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The objective was to evaluate the effects of palm kernel cake (PKC) supplementation on voluntary feed intake, in situ rumen degradability and performance in the wettest (WS—January to June) and less rainy seasons (LR—July to December) in the eastern Amazon. A total of 52 crossbred buffaloes that were neither lactating nor gestating were used, with 24 for the LR, aged 34 ± 04 months and an initial average weight of 503 ± 48 kg, and 24 for the WS aged 40 ± 04 months with an average weight of 605 ± 56 kg. The four treatments (levels of PKC in relation to body weight) were distributed in a completely randomized design, with 0% (PKC0), 0.25% (PKC0.2), 0.5% (PKC0.5) and 1% (PKC1) with six repetitions. The animals were housed in Marandu grass paddocks, intermittently, with access to water and mineral mixture ad libitum. Degradability was evaluated by the in situ bag technique in four other crossbred buffaloes with rumen cannulae, in a 4 × 4 Latin square (four periods and four treatments). The inclusion of PKC increased supplement consumption and production of ether extracts and reduced the intake of forage and non-fibrous carbohydrates. The dry matter degradability of Marandu grass was not affected; however, the fermentation kinetics in neutral detergent fiber (NDF) differed between the treatments. The co-product dry matter colonization time was greater in PKC1 and the highest effective degradability rates were from PKC0, but the productive performance of the animals was not influenced. Supplementation of buffaloes with PKC is recommended for up to 1% of body weight.

The use of palm kernel cake as an alternative to conventional ingredients, due to the presence of residual fat, can also reduce methane emissions. The objective of the study was to evaluate, in two different experiments, the effects of palm kernel cake supplementation on feed intake, enteric methane production and estimates, and the ingestive behavior of buffaloes in the Amazon biome. In experiment 1, to evaluate feed intake, methane production, and feed efficiency, 20 crossbred females, dry and empty, with a mean age of 34 months and an initial body weight of 514 ± 69 kg, were supplemented with palm kernel cake for 60 days. The supply was calculated in relation to body weight (BW) in four treatments: 0% (control); 0.25, 0.50, and 1% of palm kernel cake, distributed in a completely randomized design. In experiment 2, to evaluate the ingestive behavior, 24 mixed-breed, dry, and non-pregnant buffaloes supplemented with palm kernel cake were evaluated in the less rainy season (LR) and the wettest season (WS) of the eastern Amazon, distributed in a completely randomized in the same treatments as experiment 1. The inclusion of palm kernel cake in the supplementation increased the feed intake of dry matter and components (MM, OM, CP, NDF, ADF, and EE) (P < 0.01), reducing the production of enteric methane intake (P < 0.01), the ratio per kg of meat produced (P < 0.01) and feed efficiency (P < 0.01), and influenced the ingestive behavior (time grazing, rumination, and idleness) during the day. We suggest that further research be carried out to verify the results and improve the use of this co-product as a methanogenesis mitigator.

Made available in DSpace on 2019-10-06T16:22:32Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2019-05-01 Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) Empresa Brasileira de Pesquisa Agropecuária To determine the optimal inclusion amount of palm kernel cake (PKC) in a buffalo diet, in the present study there was evaluation of the ovarian activity, metabolism and hepatic function of females that were treated to synchronize the time of ovulation. Twenty-four estrous-cyclic and non-lactating Murrah buffalo with a mean age of 5.7 years were supplemented with 0%, 0.25%, 0.5% and 1% of their body weight (BW) with PKC. Animals were subjected to the Ovsynch protocol (beginning of protocol = D0). The ovaries were examined and the blood was collected on D10 (follicular phase) and D17 (luteal phase). Follicular and luteal development and serum progesterone concentrations were not affected by diet (P > 0.05). Serum concentrations of cholesterol were greater in animals supplemented with PKC in amounts at 0.5% of BW or less with PKC, regardless of the phase of the estrous cycles when evaluations occurred (P < 0.05). Concentrations of HDL-cholesterol were similar (P > 0.05) during the follicular and luteal phases. Triglyceride concentrations increased linearly (P = 0.03) as percentage of PKC inclusion diets increased during the follicular phase, but were similar in the luteal phase (60.0 mg/dL; P = 0.51). Amount of PKC supplementation did not affect the concentrations of alanine aminotransferase, but there was a greater amount of aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and gamma glutamyl transferase (GGT) during both phases of the estrous cycle (P < 0.05). Animals supplemented at 1.0% of BW with PKC had greater AST and GGT concentrations than what is recommended for buffalo. The results of the present study indicate PKC supplementation of buffalo diets does not affect the development of the ovarian follicle and corpus luteum nor the peripheral concentration of progesterone, even though there are greater serum concentrations of total cholesterol and triglycerides. Because the amount of PKC supplementation in the present study does not result in hepatic dysfunction when fed at the 0.5% of BW amount, it is suggested that this agro-industrial byproduct of high nutritional value may be a new alternative for dietary supplementation of grazing buffalo. São Paulo State University (UNESP) School of Agrarian and Veterinary Sciences Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine and Animal Reproduction, Campus Jaboticabal Embrapa Eastern Amazon Embrapa Dairy Cattle Federal Rural University of Amazonia (UFRA) Federal University of Pará (UFPA) Federal Institute of Amapá (IFAP) São Paulo State University (UNESP) School of Veterinary Medicine Laboratory of Reproductive Physiology Campus Araçatuba São Paulo State University (UNESP) School of Agrarian and Veterinary Sciences Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine and Animal Reproduction, Campus Jaboticabal São Paulo State University (UNESP) School of Veterinary Medicine Laboratory of Reproductive Physiology Campus Araçatuba

The objective was to evaluate the effect of concentrate supplementation using by-products of the Amazonian industry on milk production, milk composition, and milk fatty acid profile of dairy buffaloes. Twelve lactating buffaloes (544.5 ± 35.6 kg, 6.4 ± 2.2 years old, 59 ± 6 days in milk) were allotted in a pasture of Mombaca grass and managed under rotational grazing (4 days occupancy/28 days rest). A 3 × 3 Latin square was adopted, and each animal alternately received three supplementary treatments based on corn bran + soybean meal or cupuacu cake or murumuru cake for 21 days per treatment. Murumuru cake increased the levels of lauric acid and myristic acid in the milk (p < 0.05). Murumuru cake reduced the unsaturated fatty acid contents in the milk compared with animals fed control diet or cupuacu cake (24.27% vs. 25.24% vs. 25.08%). The n-6/n-3 ratio was 2.6, 1.97, and 2.0 in the control, cupuacu, and murumuru groups, respectively. Based on this parameter, cakes made from cupuacu as well as murumuru could be considered to be adequate for inclusion in dairy water buffalo feed. However, the murumuru cake addition requires some caution because its use induces the secretion of higher levels of lauric and myristic fatty acids that are related to human cardiovascular disease.

This research aimed to study the behavior of female Murrah buffaloes in a silvopastoral system. The trial was carried out at Embrapa Eastern Amazon, under Afi climate according to the Köppen classification, between August and November 2009, during the less rainy season. Three different periods of the day were considered during activity evaluation: morning period ? between 6:00 AM and 9:55 AM; intermediary period ? between 10:00 AM and 1:55 PM; and afternoon period ? between 2:00 PM and 5:55 PM. The animals were maintained in a silvopastoral system (SPS) (ST; n=10) with shade from Racosperma mangium. The meteorological variables of temperature and relative air humidity were measured, as well as the following animal behavior variables: time grazing, ruminating and idling, time standing and lying, and time in shaded and non-shaded areas. These variables were compared by T test (P

The objective was to evaluate the effect of concentrate supplementation using by-products of the Amazonian industry on milk production, milk composition, and milk fatty acid profile of dairy buffaloes. Twelve lactating buffaloes (544.5 ± 35.6 kg, 6.4 ± 2.2 years old, 59 ± 6 days in milk) were allotted in a pasture of Mombaça grass and managed under rotational grazing (4 days occupancy/28 days rest). A 3 × 3 Latin square was adopted, and each animal alternately received three supplementary treatments based on corn bran + soybean meal or cupuaçu cake or murumuru cake for 21 days per treatment. Murumuru cake increased the levels of lauric acid and myristic acid in the milk (p 0.05). Murumuru cake reduced the unsaturated fatty acid contents in the milk compared with animals fed control diet or cupuaçu cake (24.27% vs. 25.24% vs. 25.08%). The n-6/n-3 ratio was 2.6, 1.97, and 2.0 in the control, cupuaçu, and murumuru groups, respectively. Based on this parameter, cakes made from cupuaçu as well as murumuru could be considered to be adequate for inclusion in dairy water buffalo feed. However, the murumuru cake addition requires some caution because its use induces the secretion of higher levels of lauric and myristic fatty acids that are related to human cardiovascular disease.

This study employed infrared thermography to assess the thermoregulatory responses of female buffaloes reared in a hot and humid climate as a function of variations in time and the thermal environment, and to correlate rectal temperature with that of different body areas. The trial was carried out at Embrapa Eastern Amazon (01°26’S and 48°24’W) in Belem, PA, Brazil. 24 female buffaloes fed exclusively on pasture and exposed to the sun throughout the day in an open area were used. The animals were taken back to the corral at 6 A.M., 9 A.M., 12 P.M., 3 P.M., 6 P.M., and 9 P.M. for measurements of rectal temperature (RT), respiratory rate (RR), and body surface temperature (BST) using infrared thermography (IRT). Data on air temperature (AT), relative air humidity (RH), wind velocity (WV) and solar radiation (SR) were also recorded. A quadratic effect of AT, RH, SR, RR, and RT (P

O objetivo deste estudo foi desenvolver um sorvete de iogurte simbiotico enriquecido com polpa de acai (Euterpe oleracea Mart), elaborado com leite de bufala. O leite, devidamente filtrado, desnatado e pasteurizado a 90 °C por cinco minutos, foi acrescido de 1% de prebiotico (inulina), 0,5% de cultura lactea (probiotico) e 8% de sacarose e seguiu para fermentacao por cerca de quatro horas ate atingir pH 4,6. Apos, o iogurte foi dividido para obter quatro formulacoes de sorvete, F1 - com gordura vegetal e corante; F2 - com gordura vegetal sem corante; F3 - com nata e corante e F4 - com nata sem corante, para verificar a gordura mais acessivel e o comportamento do consumidor em relacao a adicao de corante. Na avaliacao das caracteristicas fisico-quimicas, a F1 se destacou significativamente (p 0,05). De acordo com a analise microbiologica os derivados estavam adequados para consumo humano. Assim, a elaboracao do sorvete de iogurte enriquecido com acai, e viavel pela sua funcionalidade e valor agregado, com uso de nata ou gordura vegetal e adicao de corante.

O estudo visou investigar o efeito da suplementação dietética com óleo de palma sobre o perfil sérico lipídico e as características seminais de touros bubalinos (Bubalus bubalis), bem como suas correlações. Doze touros foram alocados no Grupo CONT (n=5) ou Grupo ÓLEO (n=7) e receberam alimentação isoproteica composta por silagem de milho e concentrado (milho triturado, farelo de trigo e ureia), com proporção volumoso/concentrado de 50%, durante 130 dias (Períodos 1 e 2). Diferencialmente, óleo de palma foi adicionado ao concentrado (2% MS) do Grupo ÓLEO. Sêmen e sangue foram colhidos quinzenalmente. Houve aumento nas concentrações séricas de colesterol, HDL e lipídios totais nos animais do Grupo ÓLEO, enquanto o período influenciou nas taxas de colesterol, LDL, lipídios totais e VLDL (P

Objetivou-se avaliar o requeijão cremoso de leite de búfalas suplementadas com concentrados proteicos, T1 (controle): farelo de milho e soja, T2: farelo de milho e soja e torta de cupuaçu (Theobroma grandiflorum), e T3: farelo de milho e soja e torta de murumuru (Astrocaryum murumuru), em três repetições. Os animais são provenientes do rebanho experimental da Unidade de Pesquisa "Dr. Felisberto Camargo" (01º28'S e 48º27'W), Belém, Pará, da Embrapa Amazônia Oriental. Foram realizadas análises físico-químicas, microbiológicas e sensoriais, a fim de detectar diferenças na utilização de leite oriundo de diferentes dietas alimentares. A composição nutricional dos derivados lácteos não resultou em diferenças significativas (p

O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o efeito de um sistema silvipastoril no conforto térmico de 20 búfalas Murrah, das quais 10 criadas em piquetes sem sombra (SS) e 10 com sombreamento (CS) de Racosperma mangium, em Belém, PA. Os animais foram alimentados em pasto, com Urochloa humidicola, com acesso livre à água para beber e sal mineral. A cada três dias, foram mensuradas: temperatura do ar (TA), umidade relativa do ar (UR), temperatura de globo negro (TGN), temperatura retal (TR), frequências respiratória (FR) e cardíaca (FC), e a temperatura da superfície corporal (TSC), pela manhã (7h) e à tarde (13h). Os valores de TR, TSC, FR e FC foram maiores à tarde, especialmente no grupo SS. Mais altas no período menos chuvoso, a TR, TSC e FR apresentaram correlação linear positiva com a TA e o índice de temperatura e umidade (ITGU) e negativa com a UR. Tanto na estação mais chuvosa quanto na menos chuvosa, a FC apresentou correlações significativas positivas com a TA e ITGU e negativas com a UR, apenas no período mais chuvoso. A arborização da pastagem é eficiente para melhorar o conforto térmico das búfalas Murrah, principalmente à tarde. The objective of this work was to evaluate the effects of a silvipasture system on the thermal comfort of 20 female buffaloes, from which 10 raised in under nonshaded paddocks (SS) and 10 in paddocks shaded by Racosperma mangium (CS), in Belém county, PA, Brazil. All animals were fed in pastures with Urochloa humidicola, and had free access to drinking water and mineral salt. Every three days, measurements were made for air temperature (TA), relative humidity ( UR ), black globe temperature (TGN), rectal temperature (TR), respiratory rate (FR), heart rate (FC), and body surface temperature (TSC), in the morning (7 AM) and in the afternoon (1 PM). The values of TR, TSC, RR and FR, mainly for the SS group, were higher in the afternoon. The TR, TSC and FR showed a significant and positive correlation with TA and the temperature and humidity index (ITGU), and a negative correlation with UR . These correlations were higher for the less rainy period. The FR showed significant and positive correlations with TA and ITGU, during both the most and the less rainy seasons, and negative correlations with UR only in the rainy season. The forestation of pasture areas is efficient to increase the thermal comfort for Murrah females, especially in the afternoon.

Foi avaliado o efeito da inclusão de níveis crescentes de torta de coco (Cocos nucifera L.) sobre a ingestão de alimentos e a digestibilidade aparente da matéria seca, da fibra em detergente neutro e da fibra em detergente ácido. Foram utilizados 16 ovinos não-castrados, com peso corporal médio de 28 kg (± 3,2 kg), distribuídos em delineamento inteiramente casualizado, sendo quatro tratamentos (0; 0,4; 0,8 e 1,2% PV de inclusão de torta de coco) equatro repetições. Houve um período experimental de 21 dias com 14 dias de adaptação e sete dias de coleta de dados, em que se monitorou o fornecimento da dieta e a coleta total de fezes. A digestibilidade aparente da matéria seca e da fibra em detergente ácido apresentou efeitos lineares e crescentes com a inclusão da torta de coco na dieta (44,9 a 57 e 30,57 a 40,32%) para os níveis de 1,2% de inclusão, respectivamente. A fibra em detergente neutro apresentou comportamento quadrático, e o melhor nível de inclusão ocorreu com 0,89% e digestibilidade máxima da FDN de 59,39%. A torta de coco é uma excelente fonte de suplementação alimentar e pode contribuir no atendimento das demandas nutricionais para produção de carne e leite na Amazônia Oriental. This trial was conducted to evaluate the effect of increasing levels of coconut cake (Cocos nucifera L.) on feed intake and apparent digestibility of dry matter, neutral detergent fiber and acid detergent fiber. We used 16 non-castrated sheep with mean body weight of 28 kg (± 3.2 kg), distributed in a completely randomized design with four treatments (0, 0.4, 0.8 and 1.2% BW of inclusion of coconut pie) and four replications. There was a trial period of 21 days with 14 days of adaptation and 7 days of data collection, which monitored the supply of diet and total fecal collection. The apparent digestibility of dry matter and acid detergent fiber effects were linear and increasing with the inclusion of coconut cake in the diet (44.9 to 57 and from 30.57 to 40.32%) to levels of 1.2% inclusion, respectively. Neutral detergent fiber showed a quadratic response, with the best level of 0.89% and maximum digestibility of NDF of 59.39%. Coconut cake is an excellent source of supplemental feed, and can contribute in meeting the nutritional demands for meat and milk production in the eastern Amazon.

Foi avaliado o efeito da inclusão de níveis crescentes de torta de coco (Cocos nucifera L.) sobre a ingestão de alimentos e a digestibilidade aparente da matéria seca, da fibra em detergente neutro e da fibra em detergente ácido. Foram utilizados 16 ovinos não-castrados, com peso corporal médio de 28 kg (± 3,2 kg), distribuídos em delineamento inteiramente casualizado, sendo quatro tratamentos (0; 0,4; 0,8 e 1,2% PV de inclusão de torta de coco) e quatro repetições. Houve um período experimental de 21 dias com 14 dias de adaptação e sete dias de coleta de dados, em que se monitorou o fornecimento da dieta e a coleta total de fezes. A digestibilidade aparente da matéria seca e da fibra em detergente ácido apresentou efeitos lineares e crescentes com a inclusão da torta de coco na dieta (44,9 a 57 e 30,57 a 40,32%) para os níveis de 1,2% de inclusão, respectivamente. A fibra em detergente neutro apresentou comportamento quadrático, e o melhor nível de inclusão ocorreu com 0,89% e digestibilidade máxima da FDN de 59,39%. A torta de coco é uma excelente fonte de suplementação alimentar e pode contribuir no atendimento das demandas nutricionais para produção de carne e leite na Amazônia Oriental.This trial was conducted to evaluate the effect of increasing levels of coconut cake (Cocos nucifera L.) on feed intake and apparent digestibility of dry matter, neutral detergent fiber and acid detergent fiber. We used 16 non-castrated sheep with mean body weight of 28 kg (± 3.2 kg), distributed in a completely randomized design with four treatments (0, 0.4, 0.8 and 1.2% BW of inclusion of coconut pie) and four replications. There was a trial period of 21 days with 14 days of adaptation and 7 days of data collection, which monitored the supply of diet and total fecal collection. The apparent digestibility of dry matter and acid detergent fiber effects were linear and increasing with the inclusion of coconut cake in the diet (44.9 to 57 and from 30.57 to 40.32%) to levels of 1.2% inclusion, respectively. Neutral detergent fiber showed a quadratic response, with the best level of 0.89% and maximum digestibility of NDF of 59.39%. Coconut cake is an excellent source of supplemental feed, and can contribute in meeting the nutritional demands for meat and milk production in the eastern Amazon.

Foi analisado o efeito de dois sistemas silvipastoris nos índices de conforto ambiental e alterações nos parâmetros fisiológicos de bezerros bubalinos criados na Embrapa Amazônia Oriental, Belém-PA (clima Afi), no Período 1 (abril a setembro/2007) e Período 2 (outubro/2007 a março/2008). Foram inseridos onze bezerros no Sistema Silvipastoril 1 (SSP1), que apresentava sombreamento útil nas pastagens de 18 a 21%, e oito no Sistema Silvipastoril 2 (SSP2), sem sombreamento, com lago para banho. Foram mensuradas as variáveis fisiológicas: temperatura retal (TR), frequência respiratória (FR), temperatura da pele (TP), e calculados o Índice de Temperatura e Umidade (ITU) e Índice de Conforto de Benezra (ICB), nos dois períodos experimentais, comparados pelo Teste Tukey (P < 0,05). O ITU apresentou diferença estatística entre horários (P < 0,05) e período do ano (P < 0,05), e oscilou de 73,5 ± 1,3 até 82,2 ± 0,8. A TR apresentou diferença estatística entre horários e períodos do ano (P < 0,05), com amplitude de 38,3 ± 0,26 a 39,3 ± 0,38 °C. A FR apresentou diferença significativa entre horários (P < 0,05), com amplitude de 32,2 ± 9,2 a 56,5 ± 19,0 mov min-1, consideradas acima dos níveis normais, enquanto a TP foi diferente estatisticamente entre períodos e horários (P < 0,05) e variou de 23,6 ± 8,3 a 31,7 ± 5,4 °C. Nos Períodos 1 e 2 e nos dois SSP's, os ICBs estiveram acima do valor ideal, variando de 2,46 ± 0,33 a 3,31 ± 0,62 (SSP1) e 2,42 ± 0,30 a 3,45 ± 0,66 (SSP2).This aim of the study was evaluating effects of two different silvopastoral systems on environmental comfort and changes in physiological parameters of buffalo calves bred in the Eastern Amazon. The experiment was conducted at Embrapa Amazônia Oriental, Belém-PA, (Afi climate type) in two periods of the year: Period 1 (April to Sep/2007) and Period 2 (Oct/2007 to March/2008). Eleven calves were included in the Silvopastoral System 1 (SSP1), with a useful shaded pasture area of 18 to 21%; and eight calves were included in the Silvopastoral System 2 (SSP2), without shading, but with a lake for swimming. Physiological status of animals bred in the two SSP's were measured (rectal temperature-RT; respiratory frequency-RF and skin temperature-ST). The Temperature and Humidity Index (THI) and Benezra´s Animal Comfort Index (ACI) were calculated, in two phases of the year, and were compared by the Tukey test (P < 0.05). THI ranged from 73.5 ± 1.3 to 82.2 ± 0.8. RT was 38.3 ± 0.26 to 39.3 ± 0.38 °C, but within the normal range for buffalo. RF ranged from 32.2 ± 9.2 to 56.5 ± 19.0 mov min-1, above the levels considered normal, and ST ranged from 23.6 ± 8.3 and 31.7 ± 5.4 °C. In both periods of the year and the two SSP's, ACIs were considered higher than ideal, ranging from 2.46 ± 0.33 to 3.31 ± 0.62 (SSP1) and 2.42 ± 0.30 to 3.45 ± 0.66 (SSP2).

O experimento avaliou o efeito da vermifugação e da utilização de bioestimulantes no ganho de peso e no escore de condição corporal (ECC) de bovinos de corte, criados em sistema de pastejo rotacionado com suplementação a pasto, no Estado do Pará, durante 160 dias. Foram utilizados 132 bovinos machos não castrados, com idade média de 24 meses, da raça Nelore (Bos taurus indicus). Os grupos experimentais compreenderam o grupo G1 (controle; n=33), G2 (moxidectina 1%; n=33), G3 (moxidectina 10%; n=33) e G4 (ivermectina 3,15%; n=33). Em todos os grupos foram estabelecidas três subparcelas, a fim de serem testados dois bioestimulantes de crescimento animal (bioestimulante 1 e bioestimulante 2). Não houve diferença estatística significativa no ganho de peso médio, no ECC e nas contagens de OPG entre animais do G1, G2, G3 e G4, independentemente dos anti-helmínticos e/ou bioestimulantes usados. Contudo, o tratamento baseado na associação de moxidectina 1% e o bioestimulante 2 apresentou maior receita líquida e incrementou a lucratividade da terminação em 1,24%. Os resultados sugerem que não há necessidade de um controle contra nematódeos durante a terminação, desde que os animais apresentem uma baixa carga parasitária, porém o uso de fármacos pode, sob certas condições, apresentar resultado econômico favorável.PALAVRAS-CHAVES: Anti-helmíntico, bovinocultura, crescimento, rentabilidade, sistema de produção. The experiment evaluated the effect of vermifuges and biostimulants on weight gain and body condition score (BCS) of beef cattle, created in pasture supplementation system, in the State of Pará, during 160 days. Experimental animal were 132 Nelore (Bos taurus indicus), non-castrated male, with average age of 24 months. Experimental groups were: G1 group (control; n=33), G2 (1% moxidectin; n=33), G3 (10% moxidectin; n=33) and G4 (3.15% ivermectin; n=33). Each group was divided in three plots, in order to test two biostimulants for animal growth (biostimulant 1 and biostimulant 2). No statistical difference was detected on weight gain , BCS or eggs per gram of feces counting on animals of the G1, G2, G3 and G4, despite vermifuges and/or biostimulants used. However, treatment based on 1% moxidectin and biostimulant 2 association presented greater net revenue and increased the profitability of the termination in 1,24%. Results suggest that it’s not necessary controlling nematode parasites during the termination, since animals present a low parasite infestation to the entrance. However, the use of drugs can, under certain conditions, presents economic favorable results.KEY WORDS: Antihelmintic, bovine, beef production, growth, rentability.

O presente estudo visou avaliar os efeitos da associação da medroxiprogesterona (análogo sintético da progesterona) ao protocolo Ovsynch sobre o crescimento folicular, a ovulação e a taxa de concepção de búfalas criadas na Amazônia Oriental (Tracuateua-PA). Vinte e sete fêmeas adultas (G1 n=14 e G2 n=13), cíclicas, sem bezerro ao pé e com ECC 3,5 foram submetidas a Ovsynch. Os animais do G2 receberam 60 mg de medroxiprogesterona entre D0 e D7 (D0=início do tratamento). A ultra-sonografia ovariana foi realizada nos D 0, 7, 9 e 10. O contingente de folículos pequenos diferiu no D7 (G1: 4,57±0,60 versus G2: 6,54±0,67; P=0,05). Tempo e tratamento influenciaram o diâmetro folicular no D7. O crescimento do folículo dominante entre D7 e D9 foi maior nos animais tratados (G1: 2,05±0,49 mm/dia versus 3,48±0,41 mm/dia; P0,05). Os achados sugerem que a medroxiprogesterona (1) aumenta recrutamento folicular e retarda o crescimento dos folículos com diâmetro maior que 5,0 mm entre D0 e D7; (2) sua retirada incrementa em 1,7 vezes o crescimento folicular do D7 ao D9; (3) pode contribuir para a ovulação de folículos maiores e, em tese, para maior formação de tecido luteínico; (4) não promove ovulação precoce após o Ovsynch; (5) não eleva as taxas de concepção após sincronização de fêmeas cíclicas e com bom escore corporal, devendo ser avaliada para uso em fêmeas acíclicas ou com ECC mais baixo.The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of the association of medroxyprogesterone with the Ovsynch protocol on the follicular growth, ovulation, and conception rate of buffaloes in the Eastern Amazon (Tracuateua-PA). Twenty-seven cyclic, non-lactating females (G1 n=14 and G2 n=13) with a 3.5 BCS were synchronized with the Ovsynch. Animals from G2 received a supplementation of 60 mg of medroxyprogesterone from D0 to D7 (D0=starting day of treatment). Ultrasonography evaluation on ovaries was realized on Days 0, 7, 9, and 10. A significant effect of treatment on follicle number was observed on D7 (G1: 4.57±0.60 versus G2: 6.54±0.67; P=0.05). Time and treatment influenced follicular diameter on D7. The growth of the dominant follicular was increased from D7 to D9 on treated females (G1: 2.05±0.49 mm/day versus 3.48±0.41 mm/day; P0,05). The findings suggest that medroxyprogesterone: (1) increases follicular recruitment and inhibits the growth of follicles whose diameter was larger than 5.0mm from D0 to D7; (2) the withdrawal of medroxyprogesterone speeds up follicular growth 1.7 fold from D7 to D9; (3) would probably contribute to the ovulation of larger follicles thereby forming more luteal tissue; (4) does not stimulate early ovulation after Ovsynch; and (5) does not elevate the conception rate after the synchronization of cyclic females with good body condition, and should be evaluated for the utilization in acyclic/reduced BCS females.

O presente estudo visou avaliar os efeitos da associação da medroxiprogesterona (análogo sintético da progesterona) ao protocolo Ovsynch sobre o crescimento folicular, a ovulação e a taxa de concepção de búfalas criadas na Amazônia Oriental (Tracuateua-PA). Vinte e sete fêmeas adultas (G1 n=14 e G2 n=13), cíclicas, sem bezerro ao pé e com ECC 3,5 foram submetidas a Ovsynch. Os animais do G2 receberam 60 mg de medroxiprogesterona entre D0 e D7 (D0=início do tratamento). A ultra-sonografia ovariana foi realizada nos D 0, 7, 9 e 10. O contingente de folículos pequenos diferiu no D7 (G1: 4,57±0,60 versus G2: 6,54±0,67; P=0,05). Tempo e tratamento influenciaram o diâmetro folicular no D7. O crescimento do folículo dominante entre D7 e D9 foi maior nos animais tratados (G1: 2,05±0,49 mm/dia versus 3,48±0,41 mm/dia; P0,05). Os achados sugerem que a medroxiprogesterona (1) aumenta recrutamento folicular e retarda o crescimento dos folículos com diâmetro maior que 5,0 mm entre D0 e D7; (2) sua retirada incrementa em 1,7 vezes o crescimento folicular do D7 ao D9; (3) pode contribuir para a ovulação de folículos maiores e, em tese, para maior formação de tecido luteínico; (4) não promove ovulação precoce após o Ovsynch; (5) não eleva as taxas de concepção após sincronização de fêmeas cíclicas e com bom escore corporal, devendo ser avaliada para uso em fêmeas acíclicas ou com ECC mais baixo. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of the association of medroxyprogesterone with the Ovsynch protocol on the follicular growth, ovulation, and conception rate of buffaloes in the Eastern Amazon (Tracuateua-PA). Twenty-seven cyclic, non-lactating females (G1 n=14 and G2 n=13) with a 3.5 BCS were synchronized with the Ovsynch. Animals from G2 received a supplementation of 60 mg of medroxyprogesterone from D0 to D7 (D0=starting day of treatment). Ultrasonography evaluation on ovaries was realized on Days 0, 7, 9, and 10. A significant effect of treatment on follicle number was observed on D7 (G1: 4.57±0.60 versus G2: 6.54±0.67; P=0.05). Time and treatment influenced follicular diameter on D7. The growth of the dominant follicular was increased from D7 to D9 on treated females (G1: 2.05±0.49 mm/day versus 3.48±0.41 mm/day; P0,05). The findings suggest that medroxyprogesterone: (1) increases follicular recruitment and inhibits the growth of follicles whose diameter was larger than 5.0mm from D0 to D7; (2) the withdrawal of medroxyprogesterone speeds up follicular growth 1.7 fold from D7 to D9; (3) would probably contribute to the ovulation of larger follicles thereby forming more luteal tissue; (4) does not stimulate early ovulation after Ovsynch; and (5) does not elevate the conception rate after the synchronization of cyclic females with good body condition, and should be evaluated for the utilization in acyclic/reduced BCS females.

Para avaliar o comportamento ingestivo de ovinos alimentados com dietas contendo diferentes níveis de farelo de dendê em substituição à silagem de milho, realizou-se ensaio metabólico, com 20 ovinos fêmeas, cinco tratamentos e quatro repetições, durante 25 dias. Os animais receberam dieta com silagem de milho (SM) e níveis crescentes de inclusão (0%, 15%, 30%, 45 e 60%) de farelo de dendê (FD). Foram avaliados o consumo de matéria seca (CMS) e de fibra detergente neutra (CFDN), tempo em alimentação (TAL), ruminação (TRU) e ócio (TOC), número de mastigações merícicas por bolo (NMM/bolo), tempo despendido para ruminação de cada bolo (TR/bolo), gramas de MS e FDN por bolo, número de bolos ruminados por dia (NBR/dia), eficiências de ingestão e ruminação, em g MS/hora e g FDN/hora, tempo de mastigação total (TMT), em h/dia, e número de mastigações merícicas por dia (NMM/dia). Os CMS e CFDN aumentaram linearmente (P

Objetivou-se determinar a qualidade do leite de bufala e seus derivados, requeijao e iogurte natural, produzidos no municipio de Belem, estado do Para. As amostras foram submetidas as analises microbiologicas, fungos filamentosos e leveduras, bacterias mesofilas, coliformes a 45 °C e a 35 °C, Staphylococcus aureus e Salmonella sp, e as analises fisico-quimicas, acidez titulavel em acido latico; umidade e residuo seco; determinacao de pH; prova de amido e residuo mineral fixo. A composicao fisico-quimica e microbiologica do leite de bufala foi comparada aos padroes estabelecidos pela legislacao vigente e sugerem a necessidade de controle da qualidade de obtencao do produto com emprego de boas praticas agropecuarias. Os derivados, requeijao e iogurte, atenderam aos requisitos preconizados pela legislacao, dessa forma, podem ser considerados aptos para consumo do ponto de vista nutricional e higienico sanitario. Entretanto, ha necessidade das industrias realizarem programas voltados para capacitacao dos produtores rurais e manipuladores do leite. Ressalta-se que compete as instituicoes fiscalizadoras, inspecionar as atividades de industria e do comercio para garantir a qualidade e vida util dos produtos lacteos.

The inclusion effect of 0 (control), 15, 30, 45, 60, and 100% dry matter (DM) of Brazil nut (Bertholletia excelsa Bonpl.) cake (BNC) aiming at replacing corn silage was assessed on fermentation kinetics and effective degradability (ED) by means of in vitro gas production at 3, 6, 9, 12, 24, 48, 72 and 96 h. A randomized block design was used with six treatments, three blocks, and two replications per block. France’s model was fit to the data. An in vivo experiment, conducted in fistulated ovine, assessed the effects of BNC inclusion levels of 0, 15, 30, and 45% DM replacing corn silage on ruminal parameters. Ruminal fluid samples were collected postprandial at 8, 10, 12, 14, 16, and 18 h for determining the concentrations of short-chain fatty acids (SCFA), pH, and N–NH3. A completely randomized design with repeated measures in time was used, with four treatments and three replications. Results of acetate, propionate, butyrate, acetate to propionate ratio, pH, and NH3 were submitted to analysis of variance and regression (linear and quadratic) considering treatment, time and interaction of both. In addition, the F test with a 5% (P < 0.05) significance level was applied to the data. Fermentation kinetics pattern and ED presented a linear decreasing (P < 0.05), which means a decrease in total gas production at each coproduct inclusion level. No interaction effect between treatment and time was observed for total SCFA (P > 0.40), acetic acid (P > 0.41), propionic acid (P > 0.85), butyric acid (P > 0.62) and pH (P > 0.57). BNC replacements of 0, 15, 30 and 45% did not change (P > 0.05) total SCFA concentration, as well as acetic acid concentration in ovine. When including 45% DM of BNC, concentrations (mMol/100 mL) of propionic (P < 0.001) and butyric (P < 0.022) acids was reduced in the ruminal fluid. The highest concentrations at measurement times were observed 4 hours after feeding. The pH values presented a quadratic effect on both inclusion (P < 0.001) and time (P < 0.001). An interaction was observed between treatment and time for N–NH3 concentration (mg/ml) (P < 0.001) and acetic to propionic acids ratio (P < 0.014). Fermentation kinetics was negatively affected by Brazil nut cake inclusion to corn silage-based diet. Therefore, the use of this coproduct is recommended associated with non-structural carbohydrate sources.

The objective was to evaluate the creamy requeijão cheese of water buffalo milk supplemented with protein concentrates, T1 (control): corn and soy meal, T2: corn and soy meal and cupuaçu pie (Theobroma grandiflorum), and T3: corn and soy meal and murumuru pie (Astrocaryum murumuru), in three replications. The animals are originated the experimental herd of the Unidade de Pesquisa "Dr. Felisberto Camargo" (01º28'S e 48º27'W), Belem, Para State, Brazil, Embrapa Eastern Amazon. Analyzes were performed physicochemical, microbiological and sensory in order to detect differences in the use of milk from different diets. The nutritional composition of dairy products resulted in no significant differences (p 0.05), which indicates that milk production is feasible with use of feed where there is partial replacement of corn and soy meal, by low cost ingredients, consisting of agroindustrial by-products, and prevent them from being discarded into the environment. The derivatives produced met the standards recommended by the hygienic and sanitary legislation. Regarding the acceptability and significant difference between the treatments and the derivatives were well accepted, indicating viability of production, low cost (US$ 0.69/100 g). That way, dietary supplementation with agro-industrial residues can encourage livestock buffalo milk, generate employment and income in small farms and enable the development of the productive chain Objetivou-se avaliar o requeijão cremoso de leite de búfalas suplementadas com concentrados proteicos, T1 (controle): farelo de milho e soja, T2: farelo de milho e soja e torta de cupuaçu (Theobroma grandiflorum), e T3: farelo de milho e soja e torta de murumuru (Astrocaryum murumuru), em três repetições. Os animais são provenientes do rebanho experimental da Unidade de Pesquisa "Dr. Felisberto Camargo" (01º28'S e 48º27'W), Belém, Pará, da Embrapa Amazônia Oriental. Foram realizadas análises físico-químicas, microbiológicas e sensoriais, a fim de detectar diferenças na utilização de leite oriundo de diferentes dietas alimentares. A composição nutricional dos derivados lácteos não resultou em diferenças significativas (p0,05), o que indica que a produção de leite é viável com uso de rações onde há substituição parcial da soja e milho, por ingredientes de baixo custo, constituídos por subprodutos da agroindústria, além de evitar que sejam descartados no ambiente. Os derivados elaborados atenderam aos padrões higiênico-sanitários preconizados pela legislação vigente. Quanto à aceitação sensorial, houve diferença significativa entre os tratamentos e os derivados foram bem aceitos, o que indica sua viabilidade de produção, de baixo custo (R$ 1,43/100 g). Dessa forma, a suplementação alimentar com resíduos agroindustriais pode incentivar a pecuária bubalina leiteira, gerar emprego e renda na pequena propriedade e possibilitar o desenvolvimento da cadeia produtiva.

This study aimed to assess the potential use of increasing levels of murumuru cake (Astrocaryum murumuru var. murumuru, M art.) (MC) in sheep diets as a replacement for Mombasa grass (Panicum maximum Jacq). Metabolic tests were performed with 20 castrated male sheep at Embrapa Amazônia Oriental, Belém, Pará, during 26 days. The experiment was arranged in a completely randomized design, with five diets and four replications. MC0: 100% grass; MC10: 10% MC and 90% grass; MC20: 20% MC and 80% grass; MC40: 40% MC and 60% grass; and MC60: 60% MC and 40% grass. The intake and the coefficient of apparent digestibility of dry matter (DMI and CDDM), organic matter (OMI and CDOM), crude protein (CPI and CDCP), neutral detergent fiber (NDFI and CDNDF), acid detergent fiber (ADFI and CDADF), ether extract (EEI and CDEE), cellulose (CELI and CDCEL), hemicellulose (HEMI and CDHEM), and nitrogen balance (NB) of experimental diets were determined. The intake of mineral material (MMI) and lignin (LIGI) were also determined. The DMI, OMI, MMI, CPI, NDFI, and ADFI displayed a decreasing linear effect with the replacement of Mombasa grass by MC in the diet. The EEI and the LIGI presented quadratic effects according to the replacement levels of MC in the diet. The CDDM, CDOM, and CDHEM displayed increasing linear effects, between MC0 and MC60. The CDEE, CDNDF, CDADF, and CDCEL displayed a quadratic effect, with optimum replacement levels of 56.65%, 41%, 31.33%, and 27.46%, respectively. The nitrogen balance presented a negative linear effect in the range of 0% to 60% of murumuru cake. One can conclude that murumuru cake is an alternative to the dietary supplementation of ruminants in replacing the Mombasa grass because it provides an increase in the digestibility of nutrients for sheep. However, a limited replacement level must be implemented, considering that from 27.46%, 31.33%, 41%, and 56.65% replacement, a decline occurs in the CDCEL, CDADF, CDNDF, and CDEE, respectively, although a negative nitrogen balance does not occur.

The influence of the diet on the quality of buffalo (Bubalus bubalis) carcasses of crossbred Murrah and Mediterranean, concentrate fed on traditional (corn/soybean) or on agro-industrial residues (palm oil and coconut cakes) was studied. The animals were sacrificed in a slaughterhouse, and physical and physical-chemical analyses in the carcasses were carried out after 24 hours, and instrumental color and texture analyses of the Longissimus dorsi were carried out 48 hours after cooling. The animals supplemented with palm oil cake had better carcass conformation and fat trim, and differences (P

O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o uso de sistemas silvipastoris como ferramenta de manejo para manter as características fisiológicas de búfalas leiteiras e promover mais altos níveis de conforto térmico. Foram avaliadas 56 fêmeas adultas (79±44,12 meses; 575±92,90 kg): 30 em sistema silvipastoril sem sombra útil e 26 em sistema silvipastoril com 19,9% de sombra útil. Foram mensuradas semanalmente: frequência cardíaca e respiratória, temperatura retal e índice de conforto animal. As médias foram comparadas por análise de variância e as variáveis meteorológicas e fisiológicas foram correlacionadas pelo método de Pearson. O sombreamento diminuiu significativamente a frequência cardíaca e a temperatura retal. Em 71,4% das observações, os animais mantidos em sistema silvipastoril com sombreamento apresentaram índices de conforto próximos ao ideal. O sombreamento mantém os parâmetros fisiológicos de búfalas leiteiras mais próximos da normalidade e melhora o índice de conforto animal. A adoção de sistemas silvipastoris na produção de bubalinos, na região tropical, pode evitar gastos energéticos com termólise. The objective of this work was to evaluate the use of silvipastural systems as a management option to maintain physiological features of dairy buffaloes and to provide higher levels of thermal comfort. Fifty-six adult females (79±44.12 months; 575±92.90 kg) were evaluated: 30 in an unshaded silvipastural system and 26 in a silvipastural system with 19.9% of shaded area. Heart and respiratory rates, rectal temperature and animal comfort index were evaluated weekly. Means were submitted to analysis of variance, and meteorological and physiological data were correlated by Pearson's method. Shading significantly reduced heart rate and rectal temperature. In 71.4% of the observations, the animals kept in the silvipastural system with shaded area showed thermal comfort index closer to the ideal level. Shading maintains the physiological parameters of dairy buffaloes closer to normal, and improves the animal comfort index. The adoption of silvipastural systems for buffalo production in tropical areas can avoid energy loss due to thermolysis.

Foi avaliado o efeito da inclusão de níveis crescentes de torta de coco (Cocos nucifera L.) sobre a ingestão de alimentos e a digestibilidade aparente da matéria seca, da fibra em detergente neutro e da fibra em detergente ácido. Foram utilizados 16 ovinos não-castrados, com peso corporal médio de 28 kg (± 3,2 kg), distribuídos em delineamento inteiramente casualizado, sendo quatro tratamentos (0; 0,4; 0,8 e 1,2% PV de inclusão de torta de coco) e quatro repetições. Houve um período experimental de 21 dias com 14 dias de adaptação e sete dias de coleta de dados, em que se monitorou o fornecimento da dieta e a coleta total de fezes. A digestibilidade aparente da matéria seca e da fibra em detergente ácido apresentou efeitos lineares e crescentes com a inclusão da torta de coco na dieta (44,9 a 57 e 30,57 a 40,32%) para os níveis de 1,2% de inclusão, respectivamente. A fibra em detergente neutro apresentou comportamento quadrático, e o melhor nível de inclusão ocorreu com 0,89% e digestibilidade máxima da FDN de 59,39%. A torta de coco é uma excelente fonte de suplementação alimentar e pode contribuir no atendimento das demandas nutricionais para produção de carne e leite na Amazônia Oriental. This trial was conducted to evaluate the effect of increasing levels of coconut cake (Cocos nucifera L.) on feed intake and apparent digestibility of dry matter, neutral detergent fiber and acid detergent fiber. We used 16 non-castrated sheep with mean body weight of 28 kg (± 3.2 kg), distributed in a completely randomized design with four treatments (0, 0.4, 0.8 and 1.2% BW of inclusion of coconut pie) and four replications. There was a trial period of 21 days with 14 days of adaptation and 7 days of data collection, which monitored the supply of diet and total fecal collection. The apparent digestibility of dry matter and acid detergent fiber effects were linear and increasing with the inclusion of coconut cake in the diet (44.9 to 57 and from 30.57 to 40.32%) to levels of 1.2% inclusion, respectively. Neutral detergent fiber showed a quadratic response, with the best level of 0.89% and maximum digestibility of NDF of 59.39%. Coconut cake is an excellent source of supplemental feed, and can contribute in meeting the nutritional demands for meat and milk production in the eastern Amazon.

This research aimed to evaluate the effect of four concentrate levels (0%, 15%, 30% and 45%), in replacement of forage sorghum silage, on voluntary intake and apparent digestibility of dry matter (DM), neutral detergent fiber (NDF) and acid detergent fiber (ADF). The experimental design was completely randomized, with four treatments and four repetitions. The data was analyzed using SAS software. The following results were obtained with 0, 15, 30 and 45% of concentrate, respectively: Observed DM intake levels (g day -1 and % of live weight) were 591.79 and 2.6, 709.60 and 3.0, 781.56 and 3.3, and 798.03 and 3.36. For organic matter (OM), the intake levels were 553.60, 664.47, 735.86, and 755.10 g day-1. NDF intake levels (g day -1 ) were 413.20, 377.62, 365.30, and 345.40; for ADF, they were 242.38, 220.05, 204.91, and 190.18 g day-1. The study recorded DM digestibility coefficients of 8.32, 61.96, 68.12, and 69.77%; and OM digestibility coefficients of 50.03, 62.22, 69.12, and 70.50%. NDF digestibility coefficients were 56.68, 46.94, 39.53, and 30.94; and ADF digestibility coefficients were 47.02, 42.62, 34.84, and 31.14%. Tannin levels were 1.08, 0.96, 0.75, and 0.65%. The use of 30-45% concentrate in forage sorghum silage provides greater availability of dry matter in the forage and an increase in the nutritional value of the diet, promoting a rise in animal productivity.

The objective was to comparatively evaluate the physical and physico-chemical properties of buffaloes carcasses ( Bubalus bubalis ), Murrah/Mediterranean finished in Traditional System, with pasture and mineral supplements, with buffalo, from same race, finished in a Silvopastoral System, with mineral supplementation and diet composed of organic residues, in research unit of Embrapa Eastern Amazon, Belem, Para State, Brazil. The slaughter occurred in commercial slaughterhouse, following its normal flow, with quantitative and qualitative evaluations of the carcasses. The experimental design was randomized, with the data submitted to ANOVA and means compared using the ‘t’ test at 5% significance. Animals from Silvopastoral System slaughtered at weights similar to those of Traditional System in different ages, showed better carcass conformation and fat distribution, with significant differences (P