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This study aim to investigate ego-depletion as a multifactorial phenomenon through two pre-registered study. This pre-registration is about the first study.

This component contains the materials, data , and statistical processing script for Cheval, Boisgontier, Bacelar, Feiss, & Miller (submitted)

Présentation du 19 février 2021 aux Master Kinesiology de l'Université de Montréal, Canada

Webinar in French presenting Open Science to the Association des Chercheurs en Activité Physiques et Sportives (ACAPS)

Stage 1 IPA at Cortex

This project involves an experiment using a go/no-go paradigm with three conditions: avoid low energetic cost stimuli, avoid high energetic cost stimuli, and avoid stimuli unrelated to energetic cost. Electroencephalography is recorded throughout the paradigm to assess brain activity reflective of cognitive control.

The main objective of this study is to test the effect of aging during adulthood on the automatic tendency to engage in physical activity behavior and to avoid sedentary behavior. Potential mediators of these associations are also tested.

Supplemental material, sj-docx-1-pss-10.1177_09567976211036061 for Early-Life Socioeconomic Circumstances and Physical Activity in Older Age: Women Pay the Price by A��na Chalabaev, Stefan Sieber, David Sander, St��phane Cullati, Silvio Maltagliati, Philippe Sarrazin, Matthieu P. Boisgontier and Boris Cheval in Psychological Science

The theory of effort minimization in physical activity (TEMPA) argues that individuals have an automatic attraction toward effort minimization. To engage in a physically active behavior, this automatic attraction needs to be overridden by controlled processes. However, direct evidence showing that inhibitory control is required to avoid effort minimization is lacking. Here, we used go/no-go tasks and electroencephalography (EEG) to assess the neural correlates of inhibitory control associated with visual stimuli depicting physical inactivity, physical activity, or that were neutral in 50 healthy young adults. The N2 event-related potential (ERP) component amplitude was used as a physiological index of inhibitory control. Results showed significant two-way interactions between the type of trials (i.e., go vs. no-go trials) and the type of stimuli on N2, revealing a significantly more pronounced no-go effect (i.e., higher N2 in no-go relative to go trials) for neutral and physical inactivity stimuli compared with physical activity stimuli. Simple tests further revealed that N2 amplitude was more negative in no-go than go trials for neutral stimuli (b=-.91 µV, 95%CI=-1.42 to -.40 µV, p

Physical activity is considered a strategy to improve health. This reasoning implies that physical inactivity is the reference behavior, which is not the case. In health, the gold standard is a state of complete physical, mental and social well-being.1 Physical inactivity involves a higher risk of cardiovascular disease2, hypertension3, diabetes2,4, cancer5, depression6, and obesity7. Moreover, 6 to 10% of all deaths from non-communicable diseases worldwide can be attributed to physical inactivity.8 Therefore, physically active individuals appear to be closer to the health gold standard than inactive individuals. Physical activity – not inactivity – should be the standard reference behavior. In this reversed framework, physical inactivity becomes a clinically significant disturbance in an individual's behavior, which is the definition of a behavioral disorder.9 Therefore, physical inactivity should be treated as such.

Objective: This study aimed to test whether the level of cognitive resources explain the engagement in physical activity across aging and whether the age-related decline of cognitive resources precede the decline in physical activity. Methods: Data from 105,206 adults aged 50 to 90 years from the Survey of Health, Ageing and Retirement in Europe (SHARE) were used in adjusted linear mixed models to examine whether the engagement in moderate physical activity and its evolution across aging was dependent on cognitive resources. Cognitive resources and physical activity were measured 5 times over a 12-year period. Delayed recall, verbal fluency, and the level of education were used as indicators of cognitive resources. The frequency of engagement in moderate physical activity was self-reported. Dynamic structural equation models (SEM) were used to assess the temporal precedence of changes in cognitive resources and physical activity. Results: Results showed that lower cognitive resources were associated with lower levels and steeper decreases in moderate physical activity across aging. Results further revealed a time-ordered effect with a stronger influence of cognitive resources (delayed recall and verbal fluency) on subsequent changes in moderate physical activity than the opposite. Conclusion: These findings suggest that, after age 50, the level of engagement in moderate physical activity and its trajectory depend on the availability of cognitive resources.

Adverse childhood experiences, depression, and functional dependence are inter-related. However, mechanisms underlying this relation remain unclear. Here, we investigated the potential of depression to mediate the effect of adverse childhood experiences on functional dependence in older age and whether physical activity moderated this mediation. Data from 25,775 adults aged 62±9 years from the Survey of Health Ageing and Retirement in Europe (SHARE) was used in adjusted linear mixed-effect models to test whether depression mediated the associations between adverse childhood experiences and functional dependence in activities of daily living (ADL) and instrumental activities of daily living (IADL) and whether physical activity moderated these mediations. As expected, adverse childhood experiences were positively associated with ADL (b = .040 for 0 vs. 1 and b = .067 for 0 vs. ≥2 adverse childhood experiences) and IADL (b = .046 for 0 vs. 1 and b = .076 for 0 vs. ≥2 adverse childhood experiences). Both associations were mediated by depression. Physical activity reduced the effect of adverse childhood experiences on depression (b = -.060 for 0 vs. 1 and b = -.135 for 0 vs. ≥2 adverse childhood experiences) and canceled the effect of depression on functional dependence in ADL (b = .073) and IADL (b = .100), thereby eliminating the effect of adverse childhood experiences on functional dependence. Physical activity cancels the impact of adverse childhood experiences on functional dependence. In inactive individuals, the effect of adverse childhood experiences on functional dependence (ADL and IADL) is mediated by depression.

Humans can navigate through challenging environments (e.g., cluttered or uneven terrains) by modifying their preferred gait pattern (e.g., step length, step width, or speed). Growing behavioral and neuroimaging evidence suggests that the ability to modify preferred step patterns requires the recruitment of cognitive resources. In children, it is argued that prolonged development of complex gait is related to the ongoing development of involved brain regions, but this has not been directly investigated yet. Here, we aimed to elucidate the relationship between structural brain properties and complex gait in youth aged 9 - 18 years. We used volumetric analyses of cortical grey matter (GM) and whole brain voxel-wise statistical analyses of cortical white matter (WM), and utilized a treadmill-based precision stepping task to investigate complex gait. Moreover, precision stepping was performed on step targets which were either unperturbed or perturbed (i.e., unexpectedly shifting to a new location). Our main findings revealed that larger unperturbed precision step error was associated with decreased WM microstructural organization of tracts that are particularly associated with attentional and visual processing functions. These results strengthen the hypothesis that precision stepping on unperturbed step targets is driven by cortical processes. In contrast, no significant correlations were found between perturbed precision stepping and cortical structures, indicating that other (neural) mechanisms may be more important for this type of stepping. ispartof: Brain Structure and Function vol:223 issue:4 pages:2039-2053 ispartof: location:Germany status: published

For successful motor control, the central nervous system is required to combine information from the environment and the current body state, which is provided by vision and proprioception respectively. We investigated the relative contribution of visual and proprioceptive information to upper limb motor control and the extent to which structural brain measures predict this performance in youth (n = 40; age range 9-18 years). Participants performed a manual tracking task, adopting in-phase and anti-phase coordination modes. Results showed that, in contrast to older participants, younger participants performed the task with lower accuracy in general and poorer performance in anti-phase than in-phase modes. However, a proprioceptive advantage was found at all ages, that is, tracking accuracy was higher when proprioceptive information was available during both in- and anti-phase modes at all ages. The microstructural organization of interhemispheric connections between homologous dorsolateral prefrontal cortices, and the cortical thickness of the primary motor cortex were associated with sensory-specific accuracy of tracking performance. Overall, the findings suggest that manual tracking performance in youth does not only rely on brain regions involved in sensorimotor processing, but also on prefrontal regions involved in attention and working memory. Hum Brain Mapp, 2017. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. ispartof: Human Brain Mapping vol:38 issue:11 pages:5628-5647 ispartof: location:United States status: published

There is a convergence in the literature toward a critical role for the basal ganglia in action selection. However, which substructures within the basal ganglia fulfill this role is still unclear. Here we used shape analyses of structural magnetic resonance imaging data to determine the extent to which basal ganglia structures predict performance in easy and complex multilimb reaction-time tasks in young and old adults. Results revealed that inward deformation (i.e., local atrophy) of the nucleus accumbens and caudate were predictive of longer action selection times in complex conditions, but not in easy conditions. Additionally, when assessing the relation between behavioral performance and the shape of the left nucleus accumbens in the two age groups separately, we found a significant performance-structure association in old, but not young adults. This result suggests that the relevance of the nucleus accumbens for the process of action selection increases with age. Hum Brain Mapp 37:4629-4639, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. ispartof: Human Brain Mapping vol:37 issue:12 pages:4629-4639 ispartof: location:United States status: published

As outlined by strong and unexplained discrepancies in the literature, whether proprioceptive control of movement is altered in physiological adult ageing is still under debate. In an attempt to unify these previous results, the three studies of the present thesis proposed to test the effects of muscle, attentional and temporal stresses on the proprioceptive control of movement, respectively. The common task of these three studies was an ankle contralateral concurrent matching task. To test the effects of muscle, cognitive and temporal stresses on the proprioceptive control performance of older and young adults, participants performed the matching task in fatigue and no-fatigue, single and dual task, and self-paced and fast speed conditions, respectively. To assess participants' proprioceptive performance, error, temporal and kinematic variables were analysed. The results of the first study showed that performance in the matching task was altered by muscle fatigue only when the reference was actively maintained. To avoid confounding fatigue effects with other effects, the second and third studies assessed the matching task with a reference passively maintained. The results of these studies first showed that end-point performance in the matching task was similar in young and older adults in the absence of cognitive and temporal stress. However, the strategies the participants used to reach the end-point position were different in young and older adults. Second, the addition of a cognitive or temporal stress degraded the proprioceptive control performance in older adults as compared to the young ones. Taken together, these results emphasize a decreased resilience to stressors in older adults as compared to young ones and highlight the age-related alteration in proprioceptive control of movement., Comme l'indiquent les divergences observées dans la littérature, la question de l'existence d'une modification du contrôle proprioceptif du mouvement au cours du vieillissement physiologique de l'adulte fait encore débat. Pour mieux comprendre ces divergences, trois études ont été réalisées afin de tester les effets de contraintes d'origines musculaire, attentionnelle et temporelle sur le contrôle proprioceptif du mouvement. La tâche commune à ces trois études était une tâche d'estimation active directe controlatérale de la position de la cheville. Les effets de contraintes musculaire, cognitive et temporelle sur les performances de contrôle proprioceptif ont été respectivement testés dans les conditions de fatigue et non fatigue, de simple et double tâche, et de vitesses libre et rapide. Pour évaluer la performance de contrôle proprioceptif, les erreurs totale, variable et constante ainsi que des variables temporelles et cinématiques ont été analysées. Chez les participants jeunes, les résultats de la première étude ont montré que la fatigue musculaire altère la performance d'estimation de position lorsque la cheville de référence est maintenue activement en position mais pas lorsqu'elle est maintenue passivement. Afin d’éviter de confondre un effet de la fatigue musculaire éventuellement induite par la répétition de la tâche d'estimation de position, les deuxième et troisième études ont été réalisées avec la référence maintenue passivement en position. Les résultats de ces deux études ont montré qu'en l'absence de contraintes cognitive et temporelle, la performance de positionnement final dans la tâche proprioceptive est comparable entre les adultes jeunes et âgés. Cependant, la stratégie utilisée pour atteindre cette position est différente selon l'âge. Les résultats ont également montré que l'adjonction d'une contrainte cognitive ou temporelle produit une dégradation de la performance de contrôle proprioceptif des adultes âgés par rapport aux adultes jeunes. Dans l’ensemble, ces résultats montrent que la capacité des adultes âgés à résoudre les problèmes posés par les contraintes environnementales est inférieure à celle des adultes jeunes et mettent en évidence la modification de contrôle proprioceptif du mouvement qui s'opère au cours du vieillissement physiologique.

International audience; The present paper tried to provide a review of the different works investigating the attentional cost of postural control. Within the context of a double task, the attentional demand associated to postural control depends on various factors such as (1) the automatic or voluntary focalisation of attention on postural control, (2) the available sensory information, (3) the nature and complexity of the postural task, (4) the subjects' age, and/or (5) the level of subjects' sensory-motor expertise or deficits. Following a brief presentation of the double task paradigm in the context of postural control, the effects of these different factors are analysed more specifically.

International audience; L'objectif de cette étude est de déterminer l'effet d'un exercice musculaire fatigant les fléchisseurs plantaires sur les capacités proprioceptives au niveau de la cheville. Pour ce faire, 20 sujets ont participé soit à une tâche de positionnement comparé de la cheville, soit à une tâche de force comparée dans les conditions de Non fatigue et de Fatigue des fléchisseurs plantaires de la cheville dominante. Les résultats montrent des performances dégradées en condition Fatigue. Dans ce contexte, il est possible que l'instabilité posturale observée en condition de fatigue musculaire localisée au niveau des fléchisseurs plantaires dans de récentes études résulte d'une altération des capacités proprioceptives au niveau de la cheville.

Background: Physical inactivity has been identified as one of the major risk factors for mortality causing an estimated 3.2 million deaths in the world per year. To reduce mortality risk, adopting physical activity (PA) most days is considered a public health guideline for physical activity participation in adulthood. Here we assessed the predictive value of childhood socioeconomic position on the likelihood to reach the PA guidelines and examined whether adulthood socioeconomic position explains this association. Methods: Data were retrieved from 18,467 (40,228 observations) adults aged 50 years and older across 12 European countries of the longitudinal and cross-national Survey of Health Ageing and Retirement in Europe (SHARE). The associations between childhood socioeconomic position (assessed using retrospective life course information) and the self-reported PA recommendations attainment were estimated using mixed effects logistic regression. Model was adjusted for potential confounders and for the mediating effects of education and main occupation class. Findings: Participants born in the most disadvantaged (OR=1.18), disadvantaged (OR=1.29), and neutral (OR=1.16) childhood socioeconomic position had a greater odds of not reaching the PA recommendations, compared with participants born in the most advantaged socioeconomic position. The effect of the most disadvantaged childhood socioeconomic position strengthened with ageing (OR=1.02). Education attainment and, to a lesser extent, main occupation class, mediated 76% of these associations. Discussion: These findings suggested that education and main occupation class largely explained the deleterious effect of childhood socioeconomic position on the odds of reaching the PA recommendations. Potential implications for public health policy will be outlined., This work was supported by the Swiss National Centre of Competence in Research "LIVES – Overcoming vulnerability: Life course perspectives", which is financed by the Swiss National Science Foundation (51NF40-160590). MB is supported by the Research Foundation – Flanders (FWO). The authors are grateful to the Swiss National Science Foundation for financial assistance.

Objectives This study aimed to examine the cumulative disadvantage of different forms of childhood misfortune and adult-life socioeconomic conditions with regard to trajectories and levels of self-rated health in old age and whether these associations differed between welfare regimes (Scandinavian, Bismarckian, Southern European, and Eastern European). Method The study included 24,004 respondents aged 50 to 96 from the longitudinal SHARE survey. Childhood misfortune included childhood socioeconomic conditions, adverse childhood experiences, and adverse childhood health experiences. Adult-life socioeconomic conditions consisted of education, main occupational position, and financial strain. We analyzed associations with poor self-rated health using confounder-adjusted mixed-effects logistic regression models for the complete sample and stratified by welfare regime. Results Disadvantaged respondents in terms of childhood misfortune and adult-life socioeconomic conditions had a higher risk of poor self-rated health at age 50. However, differences narrowed with aging between adverse-childhood-health-experiences categories (driven by Southern and Eastern European welfare regimes), categories of education (driven by Bismarckian welfare regime), and main occupational position (driven by Scandinavian welfare regime). Discussion Our research did not find evidence of cumulative disadvantage with aging in the studied life-course characteristics and age range. Instead, trajectories showed narrowing differences with differing patterns across welfare regimes.

This study aimed to assess whether cumulative disadvantage in childhood misfortune and adult-life socioeconomic conditions influence the risk of frailty in old age and whether welfare regimes influence these associations.

Funder: Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada (NSERC) : RGPIN‐2021‐03153; Id: http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/100000049, Funder: Max Planck Society for the Advancement of Science; Id: http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100004189, Funder: German Ministry of Education and Research, Funder: European Commission; Id: http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100000780, BACKGROUND: Weak muscle strength has been associated with a wide range of adverse health outcomes. Yet, whether individuals with weaker muscle strength are more at risk for hospitalization due to severe COVID-19 is still unclear. The objective of this study was to investigate the independent association between muscle strength and COVID-19 hospitalization. METHODS: Data from adults 50 years of age or older were analysed using logistic models adjusted for several chronic conditions, body-mass index, age, and sex. Hand-grip strength was repeatedly measured between 2004 and 2017 using a handheld dynamometer. COVID-19 hospitalization during the lockdown was self-reported in summer 2020 and was used as an indicator of COVID-19 severity. RESULTS: The study was based on the Survey of Health, Ageing and Retirement in Europe (SHARE) and included 3600 older adults (68.8 ± 8.8 years, 2044 female), among whom 316 were tested positive for the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (8.8%), and 83 (2.3%) were hospitalized due to COVID-19. Results showed that higher grip strength was associated with a lower risk of COVID-19 hospitalization [adjusted odds ratio (OR) per increase of 1 standard deviation in grip strength = 0.64, 95% confidence interval (95% CI) = 0.45-0.87, P = 0.015]. Results also showed that age (OR for a 10 -year period = 1.70, 95% CI = 1.32-2.20, P < 0.001) and obesity (OR = 2.01, 95% CI = 1.00-3.69, P = 0.025) were associated with higher risk of COVID-19 hospitalization. Sensitivity analyses using different measurements of grip strength as well as robustness analyses based on rare-events logistic regression and a different sample of participants (i.e. COVID-19 patients) were consistent with the main results. CONCLUSIONS: Muscle strength is an independent risk factor for COVID-19 severity in adults 50 years of age or older.