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Mothers face social and cultural obstacles to breastfeeding in public.This study evaluated the attitudes and practices of Turkish women regarding breastfeeding in public.This cross-sectional, descriptive study was carried out in a university hospital among 200 new postnatal mothers and their 200 accompanying female relatives. Data were obtained using a questionnaire and the Infant Feeding Attitude Scale (IIFAS).Respondents mostly believed that there was nothing wrong with breastfeed in public and almost half of them thought the society would perceive breastfeeding in public negatively. Some 56.5% of the mothers who had previously had children and 37.2% of their relatives had breastfed in public before. The acceptance of breastfeeding in public increased "if the breast is covered" and "if a private space is provided". The mean total IIFAS score was 61.53 (6.19) in the mothers and 60.65 (6.69) in their relatives. Based on IIFAS, the mothers (92.0%) and their relatives (89.5%) were neutral to breastfeeding, but age, education, employment status, and opinions regarding breastfeeding in public affected the IIFAS scores. IIFAS score was significantly higher in women who had breastfed in public before.Although the women knew the importance of breastfeeding, they mostly did not breastfeed in public because of the cultural implications and the lack of private breastfeeding areas. Awareness-raising, availability of breastfeeding rooms, and education of supporting relatives can help the increase willingness of mothers to breastfeed even if it is in public.اتجاهات الأمهات بعد الولادة وقريباتهن المرافقات من مباشرة الرضاعة الطبيعية في الأماكن العامة وممارساتهن في هذا الصدد: دراسة في أحد المستشفيات الجامعية في تركيا.إلكاي جونجور ساتيلمز، بشرا يلمز، زهرة أكار.تواجه الأمهات عقبات اجتماعية وثقافية بشأن مباشرة الرضاعة الطبيعية في الأماكن العامة.هدفت هذه الدراسة الى تقييم إتجاهات النساء التركيات إزاء مباشرة الرضاعة الطبيعية في الأماكن العامة وممارساتهن في هذا الشأن.أُجريت هذه الدراسة الوصفية المقطعية في مستشفى جامعي، وضمت 200 من الأمهات حديثات الولادة و200 من قريباتهن المرافقات. وقد جُُمِعت البيانات باستخدام استبيان ومقياس توجُّهات تغذية الرُّضَّع.غالبًا ما رأت المشارِكات في البحث أنه لا ضير ولا خطأ في مباشرة الرضاعة الطبيعية في الأماكن العامة، ولكن رأى نصفُهن تقريبًا أن المجتمع سينظر إلى مباشرة الرضاعة الطبيعية في الأماكن العامة نظرةً سلبية. وتبيََّّن أن نحو 56.5٪ من الأمهات اللاتي سبق لهن الإنجاب و37.2٪ من قريباتهن قد أرضعن أطفالهن في الأماكن العامة من قبل. وزاد تقبُّل مباشرة الرضاعة الطبيعية في الأماكن العامة في حالة «تغطية الثدي» و«توفير مكان خاص للأمر». وكان متوسط إجمالي النتيجة على مقياس توجُّهات تغذية الرُّضَّع 61.53 (6.19) لدى الأمهات و60.65 (6.69) لدى قريباتهن. وحسب مقياس توجُّهات تغذية الرُّضَّع، فإن 92.0٪ من الأمهات و89.5٪ من قريباتهن لديهن موقف محايد من مباشرة الرضاعة الطبيعية، ولكن عوامل العمر والتعليم والوضع الوظيفي والآراء المتعلقة بمباشرة الرضاعة الطبيعية في الأماكن العامة أثَّرت جميعًا على النتائج في مقياس توجُّهات تغذية الرُّضَّع. كانت النتائج على مقياس توجُّهات تغذية الرُّضَّع أعلى كثيرًا لدى النساء اللاتي سبق لهن مباشرة الرضاعة الطبيعية في الأماكن العامة.إن النساء يعرفن أهمية الرضاعة الطبيعية، ومع ذلك فإنهن في الغالب لا يُرضعن أطفالهن في الأماكن العامة بسبب العوامل الثقافية، وغياب مناطق خاصة لمباشرة الرضاعة الطبيعية. لذا يمكن لزيادة الوعي، وتوفُّر غُرَف لمباشرة الرضاعة الطبيعية، وتثقيف الأقارب الداعمين، أن يساعد في زيادة استعداد الأمهات لمباشرة الرضاعة الطبيعية، وإن كان ذلك في الأماكن العامة.Attitudes et pratiques des mères en période postnatale et de leurs accompagnatrices de l'entourage proche vis-à-vis de l'allaitement en public dans un hôpital universitaire en Turquie.Les mères font face à des obstacles sociaux et culturels concernant l'allaitement en public.La présente étude a évalué les attitudes et les pratiques des femmes turques en matière d'allaitement en public.Cette étude transversale et descriptive a été menée dans un hôpital universitaire auprès de 200 nouvelles mères en période postnatale et de leurs 200 accompagnatrices de l'entourage proche. Les données ont été obtenues au moyen d'un questionnaire et de l'échelle d'attitude à l'égard de l'alimentation des nourrissons (IIFAS).La plupart des personnes interrogées pensaient qu'il n'y avait rien de mal à allaiter en public et près de la moitié d'entre elles étaient d'avis que la société perçoit négativement l'allaitement en public. Près de 56,5 % des mères qui avaient déjà eu des enfants et 37,2 % de leurs proches avaient déjà allaité en public. L'acceptation de l'allaitement en public était renforcée « si le sein est couvert » et « si un espace privé est prévu ». Le score total moyen de l'échelle d'attitude à l'égard de l'alimentation des nourrissons était de 61,53 (6,19) chez les mères et de 60,65 (6,69) chez leurs proches. Selon cette échelle, les mères (92,0 %) et leurs proches (89,5 %) étaient neutres vis-à-vis de l'allaitement, mais l'âge, le niveau d'éducation, le statut professionnel et les opinions concernant l'allaitement en public affectaient les scores IIFAS. Ces derniers étaient significativement plus élevés chez les femmes qui avaient déjà allaité en public.Même si les femmes connaissaient l'importance de l'allaitement, elles n'allaitaient généralement pas en public en raison des implications culturelles et du manque d'espaces privés pour l'allaitement. La sensibilisation, la disponibilité de salles d'allaitement et l'éducation des proches qui soutiennent les mères peuvent contribuer à accroître la volonté des mères d'allaiter, même dans un lieu public.

Objectives This study aimed to investigate the association between feeding practices and early childhood caries using representative Korean national survey data. Methods Data of 2772 children (aged 1-3 years) from the fourth to seventh Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys (2007-2018) were analysed. Data on decayed-filled teeth (dft) were obtained, and early childhood caries was determined as dft ≥1. Chi-squared test was performed to examine the experiencing of dental caries by participant characteristics, whilst analysis of variance was performed to compare the difference in dft values amongst the 3 groups (breast-feeding, mixed-feeding, and formula-feeding groups). Logistic regression analysis was performed to evaluate the association between feeding practice and early childhood caries. Results Comparison of the mean dft values amongst the 3 groups showed the highest value in the breast-feeding group. Multiple logistic regression analysis results showed that the likelihood of experiencing dental caries was significantly lower in the mixed-feeding group than in the breast-feeding group, whereas no significant difference was seen between the formula-feeding and breast-feeding groups. The likelihood of early childhood caries was higher in the group that introduced weaning food at ≥6 months than that at 4- to 6-month age, whilst the introduction of cow's milk and use of nutritional supplements had no significant association with the likelihood of early childhood caries. Conclusions Breast-feeding and delayed introduction of weaning food were associated with a higher likelihood of early childhood caries.

Purpose: to describe feeding characteristics of children with microcephaly, encompassing the feeding route, food consistencies, and utensils used to feed them. Methods: a descriptive study approved by the Research Ethics Committee, including 34 caregivers of children diagnosed with microcephaly. They answered a structured interview on the children’s feeding route, breastfeeding, utensils used to feed them, and the food consistencies, besides sociodemographic and overall development data. Descriptive statistical analyses were performed, presenting absolute and percentage frequencies and measures of central tendency and dispersion. Results: the 34 caregivers in the sample were responsible for 34 children born between 2015 and 2018, diagnosed with microcephaly, due to various causes. Of these, 33 (97.02%) were on oral feeding in their first year of life - 26 (76.44%) on breastfeeding, nine of which (26.46%) exclusively so until 6 months old. The children were served food in baby bottles, cups, spoons, and syringes. Pureed food was the consistency most accepted by the children. Conclusions: there was a low prevalence of exclusive breastfeeding until they were 6 months old, delayed progress of consistencies, use of utensils inadequate to their age, and necessary adaptations to feed children, orally. RESUMO Objetivo: descrever características relacionadas à alimentação de crianças com microcefalia, considerando via de alimentação, consistência e utensílios utilizados. Métodos: estudo descritivo, aprovado pelo Comitê de Ética em Pesquisa. Participaram 34 cuidadores de crianças com diagnóstico de microcefalia. Foi realizada entrevista estruturada com os cuidadores quanto à via de alimentação, amamentação, utensílios para oferta e consistência do alimento, além de aspectos sociodemográficos e de desenvolvimento global. Foi realizada análise estatística descritiva, apresentada por meio de frequências absoluta e percentual, e medidas de posição e dispersão. Resultados: os 34 cuidadores que compuseram a amostra eram responsáveis por 34 crianças nascidas entre os anos de 2015 e 2018 com diagnóstico de microcefalia de causas diversas. Dessas, 33 (97,02%) alimentaram-se por via oral durante o primeiro ano de vida, sendo que 26 (76,44%) foram amamentadas, nove delas (26,46%) de forma exclusiva até o sexto mês. Para oferta do alimento foram utilizados mamadeira, copo, colher e seringa. A consistência alimentar mais aceita pelas crianças foi a pastosa. Conclusões: observa-se baixa prevalência de aleitamento materno exclusivo até o sexto mês, atraso na progressão de consistências, uso de utensílios inadequados para a idade e necessidade de adaptações para as crianças que se mantiveram em alimentação por via oral.

IntroductionInfant and maternal breastfeeding benefits are well documented, globally. Despite efforts to increase global breastfeeding rates, the majority of high-income settings fall short of recommended targets. Breastfeeding rates in the UK are especially poor, and physiological difficulties (e.g., inverted nipples), fail to account for the observed breastfeeding intention-behaviour gap.MethodThe current online study sought to investigate the infant feeding experiences of 624 UK formula feeding mothers, through open text survey responses.ResultsA content analysis identified the following clusters of reasons for formula feeding: Feeding Attitudes, Feeding Problems, Mental Health, and Sharing the Load.DiscussionFeeding Attitudes explained a large percentage of reasons given for formula feeding. Recommendations are made to improve antenatal breastfeeding education and to develop an intervention with an aim to improve maternal breastfeeding attitudes and subsequent practice. Feeding Problems also explained a large portion of combination feeding and started but stopped infant feeding accounts. The current paper calls for more comprehensive and tailored antenatal breastfeeding education to refine practical breastfeeding skills necessary for successful breastfeeding establishment and maintenance. Mental Health explained relatively small coverage. Suggestions are therefore made to train mental health practitioners on infant feeding with an aim to provide more extensive support, which may serve to disrupt the bidirectional relationship between poor mental health and poor breastfeeding outcomes. Finally, Sharing the Load explained moderate coverage across never breastfed, combination fed, and started but stopped feeding groups. Recommendations are made, in light of these findings, to tighten workplace legislation to protect breastfeeding women.

The association between breast milk feeding and dental caries risk in children remains controversial. Moreover, it is unclear whether risk factors for caries differ between breast milk-fed and formula milk-fed infants.To investigate dental caries in 13- to 18-month-old infants receiving breast milk or formula milk feeding and associated risk factors.One hundred and sixty-six 13- to 18-month-old infants were recruited from a tertiary hospital in Bangkok, Thailand. Information on feeding practices, demographics, and potential risk factors was collected using a caregiver questionnaire. Carious lesions were identified by visual and tactile examination. The Chi-squared test, Mann-Whitney U test, and logistic regression model were used for statistical analysis.The prevalence of caries in breast milk- and formula milk-fed infants was 31.8% and 36.0%, respectively, with no statistically significant difference (p = .579). Among all children, having dental plaque deposition on more than one third of the crown (adjusted OR (aOR): 15.11%; 95% CI: 6.11-37.35) and sleeping while milk feeding (aOR: 2.20%; 95%CI: 1.01-4.77) were associated with dental caries. In subgroup analysis, however, sleeping while milk feeding increased caries risk in the formula milk-fed group only (aOR: 2.95%; 95%CI: 1.07-8.12).The type of milk feeding was not associated with dental caries, whereas dental plaque and sleeping while milk feeding increased the odds of having dental caries in this population.

Background The post-partum period is a vulnerable time for mothers in terms of eating disorder symptoms and is critical for the establishment of feeding patterns in infants. This study aimed to investigate the relationships between maternal eating disorder symptoms and objective indices of feeding regulation at 3 months, as well as perceived breastfeeding self-efficacy. Methods A sample of n = 73 full-term mother-child dyads (44% female) participated in the study. Mothers self-reported eating disorder symptoms and breastfeeding self-efficacy and objective indices of infant feeding regulation were obtained in the home. Results Findings revealed the existence of relationships between higher maternal eating disorder symptoms, and objective indices of infant feeding regulation with substantial gender differences in the patterns emerging. Among mother-daughter dyads, maternal weight and shape concerns were associated with higher infant transfer volume and rate during bottle feeding. In contrast, among mother-son dyads, higher maternal eating disorder symptoms, including weight, shape, and eating concern, were associated with lower infant transfer volume and rate as well as lower levels of proficiency while taking their bottle. Conclusion Relationships emerged between higher maternal eating disorder symptoms and feeding regulation with substantial gender differences in these patterns. Additional research clarifying the underlying mechanisms of these associations is warranted and further efforts should be directed towards supporting mothers during the postpartum period.

Background Lactation support resources are less likely to be located in close proximity to where Black families live and there is a systemic racist health care belief that Black women prefer bottle feeding (with infant formula) over breastfeeding. Together, these lead to lower reported breastfeeding rates of Black babies compared to other racial / ethnic groups. It is imperative to have a deeper understanding of the cultural aspects as well as the underlying limitations that prevent Black women / persons from being supported to breastfeed. There is a need to know how effective breastfeeding interventions are in reaching the intended population; how well they work in promoting breastfeeding initiation and continuation; and how successful they are when implemented at the setting and staff level. The purpose of this investigation was to establish the level of internal and external validity that was reported by breastfeeding intervention studies among Black communities. Methods Studies on breastfeeding interventions on Black people that were published between the years 1990 and 2019 were carefully examined through PubMed, EBSCOhost, Web of Science, and OneSearch. A total of 31 studies fulfilled the requirements to be included for this evaluation. In order to extract the information from the articles, the reach, effectiveness, adoption, implementation, and maintenance (RE-AIM) framework extraction tool was utilized. Results On average, the proportion of studies that reported across reach, effectiveness, adoption, implementation, and maintenance indicators was 54, 35, 19, 48, and 9%, respectively. Across core RE-AIM indicators only sample size (100%) and breastfeeding outcomes (90%) were reported consistently. External validity indicators related to representativeness of participants (16%) and sites (3%) were rarely reported. Similarly, adherence to intervention protocol, and indicator of internal validity, was reported in a small proportion of articles (19%). Conclusion This body of literature under-reported on aspects associated to both internal and external validity across all RE-AIM domains. The reporting of the individual level of representativeness; the setting level of representativeness; the intervention’s adherence to the protocol; the expenses; and the factors of sustainability would benefit from improvement in future research.

Dissertação de mestrado integrado em Psicologia, Apesar da associação entre o método de aleitamento e/ou a depressão da mãe e a qualidade da interação mãe-bebé já tenha sido abordada na literatura, foram apresentados dados inconsistentes quanto à qualidade da interação mãe-bebé durante a amamentação ou o aleitamento ao biberão em mães com ou sem depressão. Este estudo tem como principais objetivos analisar (1) as diferenças na interação mãe-bebé durante amamentação vs aleitamento ao biberão; (2) as diferenças na interação mãe-bebé entre mães deprimidas e não deprimidas; (3) o papel moderador da amamentação no efeito da depressão na qualidade da interação. Uma amostra de 55 grávidas primíparas, recrutadas no terceiro trimestre de gravidez foram gravadas na interação mãe-bebé durante o aleitamento, aos três meses pós-parto. Os resultados mostraram que (1) bebés aleitados ao biberão têm pior comportamento interativo do que bebés amamentados (2) mães deprimidas têm pior comportamento interativo do que mães não deprimidas. A amamentação revelou ainda ter um papel moderador no efeito da depressão materna na qualidade da interação mãe-bebé. Este estudo enfatiza a importância da amamentação exclusiva e de uma boa saúde mental materna, pré-natal e pós-parto, para um melhor comportamento interativo da mãe e do bebé e uma melhor interação mãe-bebé., Although the association between the feeding method and/or depression of the mother and the quality of mother-infant interaction has already been addressed in the literature, inconsistent data were presented regarding the quality of mother-infant interaction during breastfeeding or bottle feeding in mothers with or without depression. The main objectives of this study are to analyze (1) the differences in mother-infant interaction during breastfeeding versus bottle feeding; (2) differences in mother-infant interaction between depressed and non-depressed mothers; (3) the moderating role of breastfeeding in the effect of depression on the quality of mother-infant interaction. A sample of 55 primiparous pregnant women, recruited in the third trimester of pregnancy were recorded in the mother-infant interaction during feeding situation, at 3 months postpartum. The results showed that bottle-feed infants showed worse interactive behavior than exclusively breastfeed infants and that depressed mothers showed worse interactive behavior than non-depressed mothers. Breastfeeding also revealed to have a moderating role in the effect of maternal depression on the quality of mother-infant interaction. This study emphasizes the importance of exclusive breastfeeding and good maternal, prenatal and postpartum mental health for better mother-infant interactive behavior and mother-infant interaction. Key-words: bottle feeding; breastfeeding; postpartum depression; mother-infant interaction

In recent years, it has been shown that food contact materials can be a potential source of microplastics (MP). Recently, it was reported that more than 16 million polypropylene (PP) particles L-1 may be released from infant feeding bottles (IFBs) made of PP. In the present study seven different IFBs were investigated by the same method used in the aforementioned publication. In our tests, however, only one IFB showed a level of MP above the limit of detection. More importantly, the MP detected were not of the same material as the bottle and are more likely the result of contamination. In addition, there was a notable difference in released MP particles when the water simulant was filtered for µ-Raman spectroscopy at hot temperature (70°C) instead of filtering it after cooling down to room temperature. Thermal desorption gas chromatography mass spectrometry showed that these differences may be the result of migration and precipitation of additives such as fatty acid esters, often used as release agents in bottle production. These observations, that migrating additives could result in false positive errors for MP, indicate the need for critical consideration when polymers have been subjected to heat.

Background: Direct breastfeeding is the optimal method of nourishing preterm infants. Preconceived notions exist among health practitioners that establishment of direct breastfeeding lengthens hospitalization. Thus far, the aforementioned association remains unknown. Research Aim: The objective of this study was to assess the impact of direct breastfeeding establishment on length of hospital stay in preterm infants. Methods: A retrospective chart review on a sample of 101 mother-infant dyads was conducted in the neonatal intensive care unit at Kingston Health Sciences Center (KHSC) in Ontario, Canada. The sample consisted of three groups: (1) modified direct breastfeeding group, defined as infants receiving ≥50% direct breastfeeds during hospitalization, (2) partial breastfeeding group, defined as infants receiving

Objective: To describe the consequences of using artificial nipples to exclusive breastfeeding. Materials and method: An integrative review carried out in the Medline®, Cinahl, Lilacs, Web of Science, and Scopus databases to answer the following question: What are the consequences of using artificial nipples to exclusive breastfeeding? Results: 38 articles were analyzed; the analysis gave rise to two categories: neonatal factors and maternal factors influencing exclusive breastfeeding. Breastfeeding interruption was the neonatal factor most associated with the use of artificial nipples, while the level of maternal education stood out as an intervening factor in exclusive breastfeeding. Pacifiers were the dummy type more commonly mentioned, followed by feeding bottles and nipple shields. Conclusions: The consequences of offering artificial nipples to breastfed infants are mostly negative and associated with the newborn, such as early weaning, refusal to breastfeed, impaired suction technique, incorrect latch-on, interference with orofacial development, and interruption of exclusive breastfeeding. Mothers who offered artificial nipples to their infants are more likely to experience pain, nipple fissures, frustration, and reduced interaction with their infants. RESUMEN Objetivo: describir las consecuencias del uso de pezones artificiales para la lactancia exclusiva. Materiales y método: revisión integradora realizada en las bases de datos Medline®, Cinahl, Lilacs, Web of Science e Scopus para contestar a la siguiente cuestión: ¿cuál es la influencia que ejerce en la lactancia la oferta de pezones artificiales a los recién nacidos? Resultados: se analizaron 38 artículos; el análisis originó dos categorías: factores neonatales y factores maternos de influencia en la lactancia exclusiva. La interrupción de la lactancia materna fue el factor neonatal más asociado al uso de pezones artificiales, mientras el nivel de escolaridad materno se destacó como factor interviniente en la lactancia exclusiva. El chupo fue el pezón artificial más encontrado citado, seguido del biberón y del protector mamilar. Conclusiones: las consecuencias de la oferta de pezones artificiales a los bebés em la lactancia son, en su mayoría, negativas y relacionadas con el neonato, como el desmame temprano y el rechazo al seno, la succión perjudicada, el agarre inadecuado, la interferencia en el desarrollo orofacial y la interrupción de la lactancia materna exclusiva. Las madres que ofrecieron pezones artificiales a sus hijos están más propensas a sentir dolor, tener fisura mamilar, frustración y reducción de la interacción con su hijo. RESUMO Objetivo: descrever as consequências do uso de bicos artificiais para a amamentação exclusiva. Materiais e método: revisão integrativa realizada nas bases de dados Medline®, Cinahl, Lilacs, Web of Science e Scopus para responder à seguinte questão: qual a influência que a oferta de bicos artificiais aos recém-nascidos exerce na amamentação? Resultados: foram analisados 38 artigos; a análise deu origem a duas categorias: fatores neonatais e fatores maternos de influência na amamentação exclusiva. A interrupção do aleitamento materno foi o fator neonatal mais relacionado ao uso de bicos artificiais, enquanto o nível de escolaridade materno destacou-se como fator interveniente na amamentação exclusiva. A chupeta foi o bico artificial mais encontrado citado, seguido da mamadeira e do protetor mamilar. Conclusões: as consequências da oferta de bicos artificiais às crianças em amamentação são, em sua maioria, negativas e relacionadas ao neonato, como o desmame precoce, a recusa do peito, a sucção prejudicada, a pega incorreta, a interferência no desenvolvimento orofacial e a interrupção do aleitamento materno exclusivo. As mães que ofereceram bicos artificiais aos seus filhos estão mais propensas a ter dor, fissura mamilar, frustração e redução da interação com seu filho.

The objective was to describe infant feeding practices, nutrition and related health aspects of infants under six months among Syrian refugees in Greater Beirut, Lebanon. A cross-sectional study was conducted among Syrian refugee mothers with infants under six months in July–October 2018 (N = 114). Additionally, eleven focus group discussions were conducted to explore supportive factors and barriers associated with early breastfeeding practices. The prevalence of pre-lacteal feeding was high (62.5%), whereas early initiation of breastfeeding was low (31%), and exclusive breastfeeding very low (24.6%). One-fifth of the infants were anemic (20.5%) and 9.6% were wasted. A significantly higher proportion of non-exclusively breastfed infants had a fever and took medicines than those who were exclusively breastfed. Supporting factors of adequate infant feeding practices comprised knowledge on maternal nutrition and exclusive breastfeeding, along with receiving support from healthcare professionals and family members. Identified barriers included preterm delivery, pre-lacteal feeding, an at-risk waist circumference and moderate to severe depression among mothers, bottle feeding, early introduction of food, maternal health reasons, breastmilk substitutes’ distribution, and misinformation offered by mothers-in-law. To address sub-optimal feeding practices documented among Syrian refugees, awareness on proper breastfeeding practices, maternal nutrition, and psychosocial support should be provided to mothers and family members alike.

Background: Preterm infants have oral feeding difficulty that often delays discharge, indicating a need for evidence-based interventions for oral-motor development. Purpose: To test the Premature Infant Oral Motor Intervention (PIOMI) on the development of oral-motor function, feeding, and anthropometric outcomes using sucking manometry. Methods: A single-blind randomized experimental design was conducted with a sample of 60 preterm infants from 2 neonatal intensive care units between May 2019 and March 2020. The experimental group received PIOMI for 5 min/d for 14 consecutive days. Sucking capacity, anthropometrics (weight and head circumference), bottle feeding, breast/chest feeding initiation, and length of hospital stay were measured. The Yakut Sucking Manometer (PCT/TR2019/050678) was developed specifically for this study and tested for the first time. Results: The experimental group had a statistically significant percent increase over controls in sucking power (69%), continuous sucking before releasing the bottle (16%), sucking time (13%), and sucking amount (12%) with partial η2values of interaction between the groups of 0.692, 0.164, 0.136, and 0.121, respectively. The experimental group had a higher increase in weight (89%) and head circumference (81%) over controls (F = 485.130, P

Background/aim The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of the supplemental feeding tube device (SFTD) and bottle methods on weight gain, transition to full breastfeeding, breastfeeding success, and duration of discharge in preterm infants. Materials and methods This randomized controlled trial was conducted with a total of 46 preterm infants including 23 infants in study (SFTD) and control (bottle) groups. An information form, an infant follow-up form for feeding, and LATCH breastfeeding assessment instrument were used to collect the data. Results The gestation week of the infants in the study group was 31.22 ± 2.76, and in the control group it was 30.52 ± 2.47. The birth weight of the infants in the study group was 1586.3 ± 525.35 g and 1506.09 ± 454.77 g in the control group. The daily weight gain of the infants was 24.09 ± 15.21 g in the study group and 27.17 ± 17.63 g in the control group. The infants in the study group (4.70 ± 2.44 days) transitioned to full breastfeeding earlier than those in the control group (6.00 ± 4.10 days). LATCH 2nd measurement scores were significantly higher in both groups than LATCH 1st measurement scores (p < 0.01). Although it was not statistically significant (p > 0.05), the infants in the study group (10.22 ± 5.20 days) were discharged earlier than those in the control group (13.48 ± 8.78 days). Conclusion The SFTD and bottle methods were determined to be similar in terms of daily weight gain, transition to full breastfeeding, breastfeeding success, and duration of hospitalization.

Introduction: Many mothers have the goal to breastfeed. However, more than 50% will have breastfeeding difficulty by the 3rd day of life. Mothers who are unable to meet their breastfeeding goals are at higher risk for anxiety, depression, embarrassment, and guilt. Those who stop breastfeeding need support and help resolving these feelings. This case study aims to describe one woman’s difficulty with mental health surrounding breastfeeding, her decision to bottle feed, and her successful transition back to direct breastfeeding. Main Issue: Barriers to the participant’s success with breastfeeding were pre-existing history of depression/anxiety, forceps delivery, uncontrolled perineal pain, infant physical trauma, and nipple/flow confusion. The decision to discontinue direct breastfeeding and start bottle feeding came after 2 months of anxiety, frustration, and persistence. Management: The participant followed her healthcare team’s recommendations of triple feeding, lactation support groups, pediatric chiropractic adjustments, and prescribed galactagogues. After 2 months of exhaustion and deliberation, she made the difficult decision to stop breastfeeding for nutritional benefits and switched to breastfeeding only for her infant’s pleasure and comfort. Lowered expectations allowed the dyad to heal and her son to transition to nearly exclusive breastfeeding at 4 months of life. Conclusion: Clinicians must be aware of the delicate balance between promoting breastfeeding for its nutritional value and health benefits and supporting a struggling mother with mental health needs.

Purpose A successful transition from gavage to full oral feeding is a decisive indicator for discharging premature infants from the neonatal intensive care unit. A clinically useful measure of oral feeding readiness would help nurses initiate implementation of the cue-based feeding model in Taiwan. The study aimed to assess the validity and reliability of the Traditional Chinese Preterm Oral Feeding Readiness Assessment Scale (TC-POFRAS). Design and methods 81 preterm infants were enrolled and assessed by TC-POFRAS regarding their oral feeding readiness. This study included two phases. Phase 1 conducted a cross language validation procedure and item-level content validity indices (I-CVIs) for content validity were estimated. In phase 2, Cronbach's alpha for internal consistency at each category and total scale levels were estimated. A receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve was estimated to explore the scale's performance. The optimal cut-off value of TC-POFRAS was identified by the best Youden's Index [maximum (sensitivity + specificity − 1)]. Results All of the I-CVIs were 1.00. The whole Cronbach's alpha for internal consistency was 0.804 (95% CI = 0.736–0.862), and Cronbach's alpha values were between 0.538 (95% = 0.332–0.689) and 0.687 (95%CI = 0.572–0.781) for categories. The area under ROC was 92.2%, and an optimal cut-off value of TC-POFRAS was 29 (sensitivity: 0.938, specificity: 0.941). Conclusions The TC-POFRAS has been verified to be an effective and accurate instrument to determine the initiation of oral feeding in preterm infants. Practice implications The TC-POFRAS is an appropriate and complementary assessment instrument for professionals to conveniently use in clinical practice.

Feeding difficulties are common in infants hospitalized in the NICU and can be a challenge to manage. The purpose of this article is to explain how and why the flow rate from the bottle nipple affects physiologic stability in infants and to describe the current evidence available on the flow rates of nipples used in the hospital and after discharge. Study results have indicated that flow rate varies widely among different types of nipples. Within the same type of nipple, there can be significant variability in flow from one nipple to another. Other factors, such as type of infant formula and thickening, also affect flow. Altering the flow rate of the bottle nipple is a relatively simple intervention that may support safe oral feeding.

The aim of this scoping review is to identify the available evidence on the effects of breastfeeding and bottle feeding regarding the presence of dental caries and malocclusions in children with deciduous dentition.

Public Health England’s most recent breastfeeding rates for England (based on 140 of 144 local authorities) highlight that only 47.3% (95% CI 47.1-47.6%) of women were breastfeeding at 6-8 weeks (Public Health England, 2019). However, many women in the UK express the wish to breastfeed, and 73% do actually initiate breastfeeding feeding (A. Brown, 2016; NHS, 2017), and report they would have liked to breastfeed for longer (McAndrew F et al., 2012). Therefore, key questions remain as to what the barriers are to breastfeeding and most importantly, what can we do to mitigating these barriers? A large amount of literature regarding breastfeeding is devoted to the documentation and understanding the problems women suffer, particularly in the first few days and weeks after birth and during the first three months post-partum, while mothers are learning how to breastfeed. This literature reveals that breastfeeding is challenging for the vast majority of women, as studies report that breastfeeding problems are experienced by 80-90% of mothers (Bergmann et al., 2014; Binns & Scott, 2002; Lamontagne, Hamelin, & St-Pierre, 2008; Li, Fein, Chen, & Grummer-Strawn, 2008). While breastfeeding problems are frequently cited as reasons for stopping breastfeeding, many women experience problems with breastfeeding and yet continue with lactation. Collectively, this evidence suggests that problems are ‘normal’ when it comes to breastfeeding, and it is mothers who are ‘overwhelmed’ by breastfeeding problems are those at risk of early breastfeeding cessation (Binns & Scott, 2002). As perceived milk insufficiency is the most frequently reported reason for breastfeeding cessation, understanding factors which protect and promote a mother’s feelings of self-efficacy are important for informing more effective breastfeeding interventions going forward. Evidence suggests that maternal self-efficacy is positively influenced by her perception of social support from a diverse range of individuals in a mother’s social network, including fathers, grandmothers and friends (Ekström, Widström, & Nissen, 2003; Meedya et al., 2010; Wolfberg et al., 2004). In Western contexts, women with access to social support in the form of informational, emotional and practical support from family, friends and health professionals should be expected to be more able to overcome breastfeeding problems and continue breastfeeding. By expanding the evolutionary perspective beyond provisioning and childcare to include informational and emotional support and expanding the public health perspective beyond medicalised informational support, this paper seeks to explore the multidimensional nature of social support from a wide range of supporters and its impact on responses to breastfeeding problems.

Traballo Fin de Grao en Enfermaría. Curso 2021-2022 Introducción: el VIH es un retrovirus que se transmite a través de fluidos corporales y que ataca a distintas células, especialmente los linfocitos T-CD4, provocando un estado de inmunodeficiencia en la persona infectada que, a su vez, deriva en la aparición de numerosas enfermedades oportunistas. Este virus se puede transmitir de manera vertical, de madre a hijo, durante el embarazo, el parto o la lactancia. Objetivos: se han descrito como objetivos de este trabajo conocer el tratamiento antirretroviral indicado durante la gestación, el método más adecuado para la finalización del embarazo y la alimentación recomendada para el neonato con el fin de prevenir la transmisión vertical del VIH. Metodología: revisión bibliográfica de la evidencia científica disponible acerca de la prevención de la transmisión vertical del VIH. Resultados: La combinación de zidovudina, lamivudina y lopinavir/ritonavir es la más eficaz en la reducción de la carga viral, aunque la terapia combinada supone un mayor riesgo de efectos adversos. La cesárea programada reduce el riesgo de transmisión del VIH, pero conlleva más complicaciones que el parto vaginal. En países con una mortalidad infantil superior a 40/1000 niños nacidos, está contraindicada la lactancia artificial, ya que el riesgo de contagio de VIH a través de la leche materna es inferior al riesgo de muerte por patologías como neumonía o diarrea. Conclusiones: el tratamiento antirretroviral administrado a madre e hijo resulta eficaz en la prevención de la transmisión del VIH. El parto es el momento que supone mayor riesgo de contagio, pero, a pesar de ello, está indicado el parto vaginal en las mujeres con baja carga viral, ya que conlleva un menor riesgo de complicaciones postparto. La lactancia materna beneficia a madre e hijo, por lo que está aconsejada cuando no se pueda asegurar una correcta alimentación con leche de fórmula. Introdución: o VIH é un retrovirus que se transmite a través de fluidos corporais e que ataca a distintas células, especialmente aos linfocitos T-CD4, provocando un estado de inmunodeficiencia na persoa infectada que, á súa vez, deriva na aparición de numerosas enfermidades oportunistas. Este virus pode transmitirse de maneira vertical, de nai a fillo, durante o embarazo, o parto ou a lactación. Obxectivos: describíronse como obxectivos deste traballo coñecer o tratamento antirretroviral indicado durante a xestación, o método máis adecuado para a finalización do embarazo e a alimentación axeitada para o neonato co fin de prever a transmisión vertical do VIH. Metodoloxía: revisión bibliográfica da evidencia científica dispoñible acerca da prevención da transmisión vertical do VIH. Resultados: a combinación de zidovudina, lamivudina e lopinavir/ritonavir é a máis eficaz na redución da carga viral, aínda que a terapia combinada supón un maior risco de efectos adversos. A cesárea programada reduce o risco de transmisión do VIH, pero supón máis complicacións que o parto vaxinal. En países cunha mortalidade infantil superior a 40/1000 nenos nacidos, está contraindicada a lactación artificial, xa que o risco de contaxio a través do leite materno é inferior ao risco de morte por patoloxías como a neumonía ou a diarrea. Conclusións: o tratamento antirretroviral administrado a nai e fillo resultou eficaz na prevención da transmisión do VIH. O parto é o momento que supón maior risco de contaxio, pero, malia iso, está indicado o parto vaxinal nas mulleres cunha baixa carga vírica, xa que implica un menor risco de complicacións posparto. A lactación materna beneficia a nai e fillo, polo que está aconsellada cando non se poida asegurar unha correcta alimentación con leite de fórmula. Introduction: HIV is a retrovirus which is spread through bodily fluids and attacks different cells, particularly CD4 T cells. This virus causes a stage of immunodeficiency that results in the appearance of opportunistic diseases. HIV can be transmitted vertically, from mother to child, during pregnancy, delivery or breastfeeding. Objectives: the aims of this study are to know the recommended antiretroviral treatment during pregnancy, the most suitable mode of delivery and advice for newborn feeding in order to prevent vertical transmission of HIV. Methodology: bibliographic review of the scientific evidence available on prevention of vertical transmission of HIV. Results: zidovudine, lamivudine and lopinavir/ritonavir combination is the most effective in viral load reduction, although combination antiretroviral therapy increases the risk of adverse events. Elective caesarean reduces the risk of HIV vertical transmission, but it has more complications than vaginal delivery. In countries with infant mortality rates greater than 40/1000 live births, artificial feeding is contraindicated. That is because the risk of HIV infection through breast milk is lower than the risk of death from pathologies such as pneumonia and diarrhoea. Conclusions: antiretroviral therapy given to mother and child is very effective in prevention of vertical transmission of HIV. Delivery poses the highest risk of infection, however, vaginal delivery is indicated in women with low viral load because it has fewer complications than caesarean. Breastfeeding benefits both the baby and his mom, so it is recommended when bottle feed is not safe.

Background Inappropriate marketing of human milk substitutes negatively influences efforts to protect breastfeeding. Although healthcare professionals can positively influence infant feeding decisions, government regulations permit manufacturers to communicate messages to them through advertising. Research Aims (1) To identify the extent of human milk substitute advertising in publications aimed at United Kingdom healthcare professionals and (2) to describe compliance with the International Code of Marketing of Breast-Milk Substitutes and United Kingdom Formula and Follow-on Formula Regulations. Methods This was a cross-sectional observational study. We reviewed publications targeting healthcare professionals working with families in the United Kingdom ( N = 19). Quantity and type of human milk substitute advertisements, as a proportion of all advertising, in each publication were recorded. All unique advertisements were double assessed for compliance. Results Human milk substitute advertising was found in nine (47%) of the 19 publications (four affiliated with professional associations), making up 10.3% ( n = 196) of these publications’ total advertising. Of human milk substitute advertisements found, 65.4% ( n = 110) were for products used to manage cows’ milk protein allergy. Of the 32 unique human milk substitute advertisements found, none complied with the International Code of Marketing of Breast Milk Substitutes or United Kingdom Formula and Follow-on Formula Regulations. Conclusions Many healthcare professionals’ publications had non-compliant human milk substitute advertisements. There is an urgent need to ensure full compliance with international and local regulation in future advertisements and to consider whether advertisements are justified at all.

Newborn infants with respiratory difficulties frequently require nasal respiratory support such as nasal continuous positive airway pressure (nCPAP) or high-flow nasal cannulae (HFNC). Oral feeding of these infants under nasal respiratory support remains controversial out of fear of aspiration and cardiorespiratory events. The main objective of this study was to evaluate the safety of oral feeding under different types of nasal respiratory support in newborn lambs without or with tachypnea. Eight lambs aged 4-5 days were instrumented to record sucking, swallowing, respiration, ECG, oxygen saturation, and arterial blood gases. Each lamb was given two bottles of 30 mL of milk with a pause of 30 s under videofluoroscopy in four conditions [no respiratory support, nCPAP 6 cmH2O, HFNC 7 L/min, HFNCCPAP (= HFNC 7 L/min + CPAP 6 cmH2O)] administered in random order. The study was conducted in random order over 2 days, with or without standardized tachypnea induced by thoracic compression with a blood pressure cuff. Generalized linear mixed models were used to compare the four nasal respiratory supports in terms of safety (cardiorespiratory events and aspiration), sucking-swallowing-breathing coordination, and efficacy of oral feeding. Results reveal that no nasal respiratory support impaired the safety of oral feeding. Most of the few laryngeal penetrations we observed occurred with HFNCCPAP. Nasal CPAP modified sucking-swallowing-breathing coordination, whereas the efficiency of oral feeding decreased under HFNCCPAP. Results were similar with or without tachypnea. In conclusion, oral feeding under nasal respiratory support is generally safe in a term lamb, even with tachypnea.NEW & NOTEWORTHY The practice of orally feeding newborns suffering from respiratory problems while on nCPAP or HFNC remains controversial for fear of triggering cardiorespiratory events or aspiration pneumonia, or aggravating chronic lung disease. The present results show that bottle-feeding is generally safe in full-term lambs under nasal respiratory support, both without and with tachypnea.

Rationale: Most of the preterm infants are born between 32 and 36 weeks of gestation (moderate to late preterm infants [MLPIs]). This comes with significant short- and long-term risks. Breastfeeding reduces many of these risks, but breastfeeding rates in MLPIs are lower than those in full-term infants. We performed a systematic review of studies identifying factors associated with successful breastfeeding in MLPIs and interventions to improve breastfeeding. Methods: Systematic search performed using PubMed April 24, 2020. In total, 11 articles describing barriers to breastfeeding in MLPIs and 6 articles about interventions to improve breastfeeding were included. Interventions were categorized according to different outcomes: breastfeeding initiation, continuation for 5 days to 6 weeks, and continuation ≥3 months. Because of heterogeneity in study characteristics, no meta-analysis was performed. Results: Breastfeeding rates were lower in those with lower socioeconomic status and single-parent households. Providing parents with more information and direct health care support significantly improved breastfeeding initiation. Cup feeding instead of bottle feeding had inconsistent effects on breastfeeding initiation and continuation. Continuous skin-to-skin contact did not affect breastfeeding initiation or continuation. Discussion: Risk groups for lower breastfeeding rates of MLPIs include mothers with lower socioeconomic status and single mothers. Interventions that may improve breastfeeding include cup feeding and providing parents with more information and health care support. Key limitations of included studies are lack of adequate adjustment for confounders and lack of blinding. However, this is the first systematic review identifying both risk groups and interventions to improve breastfeeding in MLPIs.

Background and aim: Ankyloglossia is a congenital anomaly that can affect breastfeeding. The aim was to evaluate the prevalence of ankyloglossia in newborns and breastfeeding difficulties reported by mothers; assess possible factors that may interfere with breastfeeding. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted with 391 pairs of mothers/newborns at a university hospital. A pediatric dentist examined the oral cavity of the newborns for the occurrence of ankyloglossia. We analyzed medical records and the mothers answered a self-administered questionnaire to assess birth variables, breastfeeding difficulties, and sociodemographic factors. We calculated prevalence ratios (PRs) of breastfeeding difficulties according to the independent variables. Results: The mean age of the newborns was 2.5±2.9 days and 52% were male. The prevalence of ankyloglossia was 15% and 91.4% of mothers reported not having breastfeeding difficulties. Ankyloglossia was not associated with breastfeeding difficulties (PR: 0.5; 95% CI: 0.2–1.4). Mothers with a low income (PR: 0.5; 95% CI: 0.3–0.8), those who received instructions on breastfeeding (PR: 0.4; 95% CI: 0.2–0.9), and those who breastfed exclusively (PR: 0.3; 95% CI: 0.1–0.8) had fewer breastfeeding difficulties. Conclusion: Successful breastfeeding was more dependent on being born at full term, the family income, receiving guidance with regard to breastfeeding, and exclusive breastfeeding. Although ankyloglossia was not associated with breastfeeding, future prospective studies should evaluate the long-term factors that may interfere with breastfeeding. Relevance for patients: This study brings a new perspective on the importance of assessing ankyloglossia and breastfeeding difficulties, reinforces the benefits of exclusive breastfeeding and the need for breastfeeding instructions, as well as the need to evaluate breastfeeding before making a decision regarding frenectomy.

Background Difficulties related to eating are often reported in children born preterm. The objective of this study was to quantitatively synthesize available data on the prevalence of problematic feeding in children under 4 years of age who were born preterm. Methods Literature was identified from PubMed, CINAHL, and PsycInfo. The search was limited to English language and publication years 2000–2020. To be included in the meta-analysis, the article had to report the prevalence of problematic oral feeding within a population of children born prematurely ( Results There were 22 studies that met inclusion criteria. Overall prevalence of problematic feeding (N = 4381) was 42% (95% CI 33–51%). Prevalence was neither significantly different across categories of gestational age nor by child age at the time of study. Few studies used psychometrically-sound assessments of feeding. Conclusion Problematic feeding is highly prevalent in prematurely-born children in the first 4 years of life regardless of degree of prematurity. Healthcare providers of children born preterm should consider screening for problematic feeding throughout early childhood as a potential complication of preterm birth. Systematic review registration number Not applicable.

Aims/hypothesis: We aimed to evaluate the relationship between childhood growth measures and risk of developing islet autoimmunity (IA) and type 1 diabetes in children with an affected first-degree relative and increased HLA-conferred risk. We hypothesised that being overweight or obese during childhood is associated with a greater risk of IA and type 1 diabetes. Methods: Participants in a randomised infant feeding trial (N = 2149) were measured at 12 month intervals for weight and length/height and followed for IA (at least one positive out of insulin autoantibodies, islet antigen-2 autoantibody, GAD autoantibody and zinc transporter 8 autoantibody) and development of type 1 diabetes from birth to 10–14 years. In this secondary analysis, Cox proportional hazard regression models were adjusted for birthweight and length z score, sex, HLA risk, maternal type 1 diabetes, mode of delivery and breastfeeding duration, and stratified by residence region (Australia, Canada, Northern Europe, Southern Europe, Central Europe and the USA). Longitudinal exposures were studied both by time-varying Cox proportional hazard regression and by joint modelling. Multiple testing was considered using family-wise error rate at 0.05. Results: In the Trial to Reduce IDDM in the Genetically at Risk (TRIGR) population, 305 (14.2%) developed IA and 172 (8%) developed type 1 diabetes. The proportions of children overweight (including obese) and obese only were 28% and 9% at 10 years, respectively. Annual growth measures were not associated with IA, but being overweight at 2–10 years of life was associated with a twofold increase in the development of type 1 diabetes (HR 2.39; 95% CI 1.46, 3.92; p < 0.001 in time-varying Cox regression), and similarly with joint modelling. Conclusions/interpretation: In children at genetic risk of type 1 diabetes, being overweight at 2–10 years of age is associated with increased risk of progression from multiple IA to type 1 diabetes and with development of type 1 diabetes, but not with development of IA. Future studies should assess the impact of weight management strategies on these outcomes. Trial registration: ClinicalTrials.gov NCT00179777 Graphical abstract: [Figure not available: see fulltext.]

Objective: To examine feeding skills of infants with cleft palate with or without cleft lip (CP±L) using infant-driven feeding systems compared to healthy controls on standard bottles. Design: Cross-sectional cohort. Setting: Large pediatric academic medical center in the Midwestern United States. Participants: Infants with CP±L (n = 15) using the Dr. Brown’s Specialty Feeding System and typically developing infants without CP±L (n = 15) using the Dr. Brown’s Natural Flow Original or Options bottles. Main Outcome Measure(s): Bottle-feeding proficiency, duration, milk transfer, and signs of feeding difficulty. Results: Five-minute feeding proficiency differed significantly between groups with the control group taking 44% of the feed compared to 15% for the CP±L group on level 1 ( P < .001) and 21% on level 2 ( P < .001) nipples. Proportion of milk transfer was 96% ± 7% for controls and 75% ± 24% for the CP±L group ( P = .013). Feeding duration (minutes) differed between the control group (13 ± 3) and the CP±L groups on each nipple level (level 1: 29 ± 16; P = .003; level 2: 32 ± 11; P = .001). Milk transfer rate (mL/min) was 9 ± 3 for control infants compared to 3 ± 1 for infants with CP±L on level 1 ( P < .001) and 5 ± 1 on level 2 ( P = .007). Coughing occurred in 40% of infants with CP±L and 27% of controls. Conclusions: Even when using specialty bottles, infants with CP±L differ from noncleft infants in feeding proficiency, duration, and overall intake.

Objective To compare the flow rates of formula of various thicknesses through bottle nipples. Design Multiple crossover design. Setting Laboratory experiment. Participants No human subjects. Methods We used established methods to test the flow rates of UltraPreemie; Preemie; Newborn; and Levels 1, 2, 3, and 4 nipples with three thicknesses of formula: thin, slightly thick, and mildly thick. We used descriptive statistics to calculate mean flow rates (milliliters per minute) and standard deviation, from which we calculated the coefficient of variation. We used cluster analysis to identify nipple types and thicknesses with comparable flow rates. Results Flow rates ranged from less than 1 ml/min for the Preemie nipple with mildly thick formula to 82.29 ml/min for the Level 4 nipple with thin formula. As expected, within each nipple type, increased thickness of formula resulted in decreased flow. Increased thickness of formula also resulted in an increased variability in flow rate. For nearly all nipple types, mildly thick consistency resulted in the greatest amount of variability in flow. We identified seven clusters of nipple types and formula thicknesses with comparable flow rates. Conclusion These data provide clinicians with information to guide decision making about nipple choice when thickened feedings are needed. Thickening increases the variability in flow rates, which is an important consideration for infants who are still learning to safely and effectively feed by mouth.

Most comparative infant feeding research uses formula, not breastfeeding, as the control. This approach violates the rules of scientific research, misrepresents the findings, and blunts both professional and public response to the higher morbidity and mortality risks of formula feeding.

Background:all infants are expected to be exclusively breastfed during the first six months of their lives. According to The Gambia nutrition profile 2019, the prevalence of exclusive breastfeeding among infants under 6 months was only 48.6%. This figure is way above the western Africa average of 31.0% and lower than the national target of 70%. Higher exclusive breastfeeding (EBF) rate were observed in Ghana (52.0%) and Togo (58.0%) and the lowest are Nigeria and Ivory Coast Objectives:The aim of this study was to assess the determinants factors of exclusive breast feeding among women of child bearing age in The Gambia through the analysis of GDHS 2019-20. Methods: This study used a cross-sectional study design using the data from the 2019-20 Gambian Demographic and Health Survey (GDHS). The population of the study was women of child bearing age in the Gambia during the study and the sample of the study was infants under 6 months at the same time which was 1,372 children of singleton live births. The study used a backward logistic regression for the analysis. Results: The age of the child, antenatal care visits behaviours, pre-lacteal feeding and bottle feeding were the determinant factors of exclusive breastfeeding practices among women of child bearing age in The Gambia. Mothers who had regular antenatal care visits were more likely to practice exclusive breast feeding, compared to those that did not have regular antenatal care visits. Infants who had pre-lacteal feeding were 2.19 times more likely to exclusively breastfeed their children during the first six months of life. Furthermore, mothers who’ve never practiced bottle-feeding before were 15.05 times more likely to practice exclusive breast feeding compared to those who’ve previously practiced bottle feeding.

Background: Breastfeeding is one of the most important factors ensuring the healthy growth and development of babies. Preterm babies, babies with metabolic, neurological, or developmental delays, babies separated from their mothers for any reason, and adopted babies need alternative feeding methods. This study was carried out to investigate the effect of the finger feeding (FF) method on relactation. Method: In this retrospective study, infants who were admitted to the Istanbul Medipol University breastfeeding counseling clinic between January 2020 and June 2021 and were recommended to be fed with finger feeding were evaluated. Gender, gestation, mode of delivery, birth weight, age, cause for admission, feeding type, breastfeeding starting time, finger feeding time, and breastfeeding duration of the cases were recorded from the counseling forms. Results: Of 41 babies, 29.3% were girls and 70.7% were boys, and 82.9% were term. Seventeen (41.5%) were horn with spontaneous vaginal delivery and 24 (58.5%) with a cesarean section. The most common reason for admission was found to be the inability to latch. While 30 (73.2%) of the babies fed with finger feeding were able to suck, nine babies continued to be fed with a bottle, one baby with a spoon, and one baby with a supplemental nursing system (SNS). The breastfeeding starting time was 23.1 +/- 27.5 (1-100) days. Conclusion: The finger feeding method is an effective alternative feeding method for successful breastfeeding. There is a need for studies to be conducted with more babies, both preterm and term, in this regard.

This study was conducted to investigate the effects of feeding methods of bottle and injector on the transition to full breastfeeding and sucking success in preterm newborns.This study was a randomized controlled type experimental study. The study sample included 62 preterm newborns, resulting from the strength analysis, who were treated in the neonatal intensive care unit of a university hospital (31 bottle-feeding group, 31 injector feeding group). Data were collected using the Descriptive Information Form, Preterm Infant Follow-up Form and LATCH Breastfeeding Diagnostic Scale. The infants in the syringe and the bottle-feeding group were fed, and the sucking successes and transition times to breastfeeding were evaluated during the first breastfeeding, after 48 h and before discharge.When sucking successes and transition times to breastfeeding were evaluated, LATCH scores of the mothers in the syringe feeding group were significantly higher than the mothers in the bottle-feeding group, and infants switched to full breastfeeding in a shorter time (p0.05). When the physical parameter results were evaluated, the mean heart rate of the babies in the bottlefed group was significantly higher than the injector-fed group (p0.05).It has been seen that injecting feeding method has a positive effect on the success of the newborn, the time of transition to full breastfeeding and life signs according to the bottle-feeding method. The findings obtained in this study suggest that to increase the success of sucking, shortening the transition time to full breastfeeding and using the injector feding method to maintain stabile physical parameters.The findings obtained in this study suggest that to increase the success of sucking, shortening the transition time to full breastfeeding and using the injector feding method to maintain stabile physical parameters.

Suboptimal infant young child feeding practices are frequently reported globally, including in Indonesia. This analysis examined the impact of a package of behaviour change interventions on breastfeeding practices in Malang and Sidoarjo Districts, East Java Province, Indonesia. The BADUTA study (which in the Indonesian Language is an acronym for BAwah DUa TAhun, or children aged less than 2 years) was an impact evaluation using a cluster-randomized controlled trial with two parallel treatment arms. We conducted household surveys in 12 subdistricts from Malang and Sidoarjo. We collected information from 5175 mothers of children aged 0-23 months: 2435 mothers at baseline (February 2015) and 2740 mothers at endline (January to February 2017). This analysis used two indicators for fever and diarrhoea and seven breastfeeding indicators (early initiation of breastfeeding, prelacteal feeding, exclusive breastfeeding under 6 months, predominant breastfeeding, continued breastfeeding, age-appropriate breastfeeding and bottle-feeding). We used multilevel logistic regression analysis to assess the effect of the intervention. After 2 years of implementation of interventions, we observed an increased odds of exclusive breastfeeding under 6 months (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] = 1.85; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.35-2.53) and age-appropriate breastfeeding (aOR = 1.39; 95% CI: 1.07-1.79) in the intervention group than in the comparison group, at the endline survey. We found significantly lower odds for prelacteal feeding (aOR = 0.52; 95% CI: 0.41-0.65) in the intervention than in the comparison group. Our findings confirmed the benefits of integrated, multilayer behaviour change interventions to promote breastfeeding practices. Further research is required to develop effective interventions to reduce bottle use and improve other breastfeeding indicators that did not change with the BADUTA intervention.

Objective:To evaluate the association between Fe deficiency anaemia (IDA) and complementary feeding in children under 2 years old assisted by the Conditional Cash Transfer programme, Bolsa Família (BFP).Design:Cross-sectional study. Data were obtained through a standardised form, questionnaire to assess the eating habits of children under 2 years of age, capillary Hb (HemoCue®) and the Brazilian Household Food Insecurity Measurement Scale. Associations were calculated using hierarchical Poisson regression, adjusted at the last level by socio-economic, demographic and environmental variables from previous hierarchical levels.Setting:Six municipalities from the State of Alagoas, Brazil.Participants:Children aged 6–24 months assisted by BFP.Results:A total of 1604 children were evaluated, among whom 58·1 % had anaemia. A higher number of food groups consumed (prevalence ratio (PR) = 0·97; 95 % CI 0·95, 0·99; P = 0·009), the consumption of dairy (PR = 0·86; 95 % CI 0·79, 0·84; P = 0·001) and meat (PR = 0·90; 95 % CI 0·83, 0·99; P = 0·030) in addition to bottle feeding (PR = 0·88; 95 % CI 0·82, 0·96; P = 0·004) were associated with a lower prevalence of IDA.Conclusions:IDA is still a serious public health problem in children under 2 years old assisted by BFP in Alagoas. We highlight the importance of promoting complementary feeding based on a diversified dietary intake, as well strengthening prophylactic supplementation programmes to increase children’s adherence in conjunction with the implementation of food and nutrition education to help reduce the prevalence of this condition.

Background: Dental caries can develop early in life and have harmful consequences. Objective: To examine non-dental practitioners' knowledge of early childhood caries (ECC). Methods: A questionnaire on oral health and caries knowledge was emailed to five types of health professional who work with young children: paediatricians, GPs, midwives, paediatric nurses and paediatric healthcare assistants. Questions concerned: when a child should first visit a dentist; at what age toothbrushing should start; aetiopathogenic factors; early diagnosis; and the effect of breastfeeding. Results: 494 health professionals (79 paediatricians, 59 physicians, 217 midwives, 92 paediatric nurses and 47 paediatric healthcare assistants) participated. Although most (89.86%) discussed oral health with parents, responses on when a child should first see a dentist and when toothbrushing should start varied. Almost half of respondents said they could diagnose caries but not all were confident in this. Aetiological factors in ECC mentioned included oral hygiene, bottle feeding, sugar intake, genetics and a lack of fluoride. Conclusion: Non-dental practitioners lack knowledge about ECC, so cannot help prevent it. Initiatives including interprofessional training would improve their knowledge of oral health in early childhood.

Objective: The aim of this study was to compare mothers' attitudes toward infant feeding and infant eating behavior in different countries, and their associations with infant feeding at 3 and 6 mon...

Aim The aims of this systematic review were to first identify and summarise original research that compared symptoms of problematic feeding in infants with tongue tie before and after frenotomy and then evaluate the quality of measures used to assess problematic feeding. Methods CINAHL and PubMed were searched for ((tongue-tie) or (ankyloglossia)) and ((feeding) or (breastfeeding) or (bottle-feeding)) and ((frenotomy) or (frenectomy) or (frenulectomy) or (frenulotomy)). Original research reporting on feeding before and after frenotomy in infants under 1 year old was included. Results Maternal nipple pain, breastfeeding self-efficacy and LATCH scores improved after frenotomy. Few data are available on the effect of frenotomy on infant feeding. The measures used to assess infant feeding were not comprehensive and did not possess strong psychometric properties. Conclusion Literature suggests that maternal nipple pain, self-efficacy and LATCH scores improve in breastfeeding mother-infant dyads after frenotomy. However, current literature does not provide adequate data regarding the effect of frenotomy on the infant's ability to feed or which infants benefit from the procedure. Future research should utilise comprehensive, psychometrically sound measures to assess infants for tongue tie and to evaluate infant feeding to provide stronger evidence for the effect of frenotomy on feeding in infants with tongue tie.

Introduction:Breast milk is not only the ideal nourishment for babies, but is also unique in terms of its health benefits for mothers and economic benefits for the society. The World Health Organization and United Nations Children’s Fund support exclusive breastfeeding for the first 6 months of post-natal life.Methods:A total of 355 mothers who all delivered in our hospital were included in this study. A questionnaire was created to include questions regarding the mothers’ opinions about breast milk and their reasons for continuing or discontinuing exclusive breastfeeding. We collected other data separately, including the socio-cultural and socio-economic characteristics of the mothers, fathers and babies. Using the data collected, the mothers were grouped and compared according to their breastfeeding behaviour. Fathers were also grouped according to their paternal characteristics and their potential impact on the mothers’ breastfeeding behaviour was investigated.Results:In this study, 49% of the mothers expressed the belief that breast milk is healthy and protects babies from diseases. Of the mothers who discontinued exclusive breastfeeding, 44.3% did so because they thought their milk was insufficient for their babies. In addition, 56.5% of mothers continued exclusive breastfeeding at post-natal month 4 and 35.2% at month 6. A higher percentage of mothers with a high level of education continued exclusive breastfeeding (p=0.011). There was no statistically significant difference between the different age groups in terms of breastfeeding behaviour. Mothers with healthy medical histories were found to have continued exclusive breastfeeding for longer periods than the others (p=0.037). Mothers who had help at home also continued exclusive breastfeeding for longer periods (p=0.031). Mothers using pacifiers were found to have a higher exclusive breastfeeding discontinuation rate than the others (p=0.007).Conclusion:The leading reasons for discontinuing breastfeeding are incorrect and inadequate information about breastfeeding. Therefore, it is imperative that mothers are supported with appropriate and consistent education, both before and after birth, regarding the benefits of continued breastfeeding.

BackgroundNeonatal diet has a large influence on child health and might modulate changes in fecal microbiota and metabolites.ObjectivesThe aim is to investigate fecal microbiota and metabolites at different ages in infants who were breastfed (BF), received dairy-based milk formula (MF), or received soy-based formula (SF).MethodsFecal samples were collected at 3 (n=16, 12, and 14, respectively), 6 (n=20, 19, and 15, respectively), 9 (n=12, 11, and 12, respectively), and 12 mo (n=14, 14, and 15, respectively) for BF, MF, and SF infants. Infants that breastfed until 9 mo and switched to formula were considered as no longer breastfeeding at 12 mo. Microbiota data were obtained using 16S ribosomal RNA sequencing. Untargeted metabolomics was conducted using a Q-Exactive Hybrid Quadrupole-Orbitrap mass spectrometer. The data were analyzed using R (version 3.6.0) within the RStudio (version 1.1.463) platform.ResultsAt 3, 6, and 9 mo of age BF infants had the lowest α-diversity, SF infants had the highest diversity, and MF was intermediate. Bifidobacterium was 2.6- to 5-fold lower in SF relative to BF infants through 1 y of life. An unidentified genus from Ruminococcaceae higher in the SF (2%) than in the MF (0.4%) and BF (0.08%) infants at 3 mo of age was observed. In BF infants higher levels of butyric acid, d-sphingosine, kynurenic acid, indole-3-lactic acid, indole-3-acetic acid, and betaine were observed than in MF and SF infants. At 3 mo Ruminococcaceae was positively correlated to azelaic, gentisic, isocitric, sebacic, and syringic acids. At 6 mo Oscillospira was negatively correlated with 3-hydroxybutyric-acid, hydroxy-hydrocinnamic acid, and betaine whereas Bifidobacterium was negatively associated with 5-hydroxytryptamine. At 12 mo of age, Lachnospiraceae was negatively associated with hydroxyphenyllactic acid.ConclusionsInfant diet has a large impact on the fecal microbiome and metabolome in the first year of life.This study was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT00616395.

BACKGROUND Enteral feeding induces mesenteric hemodynamic changes in preterm infants, which may vary according to the milk used. Our aim in this study was to evaluate changes of splanchnic regional oxygenation (rSO2S) measured by near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) in infants fed with mother's own milk (MOM), fortified human milk (FHM), or preterm formula (PTF). METHODS Infants born at 25-31 weeks of gestational age (n = 54) received a bolus of MOM, FHM, or PTF. rSO2S and splanchnic fractional oxygen extraction ratio (FOES) were recorded 60 min before (T0), and 30 min (T1) and 120 min (T2) after the beginning of bolus feeding. RESULTS In the MOM group, rSO2S and FOES did not change during the study period. In the FBM group, rSO2S decreased from T0 to T1 and increased from T1 to T2, while FOES changed in reverse. In the PTF group, rSO2S decreased from T0 to T1 and from T1 to T2, while FOES changed in reverse. CONCLUSIONS Splanchnic oxygenation was not affected by MOM feeding, was transiently decreased by FBM feeding, and was persistently decreased by PTF. These results suggest that preterm infants who received PTF has higher splanchnic tissue oxygen extraction compared to those who received MOM or FBM. IMPACT Human milk feeding is associated to a lower splanchnic energy expenditure than preterm formula feeding. Fortified human milk transiently increases splanchnic energy expenditure. Preterm formula should be used only in the absence of human milk.

Background: Oral feeding is one of the most complex maturational skills of infancy. Difficulties with feeding require specialized attention, and if not well managed, may prolong the newborn's hospital length of stay. This is particularly true for prenatally opioid exposed (POE) infants. A paucity of literature exists characterizing feeding behaviors of POE infants, yet feeding problems are common. Purpose: The purpose of this integrative review was to synthesize and critically analyze the evidence that characterizes feeding behaviors in full-term, POE infants. Methods/Search Strategy: The electronic databases of CINAHL, PubMed, Scopus, and PsycINFO were used. Inclusion criteria were studies in English, conducted from 1970 to 2019, with participant samples consisting of infants with prenatal opioid exposure, born full-term, and between 38 and 40 weeks of gestation. Based on the inclusion criteria, our search yielded 557 articles. After further screening, only 4 studies met our full inclusion/exclusion criteria. These studies were analyzed for evidence of infant feeding behaviors, including characterization of problematic feeding behavior for POE infants. Findings/Results: Our findings revealed inconsistencies in characterization of feeding behaviors among POE infants. A synthesis of the most common evidence-based behaviors was constructed. Infant feeding behaviors were identified and grouped into 2 major behavior domains: (1) typical feeding behavior and (2) problematic feeding behavior. Implications for Practice and Research: Feeding behaviors related to sucking and behavioral states may be different in POE infants. Further examination of effective assessment methods and the categorization of infant feeding behaviors are warranted for use in the development of evidence-based, targeted intervention.

Purpose: This study aimed to identify factors-both infant-related and maternal-associated with pressure to eat as a feeding practice among mothers with infants. Methods: This study used a cross-sectional design and included 163 mothers of infants aged 2~12 months. Of the 180 self-reported questionnaires that were distributed, 163 (91%) were included in the data analysis. Multiple regression analysis was used to identify the factors associated with pressure to eat as a feeding practice among the mothers.Results: Infant’s temperament (β=-.17, p=.035), mother’s body mass index (β=-.16, p=.048), and concern about the infant being underweight (β=.30, p=.001) were associated with pressure to eat as a feeding practice among mothers. The explanatory power of these variables in the predictive model was 19.2%. Conclusion: Educational programs should be developed for improving mother’s awareness of cues from infants with difficult temperament. In addition, educational interventions regarding the correct evaluation of infant’s weight are needed to relieve mother’s concern about their infant’s being underweight. These interventions might be helpful to reduce the prevalence of pressure to eat as a feeding practice among mothers with infants.

Breast-feeding initiation and continuation rates in the UK and Ireland are low relative to many European countries. As a core outcome of the prospective Cork Nutrition and Development Maternal-Infant Cohort (COMBINE) study (Cork, Ireland), we aimed to describe infant milk feeding practices in detail and examine the prevalence and impact of combination feeding of breast milk and infant formula on breast-feeding duration. COMBINE recruited 456 nulliparous mothers (2015–2017) for maternal–infant follow-up via interview at hospital discharge (median 3 (interquartile range (IQR) 2, 4) d (n 453)), 1 (n 418), 2 (n 392), 4 (n 366), 6 (n 362) and 9 (n 345) months of age. Median maternal age was 32 (IQR 29, 34) years, 97 % of mothers were of white ethnicity, 79 % were Irish-born and 75 % were college-educated. Overall, 75 % breastfed to any extent at discharge and 44 % breastfed solely. At 1, 2, 4, 6 and 9 months, respectively, 40, 36, 33, 24 and 19 % breastfed solely. Combination feeding of breast milk and infant formula was common at discharge (31 %) and 1 month (20 %). Reasons for combination feeding at 1 month included perceived/actual hunger (30 %), healthcare professional advice (31 %) and breast-feeding difficulties (13 %). Of mothers who breastfed to any extent at discharge, 45 % stopped within 4 months. Mothers who combination fed were more likely to cease breast-feeding than those who breastfed solely (relative risk 2·3 by 1 month and 12·0 by 2 months). These granular data provide valuable insight to early milk feeding practices and indicate that supporting early breast-feeding without formula use may be key to the successful continuation of breast-feeding.

This study aimed to identify factors-both infant-related and maternal-associated with pressure to eat as a feeding practice among mothers with infants.This study used a cross-sectional design and included 163 mothers of infants aged 2~12 months. Of the 180 self-reported questionnaires that were distributed, 163 (91%) were included in the data analysis. Multiple regression analysis was used to identify the factors associated with pressure to eat as a feeding practice among the mothers.Infant's temperament (β=-.17,Educational programs should be developed for improving mother's awareness of cues from infants with difficult temperament. In addition, educational interventions regarding the correct evaluation of infant's weight are needed to relieve mother's concern about their infant's being underweight. These interventions might be helpful to reduce the prevalence of pressure to eat as a feeding practice among mothers with infants.

Purpose The present study aimed to highlight the feeding challenges of infants with cleft lip and/or palate (CLP) that caregivers encounter and analyze the alternative interventions they perform based on their experiences in the preoperative period. Design and methods Parents of 200 infants with CLP were asked to complete our questionnaire. The prenatal feeding preparations, preoperative processes, and feeding challenges and modifications to overcome these difficulties were evaluated. Results One-third of the caregivers stated that they had received feeding education prenatally. Sixty-five percent of the parents stated that they were not successful in breastfeeding. Infants with isolated cleft lip had minor feeding difficulties, whereas the ones with cleft palate had some major challenges such as aspiration, choking, and inadequate growth. Parents also reported that 59.5% of the infants with cleft had stayed in the intensive care units following birth. Moreover, 42% of the infants were initially fed by nasogastric or orogastric tube. Out of the 166 infants with cleft palate, 31.9% used palatal obturators. Conclusions We have reviewed the various feeding difficulties of the infants with clefts and highlighted the results of the interventions performed to overcome these difficulties for better nutrition and growth. Practice implications In the light of our findings, further studies should be conducted and additional educational programs should be implemented for both healthcare providers and parents to increase families' awareness regarding cleft feeding, prevent unnecessary and improper feeding interventions in infants with clefts, and alleviate the burden of feeding difficulties for both parents and infants.

Background The Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants and Children (WIC) changed the food packages provided to its participants in 2009, to better align them with the Dietary Guidelines for Americans. Previous research found that the 2009 WIC food package change was associated with reduced obesity risk, particularly among breastfed infants but also among those who were never breastfed. The objective of this study was to determine if the new child food package introduced in 2009, including more produce and whole grains for 1–4-year old children, was associated with healthier growth trajectories and reduced obesity risk at age 4 years among children who were exclusively formula fed during infancy. Methods Administrative data on WIC-participating children in Los Angeles County, 2003–2016, were used (N = 74,871), including repeated measures of weight and length (or height); child’s age, gender, and race/ethnicity; maternal education and language; and family poverty. Gender-stratified spline mixed models were used to examine weight-for-height z-score (WHZ) growth trajectories from 0 to 4 years and Poisson regression models were used to assess obesity (BMI-for-age > 95th percentile) at age 4. The main independent variable was duration of receipt (dose) of the new child package, categorized as 0, > 0 to Results WHZ growth trajectories were similar for children across new child package dose groups. Boys and girls who were fully formula fed during infancy but received the new child food package for 4 years had a 7% (RR = 0.93; 95%CI = 0.89–0.98) and a 6% (RR = 0.94; 95%CI = 0.89–0.99) lower obesity risk, respectively, compared to children who received the new child food package for 0 years. There were no differences in obesity risk for children receiving child package vs. 0 years. Conclusions Providing healthy foods during childhood to children who were exclusively formula fed as infants was associated with modest improvements in obesity outcomes. While breastfeeding promotion should still be prioritized among WIC participants, providing healthy foods during childhood may provide health benefits to formula fed children, who comprise a sizeable proportion of children served by WIC.

Objective To identify differences in feeding skill performance among preterm infants at term equivalent age compared with full-term infants. Study design Ninety-two infants (44 preterm infants born ≤32 weeks gestation at term equivalent age and 48 full-term infants within 4 days of birth) had a standardized oral feeding assessment. Result Preterm infants at term equivalent age had lower Neonatal Eating Outcome Assessment scores (67.8 ± 13.6 compared with 82.2 ± 8.1; p

Background: Breastfeeding has become the recognized standard for good parenting, with social costs for not breastfeeding, but not every mother wants to or is able to breastfeed. Objectives: This study investigated social and personal costs with no breastfeeding. Materials and Methods: An in-depth survey was conducted with 250 mothers with infants who were not breastfeeding. Situated in the Framework Integrating Normative Influences on Stigma model for stigma, the study analyzed internalized stigma and perception of stigma from others, maternal feelings of warmth for the infant, and hiding formula use. Results: Mothers who chose not to breastfeed reported little personal or public stigma. In comparison, mothers who were unable to breastfeed experienced relatively more internalized stigma and perceived that other people saw them as failures. Mothers who experienced more internalized and perceived social network stigma were likely to hide use of infant formula from others and had lower feelings of warmth for their infants. Knowledge about formula use and availability of support resulted in less stigma and more warmth for the infant. Conclusions: These results suggest that public responses causing a mother to feel guilty for using infant formula result in negative feelings of self-worth and dysfunctional maternal behaviors.

Objective: To establish the prevalence of Probable Sleep Bruxism (PSB) and its association with gender, breast or bottle-feeding, posterior and anterior crossbite, oral habits and oral breathing. Study Design: Consists of a cross-sectional study in which 151 children were submitted to a clinical oral examination for the evaluation of tooth wear, muscle discomfort and the presence of anterior and/or posterior crossbite. Parents/caregivers were asked about the frequency of teeth grinding during the child's sleep and the occurrence of harmful oral habits, as well as the type of childbirth and breastfeeding. Data were statistically analyzed through Chi-square or Fisher's exact tests at a 5% level of significance to determine an association among variables. Results: The prevalence of PSB was of 27.8% among the examined children. Among the analyzed variables, only oral breathing was statistically associated to PSB (p < 0.001), and it was verified that children with oral breathing are 2.71 times more likely to present sleep bruxism. Conclusions: The prevalence of PSB in schoolchildren was high and the disorder was associated with oral breathing. Thus, pediatric dentists have an important role in the diagnosis of sleep bruxism and in monitoring breathing-related disorders.

Objective Breastfeeding is integral for the healthy development of infants during the first year of life. The objective of this study was to investigate the feeding practices and their effect on dental health among Saudi children in rural Jazan, the southern region of Saudi Arabia. Materials and methods A cross-sectional study was conducted among 330 participants from two villages namely Baish and Abu-Areesh of Jazan Province, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Mothers whose children were above 2 years of age agreed for a face-to-face interview to discuss about feeding practices followed for their children. Later, these children underwent a complete dental examination. Results In this study, it was found that a majority of mothers, 203 (61.15%) of them breastfed their children for less than a year, 105 (31.8%) of them breastfed for 2 to 4 years, and the remaining 22 (6.6%) of them breastfed for more than 4 years. Two hundred and forty-nine (75.15%) moms reported that they added sugar to milk while feeding and 259 (78.4%) mothers reported using sugar with pacifiers. Increased incidence of caries was seen with a statistically significant difference in children who were fed during sleep (p = 0.038), when the infant's teeth were not brushed after feeding (p = 0.004), and when sugar was added while feeding (p = 0.001). Conclusion Prevalence of dental caries was high in children who were fed during sleep and also in those kids using pacifiers containing sugar. Oral hygiene practices were also inadequate and positively associated with dental caries. These findings are suggestive of developing general and oral health interventions for children and also educating mothers on appropriate feeding practices. How to cite this article Dahas ZAH, Khormi HAJ, Vishwanathaiah S, et al. Correlation of Feeding Practices and Dental Caries among Preschool Children of Jazan, KSA: A Cross-sectional Study. Int J Clin Pediatr Dent 2020;13(4):327–331.