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UK Medical Research Council; Wellcome Trust [102215/2/13/2, WT088806, 084762MA]; UK Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council [BB/I025751/1, BB/I025263/1]; UK Medical Research Council Integrative Epidemiology Unit; University of Bristol [MC_UU_12013_1, MC_UU_12013_2, MC_UU_12013_5, MC_UU_12013_8]; United States National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases [R01 DK10324]; Swedish Research Council; Swedish Heart-Lung Foundation; Freemason Child House Foundation in Stockholm; MeDALL (Mechanisms of the Development of ALLergy), within the European Union [261357]; Stockholm County Council (ALF); Swedish Foundation for Strategic Research (SSF) [RBc08-0027]; Strategic Research Programme (SFO) in Epidemiology at Karolinska Institutet; Swedish Research Council Formas; Swedish Environment Protection Agency; Center for Integrative Research on Childhood Leukemia and the Environment [P01ES018172]; NIH [P50ES018172, R01ES09137, 5P30CA082103, P01 ES009605, R01 ES021369, R01ES023067, K01ES017801, R01ES022216, P30ES007048, R01ES014447, P01ES009581, R826708-01, RD831861-01, P50ES026086, R01DK068001, R01 DK100340, R01 DK076648, R01ES022934, R01HL111108, R01NR013945, R37 HD034568, UL1 TR001082, P30 DK56350]; EPA [RD83451101, RD83615901, RD 82670901, RD 83451301, 83615801-0]; UCSF Comprehensive Cancer Center Support grant [P30 CA82103]; Swiss Science National Foundation [P2LAP3_158674]; Sutter-Stottner Foundation; Commission of the European Community, specific RTD Programme 'Quality of Life and Management of Living Resources' within the 5th Framework Programme [QLRT-2001-00389, QLK1-CT-2002-30582]; 6th Framework Programme [007036]; European Union's Seventh Framework Programme (FP7), project EarlyNutrition [289346]; European Research Council Advanced grant ERC-AdG [322605 META-GROWTH]; Autism Speaks grant [260377]; Funds for Research in Respiratory Health; French Ministry of Research: IFR program; INSERM Nutrition Research Program; French Ministry of Health: Perinatality Program; French National Institute for Population Health Surveillance (INVS); Paris-Sud University; French National Institute for Health Education (INPES); Nestle; Mutuelle Generale de l'Education Nationale (MGEN); French-speaking association for the study of diabetes and metabolism (Alfediam) [2012/51290-6]; EU; European Research Council [ERC-2012-StG.310898, 268479-BREATHE]; Flemish Scientific Research Council (FWO) [N1516112 / G.0.873.11N.10]; European Community's Seventh Framework Programme FP7 project EXPOsOMICS [308610]; People Program (Marie Curie Actions) of the European Union's Seventh Framework Program FP7 under REA grant [628858]; Bijzonder Onderzoeksfonds (BOF) Hasselt University; Ministry of the Flemish Community (Department of Economics, Science and Innovation); Ministry of the Flemish Community (Department of Environment, Nature and Energy); CEFIC LRI award by the Research Foundation-Flanders (FWO); CEFIC LRI award by the Research Foundation-Flanders (FWO) [12L5216N]; Flemish Institute for Technological Research (VITO) [12L5216N]; Bill AMP; Melinda Gates Foundation Grand Challenges Exploration grant [OPP119403]; Sandler Family Foundation; American Asthma Foundation; National Institutes of Health; National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute [HL117004]; National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences [ES24844]; National Institute on Minority Health and Health Disparities [MD006902, MD009523]; National Institute of General Medical Sciences [GM007546]; Tobacco-Related Disease Research Program [24RT-0025]; Hutchison Whampoa Ltd, Hong Kong; University of Groningen; Well Baby Clinic Foundation Icare; Noordlease; Youth Health Care Drenthe; Biobanking and Biomolecular Research Infrastructure Netherlands [CP2011-19]; Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam; Erasmus University Rotterdam; Netherlands Organization for Health Research and Development; Netherlands Genomics Initiative (NGI)/Netherlands Organization for Scientific Research (NWO); Netherlands Consortium for Healthy Aging (NCHA) [050-060-810]; Genetic Laboratory of the Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus MC; European Union's Horizon research and innovation programme [733206, 633595]; National Institute of Child and Human Development [R01HD068437]; Netherlands Organization for Health Research and Development [VIDI 016.136.361]; Consolidator grant from the European Research Council [ERC-2014-CoG-648916]; Netherlands' Organization for Scientific Research (NWO VICI); European Research Council ERC; Netherlands' Organization for Scientific Research (NWO Spinoza Award); Gravitation program of the Dutch Ministry of Education, Culture, and Science; Netherlands Organization for Scientific Research (NWO) [024.001.003]; Lung Foundation Netherlands [3.2.12.089]; Fonds de Recherche du Quebec en Sante (FRQ-S) [20697]; Canadian Institute of Health Reseach (CIHR) [MOP 115071]; Diabete Quebec grant; Canadian Diabetes Association operating grant [OG-3-08-2622]; American Diabetes Association Pathways Accelerator Early Investigator Award [1-15-ACE-26]; MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit - Medical Research Council [MC_UU_12013/1-9]; National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health [K99ES025817]; Instituto de Salud Carlos III [Red INMA G03/176, CB06/02/0041]; Spanish Ministry of Health [FIS-PI04/1436, FIS-PI08/1151]; Spanish Ministry of Health (FEDER funds) [FIS-PI11/00610, FIS-FEDER-PI06/0867, FIS-FEDER-PI03-1615]; Generalitat de Catalunya [CIRIT 1999SGR 00241]; Fundacio La Marato de TV3 [090430]; EU Commission [261357-MeDALL]; National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases [N01-AI90052]; National Institutes of Health USA [R01 HL082925, R01 HL132321]; Asthma UK [364]; NIAID/NIH [R01AI091905, R01AI121226]; National Institute of Health [R01AI121226, R01 AI091905, R01HL132321]; NIH/NIEHS [N01-ES75558]; NIH/NINDS [1 UO1 NS 047537-01, 2 UO1 NS 047537-06A1]; Intramural Research Program of the NIH, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences [Z01-ES-49019, Z01 ES044005, ES049033, ES049032]; Norwegian Research Council/BIOBANK [221097]; Oslo University Hospital; Unger-Vetlesens foundation; Norwegian American Womens Club; INCA/Plan Cancer-EVA-INSERM, France; International Childhood Cancer Cohort Consortium (I4C); INCA/Plan Cancer-EVA-INSERM (France); IARC Postdoctoral Fellowship; EC FP7 Marie Curie Actions-People-Co-funding of regional, national and international programmes (COFUND); NIEHS [R21ES014947, R01ES016772]; NIDDK [R01DK085173]; National Institute of Environmental Health Science [P30 ES025128]; University of Oulu grant [65354]; Oulu University Hospital [2/97, 8/97]; Ministry of Health and Social Affairs [23/251/97, 160/97, 190/97]; National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki [54121]; Regional Institute of Occupational Health, Oulu, Finland [50621, 54231]; EU [QLG1-CT-2000-01643, E51560]; NorFA grant [731, 20056, 30167]; Academy of Finland; NIH-NIEHS [P01 ES022832]; US EPA [RD83544201]; NIH-NIGMS [P20GM104416]; NCI [R25CA134286]; Netherlands Organization for Scientific Research and Development; Netherlands Asthma Fund; Netherlands Ministry of Spatial Planning, Housing, and the Environment; Netherlands Ministry of Health, Welfare, and Sport; MeDALL; European Union under the Health Cooperation Work Program of the 7th Framework program [261357]; Italian National Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (CCM grant); Italian Ministry of Health (art 12); Italian Ministry of Health (12bis Dl.gs.vo) [502/92]; EraNet; EVO; University of Helsinki Research Funds; Signe and Ane Gyllenberg foundation; Emil Aaltonen Foundation; Finnish Medical Foundation; Jane and Aatos Erkko Foundation; Novo Nordisk Foundation; Paivikki and Sakari Sohlberg Foundation; Sigrid Juselius Foundation; University of Helsinki; University of Western Australia (UWA); Curtin University; Raine Medical Research Foundation; UWA Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health Sciences; Telethon Kids Institute; Women's and Infant's Research Foundation (KEMH); Edith Cowan University; National Health and Medical Research Council [1059711]; National Health and Medical Research Council (NHMRC) fellowship [1053384]; Australian National Health and Medical Research Council; United States National Institute of Health; Greek Ministry of Health (programme of prevention of obesity and neurodevelopmental disorders in preschool children, in Heraklion district, Crete, Greece); Greek Ministry of Health ('Rhea Plus': Primary Prevention Program of Environmental Risk Factors for Reproductive Health, and Child Health); European Union (EU) [EU FP6-2003-Food-3-NewGeneris, EU FP7 ENV.2007.1.2.2.2, 211250 ESCAPE, EU FP7-2008-ENV-1.2.1.4 Envirogenomarkers, EU FP7 ENV.2008.1.2.1.6, 226285 ENRIECO]; National Institutes of Health [NIH-NIMH R01MH094609, NIH-NIEHS R01ES022223, NIH-NIEHS R01ES025145]; Centers for Disease Control and Prevention [U10DD000180, U10DD000181, U10DD000182, U10DD000183, U10DD000184, U10DD000498]; Autism Speaks [7659]; Swedish Research Council through the Swedish Initiative for research on Microdata in the Social And Medical Sciences (SIMSAM) [340-2013-5867]; Stockholm County Council (ALF projects); Strategic Research Program in Epidemiology at Karolinska Institutet; Swedish Asthma and Allergy Association's Research Foundation; Stiftelsen Frimurare Barnahuset Stockholm; Norwegian Ministry of Health and Care Services; Ministry of the Flemish Community (Flemish Agency for Care and Health); University of Bristol; Ministry of Education and Research; European Union (EU) (EU FP7-HEALTH-single stage CHICOS); European Union (EU) (EU-FP7-HEALTH) [308333 HELIX]; European Union (EU) (EU FP6. STREP HiWATE); UK Medical Research Council; Wellcome Trust [102215/2/13/2, WT088806, 084762MA]; UK Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council [BB/I025751/1, BB/I025263/1]; UK Medical Research Council Integrative Epidemiology Unit; University of Bristol [MC_UU_12013_1, MC_UU_12013_2, MC_UU_12013_5, MC_UU_12013_8]; United States National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases [R01 DK10324]; Swedish Research Council; Swedish Heart-Lung Foundation; Freemason Child House Foundation in Stockholm; MeDALL (Mechanisms of the Development of ALLergy), within the European Union [261357]; Stockholm County Council (ALF); Swedish Foundation for Strategic Research (SSF) [RBc08-0027]; Strategic Research Programme (SFO) in Epidemiology at Karolinska Institutet; Swedish Research Council Formas; Swedish Environment Protection Agency; Center for Integrative Research on Childhood Leukemia and the Environment [P01ES018172]; NIH [P50ES018172, R01ES09137, 5P30CA082103, P01 ES009605, R01 ES021369, R01ES023067, K01ES017801, R01ES022216, P30ES007048, R01ES014447, P01ES009581, R826708-01, RD831861-01, P50ES026086, R01DK068001, R01 DK100340, R01 DK076648, R01ES022934, R01HL111108, R01NR013945, R37 HD034568, UL1 TR001082, P30 DK56350]; EPA [RD83451101, RD83615901, RD 82670901, RD 83451301, 83615801-0]; UCSF Comprehensive Cancer Center Support grant [P30 CA82103]; Swiss Science National Foundation [P2LAP3_158674]; Sutter-Stottner Foundation; Commission of the European Community, specific RTD Programme 'Quality of Life and Management of Living Resources' within the 5th Framework Programme [QLRT-2001-00389, QLK1-CT-2002-30582]; 6th Framework Programme [007036]; European Union's Seventh Framework Programme (FP7), project EarlyNutrition [289346]; European Research Council Advanced grant ERC-AdG [322605 META-GROWTH]; Autism Speaks grant [260377]; Funds for Research in Respiratory Health; French Ministry of Research: IFR program; INSERM Nutrition Research Program; French Ministry of Health: Perinatality Program; French National Institute for Population Health Surveillance (INVS); Paris-Sud University; French National Institute for Health Education (INPES); Nestle; Mutuelle Generale de l'Education Nationale (MGEN); French-speaking association for the study of diabetes and metabolism (Alfediam) [2012/51290-6]; EU; European Research Council [ERC-2012-StG.310898, 268479-BREATHE]; Flemish Scientific Research Council (FWO) [N1516112 / G.0.873.11N.10]; European Community's Seventh Framework Programme FP7 project EXPOsOMICS [308610]; People Program (Marie Curie Actions) of the European Union's Seventh Framework Program FP7 under REA grant [628858]; Bijzonder Onderzoeksfonds (BOF) Hasselt University; Ministry of the Flemish Community (Department of Economics, Science and Innovation); Ministry of the Flemish Community (Department of Environment, Nature and Energy); CEFIC LRI award by the Research Foundation-Flanders (FWO); CEFIC LRI award by the Research Foundation-Flanders (FWO) [12L5216N]; Flemish Institute for Technological Research (VITO) [12L5216N]; Bill AMP; Melinda Gates Foundation Grand Challenges Exploration grant [OPP119403]; Sandler Family Foundation; American Asthma Foundation; National Institutes of Health; National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute [HL117004]; National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences [ES24844]; National Institute on Minority Health and Health Disparities [MD006902, MD009523]; National Institute of General Medical Sciences [GM007546]; Tobacco-Related Disease Research Program [24RT-0025]; Hutchison Whampoa Ltd, Hong Kong; University of Groningen; Well Baby Clinic Foundation Icare; Noordlease; Youth Health Care Drenthe; Biobanking and Biomolecular Research Infrastructure Netherlands [CP2011-19]; Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam; Erasmus University Rotterdam; Netherlands Organization for Health Research and Development; Netherlands Genomics Initiative (NGI)/Netherlands Organization for Scientific Research (NWO); Netherlands Consortium for Healthy Aging (NCHA) [050-060-810]; Genetic Laboratory of the Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus MC; European Union's Horizon research and innovation programme [733206, 633595]; National Institute of Child and Human Development [R01HD068437]; Netherlands Organization for Health Research and Development [VIDI 016.136.361]; Consolidator grant from the European Research Council [ERC-2014-CoG-648916]; Netherlands' Organization for Scientific Research (NWO VICI); European Research Council ERC; Netherlands' Organization for Scientific Research (NWO Spinoza Award); Gravitation program of the Dutch Ministry of Education, Culture, and Science; Netherlands Organization for Scientific Research (NWO) [024.001.003]; Lung Foundation Netherlands [3.2.12.089]; Fonds de Recherche du Quebec en Sante (FRQ-S) [20697]; Canadian Institute of Health Reseach (CIHR) [MOP 115071]; Diabete Quebec grant; Canadian Diabetes Association operating grant [OG-3-08-2622]; American Diabetes Association Pathways Accelerator Early Investigator Award [1-15-ACE-26]; MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit - Medical Research Council [MC_UU_12013/1-9]; National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health [K99ES025817]; Instituto de Salud Carlos III [Red INMA G03/176, CB06/02/0041]; Spanish Ministry of Health [FIS-PI04/1436, FIS-PI08/1151]; Spanish Ministry of Health (FEDER funds) [FIS-PI11/00610, FIS-FEDER-PI06/0867, FIS-FEDER-PI03-1615]; Generalitat de Catalunya [CIRIT 1999SGR 00241]; Fundacio La Marato de TV3 [090430]; EU Commission [261357-MeDALL]; National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases [N01-AI90052]; National Institutes of Health USA [R01 HL082925, R01 HL132321]; Asthma UK [364]; NIAID/NIH [R01AI091905, R01AI121226]; National Institute of Health [R01AI121226, R01 AI091905, R01HL132321]; NIH/NIEHS [N01-ES75558]; NIH/NINDS [1 UO1 NS 047537-01, 2 UO1 NS 047537-06A1]; Intramural Research Program of the NIH, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences [Z01-ES-49019, Z01 ES044005, ES049033, ES049032]; Norwegian Research Council/BIOBANK [221097]; Oslo University Hospital; Unger-Vetlesens foundation; Norwegian American Womens Club; INCA/Plan Cancer-EVA-INSERM, France; International Childhood Cancer Cohort Consortium (I4C); INCA/Plan Cancer-EVA-INSERM (France); IARC Postdoctoral Fellowship; EC FP7 Marie Curie Actions-People-Co-funding of regional, national and international programmes (COFUND); NIEHS [R21ES014947, R01ES016772]; NIDDK [R01DK085173]; National Institute of Environmental Health Science [P30 ES025128]; University of Oulu grant [65354]; Oulu University Hospital [2/97, 8/97]; Ministry of Health and Social Affairs [23/251/97, 160/97, 190/97]; National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki [54121]; Regional Institute of Occupational Health, Oulu, Finland [50621, 54231]; EU [QLG1-CT-2000-01643, E51560]; NorFA grant [731, 20056, 30167]; Academy of Finland; NIH-NIEHS [P01 ES022832]; US EPA [RD83544201]; NIH-NIGMS [P20GM104416]; NCI [R25CA134286]; Netherlands Organization for Scientific Research and Development; Netherlands Asthma Fund; Netherlands Ministry of Spatial Planning, Housing, and the Environment; Netherlands Ministry of Health, Welfare, and Sport; MeDALL; European Union under the Health Cooperation Work Program of the 7th Framework program [261357]; Italian National Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (CCM grant); Italian Ministry of Health (art 12); Italian Ministry of Health (12bis Dl.gs.vo) [502/92]; EraNet; EVO; University of Helsinki Research Funds; Signe and Ane Gyllenberg foundation; Emil Aaltonen Foundation; Finnish Medical Foundation; Jane and Aatos Erkko Foundation; Novo Nordisk Foundation; Paivikki and Sakari Sohlberg Foundation; Sigrid Juselius Foundation; University of Helsinki; University of Western Australia (UWA); Curtin University; Raine Medical Research Foundation; UWA Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health Sciences; Telethon Kids Institute; Women's and Infant's Research Foundation (KEMH); Edith Cowan University; National Health and Medical Research Council [1059711]; National Health and Medical Research Council (NHMRC) fellowship [1053384]; Australian National Health and Medical Research Council; United States National Institute of Health; Greek Ministry of Health (programme of prevention of obesity and neurodevelopmental disorders in preschool children, in Heraklion district, Crete, Greece); Greek Ministry of Health ('Rhea Plus': Primary Prevention Program of Environmental Risk Factors for Reproductive Health, and Child Health); European Union (EU) [EU FP6-2003-Food-3-NewGeneris, EU FP7 ENV.2007.1.2.2.2, 211250 ESCAPE, EU FP7-2008-ENV-1.2.1.4 Envirogenomarkers, EU FP7 ENV.2008.1.2.1.6, 226285 ENRIECO]; National Institutes of Health [NIH-NIMH R01MH094609, NIH-NIEHS R01ES022223, NIH-NIEHS R01ES025145]; Centers for Disease Control and Prevention [U10DD000180, U10DD000181, U10DD000182, U10DD000183, U10DD000184, U10DD000498]; Autism Speaks [7659]; Swedish Research Council through the Swedish Initiative for research on Microdata in the Social And Medical Sciences (SIMSAM) [340-2013-5867]; Stockholm County Council (ALF projects); Strategic Research Program in Epidemiology at Karolinska Institutet; Swedish Asthma and Allergy Association's Research Foundation; Stiftelsen Frimurare Barnahuset Stockholm; Norwegian Ministry of Health and Care Services; Ministry of the Flemish Community (Flemish Agency for Care and Health); University of Bristol; Ministry of Education and Research; European Union (EU) (EU FP7-HEALTH-single stage CHICOS); European Union (EU) (EU-FP7-HEALTH) [308333 HELIX]; European Union (EU) (EU FP6. STREP HiWATE); [R01ES017646]; [R01ES01900]; [R01ES16443]; [USA / NIHH 2000 G DF682]; [50945]; [R01 HL095606]; [R01 HL1143396]

We report on the successful synthesis and hyperpolarization of N-unprotected α-amino acid ethyl propionate esters and extensively, on an alanine derivative hyperpolarized by PHIP (4.4 ± 1.0% 13C-polarization), meeting required levels for in vivo detection., We report on the successful synthesis and hyperpolarization of N-unprotected α-amino acid ethyl propionate esters and extensively, on an alanine derivative hyperpolarized by PHIP (4.4 ± 1.0% 13C-polarization), meeting required levels for in vivo detection. Using water as solvent increases biocompatibility and the absence of N-protection is expected to maintain biological activity.

Julie St-Pierre1, Luigi Bouchard2,3, Paul Poirier41Department of Pediatrics, Chicoutimi Hospital, Saguenay, QC, Canada; 2Department of Biochemistry, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada; 3ECOGENE-21 and Lipid Clinic, Chicoutimi Hospital, Saguenay, QC, Canada; 4Quebec Heart and Lungs Institute, Université Laval, Quebec, QC, CanadaAbstract: The burden of obesity is now well established as a precursor of cardiovascular disease and other disorders. Although better clinical guidelines exist to prevent and treat obesity, the prevalence of obesity among children and adolescents is increasing alarmingly. Primary prevention remains the gold standard to significantly reduce the public health concerns associated with obesity. Traditional cardiovascular disease risk factors (such as dyslipidemia, hypertension, type 2 diabetes) for cardiovascular disease among children and adolescents are known. The scope of this review is thus to discuss new and emerging obesity and associated-disease risk factors. Evaluation of the coronary plaque formation, diastolic dysfunction, carotid intima-media thickness and heart rate variability represent interesting tools with clinical relevance. Beyond these new cardiovascular disease risk factors, recent evidence suggests that a detrimental fetal environment, associated with for example, maternal obesity, insulin resistance, and physical inactivity, imprints fetal metabolic programming via epigenetic mechanisms that predisposes the newborn to obesity and cardiovascular disease later in life. This information may impact on the future management of maternal health, as well as for those high-risk children.Keywords: cardiovascular disease, pediatrics, risk factors

Motivated by a recent proposal by O. P. Sushkov and co-workers to search for a P,T-violating Schiff moment of the $^{207}$Pb nucleus in a ferroelectric solid, we have carried out a high-field nuclear magnetic resonance study of the longitudinal and transverse spin relaxation of the lead nuclei from room temperature down to 10 K for powder samples of lead titanate (PT), lead zirconium titanate (PZT), and a PT monocrystal. For all powder samples and independently of temperature, transverse relaxation times were found to be $T_2\approx 1.5 $ms, while the longitudinal relaxation times exhibited a temperature dependence, with $T_1$ of over an hour at the lowest temperatures, decreasing to $T_1\approx 7 $s at room temperature. At high temperatures, the observed behavior is consistent with a two-phonon Raman process, while in the low temperature limit, the relaxation appears to be dominated by a single-phonon (direct) process involving magnetic impurities. This is the first study of temperature-dependent nuclear-spin relaxation in PT and PZT ferroelectrics at such low temperatures. We discuss the implications of the results for the Schiff-moment search., Comment: 6 pages, 4 figures

International audience; Peu à peu les sciences interviennent dans les dictionnaires. Le dictionnaire a de plus en plus une vocation sociale. Ce sont les Larousses et les Littrés qui donnent la mesure. Aujourd'hui, c'est l'informatique qui apporte sa contribution à l'élaboration de dictionnaires. L'ordinateur a bouleversé la lexicographie, la lexicologie et le dictionnaire même. Le dictionnaire s'appuie de plus en plus largement sur des bases de données. La répartition entre dictionnaire de langue général et dictionnaire spécialisé semble s'amenuiser, le nouveau type de dictionnaire étant en mesure de répondre en fonction des intérêts de l'usager. C'est l'ère du dictionnaire à la carte qui s'ouvre.

Peu à peu les sciences interviennent dans les dictionnaires. Le dictionnaire a de plus en plus une vocation sociale. Ce sont les Larousses et les Littrés qui donnent la mesure. Aujourd'hui, c'est l'informatique qui apporte sa contribution à l'élaboration de dictionnaires. L'ordinateur a bouleversé la lexicographie, la lexicologie et le dictionnaire même. Le dictionnaire s'appuie de plus en plus largement sur des bases de données. La répartition entre dictionnaire de langue général et dictionnaire spécialisé semble s'amenuiser, le nouveau type de dictionnaire étant en mesure de répondre en fonction des intérêts de l'usager. C'est l'ère du dictionnaire à la carte qui s'ouvre.

Mouse mammary tumour virus (MMTV)/neu transgenic mice develop clonal or oligoclonal mammary tumours stochastically. The pathology of these tumours is very similar to that of human breast tumours. Moreover, these mouse tumours metastasize in the lungs. We present evidence that this mouse model of human breast tumours can be instrumental in identifying novel genes of two distinct classes (activated oncogenes or tumour suppressor genes) which may collaborate with the c-erbB-2/neu transgenic oncogene.