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Voor de aanleg van een toegang tot de 2e Maasvlakte zal de Yangtzehaven worden aangelegd door de gemeente Rotterdam. In het kader van de op te stellen milieueffectrapportage (M.E.R.) en het bestemmingsplan voor dit grote infrastructurele project is aan Deltares, afdeling Bodem en Grondwatersystemen gevraagd (tot 1 januari 2008 onderdeel van TNO BenO) een geo-archeologisch vooronderzoek uit te voeren naar de archeologische verwachting van de ondergrond die door het werk verstoord zal gaan worden. Het vooronderzoek reconstrueert begraven landschappen op basis van geologische gegevens, dit is een geogenetische benadering. Van de ondergrond van het Yangtzehavengebied zal een geologisch lagenmodel worden gemaakt. Per laag wordt op basis van het afzettingsmilieu (paleolandschap) de archeologische verwachting vastgesteld. Op basis van dit verwachtingsmodel zullen de archeologische waarden in het archeologisch vervolgonderzoek worden opgespoord.

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Voor de aanleg van een scheepvaartverbinding tot het Maasvlakte 2 gebied - in het meest westelijk gelegen havengebied van Rotterdam - zal de Yangtzehaven worden verdiept en in westelijke richting worden verlengd. Dit werk wordt uitgevoerd door het Havenbedrijf Rotterdam N.V. De geplande havenverdieping ligt in het huidige Maasvlakte 1 gebied en maakt onderdeel uit van het project Maasvlakte 2. Bij de uitvoering van dit werk zullen Vroeg en Laat Holocene lagen verstoord worden die archeologische waarden kunnen bevatten. Het betreft de lagen op een diepte van 17 - 22 m -NAP. Uit het archeologisch vooronderzoek komt naar voren dat er twee archeologische verwachtingscategorieën met betrekking tot de bedreigde diepere ondergrond (17 en 22 m - NAP) kunnen voorkomen: - Archeologische waarden uit de steentijd in de top van de rivierduinzanden en de basis van de Vroeg Holocene delta-afzettingen. - Scheepswrakken in de Subatlantische geulen. In Bijlage 14 zijn met een arcering de meest kansrijke gebieden aangegeven voor wat betreft de steentijd archeologie en het mogelijk voorkomen van scheepswrakken. In deze studie wordt aanbevolen om deze kansrijke gebieden nader archeologisch en paleolandschappelijk te onderzoeken. Met deze aanvullende kennis kan de beste veldstrategie bepaald - voor beide categorieën - worden met betrekking tot het archeologische vervolgonderzoek in het Yangtzehaven gebied.

Contains fulltext : 249040.pdf (Publisher’s version ) (Open Access) Radboud University, 13 mei 2022 Promotor : Braat, D.D.M. Co-promotores : Hermens, R.P.M.G., Berendonk, C. 219 p.

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In november 2018 is een archeologische begeleiding uitgevoerd in plangebied De Nieuwe Loet in Castricum. Ten behoeve van de herontwikkeling van het mannenpaviljoen de Loet op het terrein van het voormalig psychiatrisch ziekenhuis Duin en Bosch, wordt onder andere een ondergrondse parkeergarage (ca. 1584 m²) gerealiseerd. Uit vooronderzoek was gebleken dat in de ondergrond resten aanwezig kunnen zijn uit de periode van de Late-IJzertijd tot de Vroege-Middeleeuwen. Resultaten Tijdens de archeologische begeleiding zijn tot op de maximale ontgravingsdiepte (ca 0,75 m + NAP) uitsluitend afzettingen aangesneden die zijn geïnterpreteerd als afzettingen van de Jonge Duinen, die werden gevormd vanaf de Vroege-Middeleeuwen. Ook zijn vegetatiehorizonten aangetroffen op een diepte van tussen 1.50 en 2 m + NAP, die zijn gedateerd in de Nieuwe tijd, en één kuil of natuurlijk spoor, dat eveneens in de Nieuwe tijd gedateerd kan worden. Vondsten zijn niet aangetroffen. Dit betekent dat in onderhavig onderzoek, in tegenstelling tot wat werd verwacht op basis van vooronderzoek, eventuele resten uit vroegere periodes niet zijn bereikt. Het is evenwel mogelijk dat deze zich bevinden op een niveau onder de ontgravingsdiepte die is bereikt tijdens onderhavig onderzoek.

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Almost all peatlands in the Netherlands are drained for agricultural purposes or in the past for peat extraction. What remains is a peatland area of about 300.000 ha of which 85 % is used for agriculture. As a result of peat oxidation, these areas are still subsiding by about 1 cm per year. Another effect is the enormous emission of CO2, which contributes to about 4% of total Dutch greenhouse gas emissions. With the awareness of a changing climate and the need for protection against flooding of coastal areas, solutions are being searched to reduce or stop peat oxidation and coinciding land subsidence and CO2 emission.In this presentation we will show different management options (subsoil irrigation, pressurized subsoil irrigation, paludiculture) which are currently being tested in the Netherlands. They will be put into perspective of data from other European studies. These options all focus on increasing the groundwater table to lower oxygen intrusion and consequently lower aerobic decomposition. Depending on crop choices, water levels may need to stay 40 cm below the surface to maximize fodder plant yields, or go to surface level to increase peat ecosystem functions like C-sequestration. The management options range from maintaining the current land-use by elevating summer water levels, with submerged drainage, to the development of peat-forming plant species by complete rewetting. Data of the effects of these management options on CO2 emission show that Sphagnum farming is the most promising mitigation option to reduce greenhouse gas emission from drained peatlands. It turned the land from a carbon and greenhouse gas source into a sink.

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Objective: The aim of this was to analyze differences between saccularshaped abdominal aortic aneurysms (SaAAAs) and fusiform abdominal aortic aneurysms (FuAAAs) regarding patient characteristics, treatment, and outcome, to advise a threshold for intervention for SaAAAs.Background: Based on the assumption that SaAAAs are more prone to rupture, guidelines suggest early elective treatment. However, little is known about the natural history of SaAAAs and the threshold for intervention is not substantiated.Methods: Observational study including primary repairs of degenerative AAAs in the Netherlands between 2016 and 2018 in which the shape was registered, registered in the Dutch Surgical Aneurysm Audit (DSAA). Patients were stratified by urgency of surgery; elective versus acute (symptomatic/ruptured). Patient characteristics, treatment, and outcome were compared between SaAAAs and FuAAAs.Results: A total of 7659 primary AAA-patients were included, 6.1% (n = 471) SaAAAs and 93.9% (n = 7188) FuAAAs. There were 5945 elective patients (6.5% SaAAA) and 1714 acute (4.8% SaAAA). Acute SaAAApatients were more often female (28.9% vs 17.2%, P = 0.007) compared with acute FuAAA-patients. SaAAAs had smaller diameters than FuAAAs, in elective (53.0mm vs 61 mm, P = 0.000) and acute (68mm vs 75 mm, P = 0.002) patients, even after adjusting for sex. In addition, 25.2% of acute SaAAA-patients presented with diameters

Let $\Omega$ be an open convex set in ${\mathbb R}^m$ with finite width, and let $v_{\Omega}$ be the torsion function for $\Omega$, i.e. the solution of $-\Delta v=1, v\in H_0^1(\Omega)$. An upper bound is obtained for the product of $\Vert v_{\Omega}\Vert_{L^{\infty}(\Omega)}\lambda(\Omega)$, where $\lambda(\Omega)$ is the bottom of the spectrum of the Dirichlet Laplacian acting in $L^2(\Omega)$. The upper bound is sharp in the limit of a thinning sequence of convex sets. For planar rhombi and isosceles triangles with area $1$, it is shown that $\Vert v_{\Omega}\Vert_{L^{1}(\Omega)}\lambda(\Omega)\ge \frac{\pi^2}{24}$, and that this bound is sharp., Comment: 12 pages, 4 figures

Let $��$ be an open convex set in ${\mathbb R}^m$ with finite width, and let $v_��$ be the torsion function for $��$, i.e. the solution of $-��v=1, v\in H_0^1(��)$. An upper bound is obtained for the product of $\Vert v_��\Vert_{L^{\infty}(��)}��(��)$, where $��(��)$ is the bottom of the spectrum of the Dirichlet Laplacian acting in $L^2(��)$. The upper bound is sharp in the limit of a thinning sequence of convex sets. For planar rhombi and isosceles triangles with area $1$, it is shown that $\Vert v_��\Vert_{L^{1}(��)}��(��)\ge \frac{��^2}{24}$, and that this bound is sharp., 12 pages, 4 figures

We obtain bounds for the expected loss of torsional rigidity of a cylinder $\Omega_L=(-L/2,L/2) \times \Omega\subset \R^3$ of length $L$ due to a Brownian fracture that starts at a random point in $\Omega_L,$ and runs until the first time it exits $\Omega_L$. These bounds are expressed in terms of the geometry of the cross-section $\Omega \subset \R^2$. It is shown that if $\Omega$ is a disc with radius $R$, then in the limit as $L \rightarrow \infty$ the expected loss of torsional rigidity equals $cR^5$ for some $c\in (0,\infty)$. We derive bounds for $c$ in terms of the expected Newtonian capacity of the trace of a Brownian path that starts at the centre of a ball in $\R^3$ with radius $1,$ and runs until the first time it exits this ball., Comment: 18 pages

This paper addresses the development of a new module for multimodal transport chains for modelling container transport within the Dutch strategic freight transport model BasGoed. The existing BasGoed model simulates the separate transport legs in multimodal transport chains individually. In reality a significant volume of transport is part of multimodal transport chains, in particular for port-related containerised transport. Decision-making about transport modes takes place at the level of transport chains between the final origin and destination. Our objective was to specify a corridor choice model for container transport that addresses multimodal transport chains and enables an analysis of the impacts of new multimodal terminals within a strategic freight transport model. Since no directly observed PC data are available, a synthetic dataset was constructed with container flows between locations of production and consumption, using uni-modal observed transport data. Main assumption in this data processing is that each container transported by rail or barge requires a road leg at the side of destination and/or origin, to complete the multimodal transport chain.

Item does not contain fulltext Introduction. Women with the classical form of congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH) are born with different degrees of virilization of the external genitalia. Feminizing surgery is often performed in childhood to change the appearance of the genitalia and to enable penile-vaginal intercourse later in life. There are suggestions that this affects sexual functioning. Aims. The aim is to study the anatomical, surgical, cosmetic, and psychosexual outcomes in women with CAH. Methods. Forty women with CAH, aged over 15 years, from two referral centers for management of Disorders of Sex Development in the Netherlands were included. Physical and functional status were assessed by a gynecological interview and examination. Sexual functioning was assessed with the Female Sexual Function Index and Female Sexual Distress Scale-Revised scales and compared with a reference group. Mean Outcome Measures. Surgery performed, anatomy, cosmetic score, sexual function and distress. Results. Thirty-six of the 40 women had undergone feminizing surgery; 25 women (69%) underwent more than one operation. Resurgery was performed in seven of the 13 (54%) women who had had a single-stage procedure. Anatomical assessment showed reasonable outcomes. Multiple linear regression showed that only level of confluence had a significant effect on cosmetic outcome, the impact depending on the number of surgeries performed. Cosmetic evaluations did not differ between the women and the gynecologists. Only 20 women had experience of intercourse. Eight women reported dyspareunia; seven women reported urinary incontinence. The women's perceived sexual functioning was less satisfactory than in the reference group, and they reported more sexual distress. Conclusion. The level of confluence was the major determinant for cosmetic outcome; the impact depended on the number of surgeries performed. Fifty-four percent of the women required resurgery after a single-stage procedure in childhood. Anatomical assessment showed reasonable outcomes. The women evaluated their sexual functioning and functional outcome less favorable than the reference group, and they experienced less often sexual intercourse. van der Zwan YG, Janssen EHCC, Callens N, Wolffenbuttel KP, Cohen-Kettenis PT, van den Berg M, Drop SLS, Dessens AB, Beerendonk C. Severity of virilization is associated with cosmetic appearance and sexual function in women with congenital adrenal hyperplasia: A cross-sectional study. J Sex Med 2013;10:866-875.

Phytoplankton community structure was elucidated during summer and winter in the KwaZulu-Natal Bight using pigment and CHEMTAX analyses. The surface pattern in January 2010 indicated that diatoms, haptophytes and prasinophytes tended to be the most prominent groups inshore and in the southern sector of the bight, whereas Prochlorococcus and Synechococcus were more dominant in the north and towards the offshore region. At the deep chlorophyll maximum (DCM), diatoms were dominant in the inner bight and in the south, with prasinophytes being the prominent flagellates, but this changed to Prochlorococcus and pelagophytes being the important groups in the northern sector and outer part of the bight. A different pattern was observed at the surface in July 2010, where diatoms, haptophytes, prasinophytes and cryptophytes in varying proportions comprised most of the community in the inner half of the bight, whereas Synechococcus and haptophytes were the main groups in the outer sector. A similar pattern occurred at the DCM, except that Synechococcus was less prominent and pelagophytes were distributed across the bight in both the inshore and offshore zones. Observations and relationships between phytoplankton groups and environmental parameters indicated that the groups were most closely related to temperature, accounting for 24–64% of the deviance. The influence of nutrients on phytoplankton was less clear but nitrate and silicate seemed to account for some of the patchy distribution patterns.Keywords: CHEMTAX, communities, generalised additive models, pigments

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Let (M,g) be a compact Riemannian manifold without boundary. Let D be a compact subdomain of M with smooth boundary. We examine the heat content asymptotics for the heat flow from D into M where both the initial temperature and the specific heat are permitted to have controlled singularities on the boundary of D. The operator driving the heat process is assumed to be an operator of Laplace type

WHO published the Guidelines for Community Noise in 1999 and the Night Noise Guidelines for Europe in 2009. Significant new research in the area of environmental noise and health has taken place since then. As well, new noise sources of concern for public health, such as personal electronic devices and wind turbines, were not addressed in previous guidelines. For these reasons, WHO is currently engaged in the revision of all pertinent literature and will provide recommendations for the protection of public health as part of new WHO Environmental Noise Guidelines for the European Region. The guidelines will focus on the WHO European Region and provide guidance to its Member States that is compatible with the noise indicators used in the European Union (EU) Directive on Environmental Noise. The process for updating the guidelines is complex, involving the work of top scientists from across the world under the coordination of WHO. The following health outcomes are deemed critical or very important and will be included: effects on sleep,annoyance, cognitive impairment, cardiovascular diseases, hearing impairment, tinnitus, adverse birth outcomes, and mental health and wellbeing. The guidelines will consider the evidence on health effects of environmental noise related to the various sources, for each outcome of relevance:, aircraft, rail, road and wind turbines. As well, specific settings such as residences, hospitals, learning establishments and public venues will be taken into account. Additionally, the guidelines will review the potential health benefits from noise mitigation and interventions to decrease noise levels. The Guidelines will provide up-to-date information on the health risks from environmental noise and evidence-based recommendations in order to support WHO Member States in their efforts to prevent and control exposure to excessive community noise

We present an overview of the ongoing Hubble Space Telescope large program GO-12911. The program is focused on the core of M4, the nearest Galactic globular cluster, and the observations are designed to constrain the number of binaries with massive companions (black holes, neutron stars, or white dwarfs) by measuring the ``wobble'' of the luminous (main-sequence) companion around the center of mass of the pair, with an astrometric precision of ~50 micro-arcseconds. The high spatial resolution and stable medium-band PSFs of WFC3/UVIS will make these measurements possible. In this work we describe: (i) the motivation behind this study, (ii) our observing strategy, (iii) the many other investigations enabled by this unique data set, and which of those our team is conducting, and (iv) a preliminary reduction of the first-epoch data-set collected on October 10, 2012., 25 pages, 14 figures (9 at low resolution), 3 tables. Published in: Astronomische Nachrichten, Volume 334, Issue 10, pages 1062-1085, December 2013. http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/asna.201311911/abstract

Limiting climate change to 2 °C with a high probability requires reducing cumulative emissions to about 1600 GtCO2 over the 2000–2100 period. This requires unprecedented rates of decarbonization even in the short-run. The availability of the option of net negative emissions, such as bio-energy with carbon capture and storage (BECCS) or reforestation/ afforestation, allows to delay some of these emission reductions. In the paper, we assess the demand and potential for negative emissions in particular from BECCS. Both stylized calculations and model runs show that without the possibility of negative emissions, pathways meeting the 2 °C target with high probability need almost immediate emission reductions or simply become infeasible. The potential for negative emissions is uncertain. We show that negative emissions from BECCS are probably limited to around 0 to 10 GtCO2/year in 2050 and 0 to 20 GtCO2/year in 2100. Estimates on the potential of afforestation options are in the order of 0–4 GtCO2/year. Given the importance and the uncertainty concerning BECCS, we stress the importance of near-term assessments of its availability as today’s decisions has important consequences for climate change mitigation in the long run.

We discuss the heat content asymptotics associated with the heat flow out of a smooth compact manifold in a larger compact Riemannian manifold. Although there are no boundary conditions, the corresponding heat content asymptotics involve terms localized on the boundary. The classical pseudo-differential calculus is used to establish the existence of the complete asymptotic series and methods of invariance theory are used to determine the first few terms in the asymptotic series in terms of geometric data. The operator driving the heat process is assumed to be an operator of Laplace type.

For $p\in (1,+\infty)$ and $b \in (0, +\infty]$ the $p$-torsion function with Robin boundary conditions associated to an arbitrary open set $\Om \subset \R^m$ satisfies formally the equation $-��_p =1$ in $\Om$ and $|\nabla u|^{p-2} \frac{\partial u}{\partial n} + b|u|^{p-2} u =0$ on $\partial \Om$. We obtain bounds of the $L^\infty$ norm of $u$ {\it only} in terms of the bottom of the spectrum (of the Robin $p$-Laplacian), $b$ and the dimension of the space in the following two extremal cases: the linear framework (corresponding to $p=2$) and arbitrary $b>0$, and the non-linear framework (corresponding to arbitrary $p>1$) and Dirichlet boundary conditions ($b=+\infty$). In the general case, $p\not=2, p \in (1, +\infty)$ and $b>0$ our bounds involve also the Lebesgue measure of $\Om$., 19 pages