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Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) were measured in Boulder, Colorado, USA in spring 2021. The data used in analyses are stored here for public use.

Addressing housing disparities in the United States has been a hot topic issue for many years as it cannot be solved with a singular design that incorporates affordable housing. In order to produce change in communities that suffer from housing disparities, a new typology of affordable housing communities must be introduced and change the way in which housing is perceived.Boulder, Colorado is a city that is in dire need of change. Over the past decades, Boulder has served as a hotspot in Colorado and will continue to be one for many more to come. However, living with the city limits has become an unattainable dream as housing prices rise to astronomical levels and steer newcomers and young entrepreneurs away. This long standing issue is one that, if left unresolved, will reduce Boulder to a city that lacks life outside of commerce and business, which is a characteristic that the city has avoided since its incorporation. However, by carefully analyzing the city, understanding what contributes to its uniqueness, and proposing a housing community that will address the city’s issues while also enhancing the fabric, an over encompassing solution can be reached in an attempt to maintain Boulder’s vibrant communities.

The marine acoustic techniques are powerful tools to investigate and identify the seabed objects by applying different processing and interpretation steps. Two types of marine acoustic imaging techniques used in this study; Side Scan Sonar (SSS) that mapping seabed features and identifies the objects on it, and Sub-Bottom Profiling (SBP) that providing information about sediment thicknesses and stratigraphic structure. The integration between these two marine acoustic techniques, as well as, ground truth data obtained from an underwater camera, was used to distinguish seabed objects; coastal boulder accumulations that are documented along the western Mediterranean coast of Egypt. The study and analysis of the collected data demonstrated that: the combination between side scan sonar, chirp sub-bottom profiling systems, and ROV images can successfully distinguish different types of objects. Generally, objects observed from SSS are indicated in the SBP as weak backscatter curves. The case study results, from analysis of SBP with ROV image to the object detected by SSS utilized three objects making a shadow in SSS seabed: boulder, hard substrate, and seagrass. The integration of these techniques resulting specifies the location of the geo-hazards area.

[ES] Este proyecto consiste en el diseño y cálculo de una estructura metálica destinada a ser un rocódromo para la modalidad de escalada denominada "escalada en bloque" que dé respuesta a estas necesidades. A lo largo de este proyecto se presenta una opción de diseño escogida para una geometría de pared determinada para la modalidad de escalada en bloque, así como los cálculos de los elementos que componen la estructura desmontable. También se incluyen planos de la estructura, de las secciones y de las uniones que se utilizan, así como instrucciones de cómo montar la estructura para facilitar la instalación de todos los elementos. Además, se realizará un cálculo del presupuesto aproximado que requiere una estructura de este tipo, incluyendo tanto los componentes de la estructura como elementos ya destinados a la práctica del deporte., [CA] Aquest projecte consisteix en el disseny i càlcul d'una estructura metàl·lica destinada a ser un rocòdrom per a la modalitat d'escalada denominada "escalada en bloc". Al llarg del projecte es presenta l'opció de disseny escollida per a un tipus de geometria de paret determinat, seguit dels càlculs dels elements que composen l'estructura desmuntable, els plans i el pressupost de tota l'estructura., [EN] This project consists of designing a steel structure for a climbing wall for boulder. The project includes: A comparison between different structural solutions, the structural analysis, the structural plans, budget and instructions for the assembly of the structure.

A través de una serie de ensayos de laboratorio se busca realizar el diseño de una mezcla que vincule mortero convencional y residuos de adoquín, la cual permita la elaboración de bloques tipo tolete, con medidas de 0.12 ∗ 0.06 ∗ 0.25 metros, para mampostería no estructural. La finalidad del proyecto es conformar unidades para mampostería confinada que ofrezcan una nueva alternativa en la construcción de muros divisorios y de carga, empleando bloques que aporten a la sostenibilidad del planeta a través del aprovechamiento de los residuos de adoquín, los cuales, inmersos en la mezcla para los bloques, reducirán el impacto que se genera con la mala disposición final de estos. TABLA DE CONTENIDO Contenido 1 INTRODUCCION................................................................................................................... 11 2 PLANTEAMIENTO DEL PROBLEMA................................................................................... 13 2.1 DESCRIPCION DEL PROBLEMA................................................................................. 13 2.1.1 Pregunta General de la Investigación .................................................................... 16 2.1.2 Preguntas Específicas de la Investigación............................................................. 16 2.1.3 Variables del Problema........................................................................................... 16 3 OBJETIVOS........................................................................................................................... 18 3.1 OBJETIVO GENERAL ................................................................................................... 18 3.2 OBJETIVOS ESPECIFICOS.......................................................................................... 18 4 ALCANCE.............................................................................................................................. 19 5 JUSTIFICACIÓN ................................................................................................................... 20 6 MARCO DE REFERENCIA................................................................................................... 22 6.1 ANTECEDENTES TEMÁTICOS DE LA INVESTIGACIÓN .......................................... 22 7 MARCO TEÓRICO................................................................................................................ 25 8 MARCO NORMATIVO .......................................................................................................... 31 8.1 EN CUMPLIMIENTO CON LA NTC .............................................................................. 31 8.2 EN CUMPLIMIENTO CON LA NSR-10......................................................................... 32 9 TIPO DE INVESTIGACIÓN Y ENFOQUE ............................................................................ 33 9.1 DISEÑO METODOLÓGICO DE LA INVESTIGACIÓN ................................................. 34 9.2 TÉCNICAS PARA RECOLECCIÓN DE INFORMACIÓN ............................................. 35 10 PRESUPUESTO................................................................................................................ 36 11 CRONOGRAMA ................................................................................................................ 40 12 PROCEDIMIENTO EXPERIMENTAL ............................................................................... 41 12.1 FABRICACIÓN DE BLOQUES CON REEMPLAZO DEL 25% DEL AGREGADO FINO POR RESIDUOS DE ADOQUIN............................................................................................... 53 13 ANALISIS DE RESULTADOS........................................................................................... 68 14 CONCLUSIONES .............................................................................................................. 74 15 REFERENCIAS BIBLIOGRAFICAS.................................................................................. 76 16 ANEXOS ............................................................................................................................ 80 Through a series of laboratory tests, the design of a mixture is sought. linking conventional mortar and cobblestone residues, which allows the production of tolete-type blocks, measuring 0.12 ∗ 0.06 ∗ 0.25 meters, for non-structural masonry. The purpose of the project is to form units for confined masonry that offer a new alternative in the construction of dividing and load-bearing walls, using blocks that contribute to the sustainability of the planet through the use of cobblestone waste, which, immersed in the mixture for the blocks, will reduce the impact generated with the poor final disposition of these. Pregrado Através de uma série de testes laboratoriais, procura-se o desenho de uma mistura. ligando resíduos convencionais de argamassa e calçada, o que permite a produção de Blocos de tolete, medindo 0,12 ∗ 0,06 ∗ 0,25 metros, para alvenaria não estrutural. O objetivo do projeto é formar unidades para alvenaria confinada que oferecem uma nova alternativa na construção de paredes divisórias e carregadores, usando blocos que contribuir para a sustentabilidade do planeta através da utilização de resíduos de calçada, que, imerso na mistura para os blocos, reduzirá o impacto gerado com o pobre disposição final destes.

En aquest treball, diversos mètodes orientats a la navegació àgil de vehicles robòtics terrestres son comparats. Primerament, es realitza un estudi de publicacions per a identificar els mètodes pertanyents a l'estat de la tècnica més adequats per a ser comparats amb un mètode de navegació àgil (''CarPlanner'') desenvolupat al Autonomous Robotics and Perception Group (ARPG). Diferents mètodes són examinats i implementats en un ambient simulat. Aquests mètodes són evaluats basant-se en la seva eficàcia navegant el vehicle robòtic terrestre en una pista que té salts, sotracs i bermes. L'ambient simulat conté un vehicle terrestre de quatre rodes amortiguades amb geometria d'Ackermann, el qual ha de conduïr per un terreny amb dinàmica de fricció no linear. Els criteris per a evaluar els mètodes inclouen l'habilitat per a utilitzar les dinàmiques del vehicle per a recórrer la pista de manera ràpida i segura. Finalment, el mètode més apropiat i amb millor resultats és implementat al cotxe NinjaCar d'escala 1:8 del laboratori ARPG i comparat amb l'algoritme CarPlanner mitjançant experimentació física. In this work, several state-of-the-art methods for agile navigation of robot ground vehicles are compared. First, a survey of the literature is performed to identify the state-of-the-art and most appropriate methods for comparing to an agile navigation method (''CarPlanner'') developed in the Autonomous Robotics and Perception Group (ARPG). Several methods are reviewed and implemented in a dynamic vehicle simulation environment. These methods are evaluated on their efficacy of navigating a robot ground vehicle around a race track featuring jumps, bumps, and berms. The simulation environment features a four-wheeled, Ackermann-style ground vehicle with suspension and austere terrain with nonlinear friction dynamics. Criteria for evaluating the methods includes the ability of the method at utilizing the vehicle dynamics to quickly and safely traverse the track. Finally, the most appropriate and best-performing method is implemented on ARPG's 1/8th-scale NinjaCar vehicle platform and compared in physical experimentation to ARPG's CarPlanner algorithm.

International audience; Cliff-top boulder deposits (CBDs) are morphological indicators of high-energy conditions. Since 2014, a monitoring of CBDs dynamics has been undertaken on the south-western coast of Iceland (Reykjanes Peninsula) to monitor their long-term activation (quarrying, transport and deposition) as a proxy of the inter-annual winter storminess variations and basaltic cliff erosion processes in a context of rocky coast progradation. Annual topomorphological surveys of four study sites were conducted and Structure-from-Motion photogrammetry was performed to quantify CBDs displacements. Hydrodynamic conditions were analyzed based on offshore waves and water level. Results show that CBDs activation occurs every winter, regardless of the variability of hydrodynamic conditions. Depending on the site and the year, more than 2% and 17% of the CBDs accumulated above 8 m to 10 m asl at the top of the cliffs are regularly mobilized. While inland movements represent the main mode of transport of blocks (between 50% to 60%), seaward and longshore movements are also well represented (10% to 20%). Longshore displacement is favored by the wide tabular morpho-structural setting of the wave-scour cliff-top platforms, which is explained by the structure of pāhoehoe lava flows. The activation of CBDs –measured from the volumes of displaced boulders–, shows a good correspondence with the frequency and duration of storms. However, as was the case during the winter of 2018-2019, it was rather the intensity of two highly morphogenic episodes combining storm waves and especially very high spring tide water levels, that generated the largest boulders displacements. Substantial interannual activation of the CBDs confirms that they constitute an important and still understudied proxy of the morphogenic system of high-energy rocky coasts, whose the dynamic in terms of carrying, transport, and deposition, could significantly increase with rising sea level.

Raw data (DEMs, orthophotos and shapefiles) used in the submitted paper Nativ et al. (2022)(Submitted to JGR: Earth Surface)

Granitic boulders are widespread geomorphological elements, particularly found in humid granitic areas. Although they seldom represent a hazard for people or infrastructures, sometimes their location in steep or natural slopes may jeopardise their stability and potentially affect people or infrastructures. In addition, their complex geometry makes the instability mechanisms difficult to identify, so it is even more difficult to compute factors of safety regarding their stability. In this paper, the authors analyse potential failure mechanisms of granite boulders based on analytical mechanic calculations and physical tilt tests, permitting understanding the phenomena under scrutiny. Then, they study the stability of one of these boulders: the Pena do Equilibrio or equilibrium rock. To do that they resort to standard geotechnical characterization and advanced geometrical characterization derived from UAV photogrammetric and 3D Laser Scanning of the boulder. The presented results exemplify how the application of these recently available topographic technologies, in combination with rock mechanics approaches, enable a rigorous analysis of the stability of granite boulders.

Some of the elements in the rocky intertidal zone, such as boulders, act as a refuge, mating, feeding and nursery area for marine fauna. In the present study, we analysed the population structure of the intertidal stone crab Xantho poressa in a human-restricted area, between March 2019 and February 2020, comprised of a rocky shore along the SW Atlantic Spanish coast. The study aims to provide information about the size distribution and identify which environmental factors shape the distribution, sex ratio and mating system of the species. The males were significantly larger than the females and no significant difference in size was observed between ovigerous and non-ovigerous females. The sex ratio was biased towards females. Groups constituted by one large male and several females were observed coexisting under a boulder. Other groups of two or more males and various females were also observed during the study. The distribution of the species is mainly determined by the size and weight of the boulder. The complexity of the study area, and the key role of boulders in the distribution of the species, suggests that X. poressa might have a refuge–defence polygynous mating system., The Universidad Simón Bolívar and the Asociación Universitaria Iberoamericana de Posgrado (AUIP), Spain granted a PhD scholarship to Nebis Navarro.

El presente Trabajo Fin de Grado analiza el estado actual de las recomendaciones nutricionales, avaladas por la investigación científica, en el ámbito deportivo de disciplinas emergentes: ultratrail, escalada y crossfit. Estas tres modalidades tienen en común aspectos clave como un crecimiento reciente y exponencial, numerosos participantes que lo practican, desarrollo del entrenamiento y la competición en condiciones ambientales dispares. Actualmente, los requerimientos nutricionales se generalizan e infieren de otros deportes que guardan similitudes fisiológicas, sin embargo, la pauta nutricional debería diferenciarse en base a las características propias de cada deporte. No obstante, debido a su corta evolución, es difícil encontrar información de la pauta nutricional más adecuada para optimizar los beneficios de la alimentación. El objetivo de este trabajo es analizar la bibliografía disponible relativa a la nutrición en dichos deportes para evidenciar los conocimientos actuales en el tema. Se trata de una búsqueda bibliográfica en bases de datos Pubmed, Dialnet, JISSN, Scopus, WOS, con la utilización de los descriptores booleanos descritos y tras la aplicación de filtros con criterios de exclusión e inclusión, se seleccionan 19 estudios que conforman los resultados del trabajo. La comparativa de los artículos muestra que realmente existe escasez de estudios que se centren en analizar las necesidades fisiológicas concretas en estos deportistas, y que muchas veces se infieren los requerimientos de otros deportes de características energéticas similares. Esto se traduce en que las bases sobre las que asientan estos deportes emergentes son erróneas e inespecíficas, implicando escasa información disponible en asociaciones, profesionales y deportistas de estas categorías. Destacan en todas ellas las irregularidades nutricionales, manifestadas por un bajo consumo de HC y energía, seguimiento de dietas y suplementación auto-administrados sin aval científico, escasa individualización y falta de asesoramiento profesional adecuado. Como conclusión, es necesario ampliar las investigaciones científicas en estos ámbitos para paliar el gran desconocimiento en materia de nutrición. Debe implementarse la figura del dietista-nutricionista como parte del equipo multidisciplinar en este ámbito, para adaptar la dieta y lograr los diversos beneficios a través de la alimentación: mejora de la salud, prevención, recuperación de lesiones físicas y optimización del rendimiento., Grado en Nutrición Humana y Dietética

The present study investigated the time course of repetitive maximal isometric grip strength, depending on the arm position, laterality (dominant vs. non-dominant side), and climbing level. The intervention aimed to provide a feasible indicator of maximal strength-endurance in climbing. Seventeen recreational (climbing level (CL): 6.8 (SD 0.5) on the Union Internationale des Associations d&rsquo, Alpinisme (UIAA) metric scale) and eleven ambitious (CL: 8.7 (SD 0.6) UIAA metric scale) climbers (age: 27 (8) years, BMI: 21.6 (1.9) kg/m2, ape index (arm span divided by body height): 1.05 (0.18), training volume: 2.2 (1.0) h/week). Participants completed maximal isometric handgrip strength (Fmax) tests in four positions (left and right hand beside the trunk as well as left and right hand above the shoulder) plus twelve repetitive work-relief cycles, lasting 4 and 1 s where isometric strength, heart rate, and perceived exertion were recorded. Fmax differed between groups in nearly all positions. A large side &times, position &times, time &times, group interaction was observed for repetitive isometric grip strength (p = 0.009, &eta, p2 = 0.71). However, subsequent post-hoc tests did not reveal a significant difference between groups during each testing position. Additional correlation analysis between asymmetry and CL showed an inverse relationship for ambitious climbers (r = &minus, 0.71). In conclusion, the degree of grip strength decline did not relevantly differentiate between ambitious and recreational climbers. Thus, the time course of handgrip strength seems to mainly rely on maximal grip strength during the first contraction.

Rocky reefs provide complex structures in the otherwise largely sand-dominated coastal North Sea. Therefore, these reefs are highly important natural habitats for the functioning of coastal ecosystems, as they provide shelter, refuge and nursery grounds for various mobile and sessile species. In the North Sea, the spatial distribution of these habitats has been intensively investigated over recent years. However, these studies generally provide static accounts of the current state of these reef systems, but limited data exist on the temporal variations in sediment dynamics at and around natural rocky reefs. In this study, we provide observations from a multiannual time series of hydroacoustic seafloor surveys conducted at an isolated rocky reef in the North Sea. We use multibeam bathymetry and side-scan sonar backscatter data in combination with video observations, sediment sampling, and sub-bottom profiler data to assess the long-term variations of the rocky reef system. The reef is located in water depths between 11 and 17 m with an areal extent of ~0.5 km2 and is surrounded by mobile sands. The topography of the rocky reef appears to create a distinct hydrodynamic system that permits mobile sands to settle or move into bathymetrical deeper parts of the reef. Our results suggest a very dynamic system surrounding the reef with large scale scouring, sediment reworking and transport, while the shallower central part of the reef remains stable over time. We demonstrate the importance of hydrodynamics and current scouring around reefs for the local variability in seafloor properties over time. These small-scale dynamics are likewise reflected in the spatial distribution of sessile species, which are less abundant in proximity to mobile sands. The hydroacoustic mapping and monitoring of seafloor dynamics at higher spatial and temporal resolutions presents an important future direction in the study of valuable coastal habitats.

Cilj ovog istraživanja bilo je utvrditi razlike između sportskih penjača kadetske i seniorske razine u testovima za procjenu morfoloških karakteristika i motoričkih sposobnosti. Istraživanje je obuhvatilo 16 muških i 7 ženskih zdravih penjača koji su podijeljeni u dvije starosne grupe prema statutu Hrvatskog planinarskog saveza: kadeti (N=11, dob 13,87±1,27 godina, penjački staž 66,36±30,89 mjeseci, visina tijela 162,43±9,40 cm, tjelesna težina 49,31±9,17 kg) i seniori (N=12, dob 29,25±4,20 godina, penjački staž 18,42±11,45 mjeseci, visina tijela 174,26±6,86 cm, tjelesna težina 69,65±10,04 kg). Osim dobne granice, kriteriji za određivanje ispitanika je maksimalna popeta ocjena u rasponu 6b+ i 7a u zadnjih godinu dana i ne sudjelovanje u strukturiranom „fingerboard“ treningu posljednjih 6 mjeseci. U sljedećim antropometrijskim varijablama nije se utvrdila razlika između kadeta i seniora: APE INDEX, dužina noge (ALDN), % masti (AV%M), širina šake (ATSSA), dijametar desnog lakta (ATDILD), dijametar desnog koljena (ATDIKD) i dijametar skočnog zgloba (ATDRZ) dok se u ostalim varijablama statistički značajno razlikuju. U motoričkim testovima seniori su postigli bolje rezultate u testovima izraženi apsolutnim vrijednostima (p

[Resumen] Introducción La escalada en rocódromo es un deporte en crecimiento tanto a nivel de seguidores como de celebración de competiciones. Teniendo en cuenta todos los problemas que puede ocasionar en los pies practicar escalada es sorprendente que existan pocos estudios sobre esta temática. La laguna de conocimiento en podología sobre la escalada es muy grande, no existen estudios concretos sobre la patología del pie en la escalada incidiendo en las modalidades que se practican en el rocódromo. Un aspecto importante para estudiar es el papel del calzado como evento protector, en la repercusión de lesiones por sobreuso y el evento generador de dolor en la región anatómica del pie. El estudio se centra en las dos modalidades de escalada tanto boulder como deportiva por la similitud entre ambas tanto en material de protección como en técnica y gesto deportivo. Con este estudio se plantea enfocarse en la epidemiología y los factores de riesgo que conlleva. Analizar estos factores supondrá para la sociedad una forma de prevenir y mejorar la calidad de vida de los escaladores. Objetivos e hipótesis El objetivo principal es determinar la prevalencia de lesiones tanto a nivel de tobillo como de pie asociadas a la práctica de escalada en rocódromo en la provincia de Lugo. La hipótesis conceptual, se centra en la presencia de lesiones específicas en el pie asociadas a la práctica de la escalada en rocódromo. Metodología Estudio transversal observacional de prevalencia, con un tamaño muestral de 148 escaladores amateurs. Este estudio se llevará a cabo en las instalaciones del rocódromo de la provincia de Lugo. Se dispondrá de un período de realización del estudio desde febrero del 2021 a junio del 2022. Serán de estudio variables como el tipo de pie, alteraciones morfoestructurales, la relación entre antepié-retropié, la funcionalidad del 1º radio, etc. En este deporte hay que tener en cuenta que el antepié es una de las partes fundamentales para ascender por la pared de un rocódromo, por lo que las deformidades en esta parte van a ser mayormente visibles. A todos los individuos se les realizarán pruebas exploratorias para valorar la presencia de lesiones de sobreuso en los pies. [Resumo] Introducción A escalada en rocódromo é un deporte en crecemento tanto a nivel de seguidores como de celebración de competicións. Tendo en conta todos os problemas que pode ocasionar nos pés a practica de escalada, é sorprendente que existan poucos estudos sobre esta temática. A lagoa de coñecemento en podoloxía e moi grande, non existen estudos concretos sobre a patoloxía de pé na escalada incidindo nas modalidades que se practican no rocódromo. Un aspecto importante para estudar é o papel do calzado como evento protector, na repercusión de lesións por sobre uso e o evento xenerador da dor na rexión anatómica do pé. O estudo está centrado en dúas modalidades de escalada tanto en boulder como deportiva pola súa similitude entre ambas tanto en materiais de protección como na súa técnica e xesto deportivo. Polo que con este estudo plantexase enfocalo hacia a epidemioloxía e factores de risco que con leva este deporte. Analizar estos factores supón para a sociedade una forma de previr e mellorar a calidade de vida dos escaladores. Obxectivos e hipótese Neste caso o obexectivo principal é determinar a prevalencia das lesións tanto a nivel do nocello como do pé asociada a practica da escalada en rocódromo na Provincia de Lugo. A hipótese conceptual, centrase na presenza de lesións específicas no pé asociadas a práctica da escalada en rocódromo. Metodoloxía Estudo transversal observacional de prevalencia, con un tamaño muestral 148 escaladores amateurs. Este estudo levarase a cabo nas instalacións do rocódromo de Lugo. Estará dispoñible un período de realización do estudo dende febreiro do 2021 hasta juño do 2022. Serán estudadas variables como o tipo de pé, alteracións morfoestructurais, a relación entre antepé-retropé, a funcionalidade do 1º radio, etc. Neste deporte hai que tener en conta que o antepé é unha das partes fundamentais para ascender pola parede do rocódromo, polo que as deformidades nesta parte van ser maiormente visibles. A tódolos individuos se lles realizarán probas exploratorias para valorar a presenza de lesións de sobreuso nos pés. [Abstract] Introduction Climbing on the climbing wall is a growing sport both at the level of followers and the holding of competitions. Considering all the problems that climbing can cause on your feet, it is surprising that there are few studies on this topic. The knowledge gap in climbing podiatry is very large, there are no specific studies on foot pathology in climbing, influencing the modalities practiced at the climbing wall. An important aspect to study is the role of footwear as a protective event, in the repercussion of overuse injuries and the event that generates pain in the anatomical region of the foot. This study focoused on the two types of climbing, both bouldering and sports, due to the similarity between the two, both in protective material and in sports technique and gesture. This study aims to focus on epidemiology and the risk factors involved. Analyzing these factors will be a way for society to prevent and improve the quality of life for climbers. Objectives and hypotheses The main objective is to determine the prevalence of injuries at both the ankle and foot levels associated with climbing practice on the climbing wall in the province of Lugo. The conceptual hypothesis focuses on the presence of specific foot injuries associated with climbing practice on the climbing wall. Methodology Cross-sectional observational study of prevalence, with a sample size of 148 amateur climbers. This study will be carried out at the facilities of the climbing wall in the province of Lugo. A study period will be available from February 2021 to June 2022. Variables such as the type of foot, morpho-structural alterations, the relationship between forefoot and hindfoot, the functionality of the 1st radius, etc. will be studied. In this sport, it must be borne in mind that the forefoot is one of the fundamental parts for ascending the wall of a climbing wall, so the deformities in this part will be mostly visible. All individuals will undergo exploratory tests to assess the presence of overuse foot injuries. Traballo fin de grao (UDC.FEP). Podoloxía. Curso 2019/2020

Site investigations are often performed prior to the design of pile foundations with the aim to collect data regarding soil properties including boulder content. The obtained data is typically limited due to non-homogeneous characteristic of the soil. The geological conditions of the Mälardalen region are characterized by glacial and post glacial clay overlaying on the layer of moraine containing boulders on a bedrock. Thus, pile refusal in results of encountering boulders is a common issue during pile driving in this region. The current methods to assess the pile refusal risk are mostly qualitative and relies on the expertise gained from experience.This thesis aims to develop a numerical model to quantify the boulder content in a soil strata with a confidence interval based on the site investigation results. Furthermore, this study estimates the probability and the consequences of hitting boulders while installing piles.The model simulations show that an increase in the boulder content raises the probability of hitting a boulder, but it is not proportional to the diameter of piles. It means that even in low rate of boulder content with small piles there is a high probability to hit a boulder. Results from simulations using simplified quantitative method show that slender piles have substantial consequences in case they encounter boulders. Thus, these piles are more prone to pile refusal or breakage. It is suggested that in projects where small piles are preferred due to the superstructure design, enough tests be performed to have an estimate of boulder content with tighter interval and more precise design. On the other hand, in projects with low pile counts, it is recommended to have a conservative design with large diameter piles instead of performing numerous in-situ tests. This is because the price for piling becomes relatively low compared to site investigations’ cost.

The study is related to determine the influence on local hydraulic conditions of a group of boulders carried out in 2016 in the context of a restoration project in the Wisłoka river channel. After the boulders deposition in 2013, the study aims to determine whether there is a local impact of the cluster on the microhabitats distribution. The studied hydraulic features were: velocity, velocity pulsation, discharge, water depth and topographical measurements from three field sessions at three different discharges (31.2, 19.3 and 10.4 m3 • s–1). A study of the velocity profiles as well as pictures and videos allowed to determine the microhabitats distribution. Calculation method presented by Byczkowski were used to get mean velocity values. The boulders create different kinds of velocity profiles: „logarithmic”, „uniform”, „reverse logarithmic” and even with „negative velocities”. The cluster influences on the creation of different microhabitats. Distribution of them depends on discharge value. „Fast run”, „turbulence zone”, and „recirculate zone” have been observed around boulders at higher discharge. This influence is not so strong for the lower discharges, but the creation of several microhabitats can still be observed: „shallow water”, „turbulent”, „ripples”.

Modern conditions of mining are characterized by a constant increase in the depth of the pit, as a result of this there is a change in the geological and mining conditions. The obtaining of the mined rock is provided by using the drilling-and-blasting method as the main process that influences the technical and economic indicators of the next processes and enterprises in general. The effectiveness of the explosion in rocks depends on the technology of blasting. In scientific and technical literature the influence of various natural and technological factors on the process of the explosion has been studied in detail. We developed methods and recommendations for calculating the parameters of mass blasting used in common projects in the blasting operation and ensure their implementation of getting the rock mass of different coarseness of grading. However, these methods are based on traditional formulas and empirical dependencies, according to which the parameters of location and charge blasting accepted as the same, despite the fact that the blocks that blasted may include different types of rocks, and this, in turn, causes predatory yield of sub-standard fractions. Therefore, the implementation of the design parameters of the blasting should be based on modern scientific achievements, interrelationships of geological and technological indicators and parameters with the least expenditure of labor and time in the design process. The article analyzes the impact of the physical condition and the composition of emulsion explosive, geometric parameters and conditions of charge blasting, characteristics of dynamic processes in the charge and the decomposed array for the manifestation of the phenomenon of desensibilization emulsion explosives. Keywords: desensibilization; detonation speed; critical diameter; ; hydrostatic pressure; gas-generating process; shock wave; boulder.

"太平洋に面した紀伊半島南西部に位置する田辺湾岸において、2015年9月と12月にウミグモ類を調査した。干潮を挟んだ前後1～2時間程度かけて潮間帯にある転石裏面や海藻に付着するウミグモ類を探索した。田辺湾の北浜、南浜、江津良、阪田、鳥の巣、天神崎の6地点のうち、鳥の巣を除く5地点から2科3属7種(うち1種は同定疑問種)48個体のウミグモ類が採集された。すなわち、ホソウミグモ科からヒメツマリウミグモAnoplodactyluscarnatus(和歌山県新記録かつ種南限記録)、ズングリツマリウミグモAnoplodactyluscrassus(和歌山県新記録)、Anoplodactyluserectus?(同定疑問種)、ソコウミグモAnoplodactylusgestiens、ツマリソコウミグモAnoplodactyluspycnosomaの5種と、イソウミグモ科からフタイボイソウミグモAcheliabituberculata、フタツメイソウミグモAmmothellabiunguiculataの2種である。今回の現地調査と文献調査の結果を合わせると和歌山県産ウミグモ類は10科20属50種に達し、そのうち田辺湾からは3科5属9種が確認されたことになる。今回の調査は採集時期と方法が限定的であるので、和歌山県ないし田辺湾ウミグモ相の解明にはより詳細な調査が必要である。"

The city of Boulder’s Open Space and Mountain Parks (OSMP) lands offer residents and visitors a variety of unique recreational, scenic, and cultural experiences that are often captured and shared publicly via social media. Given the diversity of OSMP lands, visitor experiences likely differ based on the aesthetic and biophysical features that can be viewed from these landscapes. For instance, the peaks of the iconic Flatirons provide visitors with different scenic views than the low-lying grasslands in the southeastern area of the city. Furthermore, visitor use and enjoyment of OSMP lands could be directly related to the landscape features that are visible from these different locations. Understanding how visible landscape features vary across OSMP lands can help managers target their planning efforts to improve the quality of outdoor recreation experiences, and potentially identify new locations for outdoor recreation infrastructure (e.g., trails, pavilions, etc.) that offer the ability to see the regions most desirable landscape features. This study: (1) identifies points in the landscape where users are often inspired to take photographs; (2) maps the landscapes most often viewed by visitors; (3) summarizes the types of landscape features viewed from OSMP lands; and (4) determines how these landscape features vary across LCAs.

Corals at Ishigaki Island, Japan, are characterized by their high species diversity. Not only are they struck by storm waves generated annually by typhoons, the corals, especially the massive ones, in the fringing reef were buffeted by huge tsunami waves with a run-up height of ca. 30 m in 1771 Meiwa tsunami and its predecessors at few hundred-year intervals. We present field survey and numerical results demonstrating that such near-field large tsunamis could have reset the growth of massive corals, a phenomenon which large typhoons have not caused. Our field survey revealed that the massive corals in the lagoon are not attached to the bedrock but are instead located on the sandy sea bottom. Therefore, those are movable of sufficiently large wave inundated in the lagoon. Our numerical results further showed that the maximum velocity of the tsunami at the reef edge, calculable as

As some intertidal biota presently live near their upper tolerable thermal limits when emersed, predicted hotter temperatures and an increased frequency of extreme-heat events associated with global climate change may challenge the survival and persistence of such species. To predict the biological ramifications of climate change on rocky seashores, ecologists have collected baseline rock temperature data, which has shown substrate temperature is heterogenous in the rocky intertidal zone. A multitude of factors may affect rock temperature, although the potential roles of boulder surface (upper versus lower), lithology (rock type) and minerology have been largely neglected to date. Consequently, a common-garden experiment using intertidal boulders of six rock types tested whether temperature characteristics differed among rock types, boulder surfaces, and whether temperature characteristics were associated with rock mineralogy. The temperature of the upper and lower surfaces of all six rock types was heterogeneous at the millimetre to centimetre scale. Three qualitative patterns of temperature difference were identified on boulder surfaces: gradients; mosaics; and limited heterogeneity. The frequency of occurrence of these temperature patterns was heavily influenced by cloud cover. Upper surfaces were generally hotter than lower surfaces, plus purple siltstone and grey siltstone consistently had the hottest temperatures and white limestone and quartzite the coolest. Each rock type had unique mineralogy, with maximum temperatures correlated with the highest metallic oxide and trace metal content of rocks. These baseline data show that rock type, boulder surface and mineralogy all contribute to patterns of heterogenous substrate temperature, with the geological history of rocky seashores potentially influencing the future fate of species and populations under various climate change scenarios.

El propósito principal del presente proyecto es, fundamentalmente, el de crear un sistema interactivo que permita a cualquier usuario realizar sencillos ejercicios de escalada en un rocódromo, de manera guiada a través de un proyector y utilizando técnicas de visión artificial y de realidad aumentada. El usuario podrá seleccionar diferentes tipos de rutas con diferentes grados de dificultad desde una aplicación de usuario. Dicha aplicación también incluirá juegos multijugador (como, por ejemplo, un juego tipo pingpong entre dos jugadores en el Boulder). El sistema incluirá una aplicación de gestión que permita crear las diferentes rutas, clasificarlas por niveles de dificultad y gestionar a los usuarios, mediante la correspondiente base de datos de gestión. El sistema incluirá un PC, una cámara que capte imágenes del usuario en tiempo real, y, por último, un sistema de proyección de imágenes en el rocódromo (formado por uno o varios videoproyectores)., The main objective of this project is, fundamentally, to create an interactive system that allows a user to perform climbing exercises in a climbing wall (a.k.a. boulder), guided by a projector and using artificial vision and augmented reality techniques. The user can select different types of routes with different degrees of difficulty from an end-user application. This application will also include multiplayer games (such as, for example, a Ping-Pong game between two players in the boulder). The system will include an additional management application that allows creating the different routes, classified by levels of difficulty, and managing users, including a management database. The system includes a computer, a camera that will capture images of the user in real time, and, finally, a system for projecting images in the climbing wall (formed by one or several video projectors).

1 Resumo Este relatório surge no âmbito da realização do Estágio Integrado no Mestrado em Treino Desportivo com especialização em Escalada, ministrado pela Faculdade de Motricidade Humana da Universidade de Lisboa. O estágio realizou-se no Vertigo Climbing Center, o maior rocódromo de Portugal, situado em Lisboa, entre Setembro de 2014 e Dezembro 2015, com o objetivo de proporcionar uma experiência prática de relacionamento profissional com treinadores mais experientes, acompanhar os projetos desportivos em todas as suas vertentes, privilegiando a interação entre os diferentes intervenientes (gerentes, diretores desportivos, treinadores, atletas e suas famílias) no processo desportivo, bem como com os utilizadores do espaço em geral. Neste relatório é feita uma caracterização da modalidade, apresentam-se as características do espaço e o seu enquadramento, quais as suas normas de funcionamento e os principais serviços disponibilizados. É feita uma descrição comentada das principais atividades desenvolvidas durante o estágio, como por exemplo o treino de jovens, o treino personalizado, o route setting, ou a organização de competições e eventos, sendo relacionados os saberes próprios da escalada e os saberes transversais e interdisciplinares com as atividades associadas ao treino e à competição. No final, apresentam-se as conclusões, bem como as limitações e sugestões para futuros desenvolvimentos. This report is a result of an Internship done as a part of the Master Degree in Sports Training with specialization in Rock Climbing, taught at the Faculdade de Motricidade Humana of the Universidade de Lisboa. The internship was done at Vertigo Climbing Center, the biggest indoor climbing gym in Portugal, based in Lisbon, between September 2014 and December 2015. Its aims were to provide a practical experience of professional relationships with more experienced coaches and to follow sport projects in all of their aspects, with a focus on the interaction between all of those involved (managers, team directors, coaches, athletes and their families), as well as with the users of the space in general. In this report, a characterization of the modality is made, the characteristics of the climbing center and its framework are presented, as well as its operating standards and the main available services. A commented description of the main activities developed during the internship is also presented, such as the training of young athletes, personalized training, route setting and the organization of competitions and events. A focus is put on the relation between the rock climbing related knowledge and the transversal and interdisciplinary knowledge associated to training and competition activities. In the end, conclusions are presented, as well as the limitations and suggestions for future developments.

Boulders are frequently dislodged from rock platforms, transported and deposited along coastal zones by high-magnitude storm waves or tsunamis. Their size and shape are often controlled by the thickness of bedding planes as well as by high-angle to bedding fracture network. We investigate these processes along two coastal areas of Favignana Island by integrating geological data for 81 boulders, 49 rupture surfaces (called sockets) and fracture orientation and spacing with four radiocarbon dates, numerical hydrodynamic analysis, and hindcast numerical simulation data. Boulders are scattered along the carbonate platform as isolated blocks or in small groups, which form, as a whole, a discontinuous berm. Underwater surveys also highlight free boulders with sharp edges and sockets carved out in the rock platform. Boulders are composed of ruditic- to arenitic-size clastic carbonates. Their size ranges from 0.6 to 3.7 m, 0.55 to 2.4 m, and 0.2 to 1 m on the major (A), medium (B), and minor (C) axes, respectively. The highest value of mass estimation is 12.5 t. Almost all of boulders and sockets are characterized by a tabular or bladed shape. The comparisons between a) the fractures spacing and the length of A- and B-axes, and b) the frequency peaks of C-axis with the recurrent thickness of beds measured along the coastal zone demonstrate the litho-structural control in the size and shape of joint-bounded boulders. These comparisons, together with the similarity between the shapes of the boulders and those of the sockets as well as between the lithology of boulders and the areas surrounding the sockets, suggest that blocks originate by detachment from the platform edge. Thus, the most common pre-transport setting is the joint-bounded scenario. Hydrodynamic equations estimate that the storm wave heights necessary to initiate the transport of blocks diverge from ~ 2 m to ~ 8 m for joint-bounded boulders and from few tens of centimeters up to ~ 11 m for submerged boulders. The comparison between the wave heights at the breaking point of the coastal zones with the results of hydrodynamic equations shows that waves approaching the coastline are able to transport all surveyed boulders. Our data suggest that boulders have been transported by several storm events, even in very recent times. © 2017 Elsevier B.V.

Preconditions of nephrite placers formation in the Central Kunlun mountains and adjacent Tarim depression are considered in Russian literature for the first time: the presence of the primary deposits in metasomatic rocks localized in alpine-type ultramafic and contact-metasomatic rocks; optimal erosional truncation and hydrodynamic trap sites of valuable minerals accumulation; contrast neotectonics; variable climate conditions. The types of nephrite placers have been distinguished: deluvium (boulder stream), morainic valley deposits, proluvial, alluvial of mountain and plain rivers, surface deltas. The examples of typical landscapes of placers are given. Surface delta placers appeared to be modern and ancient buried. The residual placers resources of different genetic types are poor except surface deltas placer. It is justified that the surface deltas (delta fan) deposits in the studied region may contain nephrite placers.

O presente relatório reflete o trabalho desenvolvido nas atividades ao longo das setecentos e cinquenta horas, realizado entre os meses de janeiro e junho de 2017do estágio realizado no Clube De Escalada da Escola de São Miguel - Agrupamentos de Escolas da Sé. Este clube está implementado na cidade da Guarda e oferece os seus serviços a toda a comunidade escolar, em especial aos alunos das escolas de São Miguel e da Sé. Entre as atividades destacam-se a orientação dos treinos de escalada dos atletas do clube, a organização e desenvolvimento das provas de escalada do calendário distrital (um torneio de abertura e 3 concentrações), uma deslocação a Penha Garcia, para participar no “Encontro de Escalada em Rocha” e deslocação às várias competições regionais e nacionais de escalada de dificuldade e boulder (bloco) para acompanhar/orientar os atletas do Clube. Durante todo o estágio foram muitos os aspetos positivos que podem ser realçados nas práticas e tarefas desempenhadas. O estágio foi totalmente prático. Dele fizeram parte a organização das várias atividades, tais como as competições do Campeonato Distrital de Escalada, a participação em competições do Circuito Nacional de Bloco da FPME e a ida a Penha Garcia (escalada em contexto de rocha). Um dos aspetos mais marcantes deste estágio foram as relações criadas com as pessoas envolvidas, alunos e professores, havendo sempre a troca de conhecimentos e opiniões. O estágio foi uma experiência muito enriquecedora, através do mesmo foi possível ter uma noção do que é orientar um clube e esquematizar os treinos dos atletas, organizar uma competição de escalada ou atividade ao ar livre bem como ter uma visão global de todos os requisitos necessários para que a atividade corra bem e atinja os objetivos planeados inicialmente.

Abrupt climate changes cause increasing occurrence of rockfalls which are significant and ongoing threat to infrastructure network, particularly for those located within steep terrain. Better understanding and timing where to focus attention for this matter is crucial for the infrastructure companies, which can avoid high cost of damages caused by rockfall hazards. Hazard analysis has historically relied on visual inspection of experienced field engineers assessing each site, which is not time or cost effective. In recent years, the usage of unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) is becoming increasingly common, especially for applications concerning natural disasters. By using unmanned aerial vehicles the traditional methods of mapping, determining the volume, cross-sections, contours and other parameters that are required for rockfall engineering analysis can be altered, improved, or even completely replaced. The paper presents the legislation and scientific research initiatives for determining the volume of boulders with unmanned aerial vehicles.

健康の実現は、個人の健康観により一人ひとりが主体的に取組む課題である。この個人の力と合わせて社会全体が健康づくりを支援することを目指し、「健康日本21」がスタートしてから10年目となる。しかし、社会全体の支援体制を整備するなかで大きく遅れをとっているのが民間企業との連携である。個人が健康づくりに取り組む際、日常的にその選択の場となるのは市場であり、その市場をいかに政策的に構築するかが健康政策推進の大きな鍵となる。本稿では、まず健康日本21の現状と課題を踏まえたうえで、産業界を含めた健康づくりをいかに進めるべきか、その手がかりとして、米国コロラド州ボウルダーにおけるLOHAS運動に着目する。LOHASとは、Lifestyle Of Health And Sustainabilityの頭文字をとった造語であり、健康で持続可能な社会を志向する生き方の提唱であるが、アメリカでは、あくまでもマーケティングコンセプトとして理解されている。この観点に立ち、LOHASの聖地といわれるボウルダーの市民の健康を支えるマーケットの現状とその形成要因について検討する。これを踏まえ、日本において民間主導型の健康政策をいかに進めるか、その論点整理をしたい。, Health promotion is the subject on which an individual works in independent way by a personal healthy view. However, a personal effort for a health promotion has to be supported with the whole society. “KenkouNippon21" has been set to improve the health of all Japanese by all social sectors' cooperating for 10 years. “KenkouNippon21" is oriented a government, non-governmental organizations, private companies, schools and health and medical specialists and they should cooperate and make an effort for national healthy realization. In particular, cooperation with the private companies is the strategy which should be taken top priority. People's lifestyles are formed by the most immediate market. Therefore it's important to build the healthy market where a personal health promotion is supported politically. Moreover success of kennkounippon21 is dependent on the construction of healthy market. In this paper, a case is considered about LOHAS movement in Boulder, Colorado as a model of public Health Policy under the leadership of private companies. Lifestyle of health and sustainability; LOHAS is a marketing concept. In LOHAS town Boulder, a market supporting citizen's health is consisted of citizens and private companies. This study is to consider the building factor in Boulder market and clarify the problem that it should be argued about the construction of the market in Japan., 研究ノート(Note)

The detachment of large boulders in the nearshore zone and their deposition farther inland are the main morphological effects of tsunamis on rocky coasts. Along the Otranto–Leuca coast (southeastern Apulia, Italy), two boulder accumulations have been recognized and studied. At the Torre Sasso locality, boulders weighing up to 31 t are scattered from sea level to about 5 m of elevation and clustered in groups of several imbricated elements. At Torre S. Emiliano an impressive accumulation made of large boulders has been recognized and studied. The accumulation is about 30 m wide and follows the present coastline for about 2.5 km at a variable distance of 15 to 40 m. Looking closer, it is compounded by two ridges. The ridge closer to the coastline shows a very steep slope seaward made of very large boulders emplaced in a vertical position; its top reaches about 11 m above m.s.l. The inner belt is lower than the outer one and consists of smaller boulders; it partly covers a 2 m thick colluvial deposit made of reddish sands. Huge blocks, weighing up to 70 t, cover the carved surface stretching from the coastline to the front of the first ridge. Analysis of the imbrication axes indicates that the catastrophic waves responsible for the development of the boulder accumulations most likely propagated from SSE to NNW direction. Karstic features occurring on the surface of the innermost boulders indicate a very recent age for their deposition as no differences have been found between the aerial-exposed surface and the soil-covered one. Three AMS radiocarbon age determinations performed on marine shells found landward the boulders have accumulated recently, i.e. within the last three centuries. Moreover, archeological remains in the top layers of the colluvial deposits covered by the boulders can be referenced to 16th–17th centuries. This evidence suggests that the 20th of February, 1743 earthquake was responsible for the generation of two large tsunami waves which caused the boulder accumulations to deposit. This earthquake was particularly violent in the Salento region where it reached grade IX on the MCS scale. Interestingly, chronicles of this event record a withdrawal of the sea in the Brindisi harbour, north of the study area. This study highlights the tsunamigenic potential offshore the southeastern Salento coast requiring that further strategies be devoted to mitigate the tsunami risk.

The Adriatic coast of southern Apulia (Italy) is marked by the presence of large boulder accumulations. Boulders are up to 8 t in weight and arranged either in small groups or rows composed of a few imbricated elements. The lower surface of some of the boulders is covered by biogenic encrustation which suggests that they were possibly carved from the mid or sublittoral zone and that they capsized during their transport. Other boulders, detached from the supratidal zone, have their surface affected by tilted rock pools. New horizontal solution pans are continually forming. A detailed survey of a large boulder accumulation was carried out at Torre Santa Sabina. Direct observations were also made concerning the carving out and transportation of one single boulder during the severe storms in that area on January 4th, 2002 and on January 12th, 2003. Collated data from both the survey and the direct observations including some radiocarbon age determinations and hydrodynamic calculations suggest that the studied accumulation was due to the superimposed effects of one or two tsunami as well as of storm waves. Tsunami would be responsible for the detachment and transportation of the largest boulders, while storm waves may have been responsible for the carving out and transportation of the newer, smaller blocks and for moving once again the largest boulders. It was in this way that a typical boulder accumulation was produced. The collated data suggest that two tsunami may have recently struck the Adriatic coast of southern Apulia. The first possibly took place on the Dalmatian coast as a result of the earthquake on April 6, 1667 which destroyed Ragusa (modern day Dubrovnik). The second tsunami would have accompanied the strong earthquake which took place in southern Apulia on February 20, 1743.

近年，河川におけるウナギの個体数が激減している．この原因として，乱獲や河川環境の悪化などが推定されており，改善の必要性が指摘されている．ところが，ウナギの生態やウナギ用魚道に関する研究がほとんど進んでいないのが現状である．ウナギ用魚道はウナギの遊泳能力に加えて，水で濡れた斜面の登坂能力を考慮して設計することが合理的である．本研究では斜面の傾斜を一定にし，斜面に配置する粗石の粒径を変化させて，クロコウナギの登坂特性を解明した．その結果，本実験条件の範囲内では粗石長径が20mmの場合によじ登り成功率が最大となった．また，クロコウナギは体を左右に屈曲させて，斜面上の粗石に体を引っ掛けるようによじ登っていることが確認された．加えて，粗石長径の増加に伴い，屈曲頻度のばらつきが増加し，平均よじ登り速度が減少することが判明した．, 環境工学研究論文集 第54巻

Starting in the early 2000s, a number of U.S. communities have adopted "zero waste" commitments to reduce waste as much as possible through recycling, composting, and other means. Little in-depth information exists about the impetus for or efficacy of these efforts. The author sought to build knowledge on the topic by conducting case studies of two communities: the zero waste efforts of Boulder, Colorado, and the Zero Waste Zones established in Atlanta. The two cases presented an interesting contrast, in terms of sector driving zero waste: public in Boulder, and private in Atlanta. The study aimed to use the experiences of these two communities, supplemented with background research on materials management and application of relevant theory, to develop a set of considerations for more informed pursuit of zero waste. The author gathered qualitative data by conducting unstructured interviews of the actors involved with the zero waste efforts in Boulder and Atlanta. Interview questions concerned, e.g., zero waste goals and plans, the impacts of zero waste on the business or organization, and influential individuals or organizations. The study produced the following set of considerations: Definition of waste determines priorities and impacts of zero waste efforts; responsibility for waste arbitrarily resides with consumers and local government instead of producers; the private, public, and nonprofit sectors each play important roles in waste reduction; local government should not bear the full burden of materials management; and state and federal government can offer useful policy tools to advance zero waste. Master of Urban and Regional Planning

This thesis paper explores barefoot and minimalist running in Ottawa, Ontario and Boulder, Colorado. The objective has been to answer the following questions: how can we understand barefoot and minimalist style running as cultures, how are barefoot and minimalist style running being done in different ways, how do the senses play out and create nuances between barefoot and minimalist style runners. I argue barefoot and minimalist running are distinct cultural forms. I applied an Ingoldian notion of culture that contends cultures are generative, relational, temporal and improvisational. I conducted a multi-site study and I interviewed participants, as well as conducted participant observation. My findings reveal that the different sensations experienced by the two styles of running make them meaningful in different ways. These different sensations and ways of meaning create nuances between barefoot and minimalist running and differentiate them and as a result, there are found to become different cultural forms.

"En este trabajo estudiamos tres eventos individuales de tormentas magnéticas, con datos obtenidos en las estaciones ionosféricas de El Cerrillo de Toluca (México) y Boulder (Colorado), en las cuales se pueden observar ambos efectos de tormenta, positiva y negativa. También se ha hecho un análisis descriptivo de 35 tormentas magnéticas intensas, es decir con Dst

It is generally considered that four-times ice age happened during the Quaternary epoch on the Tibetan Plateau. However, the research on the chronology of the four-times ice age is far from enough. The Shaluli Mountain on the Southeastern Tibetan Plateau is an ideal place for plaeo-glacier study, because there are abundant Quaternary glacial remains there. This paper discusses the ages of the Quaternary glaciations, based on the exposure dating of roche moutonnée, moraines and glacial erosion surfaces using in situ cosmogenic isotopes 10Be. It is found that the exposure age of the roche moutonnée at Tuershan is 15 ka, corresponding to Stage 2 of the deep-sea oxygen isotope, suggesting that the roche moutonnée at Tuershan is formed in the last glacial maximum. The exposure age of glacial erosion surface at Laolinkou is 130–160 ka, corresponding to Stage 6 of the deep-sea oxygen isotope. The oldest end moraine at Kuzhaori may form at 421–766 kaBP, corresponding to Stages 12–18 of the deep-sea oxygen isotope. In accordance with the climate characteristic of stages 12, 14, 16 and 18 reflected by the deep-sea oxygen isotope, polar ice cores and loess sequence, the oldest end moraine at Kuzhaori may form at stage 12 or stage 16, the latter is more possible.

When you blast in the mountain, some of the rocks turn out to be to large for transport. To deal with this, rockbreakers are placed at the top of the mine shafts to crush these before transport. The reasons for having a rock breaker is to prevent large boulders to block the ore shafts, crushes or the filling station. This also gives a opportunity to discover unwanted objects such as rock bolts and other metal objects. Today it takes quite a lot of time to steer the rockbreaker arm into the right position. The operator also has to check every bucket emptied by the loader, on the grizzly. If the grizzly is empty, the operator gives a clear signal. There is not a range camera on the market today that can meet the requirement that are needed for scanning such a large area in such environment. The project consists of constructing a range camera, made of a CCD camera and a light projector, in order to get a 3D image over the rock. The report is describing the range camera and the possible setups and alterations for it. The image quality will vary a lot, so a discussion on how to filter the images in the most effective way is presented. Methods of visualization is also included. A complication is that some times the rock is not with the optimal position upwards. So finding the right angle of attack is important. Validerat; 20101217 (root)

Årsliste 1999 I forbindelse med dumping av sprengstein i Store Lungegårdsvann har vannkvaliteten vært overvåket i perioden januar-mars 1999. Målinger av TOC i vannmassene i dumpingsområdet viste at gammel sjøbunn bare unntaksvis ble virvlet opp til overflaten. Analyser av PCB og PAH viste lave konsentrasjoner for samtlige prøver. Generelt var Hg-konsentrasjonen lav, men ved en måling ble det konstatert Hg-konsentrasjoner mellom 1,5 og 3,0 ng/l (tilstandsklasse II - "Moderat forurenset") og med en avtagende konsentrasjonsgradient fra dumpingsområdet til Damsgårdsundet. Økninger i PAH- og Hg-konsentrasjonene var korrelert med økning i Toc-verdiene. Transmisjonsmålinger viste at siltskjørt rundt dumpingsområdet virker effektivt forebyggende mht. partikkelspredning. Bergen kommune

Sedimentene i Store Lungegårdsvann er sterkt forurenset av både PCB, PAH, TBT og kvikksølv. Dumping av sprengstein i området vil føre til resuspensjon av forurensede sedimenter og gjøre miljøgiftene mobile. Sedimenteringsforsøk tyder imidlertid på at bare omkring 2% av bunnsedimentene som virvles opp, vil bli svevende så lenge i vannmassene at de kan transporteres ut av Store Lungegårdsvann. Av disse partiklene tyder modellberegninger på at bare ca. 10% til vanlig transporteres med vannmassene ut til Solheimsviken og Damsgårdsundet. For å redusere transporten av miljøgifter ut av området under steindumping foreslås det bruk av siltskjørt rundt dumpingsområdene. Transplantasjonsforsøk med blåskjell viste at det foregår en betydelig transport av miljøgifter med vannmassene også uten at det foregår dumping av stein. Bergen kommune

Free surface flows in macro- and intermediate roughness conditions have a high aeration potential causing the flow characteristics to vary with slopes and discharges. The underlying mechanism of two-phase flow characteristics in macro- and intermediate roughness conditions were analyzed in an experimental setup assembled at the Laboratory of Hydraulic Protection of the Territory (PITLAB) of the University of Pisa, Italy. Crushed angular rocks and hemispherical boulders were used to intensify the roughness of the bed. Flow rates per unit width ranging between 0.03 m2/s and 0.09 m2/s and slopes between 0.26 and 0.46 were tested over different arrangements of a rough bed. Analyses were mainly carried out in the inner flow region, which consists of both bubbly and intermediate flow regions. The findings revealed that the two-phase flow properties over the rough bed were much affected by rough bed arrangements. Turbulence features of two-phase flows over the rough bed were compared with those of the stepped chute data under similar flow conditions. Overall, the results highlight the flow features in the inner layers of the two-phase flow, showing that the maximum turbulence intensity decreases with the relative submergence, while the bubble frequency distribution is affected by the rough bed elements.

Under the sponsorship of the Bureau of Reclamation, the New Waddell Dam Borrow Areas Mitigative Data Recovery Project, more simply known as the Waddell Project, performed data recovery at 17 sites in the vicinity of Lake Pleasant, Arizona. Supplemental surveys conducted under the same contract added two sites to the inventory slated for investigation. The project area, composed of multiple survey areas, was spread across two drainages, the Agua Fria and New River, in what is considered the northern periphery of the prehistoric Hohokam culture. The sites studied included large agricultural fields, sometimes with associated surface masonry field houses; farmsteads with small numbers of pithouses; resource procurement and processing sites; and a single special-purpose crematory site. Research efforts were organized into three broad topic areas so that all project researchers, including specialists, could gear their investigations along the same lines. At the intra-drainage level, the focus was on the individual sites and their locations with respect to the physical environment and each other. Terminology employed for agricultural features and systems in the literature was reviewed and it was proposed that the use of terms be standardized. The topographic situation, source of water (e.g., river. wash, and/or runoff), and soil conditions were identified for the different agricultural systems investigated. The functions of the various agricultural feature types were assessed. It was found, for example, that linear rock alignments tend to slow the flow of water across the fields and/or direct the flow from one portion of a field to another. A model of the development of an agricultural system was employed that helps account for the functions of certain enigmatic features (i.e., field stones) and aspects of features (i.e., gaps between rocks in alignments). Contemporaneity of sites was difficult to establish as dating was less than satisfactory, but it was possible to discern differences between one early site (primarily Colonial period) and several later sites that appeared to form a late Sacaton-Soho phase community. At the inter-drainage level, a comparison of patterns at project sites in the two drainages was made to assess whether the drainages had been used by the same or different populations and whether specialization in subsistence resources had occurred as suggested by survey evidence. Results of ceramic and ground stone petrographic analyses as well as ethnobotanical analyses suggested the areas had been used by distinct populations and that although corn cultivation was universal, agave cultivation took place in the Agua Fria, but not the New River, drainage. Evidence also suggested that the New River study area had been used seasonally, whereas a strong case could be made for year-round occupation of the Agua Fria study area during the later time periods. At the inter-regional level, we studied how our sites fit with those surrounding them in the northern periphery and farther afield in both the Hohokam core area and northern Arizona. Differences found between the two study areas at the inter-drainage level were used to suggest that they had different focal sites. The Beardsley Canal site was identified as a prime candidate for the Agua Fria study area's focal site and AZ T:4:10 (ASM) was suggested as the hub for the New River study area. Little, if any, contact was indicated between sites in the New River study area investigated by ACS and those to the south examined earlier by Soil Systems Inc. Based on the decrease over time in the frequencies of artifacts of Hohokam derivation (i.e., buff ware ceramics, schist palettes, and shell artifacts), it was obvious that ties with the Hohokam core area decreased concomitant with an increase in exchange with northern Arizona populations. probably those in the Prescott area. Note that the volumes are included here as one file.

International audience; While recent studies highlighted the great mobility of boulder beaches related to the impact of storm waves, numerous researches are still needed to better understand the morphodynamic of coastal boulder accumulations. This paper provides original data about storm-induced geomorphic processes and their impact on the Valahnúkur coastal barrier. First described by Etienne & Paris (2010), this massive accumulation of boulders is located between the Valahnúkur hyaloclastite cone and prehistoric lava flows of the Reykjanesta Point, in the south-west of Iceland. Numerous evidences of barrier flooding and intense boulder mobility were observed in the field.Between May 2015 and May 2017, three kite surveys were realized over the Valahnúkur boulder barrier and surrounding areas. The Digital Elevation Models (DEMs) produced using Structure-from-Motion photogrammetry were compared to deduce the morphological changes. Three orthophotographs were analyzed to estimate the changes in the spatial distribution of boulder sizes. Hydrodynamic conditions were reconstructed using wave buoy and tide gauge measurements. Wave runup were calibrated from the analysis of a wave/swash motion data set acquired by video monitoring related to different hydrodynamic conditions. The chronology of extreme water levels has been reconstructed on this high refective beach to estimate the elevation of the wave action during the survey period. Results indicate a high mobility of the Valahnúkur boulder beach. From May 2015 to May 2016, the clast mobility was moderate and was restricted to the sea face of the barrier. These changes were attributed to fair weather conditions during the winter. From May 2016 to May 2017, the results highlighted a strong alongshore sediment transfer, a crest reworking and a landward projection of high number of boulders due to several intense storm events associated with high water levels during the winter.