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Additional file 2: Table S1. Chemical composition analysis of untreated South African sugarcane bagasse preparations used in this study. Table S2. Pretreatment outputs.

Additional file 1: Figure S1. HSQC NMR spectra (side chain region) of lignins isolated from depithed sugarcane bagasse (DB) using [TEA][HSO4] containing 20 wt% water and a solids loading of 20 wt% at 120 °C for 4 and 8 h. Representative substructures are shown. Figure S2. Particle size distribution of untreated pith (PB), long fiber (LFB) and short fiber bagasse (SFB) obtained after sieving within the pretreatment size fraction (0.18–0.85 mm). Inset values show calculated geometric mean particle length D50. Figure S3. Area-normalized size exclusion chromatograph of ionoSolv lignins isolated from industrially depithed (DB) and long fiber bagasse (LFB) pretreated in [TEA][HSO4] containing 20 wt% water at 120 °C for 4 h with 10 wt% solids loading. Mixed-D column, NMP eluent, 300 nm. Figure S4. Scanning electron micrographs of longitudinal view of, a pith bagasse before pretreatment, b pith bagasse after pretreatment, c long fiber bagasse before pretreatment and, d long fiber bagasse after pretreatment. Treatments were conducted in [TEA][HSO4] containing 20 wt% water and solids loading of 10 wt% at 120 °C for 4 h

Over the past 150 years, our ability to produce and transform engineered materials has been responsible for our current high standards of living, especially in developed economies. However, we must carefully think of the effects our addiction to creating and using materials at this fast rate will have on the future generations. The way we currently make and use materials detrimentally affects the planet Earth, creating many severe environmental problems. It affects the next generations by putting in danger the future of the economy, energy, and climate. We are at the point where something must drastically change, and it must change now. We must create more sustainable materials alternatives using natural raw materials and inspiration from nature while making sure not to deplete important resources, i.e. in competition with the food chain supply. We must use less materials, eliminate the use of toxic materials and create a circular materials economy where reuse and recycle are priorities. We must develop sustainable methods for materials recycling and encourage design for disassembly. We must look across the whole materials life cycle from raw resources till end of life and apply thorough life cycle assessments (LCAs) based on reliable and relevant data to quantify sustainability. We need to seriously start thinking of where our future materials will come from and how could we track them, given that we are confronted with resource scarcity and geographical constrains. This is particularly important for the development of new and sustainable energy technologies, key to our transition to net zero. Currently ‘critical materials’ are central components of sustainable energy systems because they are the best performing. A few examples include the permanent magnets based on rare earth metals (Dy, Nd, Pr) used in wind turbines, Li and Co in Li-ion batteries, Pt and Ir in fuel cells and electrolysers, Si in solar cells just to mention a few. These materials are classified as ‘critical’ by the European Union and Department of Energy. Except in sustainable energy, materials are also key components in packaging, construction, and textile industry along with many other industrial sectors. This roadmap authored by prominent researchers working across disciplines in the very important field of sustainable materials is intended to highlight the outstanding issues that must be addressed and provide an insight into the pathways towards solving them adopted by the sustainable materials community. In compiling this roadmap, we hope to aid the development of the wider sustainable materials research community, providing a guide for academia, industry, government, and funding agencies in this critically important and rapidly developing research space which is key to future sustainability., The authors would like to thank The Faraday Institution ReLiB Project Grant Numbers FIRG005 and FIRG006, the UKRI Interdisciplinary Circular Economy Centre for Technology Metals (Met4Tech) Grant No. EP/V011855/1 and the EPSRC Critical Elements and Materials Network (CREAM) EP/R020140/1 for providing financial assistance for this research.