphocytes move rapidly, searching for signs of infection. These signs are antigens – processed pieces of proteins from invading microbes – that are displayed on the surface of so-called antigen-presenting cells.Before it encounters its specific antigen, a T cell is called naive. After encountering its antigen, the naive T cell activates and then develops into a variety of immune cells, each with a specific activity. These immune cells include so-called peripherally induced regulatory T cells (or “pTreg cells” for short), which, as the name suggests, help to regulate the immune response. In addition to foreign antigens from microbes, antigen-presenting cells display fragments of the body’s own proteins too. All naive T cells recognize some “Self-antigens”, but not as strongly as they recognize foreign antigens. As a naive T cell travels around the body, it repeatedly interacts with antigen-presenting cells that display Self-antigens, which triggers a low level of signaling in the T cell. While this background signaling was known to help the T cell survive, in 2013, researchers reported that: it also makes the T cell more responsive to foreign antigens; and it shapes how these cells will respond when activated. For example, the naive T cells that respond the most to Self-antigens were seen to be much more likely to become pTreg cells when activated than other T cells. Guichard et al. – who include several of the researchers involved in the 2013 work – set out to understand why the most Self-reactive T cells show this bias toward becoming pTreg cells. The experiments used a range of approaches with T cells both in the laboratory and in mice. By looking at which genes were active in the most Self-reactive T cells, Guichard et al. narrowed in on a signaling pathway that involves calcium ions and an enzyme called Calcineurin. Blocking this pathway caused the most Self-reactive T cells to lose their bias, and instead develop in the same way as the least Self-reactive T cells. Guichard et al. propose that the continuous interactions with Self-antigens trigger waves of calcium ions in a naive T cell that shapes its behavior and future development. In a related study, Dong, Othy et al. also conclude that contact with antigen-presenting cells causes calcium signals that shape how the T cells behave. In addition to providing more detail about the inner workings of immune cells, these findings may also have implications in a clinical setting. Calcineurin inhibitors are often used to suppress the immune system in transplant patients to prevent rejection of the transplanted organ. However, it has proved difficult to safely interrupt these therapies even after many years. These new findings may provide a possible explanation for this, by suggesting that the inhibitors may also interfere with the generation of pTreg cells. Without these cells’ regulatory influence, the immune system is unlikely to ever become tolerant of the transplant.

An uncontrolled exaggerated Th17 response can drive the onset of autoimmune and inflammatory diseases. In this study, we show that, in T cells, Foxo1 is a negative regulator of the Th17 program. Using mixed bone marrow chimeras and Foxo1-deficient mice, we demonstrate that this control is effective in vivo, as well as in vitro during differentiation assays of naive T cells with specific inhibitor of Foxo1 or inhibitors of the PI3K/Akt pathway acting upstream of Foxo1. Consistently, expressing this transcription factor in T cells strongly decreases Th17 generation in vitro as well as transcription of both IL-17A and IL-23R RORγt-target genes. Finally, at the molecular level, we demonstrate that Foxo1 forms a complex with RORγt via its DNA binding domain to inhibit RORγt activity. We conclude that Foxo1 is a direct antagonist of the RORγt-Th17 program acting in a T cell–intrinsic manner.

International audience; The aim of this work is to estimate exponential sums of the form Σn≤xΛ(n) exp(2iπ(f(n) + βn)), where Λ denotes von Mangoldt's function, f a digital function, and β ∈ double-struck R a parameter. This result can be interpreted as a Prime Number Theorem for rotations (i.e. a Vinogradov type theorem) twisted by digital functions.

We give a new proof of an approximate functional equation, due to J. R. Wilton, for a trigonometric sum involving the divisor function. This allows us to improve on Wilton's error term and to give an explicit formula for an unspecified function involved in the functional equation.