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Zarmina Islam,1 Parvathy Mohanan,2 Wajeeha Bilal,1 Taleen Hashmi,1 Zainab Rahmat,1 Ikran Abdi,3 Mehr Muhammad Adeel Riaz,4 Mohammad Yasir Essar5 1Faculty of Medicine, Dow Medical College, Dow University of Health Sciences, Karachi, Pakistan; 2Medical University Sofia, Sofia, Bulgaria; 3Faculty of Medicine, Jinnah Sindh Medical University, Karachi, Pakistan; 4Punjab Medical College, Faisalabad, Pakistan; 5Kabul University of Medical Sciences, Kabul, AfghanistanCorrespondence: Mohammad Yasir EssarKabul University of Medical Sciences, Kabul, Afghanistan, Tel +992 117118300, Email Yasir.essar@gmail.comAbstract: Pakistan is currently facing two outbreaks, dengue and COVID-19; both have strained its healthcare system resulting in multiple concerns including the co-diagnosis of two. Due to poor healthcare capacity, low vaccination rate, increasing COVID-19 variants, socioeconomic disparities, and misinformation, it is inevitable that implications will prove to be damaging to both healthcare workers and civilians. Among these challenges, it is important to note the need for stronger epidemiological surveillance for both COVID-19 and dengue and the implementation of public health measures without endangering sources of livelihood. To sustain this, cooperation between WHO and Pakistan’s government must continue through smart lockdowns, dengue awareness campaigns, and double laboratory procedures.Keywords: dengue, COVID-19, Pakistan, healthcare infrastructure

In this work, various amounts of Bi element have been added to the eutectic Pb-Sb to form bearing- solder materials. The Pb-Sb eutectic has been produced by rapid solidification using melt spinning technique with various amounts of Bi have been added to it, in the ratio 1, 2 , 3, 4, and 5 wt.%. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X- ray diffraction (XRD) analysis and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) have been carried out. Microhardness measurements were also carried out using Vicker’s hardness technique. The results showed that, the ternary alloys up to 4 wt.% Bi have properties superior to binary eutectic material.  Bismuth up to 4wt. % increases the Young’s modulus, Vicker’s hardness and decreases the electrical resistivity, internal friction and melting point. The ternary Pb-13.1Sb-4Bi solder alloy has a lower melting point about 237.87 ˚C. Also, the results show that formation of Bi phase developed the mechanical properties and Vicker’s hardness due to addition of Bi element.  The addition of Bi refines the crystal size of Sn in case of melt spun alloys as seen in scanning electron micrographs and X-ray diffraction.