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Introduction: Chordomas are midline tumors that arise from remnants of the primitive notochord, while the heterotopic rests are usually situated extradural within the bones of the axial skeleton. The tumor is locally aggressive with a high recurrence rate but rarely gives rise to metastasis. Case Report: A 55-year-old female presented with complaints of headache and intermittent vomiting for six months and diminution of vision for the last four months. MRI, T1 weighted without contrast of the paranasal sinus, suggested sphenoid sinus malignancy or metastasis. The mass was excised and sent for histopathological examination. Based on the radiological findings, light microscopy, special stains, and immunohistochemistry, a final diagnosis of chordoma was rendered. Results: The chordoma is a well-known entity at the skull base. Skull-based chordomas account for only 0.1-0.2% of all chordomas. The incidence rate of chordomas is 0.08 per 100,000, with a higher incidence rate of 0.1 in males than in females. However, chordoma presenting as a sphenoidal mass will create a diagnostic challenge for all otorhinolaryngologists and head and neck surgeons. Conclusion: This case report aims to add this rare tumor to the differential diagnosis of neoplasms of the sphenoid sinus.

Background: Gefitinib, a tyrosine kinase inhibitor, is effectively used in the targeted treatment of malignant conditions. It suppresses the signal transduction cascades leading to cell proliferation in the tumors and is now currently approved in several countries globally as secondline and third-line treatment for non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Objective: This review is aimed to summarize the journey of gefitinib as an established anticancer drug for the management of various cancers. Moreover, this review will focus on the mechanism of action, established anticancer activities, combination therapy, nanoformulations, as well as recent clinical trials and patents on gefitinib Methods: The data for this review was collected from scientific databases such as PubMed, Science Direct, Google Scholar, etc. Recent patents on gefitinib granted in the last two years were collected from databases Patentscope, USPTO, Espacenet, InPASS and Google Patents. Data for the recent clinical trials were obtained from the U.S. National Library of Medicine database. Results: Recent pre-clinical and clinical studies during the period 2015-2021 demonstrating the efficacy of gefitinib were selected and summarized. Total 31 patents were granted in the year 2020-2021 concerning gefitinib. The efficacy of gefitinib against lung cancer, as well as other cancer types, including breast, prostate, colon, cervix etc., was reviewed. Conclusion: Gefitinib showed significant advantages in being more effective, safer and more stable, and the associated biopharmaceutical problems are addressed by the application of nanotechnology. The combination therapy using gefitinib and various anticancer molecules of natural and synthetic origin has shown an improved anticancer profile.

Abstract: Epilepsy is a chronic neurological disorder characterized by periodic and unpredictable seizures affecting the neurobiological, psychological, cognitive, economic, and social well-being of patients. It is one of the causes of concern in developed as well as developing countries as currently marketed drugs are not capable of providing protection against it. Although several heterocyclic moieties have been frequently used as building blocks for the preparation of anticonvulsant drugs, more focused and consistent research on the synthesis of potential molecules with less adverse effects is the need of the hour. It can be concluded on the basis of available research reports that among several heterocyclic compounds, benzo-fused five-membered heterocyclic moieties (benzothiazole and benzimidazole) have been utilized far less than their great potential as building blocks for the synthesis of anticonvulsant drugs. Various reports clearly established that the required pharmacophore model could be easily achieved through benzothiazole and benzimidazole moieties as two hetero atoms and aryl rings are present in the structure. The present study highlights various synthetic approaches for anticonvulsant benzothiazole and benzimidazole derivatives with their structure-activity relationship studies in order to provide a trove of knowledge to medicinal chemists for future research.

INTRODUCTION: A chemical formula of nanocomposite 0.1 Bi2/3Cu3Ti4O12 -0.9 Bi3LaTi3O12 (BCLT-19) was prepared by semiwet route using metal nitrate and solid TiO2. The phase formation of Bi2/3Cu3Ti4O12 (BCT) and Bi3LaTi3O12 (BLT) was confirmed by X-ray diffraction (XRD) study. METHOD: Transmission electron microscope (TEM) analysis showed a nano particle of size 14 ± 5 nm on average for BCLT-19 composites. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) images exhibited a tubular, spherical and heterogeneous structure of grains. The root means square roughness, average roughness and maximum area peak height were explained by atomic force microscopy (AFM). RESULT: Study of magnetic properties was determined as weak antiferromagnetic to ferromagnetic and in nature. The high dielectric constant (ε' = 3147 at 100Hz to 500 K) of BCLT-19 may be due to the existence of space charge polarization. CONCLUSION: In this manuscript have studies on the novel composite materials of BCLT-19 micro-structural properties. This is useful for future Random-access memory devices and dielectric materials

Introduction: Chondrosarcomas are primary malignant bone tumor that rarely occurs in the head and neck region. Squash cytology of skull base neoplasm shows atypical chondrocytes and myxoid stroma, which suggests many possibilities like chordoma, chordoid glioma, chordoid meningioma and chondrosarcoma. Isocitrate dehydrogenase gene (IDH) mutations have been reported in 50% to 60% of the head and neck region chondrosarcoma. Case Presentation: A 37-year-old female came to the outpatient department and complaint of difficulty in walking and swaying to the right side for one year. The radiology was suggestive of right-sided trigeminal schwannoma. However, the squash cytology showed the presence of necrosis, and pink to bluish-coloured myxoid stroma. The tumor cells were pleomorphic and had a hyperchromatic nucleus, hyalinized condensed to granular cytoplasm. The histopathological examination of intraoperative soft tissue showed the presence of cellular lobules of atypical chondrocytes arranged in the myxoid background. The features were of Chondrosarcoma. No parenchymal invasion was found. Conclusions: This case report aims to create awareness about a rare tumor, which rarely forms a differential diagnosis for skull base neoplasms. As chondrosarcoma are immunoreactive to IDH1 so this marker can be useful in clinching the diagnosis in conjunction with other immunohistochemical markers in a small biopsy from skull base neoplasms.

As part of this effort, the CC14T, cross-coupled memory cell with 14 transistor architecture has been proposed, with defence against soft errors such as single event upsets (SEUs). The CC14T cell is presented, which consists of 4 cross-coupled input-split inverters and four access transistors. The cell achieves optimum SEU tolerance owing to a feedback structure among its internal nodes. It has been implemented and analyzed under 40nm regime, and the findings demonstrate that it consumes 43.01 nW of power with supply voltage of 0.8V and takes 6.64 percent and 15.5 percent less time to write and read than a typical 6T SRAM cell. As compared to the other cell considered, the CC14T cell has a faster write access time and higher stability due to its soft error resistance.

Background: Low back pain is highly prevalent and the main cause of years lived with disability (YLDs). We present the most up-to-date global, regional, and national data on prevalence and YLDs for low back pain from the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study 2021. Methods: Population-based studies from 1980 to 2019 identified in a systematic review, international surveys, US medical claims data, and dataset contributions by collaborators were used to estimate the prevalence and YLDs for low back pain from 1990 to 2020, for 204 countries and territories. Low back pain was defined as pain between the 12th ribs and the gluteal folds that lasted a day or more; input data using alternative definitions were adjusted in a network meta-regression analysis. Nested Bayesian meta-regression models were used to estimate prevalence and YLDs by age, sex, year, and location. Prevalence was projected to 2050 by running a regression on prevalence rates using Socio-demographic Index as a predictor, then multiplying them by projected population estimates. Findings: In 2020, low back pain affected 619 million (95% uncertainty interval 554–694) people globally, with a projection of 843 million (759–933) prevalent cases by 2050. In 2020, the global age-standardised rate of YLDs was 832 per 100 000 (578–1070). Between 1990 and 2020, age-standardised rates of prevalence and YLDs decreased by 10·4% (10·9–10·0) and 10·5% (11·1–10·0), respectively. A total of 38·8% (28·7–47·0) of YLDs were attributed to occupational factors, smoking, and high BMI. Interpretation: Low back pain remains the leading cause of YLDs globally, and in 2020, there were more than half a billion prevalent cases of low back pain worldwide. While age-standardised rates have decreased modestly over the past three decades, it is projected that globally in 2050, more than 800 million people will have low back pain. Challenges persist in obtaining primary country-level data on low back pain, and there is an urgent need for more high-quality, primary, country-level data on both prevalence and severity distributions to improve accuracy and monitor change. Funding: Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation.

Background: Reducing the burden of death due to infection is an urgent global public health priority. Previous studies have estimated the number of deaths associated with drug-resistant infections and sepsis and found that infections remain a leading cause of death globally. Understanding the global burden of common bacterial pathogens (both susceptible and resistant to antimicrobials) is essential to identify the greatest threats to public health. To our knowledge, this is the first study to present global comprehensive estimates of deaths associated with 33 bacterial pathogens across 11 major infectious syndromes. Methods: We estimated deaths associated with 33 bacterial genera or species across 11 infectious syndromes in 2019 using methods from the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2019, in addition to a subset of the input data described in the Global Burden of Antimicrobial Resistance 2019 study. This study included 343 million individual records or isolates covering 11 361 study-location-years. We used three modelling steps to estimate the number of deaths associated with each pathogen: deaths in which infection had a role, the fraction of deaths due to infection that are attributable to a given infectious syndrome, and the fraction of deaths due to an infectious syndrome that are attributable to a given pathogen. Estimates were produced for all ages and for males and females across 204 countries and territories in 2019. 95% uncertainty intervals (UIs) were calculated for final estimates of deaths and infections associated with the 33 bacterial pathogens following standard GBD methods by taking the 2·5th and 97·5th percentiles across 1000 posterior draws for each quantity of interest. Findings: From an estimated 13·7 million (95% UI 10·9–17·1) infection-related deaths in 2019, there were 7·7 million deaths (5·7–10·2) associated with the 33 bacterial pathogens (both resistant and susceptible to antimicrobials) across the 11 infectious syndromes estimated in this study. We estimated deaths associated with the 33 bacterial pathogens to comprise 13·6% (10·2–18·1) of all global deaths and 56·2% (52·1–60·1) of all sepsis-related deaths in 2019. Five leading pathogens—Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Streptococcus pneumoniae, Klebsiella pneumoniae, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa—were responsible for 54·9% (52·9–56·9) of deaths among the investigated bacteria. The deadliest infectious syndromes and pathogens varied by location and age. The age-standardised mortality rate associated with these bacterial pathogens was highest in the sub-Saharan Africa super-region, with 230 deaths (185–285) per 100 000 population, and lowest in the high-income super-region, with 52·2 deaths (37·4–71·5) per 100 000 population. S aureus was the leading bacterial cause of death in 135 countries and was also associated with the most deaths in individuals older than 15 years, globally. Among children younger than 5 years, S pneumoniae was the pathogen associated with the most deaths. In 2019, more than 6 million deaths occurred as a result of three bacterial infectious syndromes, with lower respiratory infections and bloodstream infections each causing more than 2 million deaths and peritoneal and intra-abdominal infections causing more than 1 million deaths. Interpretation: The 33 bacterial pathogens that we investigated in this study are a substantial source of health loss globally, with considerable variation in their distribution across infectious syndromes and locations. Compared with GBD Level 3 underlying causes of death, deaths associated with these bacteria would rank as the second leading cause of death globally in 2019; hence, they should be considered an urgent priority for intervention within the global health community. Strategies to address the burden of bacterial infections include infection prevention, optimised use of antibiotics, improved capacity for microbiological analysis, vaccine development, and improved and more pervasive use of available vaccines. These estimates can be used to help set priorities for vaccine need, demand, and development. Funding: Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, Wellcome Trust, and Department of Health and Social Care, using UK aid funding managed by the Fleming Fund.

In today’s world, many art forms are in dying phase, due to lack of interest, recognition of supreme artist and lack of proper organized platform. Moreover, there are many aspiring artists who think there is a lack of marketplace for selling their products. Apart from this, there is a sharp increase in scrap generated from households and industries. According to International Trade Administration in 2020, 32 million tons of ferrous (Iron) scrap was produced as waste. Most of this waste can be reused if refurbished properly. There are many artists and craftsmen who are willing to work on such used products to create useful and reusable products. There are around 10,054 artists around the world who think there should be a proper platform where buying, selling and refurbishing of a product could be performed. With the use of modern technology such a platform can be developed by establishing a Server and developing a Mobile/Web – Application to interact with buyers, sellers and artists to convert waste into prime products.

Data security is an essential component of an organization in order to keep the information safe from various competitors. Cryptography is a technique used to avoid unauthorized access of data. It has two main components- Encryption algorithm and Key. Sometime, multiple keys can also be used for encryption. A number of cryptographic algorithms are available in market such as DES, AES, TDES and RSA. The strength of these encryption algorithms depends upon their key strength. The long key length takes more computing time to crack the code and it becomes difficult for the hacker to detect the cryptographic model. In this paper we suggest an innovation in the age-old conventional cryptographic technique of HILLCIPHER using the concept of self repetitive matrix. A numerical method has been stated, mathematically proved and later implemented in generating a random matrix of given periodicity. The method of self-repetitive matrix has then been used to simulate a communication channel with proper decompression techniques to facilitate bit saving.

Background: Unintended pregnancy, unplanned birth and unsafe abortion have been a major challenge to the reproductive health of women worldwide. Despite the availability of highly efficient contraceptive technologies, there are still many undesired pregnancies that put women at a higher risk of mortality, frequently as a result of unsafe abortion. Emergency contraceptive pills can be used to prevent these unwanted pregnancies. Aim of this study was to assess the knowledge, attitude and practice of use of emergency contraception among women of reproductive age group attending JNUIMSRC OPD, Jaipur, India. Methods: Institution based cross-sectional study was conducted among 100 females of reproductive age group attending JNUIMSRC OPD, Jaipur, India. Data was collected using pretested semi-structured questionnaire after written informed consent. Descriptive and inferential statistics were used to analyse the data generated. Results: Among respondents who were aware of ECPs, 64% had good knowledge of it, 90% had positive attitude towards ECPs and 63% have used earlier. A significant association was found between age, residence, educational level and occupational status with awareness of ECPs. Conclusions: Awareness and utilization of emergency contraceptive pills is low among females of reproductive age group attending OPD at JNUIMSRC. Thus awareness should be enhanced through formal education, communication from healthcare professionals and media that can offer trustworthy and accurate information on ECPs.

The setting up of Pradhan Mantri Mudra Yojana and MUDRA attempted to fill or reduce the financial crisis in the micro enterprises to stimulate economic development. MUDRA has been aimed at administering a common platform to both banks and tiny enterprises customers and plays a significant role by bringing them together to this platform. It has been set up as a refinancing institution. Its main goal is to provide mudra loans up to Rs 10,00,000 to the micro enterprises through last mile financiers, so that they can start or expand their businesses. Its primary goal is to refinance various last-mile financial institutions that support the growth of small businesses in the non-corporate sector by lending money to them. These last mile financial institutions include NBFCs, Regional Rural Banks, Commercial Banks, Small Finance Banks, and MFIs. These institutions provide funds to the small business sector which is involved in manufacturing, trading, and Agri-allied activities. The borrower can approach to any of financial institution to get the benefit of mudra loans and to serve the purpose of their existence. Mudra scheme helps millions of small borrowers who were facing the acute financial shortage due to numerous reasons and were striving hard to get the financial assistance for starting or expanding their business activities. In this study, an effort has been made to use statistical methods like mean, coefficient of variation, and trend analysis to examine the category-wise performance of various mudra loans during a six-year period, from 2016–17 to 2021–22. The analysis is based on secondary information that was obtained from the MUDRA official website. The interpretation of the figures for the study period indicates that among the three main categories of Mudra Loans, Shishu Loan Scheme has captured the largest share in terms of number of accounts as well as in terms of amount sanctioned followed by Kishore and Tarun Loans. Since its origin, over a period of seven years of operations i.e., from 2015-16 to 2021-22, PMMY has benefitted in aggregate approximately 34.92 crore loan account holders of micro enterprise segment by administering an aggregate amount of 18.90 crore.

The primary objective of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of homeopathic medicines in the reduction or resolution of breast fibroadenoma (FA) through ultrasound (US) assessment in intervention and control groups. The secondary objective was to compare the efficacy of the homeopathic intervention in single and multiple fibroadenomas. A single-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled pilot study was conducted from January 2014 to June 2018 at 4 research centers with 6 months of follow-up. Females in the age group 18 to 35 years, with a confirmed diagnosis of breast fibroadenoma measuring between 1 cm and 5 cm, measured by the US, with only one fibroadenoma per quadrant were randomized to either homeopathic intervention (HI) or identical placebo (P) (n = 85) in each group. All the patients were enrolled in the study with due consent from them. The Ethical Committee, Central Council for Research in Homoeopathy (CCRH), New Delhi, India, approved the study. The trial was registered with the Clinical Trial Registry-India (CTRI) vide no. CTRI/2013/11/004144 [Registered on: 14/11/2013]. Out of the 85 cases enrolled in each group, the ITT analysis was done for n = 73 participants with a mean area of FA (3.11 ± 3.00) in HI and n = 77 participants with a mean area of FA (3.65 ± 3.29) in the P group at baseline. US assessment of 12 cases in the intervention group and 8 cases in the placebo group exceeded the study duration. Therefore, was analyzed as a sub-group and was not considered under ITT analysis. FA was the unit of analysis. At 6 months, complete resolution occurred in 2 participants in the intervention group and none in the placebo group. Although there is a significant difference between the intervention and the placebo groups at 3rd and 6th months, the within-group difference is insignificant. No significant difference is observed between and within the single and multiple FAs groups. Out of the 85 cases in the medicine group, 78 received a single remedy throughout the study in centesimal potencies. The frequently prescribed medicines were Pulsatilla, Silicea, Phosphorus, Sepia, and Calcarea Carbonica. IIndividualized homeopathy has significantly reduced FAs compared to the placebo group. However, the difference within the groups is not statistically significant. Future studies should be conducted based on adequate samples with long-term follow-up for resolution and recurrence if any.

The glass ceiling is a barrier to the advancement of capable female professionals in the workplace, primarily due to gender or racism (Abidin, Z. Z. 2009). Carol Hymowitz and Timothy Schellhardt of the Wall Street Journal developed the term "glass ceiling" in 1986. Many researchers like (Shukla, 2015) have confirmed the presence of a glass ceiling based on various constructs such as social, cultural, and individual constraints. In India, there is no substantial proof on this topic. In their workplaces, the majority of the respondents had experienced some form of prejudice. Despite increases in women's education and knowledge, the percentage of women who advance in their careers is still quite modest. There are few studies that indicate the major impediments to women's advancement in the workplace. The study's sample size was set at 200 people. Data was obtained from female responders to eliminate any type of bias. So, sample were 145 respondents (Women Employee). SPSS was used to examine the data. Individual factors, social and societal factors, organizational factors, cultural aspects, family factors, and gender related issues were investigated using exploratory factor analysis. The effect of the factors on the respondents' job performance was calculated using percentages. According to the findings, women employees can only break through the glass ceiling if positive factors impacting their professional advancement are boosted. This can be done by improving their economic power by updating their abilities, educational qualifications, communication skills, and having competent mentors who can guide and counsel them in the right direction. The study's goal is to see, if there is a glass ceiling in different service industries. This research also looks into the effects of the glass ceiling on women's advancement in the workplace. The purpose of this study is to look for glass ceiling effects, which limit women's professional opportunities and advancement at a particular point.

For swirl-stabilized gas turbine combustor, liquid fuel distribution in the near field dictates local equivalence ratio, volumetric heat release, and heat transfer to the chamber wall, and hence its understanding is essential. The effect of inlet air aerodynamics on spray characteristics in a primary zone of a simulated gas turbine burner is studied using a phase Doppler particle analyzer, high-speed Mie scatter imaging, and an orthogonal decomposition method. By employing intense coswirl air, the luminous spray region shifts upstream to the burner exit, where lower mass flux can be observed in the central region and higher mass flux in the outer region of the spray due to the recirculation zone formation. Based on the size velocity joint probability distribution functions (JPDFs) and the individual droplet transport with acquisition time, we conclude that the recirculation zone entraps the smaller droplets and transports them from the downstream to the upstream spray region. Compared to coswirl, counterswirl air exhibits torsion instability, intensifies the concentration of drops in the central region, and improves secondary atomization. Finally, five distribution functions are curve-fitted to the experimental data to capture the atomization process accurately.

Hygrothermomechanical analysis of doubly curved laminated composite shallow shells is presented in this paper using a two-dimensional higher-order shell theory considering the effects of transverse normal stress. The present theory accounts for the fifth-order expansion of the thickness coordinates in the in-plane displacements and the fourth-order expansion in the transverse displacement. The main focus of this work is to study the effects of both transverse normal stress and the fifth-order expansion of thickness coordinates on the hygrothermomechanical responses of doubly curved laminated shallow shells. The governing equations of the theory are derived based on the principle of virtual work and solved by using Navier’s method. The theory ensures traction-free boundary conditions using constitutive relations and does not require a shear correction factor. Interlaminar transverse shear stresses are recovered using the three-dimensional equilibrium equations of the theory of elasticity to ascertain the stress continuity at the layer interface. Three-dimensional elasticity solutions are taken as a basis for comparing the present results in thermal problems, whereas this study contributes some useful results to the hygrothermomechanical analysis of doubly curved laminated composite shallow shells.

Cryptography is the technique for hiding data and information from unauthorized users. It is the art of achieving security by encoding messages to make them non-readable. When we send simple message from one location to another then this message called plain text is visible to anybody. If we want to codify the message called cipher text so that no one can easily understand the meaning of message then we use cryptography techniques. There are numerous applications where this technology is used such as ATM pin, Password, Credit Card number or any other secret communication. Cryptography can be divided into following three categories depending upon the types of key used: secret key (symmetric) cryptography, public key (asymmetric) cryptography and hash functions. In this paper we provide review of various types of cryptography techniques.

Fluoride (F-), the 13th most common chemical in the earth's crust, is widely known for its health benefits at low concentrations but is a public health threat to many drugs. Fluoride is one of the anionic toxins which is found in overabundance in groundwater because of geochemical response or anthropogenic exercises. The overabundance of fluoride in drinking water influences bone and teeth as well as each tissue and organ of the body. The World Health Organization has set a limit of 1.5 mg/L for fluoride in potable water. More than 260 million people worldwide drink water containing high levels of fluoride. The prevalence and high levels of fluoride in drinking water in many parts of the world have led to research and mitigation efforts to address the increasing health problems associated with this fluoride. this survey Paper talks about the different biomaterials and geomaterials utilized as adsorbents, for example, Zirconium oxide (Pan nanofibers), Moringa Oleifera, activated carbon, Magnesia / Chitosan composite, Neodymium, Natural soil, Mentha longifolia, Brick powder, Tamarind seed, Activated titanium-rich bauxite, and their productivity on fluoride expulsion from groundwater. Numerous strategies and materials are utilized in fluoride expulsion from groundwater in which different types of materials act differently.

Arynes are a unique class of intermediates used in synthetic organic chemistry, and research interest has been intensely focused on their peculiar reactivities. Arynes have been researched for almost a century. However, difficulties in monitoring these reactive species, as well as difficulties in creating synthetically viable techniques for their synthesis and trapping, have restricted their application. A key tactic for achieving the racemic and enantiopure total synthesis of a broad variety of natural compounds or their structural derivatives. The chemistry of arynes has advanced significantly over the past thirty years, particularly in the field of transition metal carbon- carbon and carbon-heteroatom bond-forming mechanisms. The field’s fast growth is largely attributable to the development of mild aryne production processes. To create a natural product with complex organic molecules, the role of aryne intermediates was non-replaceable. These organic substances are often used in medicine, therapies, or as raw material for the synthesis of other substances. Moreover, they may perform important biological tasks. There are numerous methods for synthesizing natural compounds including total synthesis, semi-synthesis, and biosynthesis. Total synthesis is the process of creating natural products entirely chemically from basic precursors as well as it can be produced in large quantities and can reveal information about its biological activity. One of the developments in Arynes’ chemistry is the chemical rearrangements brought about by this electrophilic intermediate. It is not feasible to use conventional methods in a single step. This review article discusses how arynes are used to create natural products. Arynes has a wide range of functionality in the field of scientific research. The evolution of this method has made a tremendous change in the total synthesis of natural products. Benzynes enabled creative synthesis in mild conditions. The transformation has expanded to investigate various reaction classes such as nucleophilic addition, (4+2), and (2+2) cycloaddition strategies and metal-catalyzed reactions are shown and explained in this article. This review will provide an idea about how the arynes act as an intermediate in those reaction mechanisms and enlighten the scope of these aryne intermediate.

The hydrogel is a tri-polymer network that may soak up body fluids in a biological setting but is not soluble in water. Water can cause the hydrogel to structurally bulge and it can hold a lot of water. Such a polymer network is produced by operating a merging of physical and chemical crosslinking techniques, besides ionic crosslinking, temperature- and optical polymerization, pH-dependent processes, and enzymatic reactions.[1] Physical hydrogels are generally supported by modest secondary forces, whereas covalent forces drive chemical hydrogels. Hydrogel is usually built from an assortment of polymers, both natural and manufactured. The extremely crucial traits of hydrogels are mechanical properties, swelling, and biological characteristics, and every one of them can influence the shape and structure of the hydrogel. Moreover, the structures, classification, advantages, and disadvantages of hydrogel kinds are covered.

Trauma is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality amongst females of childbearing age, and traumatic brain injury (TBI) carries a significant proportion of share amongst trauma of all kinds. Trauma during pregnancy has a twofold impact on the patient and the foetus, who, most of the time, remains unnoticed. Understanding and managing altered maternal physiology in the background of TBI is a challenge and requires close monitoring to avoid any unwanted outcome. The challenges initiate right from the resuscitation following trauma to the rehabilitation of these patients with TBI during pregnancy. Good collaboration with the interdisciplinary departments is the backbone to avoid teratogenicity, a better pregnancy outcome and prevention of expected complications in these complex clinical scenarios.

Despite being around technology that eases life, provides opportunities, and connects people across the globe. Due to the competitiveness. Many individuals especially adolescents find themselves struggling with various mental health issues. Stress, depression, and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) are some of the issues mostly found in adolescents. Even though the knowledge of these disorders is widely spread amongst the masses. Individuals still hesitate to discuss these issues with parents, friends, and colleagues. Hence the article particularly concludes about an application that helps individuals to know about their condition by simply taking few tests. Application tries to provide an assessment based on recommended questionnaires and an emotion recognition feature. Hence after the questionnaire the user can consult an expert to confirm the disorder and get further medications.

Background and objective: Oral health is one of the essential elements of the overall health status of the people. Dental hygiene and dental diseases concern to have a major public health problem. The aim of this study was to know the proportion self-perception of dental problems and their relation with the socio-demographic characteristics among female students at intermediate governmental schools in Abha. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted among girls students of two intermediate government schools of Abha city during October 2016 to April 2017 academic year by using self-administered questionnaire and informed verbal consent was obtained, using simple random sampling techniques for choosing 400 students. Results: Mean age of the students was 12.30±1.82, 163(41%) of students were 12-13 years of age and 200(50%) from 1st year of intermediate scholastic year. Almost all students belong to nuclear family system and 64%lived in rented houses. Working status of father and mothers was 94% and 53% respectively, 88% family’s monthly income >10000 SAR/per month, 203 (51%) fathers and 171 (43%) mothers had secondary school or higher education. Illiteracy was 13% among fathers and 19% among mothers. The proportion of self-perceived dental problems was 43% among students, malocclusion of teeth was most frequent while bad smell was the least frequent complaints among all dental problems. Only 38% of the students were considering dental problem as a serious problem. Dental problems were found to have significantly (P value

The increasing use of Machine Learning (ML) components embedded in autonomous systems -- so-called Learning-Enabled Systems (LESs) -- has resulted in the pressing need to assure their functional safety. As for traditional functional safety, the emerging consensus within both, industry and academia, is to use assurance cases for this purpose. Typically assurance cases support claims of reliability in support of safety, and can be viewed as a structured way of organising arguments and evidence generated from safety analysis and reliability modelling activities. While such assurance activities are traditionally guided by consensus-based standards developed from vast engineering experience, LESs pose new challenges in safety-critical application due to the characteristics and design of ML models. In this article, we first present an overall assurance framework for LESs with an emphasis on quantitative aspects, e.g., breaking down system-level safety targets to component-level requirements and supporting claims stated in reliability metrics. We then introduce a novel model-agnostic Reliability Assessment Model (RAM) for ML classifiers that utilises the operational profile and robustness verification evidence. We discuss the model assumptions and the inherent challenges of assessing ML reliability uncovered by our RAM and propose solutions to practical use. Probabilistic safety argument templates at the lower ML component-level are also developed based on the RAM. Finally, to evaluate and demonstrate our methods, we not only conduct experiments on synthetic/benchmark datasets but also scope our methods with case studies on simulated Autonomous Underwater Vehicles and physical Unmanned Ground Vehicles., Preprint Accepted by ACM Transactions on Embedded Computing Systems

Introduction: Essentially a pump, the heart is a muscle made up of four chambers separated by valves and divided into two valves. Each half contains one chamber and first half is called an atrium and the other half is called a ventricle. The atria collect blood, and the ventricles contract to push blood out of the heart. There are many Disease coming under the cardiovascular disorder Hypertension, myocardial infarction, coronary artery disease, rheumatic heart disease, arrhythmias, stroke and congenital cardiovascular defects. IN recent year, Non- Communicable Disease (NCDs) are also one of the biggest threats to humanity by causing significant mortality and morbidity worldwide including Low and Middle income countries (LMICs). Aim Of The Study: To assess the level of knowledge regarding lifestyle modifications . Methodology: The Cross sectional research is conducted using group of Cardiac patient in NMCH Jamuhar, Sasaram, Rohtas , Bihar from 6/02/2023 to 11/02/2023. A self structured questionnaire tool was used to assess the knowledge regarding lifestyle modification among 60 Cardiac Patients adopting Convenient sampling technique. Results: There are 60 cardiac patients sample, (23.33%) patient have good knowledge, (53.34%) patient have average knowledge, and ( 23.33%) patient have poor knowledge. This shows that these variables had influenced knowledge in this study. No association was found. Conclusion: The present study was aimed at assessing the knowledge regarding lifestyle modifications among the cardiac patients in NMCH, Jamuhar, Sasaram, Rohtas (Bihar)’’.The relevant data was collected statistically based on objectives of the study. There are 60 cardiac patients sample, (23.33%) patient have good knowledge, (53.34%) patient have average knowledge, and ( 23.33%) patient have poor knowledge. This shows that these variables had influenced knowledge in this study.

Objectives: The aim of the study was to establish normative data for the pulsatility index (PI), resistive index, and cerebro placental ratio of umbilical artery (UA), and fetal middle cerebral artery (MCA) of Indian pregnant women in the third trimester of pregnancy using multiples of the median and percentile reference range. Methods: It was a cross-sectional study; the study was carried out at the Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology and Radiology in MGM Medical College and LSK Hospital, the tertiary care and teaching hospital. A total of 200 cases were enrolled for this study. Patients with Singleton low-risk pregnancies with confirmed gestational age, normal anatomy, normal estimated fetal weight, and born at term with birth weight between 10th and 90th percentile and gestational age was based on LMP date, corrected if required by trimester first/second (Before 20 weeks) fetal sonographic parameters were included in the study. Results: We found from 28 weeks to 39 weeks of gestational age, MCA PI showed a significantly positive correlation with the cerebro-placental ratio (CPR) 40th week of gestational age. We found no significant correlation. While from 28 weeks to 40 weeks of gestational age, UA PI showed a significantly negative correlation with the CPR. Conclusion: Doppler ultrasound is used as a part of the clinical protocol in the surveillance of pregnancies. The UA and MCA Doppler indices and CPR are currently used to modify the scheduling of antepartum surveillance and, in some cases, to timely delivery of the compromised fetus. Researchers measured the pulsatility, resistivity, and cardiac indices of the UA and the fetal MCA between 28 and 40 weeks of gestation to establish a normal range.

In cloud computing, providers pool their resources and make them available to customers. Next-generation computer scientists are flocking to the cutting-edge field of cloud computing for their research and exploration of uncharted territory. There are still several barriers that cloud service providers must overcome in order to provide cloud services in accordance with service level agreements. Each cloud service provider aspires to achieve maximum performance as per Service Level Agreements (SLAs), and this is especially true when it comes to the delivery of services. A cloud service level agreement (SLA) guarantees that cloud service providers will satisfy the needs of large businesses and offer their clients with a specified list of services. The authors offer a web service level agreement–inspired approach for cloud service agreements. We adopt patterns and antipatterns to symbolize the best and worst practices of OCCI (Open Cloud Computing Interface Standard), REST (Representational State Transfer), and TOSCA (Topology and Orchestration Specification for Cloud Applications) with DevOps solutions, all of which API developers should bear in mind when designing APIs. When using this method, everything pertaining to the cloud service, from creation to deployment to measurement to evaluation to management to termination, may be handled mechanically. When distributing resources to cloud apps, our system takes into account the likelihood of SLA breaches and responds by providing more resources if necessary. We say that for optimal performance, our suggested solution should be used in a private cloud computing setting. As more and more people rely on cloud computing for their day-to-day workloads, there has been a corresponding rise in the need for efficient orchestration and management strategies that foster interoperability.

Background:The hospitality industry is recovering, evolving, and adapting itself in the post COVID-19 era through innovative and sustainable practices backed by the use of technology in entire hotel operations. The hotel Front Office department is no exception in utilizing these evolved practices to understand and influence the customer behaviour while exploring all possible measures to enhance the overall guest stay experience in the post- COVIDtimes. The Front Office department plays a vital role in the passage of accurate and timely information required for flawless guest management in the hotels. Throughout the COVID-19 period, the Front Office practices have evolved through different stages depending upon the factors such as guest preferences, safety and security measures, hygienic conditions, sustainability and use of technology. Objectives: The major objectives are to study the post COVID-19 Hotel guest preferences of non-star category hotels with respect to changing scenario in the Hospitality Industry, to analyse the gaps between hotel guest expectations and perceptions in service quality with special mention of the front office department and to highlight the future challenges faced by hotel industry and suggest possible measured to overcome these challenges. Methodology: Hybrid research approach has been adopted in this study. Grounded theory in qualitative research approach with interview and semi-structured questionnaires are the data collection tools. Survey method with structured questionnaire are quantitative data collection tools. Collected data were analysed through content and thematic tools for qualitative data and quantitative data were analysed through descriptive statistics (Mean, SD, percentage) and paired t-test as an inferential statistical tool has been applied in this study for conclusion purpose. Results: Result indicates negative as Expected value – perceived value = - (negative). Conclusion: It is concluded that hotel-guests' are not satisfied as provided facilities are not as per guests' expectation. This study gives overview of guests' expectation. It helps hoteliers for modification of hotel's facilities for the guest. The limitation of the study is that the study is conducted in NCR only. Hotels of the same category in the other cities/town may be conducted for getting actual scenario of the phenomena of the hotels. In addition, the study proposes that hotels should adjust their room and service pricing to reflect the reduced demand during the COVID era. Furthermore, the hotel industry will face ongoing challenges, and hotels must be adaptable to remain competitive. By embracing new technologies, providing distinctive experiences, and implementing sustainable practices, hotels can overcome these challenges and flourish in the years ahead.