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Dieses Aufstockungsprojekt baut auf dem EU-Projekt ProOrg auf. Im Rahmen des ProOrg Projekts wurde ein sogenannter „Code of Practice (CoP)“ für Akteure der BioVerarbeitungsbranche entwickelt. Dieser besteht aus einer „Management Guideline“ (ein Leitfaden für die Umsetzung des EU-Bio Rechts für die Verarbeitungspraxis), einem „Assessment Framework“ (ein Bewertungssystem zum Vergleich von Verarbeitungstechnologien hinsichtlich ihrer Bio-Tauglichkeit) und einer „Communication Guideline“ (einem Leitfaden zur Kommunikation der Verarbeitungstechnik an die Zielgruppe). Diese drei Teilergebnisse enthalten ein so hohes Potential, dass diese über das Projekt hinaus im Rahmen dieses Aufstockungsprojekts weiterentwickelt/aufbereitet wurden, um alle Ergebnisse zugänglicher an die jeweilige Zielgruppe zu vermitteln. Dafür wurde das Tool EVA TechProof, das den Assessment Framework für die tägliche Anwendungspraxis verfügbar macht, als Teil des CoP’s, auf einer Online-Plattform entwickelt und finalisiert. Auch die Management Guideline, inklusive Einführungsfilm und die Kommunikationsleitlinie wurden dort der Zielgruppe zur Verfügung gestellt. Diese neuen Entwicklungen wurden auf der Biofach dem Fachpublikum präsentiert. Zusätzlich ist es wichtig Studierende der Ernährungs- und Lebensmittelbranche für die Themen des ProOrg Projekts zu sensibilisieren. Deswegen wurde eine Veranstaltung zu diesem Thema mit Studierenden durchgeführt und mit ihnen über die Themen Bio- Verarbeitung, Lebensmittelqualität und schonende Verarbeitungstechnologien gesprochen.

Mannosylerythritol lipids (MEL) are microbial glycolipid biosurfactants with many interesting properties and great potential for commercial application, for example in household detergents or cosmetics. Despite the general interest in those molecules and the need for a robust process, studies on their production in bioreactors are still scarce. The aim of this thesis was to develop a defined and well-controlled fermentation process for MEL production that can be scaled-up to industrial scale. Seven fungi from the family of Ustilaginaceae were screened for their capability of MEL production in combination with different plant oils and the resulting structures were characterized. A defined mineral medium for cell growth and production was established, and a fed-batch fermentation process was developed for the most promising producer strain Moesziomyces aphidis. The results of this dissertation will contribute to further explore the potential of MEL in surfactant applications and to develop a suitable industrial production process in the future.

Mannosylerythritol lipids are glycolipid biosurfactants with many interesting properties. Despite the general interest in those molecules and the need for a robust process, studies on their production in bioreactors are still scarce. In the current study, the fermentative production of MEL in a bioreactor with Moesziomyces aphidis was performed using a defined mineral salt medium. Several kinetic process parameters like substrate consumption rates and product formation rates were evaluated and subsequently enhanced by increasing the biomass concentration through an exponential fed-batch strategy. The fed-batch approaches resulted in two to three fold increased dry biomass concentrations of 10.9-15.5 g/L at the end of the growth phase, compared with 4.2 g/L in the batch process. Consequently, MEL formation rates were increased from 0.1 g/Lh up to around 0.4 g/Lh during the MEL production phase. Thus, a maximum concentration of up to 50.5 g/L MEL was obtained when oil was added in excess, but high concentrations of residual fatty acids were also present in the broth. By adjusting the oil feeding to biomass-specific hydrolysis and MEL production rates, a slightly lower MEL concentration of 34.3 g/L was obtained after 170 h, but at the same time a very pure crude lipid extract with more than 90% MEL and a much lower concentration of remaining fatty acids. With rapeseed oil as substrate, the ideal oil-to-biomass ratio for full substrate conversion was found to be around 10 goil/gbiomass. In addition, off-gas analysis and pH trends could be used to assess biomass growth and MEL production. Finally, kinetic models were developed and compared to the experimental data, allowing for a detailed prediction of the process behavior in future experiments.

El Large Universal Shell Element Tester (LUSET) es un nuevo dispositivo de ensayos, desarrollado en la ETH Zúrich, el cual facilita el estudio del comportamiento mecánico, a escala real, de elementos lámina de hormigón armado sujetos a solicitaciones en sus tres dimensiones (esfuerzos combinados de elementos tipo losa y membrana). En este artículo se presentan los motivos que condujeron al desarrollo del LUSET y, adicionalmente, se describen sus componentes, el software de control y los sistemas de medición. Finalmente, se presenta una breve descripción de la serie de ensayos usada para validar la funcionalidad del LUSET, así como, un resumen de sus posibilidades., The Large Universal Shell Element Tester (LUSET) is a new testing facility that has been developed at ETH Zurich. It enables the investigation of the load-deformation behaviour of full-scale reinforced concrete shell elements under arbitrary loading conditions. The motivation for the development of the LUSET is outlined followed by a description of the hardware and software components of the setup and the measurement systems used. Finally, the test series for validating the functionality of the LUSET is discussed and a general overview of the facility’s overall testing capabilities is given., Hormigón y Acero, 73 (298), ISSN:0439-5689

Der Umgang mit Funden unzulässiger Pflanzenschutzmittelwirkstoffe entlang der Bio- Wertschöpfungskette stellt eine große Herausforderung für die Branche dar. So kann ein Fund ein Hinweis dafür sein, dass der bio-zertifizierte Produktionsprozess nicht eingehalten wurde. Das bloße Vorhandensein eines Stoffes allein lässt allerdings noch keine Aussagen über die Bio-Integrität des Produkts zu. Im Rahmen des Projekts wurden Problembereiche detailliert analysiert sowie Informationsund Wissenslücken identifiziert. Aus dem Vorhaben resultieren folgende Handlungsempfehlungen: - Für eine sachgerechte Abgrenzung zwischen ubiquitärer Belastung, Wirkungen benachbarter konventioneller Produktionssysteme und Verstößen gegen die Vorgaben der EU-Öko-Verordnung ist eine verbesserte Durchführung und Zugänglichkeit eines umfassenden Umweltmonitorings von im Öko-Landbau unzulässigen Wirkstoffen unerlässlich. - Für eine sachgerechte Beurteilung von unzulässigen Wirkstofffunden entlang der Bio-Wertschöpfungskette steht bislang nur eine unzureichende und heterogene Datenbasis zur Verfügung. Fälle sollten systematisch elektronisch auswertbar dokumentiert werden. Hierzu wird eine verbesserte Erfassung benötigt. - Der einseitige Fokus auf Endproduktanalytik im Kontext moderner Pflanzenschutzmittel-Wirkstoffe kann nur einen begrenzten Beitrag zur Absicherung der Integrität von Bio-Produkten leisten. Bei Bio-Kontrollen sollte künftig stärker die Durchführung von Prozessproben (Betriebsmittel, Blattproben, Staubproben) fokussiert werden. - Die Situationsanalyse zeigt bei der EU-Öko-Kontrolle ein heterogenes Kompetenzniveau im Umgang mit unzulässigen Wirkstofffunden auf. Fachlich fundierte Qualifizierungs- und Bildungsmaßnahmen müssen vorangetrieben werden. - Im EU-weiten Handel führen unterschiedliche Vorgehensweisen mit Wirkstofffunden zu Wettbewerbsverzerrungen. Zusätzlich ist der unternehmensspezifische Umgang sehr heterogen. Vorgehensweisen sollten weiter harmonisiert und unter Berücksichtigung der Minimierung von Folgeschäden für Unternehmen, die nicht Verursacher des Verstoßes sind, geregelt werden.

Im Rahmen der statischen Überprüfungen des Flughafentunnels wurde in einigen Abschnitten eine ungenügende Schubtragfähigkeit der Riegelplatten im Bereich der Rahmenecken festgestellt. Da die Verhältnisse in diesen Platten infolge der Bewehrungsabstufung nicht durch die Tragwerksnormen abgedeckt werden und auch nicht mit vorhandenen Versuchen vergleichbar sind, wurden zwei Verifikationsversuche der Rahmenecken vorgeschlagen. Die Rahmeneckversuche sollten die Verhältnisse im realen Bauwerk möglichst realistisch nachbilden. Deshalb wurden Г-förmige Versuchskörper mit Voute im Massstab 1:1 nachgebaut und im Versuchslabor des IBK an der ETH Zürich getestet. Der Stiel der Rahmenecke wurde auf dem Aufspannboden aufgespannt. Der Kragarm, der einen Teil des Riegels repräsentierte, wurde durch zwei vertikale Kräfte belastet. Diese Kräfte wurden servohydraulisch mit je einem eigenen Kanal geregelt. Somit konnte eine beliebige M-V-Kombination in der Rahmenecke generiert werden. Das System des Flughafentunnels ist statisch unbestimmt. In einem horizontalen Abstand von rund 0.5 m zum Voutenanfang ist eine drastische Bewehrungsabstufung in der oberen Bewehrung der Riegelplatte vorhanden. Der sehr geringe geometrische Bewehrungsgehalt von 0.11 % auf der schwachen Seite der Abstufung führte dazu, dass im Versuch ein Schrägriss entstand, der von der Abstufung der Zuggurtbewehrung zum Voutenanfang verlief. Beim Reissen des Betons im Querschnitt der massiven Abstufung fand jeweils eine ausgeprägte Kräfteumlagerung statt, da die Fliessgrenze der schwachen oberen Bewehrung bei der Rissbildung überschritten wurde. In den Versuchen wurden die beiden Kräfte nach dem Reissen des Betons so geregelt, dass die Rissöffnung auf Zuggurthöhe konstant blieb und gleichzeitig die Querkraft im kritischen Querschnitt gesteigert werden konnte. Die Rissöffnung wurde beim ersten Versuch bei 2.45 mm und beim zweiten Versuch bei 1.25 mm konstant gehalten. Die Querkraft konnte nach dem Reissen des Betons in beiden Versuchen deutlich gesteigert werden. Beim ersten Versuch (FC1) wurde bei einer Rissöffnung von 2.45 mm eine über den Riss übertragene, auf die Breite b = 1.2 m sowie den Gurtabstand dv = 0.835 m bezogene mittlere Schubspannung von 0.88 MPa erreicht. Beim zweiten Versuch (FC2) konnte dieser Wert bei einer Rissöffnung von 1.25 mm auf 0.98 MPa gesteigert werden. Dabei wurde in beiden Versuchen wegen Kapazitätsbeschränkungen der Versuchsanlage tatsächlich kein Schubbruch erreicht. Die über den Schrägriss übertragene Querkraft hätte also unter Umständen noch weiter erhöht werden können. Im realen Bauwerk entstehen zudem, im Gegensatz zum Versuch, Membrandruckkräfte aus der Rahmenwirkung, die im Tragwerk günstig wirkend sind., IBK Bericht (507)

The Large Universal Shell Element Tester (LUSET) is a new testing facility that has been developed at ETH Zurich. It enables the investigation of the load-deformation behaviour of full-scale reinforced concrete shell elements under arbitrary loading conditions. The motivation for the development of the LUSET is outlined followed by a description of the hardware and software components of the setup and the measurement systems used. Finally, the test series for validating the functionality of the LUSET is discussed and a general overview of the facility’s overall testing capabilities is given.

Im Rahmen des durch das Bundesprogramm Ökologischer Landbau und andere Formen nachhaltiger Landwirtschaft (BÖLN) geförderten Verbundvorhabens „Identifikation von kritischen Kontrollpunkten und Vorsorgemaßnahmen zur Absicherung der Öko-Integrität (BioKKP)“ (FKZ 2819OE001, 2819OE145) wurden vier Praxisleitfäden sowie weitere Arbeitshilfen erstellt. Diese sollen Bio-Unternehmen in den Bereichen Landwirtschaft, Lebens- und Futtermittelverarbeitung sowie Handel und Import bei der praktischen Umsetzung der Vorgaben des Artikels 28 (1) der Öko-Verordnung (EU) 2018/848 unterstützen. Die Leitfäden und Arbeitshilfen geben einen Überblick über: • die neue Rechtslage, • die unternehmerischen Pflichten zur Umsetzung von Vorsorgemaßnahmen, • eine praxisnahe Anleitung zur Umsetzung eines betriebsindividuellen „Vorsorgekonzeptes“, • relevante Risiken und entsprechende Vorsorgemaßnahmen in den unterschiedlichen Unternehmensbereichen, • Praxisbeispiele aus den verschiedenen Unternehmensbereichen. Einen detaillierten Überblick zur rechtlichen Auslegung des Artikels 28 (1) gibt das Rechtsauslegungsdokument.

Processors having no experience in organic food processing may be not aware tha organic principles are not only relevant in organic production but also apply for the processing of organic food. In contrast, if processors are thinking about investments in new processing technologies or are planning to process organic food and want to evaluate whether the new processing technology or their existing processing technologies comply with the organic principles, they are quickly struggling today to come to a meaningful result as the present regulatory framework does not provide conclusive guidance on organic food processing.

The Managament guideline for organic processors offers companies new to organic processing as well as already established companies a good overview about the obligatory criteria established by the EU organic regulation, as well as further optional criteria to consider, when processing organic. It is designed as a flexibel excel tool, which can be easily developed further by the company using it.

Content: - Initial situation - Instruments with regard to organic food processing - Assessment frame work: the goal - Assessment frame work: why necessary? - Assessment framework: how does the tool look like - Overview of the evaluation steps - Assessment framework - Assessement framework: what next

Die Laborkontrolle machtuns vor, Rückstandsfreiheit des fertigen Bioprodukts sei das Maß aller Dinge. Damit geht der Blick aufs Ganze verloren. Darum fordern wir: Schaut mehr auf den Herstellungsprozess!

Die am 1. Januar 2022 in Kraft tretende neue Öko-Verordnung (VO (EU) 848/2018) baut die Selbstverantwortung jener Betriebe und Unternehmen weiter aus, die ökologisch erzeugen, verarbeiten und handeln. Und sie führt Vorsorge- und Vorbeugemaßnahmen für alle ein (Art 9 (6) VO(EU) Nr. 2018/848).

Im Rahmen des durch das Bundesprogramm Ökologischer Landbau und andere Formen nachhaltiger Landwirtschaft (BÖLN) geförderten Projektes „Entwicklung eines Konzeptes zur Evaluierung von Aromen für den Einsatz in Bio-Lebensmitteln (EvA)“ (18OE054) wurde ein Praxisleitfaden für Herstellende von Biolebensmitteln und Aromen erstellt. Ziel des Leitfadens ist es, aufzuzeigen, welche konventionellen Aromen die Anbietenden von Biolebensmitteln nach dem neuen Biorecht einsetzen können und welche Informationen sie benötigen, um sicherzustellen, dass sie sich rechtskonform verhalten. Der Leitfaden gibt einen Überblick über: • die rechtliche Vorgaben der Verordnung (EU) Nr. 2018/848 zum Einsatz konventioneller Aromen • Anforderungen an eine Bio-konforme Zusammensetzung von konventionellen Aromen sowie an die Herstellungspraxis (Ausschluss von GVO, Nanomaterialien, ionisierende Bestrahlung) • Regelungen zur Kennzeichnung von Aromen gegenüber Herstellenden von Biolebensmitteln und Endverbrauchern • Berechnung und Mengenbeschränkung beim Einsatz konventioneller Aromen in Biolebensmitteln • Herausforderungen bei der Herstellung und Einsatz konventioneller Aromen Im Anhang enthalten sind eine Checkliste, die Herstellenden von Biolebensmitteln Hilfestellung bei der Plausibilitäts- und Konformitätsprüfung von Lieferantendokumenten gibt sowie eine Konformitätserklärung zur Einhaltung des Verbotes von gentechnisch veränderten Organismen.

Die neue Bio-Verordnung (EU) 2018/848 klärt die Prozesse und die Verantwortung im Umgang mit Informationen zu möglichen Verstößen auf der Ebene der Unternehmen detailliert. Artikel 27 regelt die Handhabung aller Arten von möglichen Verstößen gegen die Bio-Verordnung. Artikel 28 (2) hingegen spezifiziert auf das Vorhandensein von im Rahmen der Bio-VO nicht zugelassenen Erzeugnissen und Stoffen. Die Systematik der Vorgehensweise beider Artikel ist nahezu identisch. Unternehmen, denen ein Verdacht auf einen möglichen Verstoß gegen die Verordnung vorliegt, müssen nach Maßgabe des neuen Rechts prüfen und entscheiden, ob dieser Verdacht einen Verstoß gegen die Verordnung begründet. Ist dies der Fall, muss das Unternehmen den Verdacht an die Kontrollstelle und/oder Behörde melden und mit dieser zur Überprüfung und Feststellung der Gründe zusammenarbeiten. Was zu prüfen ist und wie diese Meldung zu erfolgen hat, wird in der VO (EU) 2021/279 näher ausgeführt. Dieser Leitfaden ist in zwei Teilen aufgebaut. Im ersten Teil werden Sie über die rechtlichen Vorgaben, deren Einordnung informiert sowie über eine mögliche Prüfungsabfolge und das Vorgehen bei Meldung bei der Kontrollstelle/-behörde sowie bei Meldung an den Käufer. Der zweite Teil bietet Ihnen eine Anleitung zur Vorgehensweise beim Vorliegen von Informationen zu möglichen Verstößen (z.B.: Wie prüfe ich, ob es sich um stichhaltige Informationen handelt, die einen Verdacht auf Verstoß gegen die Bio-Verordnung begründen?).

During typical field campaigns, millions of cloud particle images are captured with imaging probes. Our interest lies in classifying these particles in order to compute the statistics needed for understanding clouds. Given the large volume of collected data, this raises the need for an automated classification approach. Traditional classification methods that require extracting features manually (e.g., decision trees and support vector machines) show reasonable performance when trained and tested on data coming from a unique dataset. However, they often have difficulties in generalizing to test sets coming from other datasets where the distribution of the features might be significantly different. In practice, we found that for holographic imagers each new dataset requires labeling a huge amount of data by hand using those methods. Convolutional neural networks have the potential to overcome this problem due to their ability to learn complex nonlinear models directly from the images instead of pre-engineered features, as well as by relying on powerful regularization techniques. We show empirically that a convolutional neural network trained on cloud particles from holographic imagers generalizes well to unseen datasets. Moreover, fine tuning the same network with a small number (256) of training images improves the classification accuracy. Thus, the automated classification with a convolutional neural network not only reduces the hand-labeling effort for new datasets but is also no longer the main error source for the classification of small particles., Atmospheric Measurement Techniques, 13 (5), ISSN:1867-1381, ISSN:1867-8548

Ausgezeichnet mit dem Ernst Ulrich von Weizsäcker-Preis des ZLB 2019

Background Hepatoblastoma (HB) is the most common liver tumor of childhood and occurs predominantly within the first 3 years of life. In accordance to its early manifestation, HB has been described to display an extremely low mutation rate. As substitute, epigenetic modifiers seem to play an exceptional role in its tumorigenesis, which holds promise to develop targeted therapies and establish biomarkers for patient risk stratification. Results We examined the role of a newly described protein complex consisting of three epigenetic regulators, namely E3 ubiquitin-like containing PHD and RING finger domain 1 (UHRF1), ubiquitin-specific-processing protease 7 (USP7), and DNA methyltransferase 1 (DNMT1), in HB. We found the complex to be located on the promoter regions of the pivotal HB-associated tumor suppressor genes (TSGs) HHIP, IGFBP3, and SFRP1 in HB cells, thereby leading to strong repression through DNA methylation and histone modifications. Consequently, knockdown of UHRF1 led to DNA demethylation and loss of the repressive H3K9me2 histone mark at the TSG loci with their subsequent transcriptional reactivation. The observed growth impairment of HB cells upon UHRF1 knockdown could be attributed to reduced expression of genes involved in cell cycle progression, negative regulation of cell death, LIN28B signaling, and the adverse 16-gene signature, as revealed by global RNA sequencing. Clinically, overexpression of UHRF1 in primary tumor tissues was significantly associated with poor survival and the prognostic high-risk 16-gene signature. Conclusion These findings suggest that UHRF1 is critical for aberrant TSG silencing and sustained growth signaling in HB and that UHRF1 overexpression levels might serve as a prognostic biomarker and potential molecular target for HB patients. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s13148-018-0462-7) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

A previous study has shown that to date, findings of pesticide residues in organic products (thereafter called ‘residue cases’) are treated in very different ways across the EU. This successor study provides input on how the handling of residue cases could be improved and harmonized. The provisions of Reg. 2018/848, Art. 28 and 29 constitute the general framework. The study aims to contribute to a successful implementation of these new requirements, and also towards further improvement and harmonization when the topic which will be on agenda of the European Commission in 2024/2025. The methodology used for this study is mainly based on a qualitative approach with questionnaires, workshops and interviews with stakeholders from the organic sector, particularly quality management experts from operators, CBs/CAs and representative organic associations on EU level. A snapshot of the residue situation in organic processors and traders was obtained with a questionnaire. The operators stated that effects related to timely delivery (from supplier to operator and/or from operator to client) cause the greatest problems. Based on >10 000 analyses, the effects of various threshold levels were estimated. Organic operators make great efforts for avoiding residues. Many operators systematically test all incoming food lots for residues. This clearly exceeds the requirements of the food law and the organic regulation. The following approaches are most often applied in the EU: ‘de-certification level’, ‘zero-tolerance’, ‘investigation level’ and ‘case by case approach’. An evaluation of these approaches showed that each approach has its own strengths and weaknesses. The following requirements were judged to be most important for an improved approach: it must be realistically workable (labour efforts; proportionate costs; realistic expectations for know-how and staff qualification; realistically enforceable requirements), it must be harmonized across the EU and possibly beyond and it must take into account background pollution. A number of ‘instruments’ are proposed to mitigate specific weaknesses of individual approaches and/or to improve and harmonize the handling of residue cases. The first two instruments form the core of the system, while the remaining instruments provide additional support to it.

Fungi of the Ustilaginaceae family are a promising source for many biotechnologically relevant products. Among these, mannosylerythritol lipid (MEL) biosurfactants have drawn a special interested over the last decades due to their manifold application possibilities. Nevertheless, there is still a knowledge gap regarding process engineering of MEL production. As an example, no reports on the use of a chemically defined culture medium have been published yet, although such a defined medium might be beneficial for scaling-up the production process toward industrial scale. Our aim therefore was to find a mineral medium that allows fast biomass growth and does not negatively affect the successive MEL production from plant oils. The results showed comparable growth performance between the newly evaluated mineral medium and the established yeast extract medium for all seven investigated Ustilaginaceae species. Final biomass concentrations and specific growth rates of 0.16-0.25 h–1 were similar for the two media. Oxygen demand was generally higher in the mineral medium than in the yeast extract medium. It was shown that high concentrations of vitamins and trace elements were necessary to support the growth. Increasing starting concentrations of the media by a factor of 10 resulted in proportionally increasing final biomass concentrations and up to 2.3-times higher maximum growth rates for all species. However, it could also lead to oxygen limitation and stagnant growth rates when too high medium concentrations were used, which was observed for Ustilago siamensis and Moesziomyces aphidis. Successive MEL production from rapeseed oil was effectively shown for 4 out of 7 organisms when the mineral medium was used for cell growth, and it was even enhanced for two organisms, M. aphidis and Pseudozyma hubeiensis pro tem., as compared to the established yeast extract medium. Conversion of rapeseed oil into MEL was generally improved when higher biomass concentrations were achieved during the initial growth phase, indicating a positive relationship between biomass concentration and MEL production. Overall, this is the first report on the use of a chemically defined mineral medium for the cell growth of Ustilaginaceae fungi and successive MEL production from rapeseed oil, as an alternative to the commonly employed yeast extract medium.

In situ observations of cloud properties in complex alpine terrain where research aircraft cannot sample are commonly conducted at mountain-top research stations and limited to single-point measurements. The HoloGondel platform overcomes this limitation by using a cable car to obtain vertical profiles of the microphysical and meteorological cloud parameters. The main component of the HoloGondel platform is the HOLographic Imager for Microscopic Objects (HOLIMO 3G), which uses digital in-line holography to image cloud particles. Based on two-dimensional images the microphysical cloud parameters for the size range from small cloud particles to large precipitation particles are obtained for the liquid and ice phase. The low traveling velocity of a cable car on the order of 10ms−1 allows measurements with high spatial resolution; however, at the same time it leads to an unstable air speed towards the HoloGondel platform. Holographic cloud imagers, which have a sample volume that is independent of the air speed, are therefore well suited for measurements on a cable car. Example measurements of the vertical profiles observed in a liquid cloud and a mixed-phase cloud at the Eggishorn in the Swiss Alps in the winters 2015 and 2016 are presented. The HoloGondel platform reliably observes cloud droplets larger than 6.5µm, partitions between cloud droplets and ice crystals for a size larger than 25µm and obtains a statistically significantly size distribution for every 5m in vertical ascent., Atmospheric Measurement Techniques, 10 (2), ISSN:1867-1381, ISSN:1867-8548

IBK Bericht, 506

Mannosylerythritol lipids (MEL) are microbial glycolipid biosurfactants with great potential for application in cosmetics and household detergents. In current biotechnological processes, they are produced by basidiomycetous fungi, the Ustilaginaceae, as a complex mixture of different chemical structures. It was the aim of this paper to study the influence of producer organisms and substrates on the resulting MEL structures with a novel high-resolution HPTLC-MALDI-TOF method. Given the seven different microbes and four plant oils, our analysis revealed that the product concentrations varied strongly between organisms, while they were similar for the different substrates. Coconut oil presented an exception, since only one organism was able to synthesize MEL from this substrate in considerable yields. Analysis by GC-FID further showed that the chain length pattern of hydrophobic fatty acid side-chains was very specific for individual organisms, while substrates had only a minor influence on the chain length. Our novel HPTLC-MALDI-TOF combination method finally demonstrated the presence of multiple MEL sub-variants with differing acetylation and fatty acid chain lengths. It also revealed the production of a more hydrophilic biosurfactant mannosylmannitol lipid (MML) as a side-product in certain fungi. Overall, it was concluded that the pattern of produced biosurfactant structures are mainly governed by producer organisms rather than substrates.

Enzymatic hydrolysis of cellulose is a key step in the valorisation of lignocellulosic material subsequent to pretreatment. The optimization of hydrolytic enzymes is in the focus of intensive research of different institutes and companies whereby not much attention is being paid to the process engineering parameters such as the stirrer velocity. We therefore focused on a stirrer speed adaption strategy during enzymatic cellulose hydrolysis in larger lab-scale. Mixing time measurements were performed with carboxymethyl cellulose solutions in a 10 L-tank reactor equipped with a segmented helical stirrer to determine agitator speed levels adapted to the cellulose suspensions' viscosities at the certain hydrolysis time. Comparing the optimized hydrolysis with adaptation of stirrer speed to the hydrolysis performed at a constant stirrer velocity, a 30% higher glucose yield and 25% lower energy input was observed. Overall, the enzymatic hydrolysis of cellulose applying a step-wise adaption of the stirrer velocity thus resulted in a faster liquefaction, while at the same time the overall power requirement was reduced.

This briefing aims to summarise the most relevant recent scientific publications that critically assess the productivity and sustainability of organic farming methods. The rapid increase in the quantity of scientific literature on this topic reflects the growing importance of the sector as well as the need for accurate data and analysis to inform policy makers. There are currently 2.7 million organic-certified farmers (of which 350.000 are in Europe) who have committed to sustainable farming practices. Can organic food and farming be upscaled in order to contribute to sustainable food system and food security?

We examine the properties of the galaxies and dark matter haloes residing in the cluster infall region surrounding the simulated _ cold dark matter galaxy cluster studied by Elahi et al. at z = 0. The 1.1 × 1015 h−1M_ galaxy cluster has been simulated with eight different hydrodynamical codes containing a variety of hydrodynamic solvers and sub-grid schemes. All models completed a dark-matter-only, non-radiative and full-physics run from the same initial conditions. The simulations contain dark matter and gas with mass resolution mDM = 9.01 × 108 h−1M_ and mgas = 1.9 × 108 h−1M_, respectively. We find that the synthetic cluster is surrounded by clear filamentary structures that contain ∼60 per cent of haloes in the infall region with mass ∼1012.5–1014 h−1M_, including 2–3 group-sized haloes (>1013 h−1M_). However, we find that only ∼10 per cent of objects in the infall region are sub-haloes residing in haloes, which may suggest that there is not much ongoing pre-processing occurring in the infall region at z = 0. By examining the baryonic content contained within the haloes, we also show that the code-to-code scatter in stellar fraction across all halo masses is typically ∼2 orders of magnitude between the two most extreme cases, and this is predominantly due to the differences in sub-grid schemes and calibration procedures that each model uses. Models that do not include active galactic nucleus feedback typically produce too high stellar fractions compared to observations by at least ∼1 order of magnitude.

Despite the many observations and theoretical studies about mixed-phase clouds (MPCs) in the last decades, they still represent a large source of uncertainty in climate and weather models. The main reason for this is that the microphysical processes responsible for the formation, de- velopment and precipitation initiation in MPCs are not well understood. Orographic clouds provide an ideal natural laboratory to observe the microphysical properties of MPCs. However, aircraft cannot sample in complex alpine terrain and ground-based measurements at mountain- top research stations are limited to single-point observations, which can be influenced by surface processes. Thus, new measurements strategies are required to make representative measurements of orographic clouds and to improve our understanding of relevant processes in MPCs. This work introduces a novel in-situ measurement platform, named HoloGondel, which is designed for the use on a cable car to measure vertical profiles of the microphysical and meteo- rological properties of orographic clouds. Its main component is a new HOLographic Imager for Microscopic Objects 3G (HOLIMO 3G). HOLIMO 3G uses digital in-line holography to image an entire ensemble of cloud particles larger than 6 μm at once. The information about the three dimensional position and the 2D image of each particle is reconstructed computationally. Based on the shape of their 2D images, cloud particles larger than 25 μm are classified as liquid droplets or ice crystals. In-line holography has the advantage of a particle size and air speed independent sample volume, which is of particular importance for the use on a cable car. HoloGondel is additionally equipped with a temperature, a relative humidity, a pressure and a GPS sensor. Due to a modular design and an independent battery supply for operation up to 20 hours, Holo- Gondel can be easily adapted for different scientific questions and has a large variety of possible applications. In winter 2015 and 2016, HoloGondel was successfully deployed on a cable car at the Eggishorn, Switzerland, which was the first time that vertical profiles of microphysical cloud properties were obtained on a cable car. During these campaigns, HoloGondel measured the microphysical and meteorological cloud properties with a vertical resolution of several meters and confirmed lab- oratory results for resolving cloud particles and discriminating between liquid droplets and ice crystals. In April 2016, HoloGondel was mounted on the supply cable car of the Sonnblick Observatory (SBO) in the Hohen Tauern, Austria. Based on the vertical profiles of the ob- served microphysical cloud properties different cloud processes, e.g. seeder-feeder and Wegener- Bergeron-Findeisen (WBF) process, are discussed. Furthermore, the spatial distribution of liquid droplets on a sub-meter and millimeter scale is analyzed on a qualitative level. The observed ice crystal number concentration (ICNC) with HoloGondel on cable cars is an order of magnitude smaller than the ICNC regularly observed at mountain-top research stations. To assess the possible impact of surface processes on ICNC measured at mountain-top research stations, a field campaign was conducted at the SBO. HoloGondel was mounted on an elevator attached to the meteorological tower of the SBO to obtain vertical profiles of the ICNC up to 10 m above the surface. A decrease of the ICNC within the observed height interval by a factor of 2 to 10 suggests a strong influence of surface processes on the measured ICNC at mountain-top research stations. In addition, two near-surface processes are proposed to modify the ICNC even when the surface is not covered with snow.

Building on the initial results of the nIFTy simulated galaxy cluster comparison, we compare and contrast the impact of baryonic physics with a single massive galaxy cluster, run with 11 state-of-the-art codes, spanning adaptive mesh, moving mesh, classic and modern smoothed particle hydrodynamics (SPH) approaches. For each code represented we have a dark-matter-only (DM) and non-radiative (NR) version of the cluster, as well as a full physics (FP) version for a subset of the codes. We compare both radial mass and kinematic profiles, as well as global measures of the cluster (e.g. concentration, spin, shape), in the NR and FP runs with that in the DM runs. Our analysis reveals good consistency ?20 per cent) between global properties of the cluster predicted by different codes when integrated quantities are measured within the virial radius R200. However, we see larger differences for quantities within R2500, especially in the FP runs. The radial profiles reveal a diversity, especially in the cluster centre, between the NR runs, which can be understood straightforwardly from the division of codes into classic SPH and non-classic SPH (including the modern SPH, adaptive and moving mesh codes); and between the FP runs, which can also be understood broadly from the division of codes into those that include active galactic nucleus feedback and those that do not. The variation with respect to the median is much larger in the FP runs with different baryonic physics prescriptions than in the NR runs with different hydrodynamics solvers.

We examine subhaloes and galaxies residing in a simulated Λ cold dark matter galaxy cluster (Mcrit200=1.1×1015h−1M⊙) produced by hydrodynamical codes ranging from classic smooth particle hydrodynamics (SPH), newer SPH codes, adaptive and moving mesh codes. These codes use subgrid models to capture galaxy formation physics. We compare how well these codes reproduce the same subhaloes/galaxies in gravity-only, non-radiative hydrodynamics and full feedback physics runs by looking at the overall subhalo/galaxy distribution and on an individual object basis. We find that the subhalo population is reproduced to within ≲10 per cent for both dark matter only and non-radiative runs, with individual objects showing code-to-code scatter of ≲0.1 dex, although the gas in non-radiative simulations shows significant scatter. Including feedback physics significantly increases the diversity. Subhalo mass and Vmax distributions vary by ≈20 per cent. The galaxy populations also show striking code-to-code variations. Although the Tully–Fisher relation is similar in almost all codes, the number of galaxies with 109 h− 1 M⊙ ≲ M* ≲ 1012 h− 1 M⊙ can differ by a factor of 4. Individual galaxies show code-to-code scatter of ∼0.5 dex in stellar mass. Moreover, systematic differences exist, with some codes producing galaxies 70 per cent smaller than others. The diversity partially arises from the inclusion/absence of active galactic nucleus feedback. Our results combined with our companion papers demonstrate that subgrid physics is not just subject to fine-tuning, but the complexity of building galaxies in all environments remains a challenge. We argue that even basic galaxy properties, such as stellar mass to halo mass, should be treated with errors bars of ∼0.2–0.4 dex.

We examine subhaloes and galaxies residing in a simulated LCDM galaxy cluster ($M^{\rm crit}_{200}=1.1\times10^{15}M_\odot/h$) produced by hydrodynamical codes ranging from classic Smooth Particle Hydrodynamics (SPH), newer SPH codes, adaptive and moving mesh codes. These codes use subgrid models to capture galaxy formation physics. We compare how well these codes reproduce the same subhaloes/galaxies in gravity only, non-radiative hydrodynamics and full feedback physics runs by looking at the overall subhalo/galaxy distribution and on an individual objects basis. We find the subhalo population is reproduced to within $\lesssim10\%$ for both dark matter only and non-radiative runs, with individual objects showing code-to-code scatter of $\lesssim0.1$ dex, although the gas in non-radiative simulations shows significant scatter. Including feedback physics significantly increases the diversity. Subhalo mass and $V_{max}$ distributions vary by $\approx20\%$. The galaxy populations also show striking code-to-code variations. Although the Tully-Fisher relation is similar in almost all codes, the number of galaxies with $10^{9}M_\odot/h\lesssim M_*\lesssim 10^{12}M_\odot/h$ can differ by a factor of 4. Individual galaxies show code-to-code scatter of $\sim0.5$ dex in stellar mass. Moreover, strong systematic differences exist, with some codes producing galaxies $70\%$ smaller than others. The diversity partially arises from the inclusion/absence of AGN feedback. Our results combined with our companion papers demonstrate that subgrid physics is not just subject to fine-tuning, but the complexity of building galaxies in all environments remains a challenge. We argue even basic galaxy properties, such as the stellar mass to halo mass, should be treated with errors bars of $\sim0.2-0.4$ dex., 17 pages (+4 page appendix), 16 figures, 2 tables; accepted for publication in MNRAS

We present an on-the-fly geometrical approach for shock detection and Mach number calculation in simulations employing smoothed particle hydrodynamics (SPH). We utilize pressure gradients to select shock candidates and define up- and downstream positions. We obtain hydrodynamical states in the up- and downstream regimes with a series of normal and inverted kernel weightings parallel and perpendicular to the shock normals. Our on-the-fly geometrical Mach detector incorporates well within the SPH formalism and has low computational cost. We implement our Mach detector into the simulation code GADGET and alongside many SPH improvements. We test our shock finder in a sequence of shock-tube tests with successively increasing Mach numbers exceeding by far the typical values inside galaxy clusters. For all shocks, we resolve the shocks well and the correct Mach numbers are assigned. An application to a strong magnetized shock-tube gives stable results in full magnetohydrodynamic set-ups. We simulate a merger of two idealized galaxy clusters and study the shock front. Shock structures within the merging clusters as well as the cluster shock are well-captured by our algorithm and assigned correct Mach numbers., Comment: 9 pages, 9 figures, accepted to MNRAS

We present an implementation of thermal conduction including the anisotropic effects of magnetic fields for SPH. The anisotropic thermal conduction is mainly proceeding parallel to magnetic fields and suppressed perpendicular to the fields. We derive the SPH formalism for the anisotropic heat transport and solve the corresponding equation with an implicit conjugate gradient scheme. We discuss several issues of unphysical heat transport in the cases of extreme ansiotropies or unmagnetized regions and present possible numerical workarounds. We implement our algorithm into the GADGET code and study its behaviour in several test cases. In general, we reproduce the analytical solutions of our idealised test problems, and obtain good results in cosmological simulations of galaxy cluster formations. Within galaxy clusters, the anisotropic conduction produces a net heat transport similar to an isotropic Spitzer conduction model with an efficiency of one per cent. In contrast to isotropic conduction our new formalism allows small-scale structure in the temperature distribution to remain stable, because of their decoupling caused by magnetic field lines. Compared to observations, isotropic conduction with more than 10 per cent of the Spitzer value leads to an oversmoothed temperature distribution within clusters, while the results obtained with anisotropic thermal conduction reproduce the observed temperature fluctuations well. A proper treatment of heat transport is crucial especially in the outskirts of clusters and also in high density regions. It's connection to the local dynamical state of the cluster also might contribute to the observed bimodal distribution of cool core and non cool core clusters. Our new scheme significantly advances the modelling of thermal conduction in numerical simulations and overall gives better results compared to observations., Comment: 25 pages, 18 figures

Inclusion of certain substances under Annex VIII of Commission Regulation (EC) No 889/2008

TP Organics is the European Technology Platform for organic food and farming, and for low-input agriculture. Established in 2008, it brings together small and medium-sized enterprises, larger companies, farmers, researchers, consumers and civil society organisations involved in the organic value chain from production, input and supply, to food processing, marketing and consumption. It identifies research and innovation needs and communicates them to policy-makers. The aim is to leverage the organic sector’s contribution to sustainable farming and food production. Since 2013, TP Organics is officially recognised by the European Commission as one of 40 European Technology Platforms (ETPs). TP Organics published its first Strategic Research Agenda in 2009. This proved very successful, as about a third of the research questions identified gained funding through the 7th Framework Programme for Research and Development (FP7) of the EU, or through transnational research programmes (ERA-Nets) and national research projects. With the end of the 7th Framework Programme and the start of the new EU Framework Programme for Research and Innovation, Horizon 2020, TP Organics decided to revise its research agenda. This new Strategic Research and Innovation Agenda is the product of an intensive participatory process, which lasted for a year and a half and benefited from three consultations.

In consideration of: • the lack of organic juveniles reported by some MS; • the restriction on the movement of live animals between countries and regions based on the Council Directive (EC) No 88/20062; • the reluctance of farmers to introduce on their farms animals which could be unsuitable for the local (geographical) environment (e.g. genetic or population traits, resistance to different diseases, growth performances, reproductive cycle, behavioural characteristics, etc.); and • the lack in the Commission Regulation (EC) No 889/20083 of specific organic rules for managing the life cycle stage between the hatching and the weaning of juveniles, the Group supports the use of non-organic juveniles, for on-growing purposes, when organic aquaculture juvenile animals are not available, subject to the following restrictions/recommendations: a) Organic juveniles should be used when available. b) At least the latter two thirds of the duration of the production cycle shall be managed under organic management (Article 25(e)(2) of Commission Regylation (EC) No 889/2008). c) After the approval of specific organic rules for the life cycle stage between hatching and weaning of juveniles, a transitional period may be established to allow farmers to comply with the new rules. Furthermore, the Group supports the creation of a database on the availability of organic juveniles produced in each country, comparable to the seed database (Article 48 of Commission Regulation (EC) No 889/2008). Transparency of the use of non-organic juveniles should be ensured in such a database.

We present simulations of the compact galaxy group Stephan's Quintet (SQ) including magnetic fields, performed with the N-body/smoothed particle hydrodynamics (SPH) code \textsc{Gadget}. The simulations include radiative cooling, star formation and supernova feedback. Magnetohydrodynamics (MHD) is implemented using the standard smoothed particle magnetohydrodynamics (SPMHD) method. We adapt two different initial models for SQ based on Renaud et al. and Hwang et al., both including four galaxies (NGC 7319, NGC 7320c, NGC 7318a and NGC 7318b). Additionally, the galaxies are embedded in a magnetized, low density intergalactic medium (IGM). The ambient IGM has an initial magnetic field of $10^{-9}$ G and the four progenitor discs have initial magnetic fields of $10^{-9} - 10^{-7}$ G. We investigate the morphology, regions of star formation, temperature, X-ray emission, magnetic field structure and radio emission within the two different SQ models. In general, the enhancement and propagation of the studied gaseous properties (temperature, X-ray emission, magnetic field strength and synchrotron intensity) is more efficient for the SQ model based on Renaud et al., whose galaxies are more massive, whereas the less massive SQ model based on Hwang et al. shows generally similar effects but with smaller efficiency. We show that the large shock found in observations of SQ is most likely the result of a collision of the galaxy NGC 7318b with the IGM. This large group-wide shock is clearly visible in the X-ray emission and synchrotron intensity within the simulations of both SQ models. The order of magnitude of the observed synchrotron emission within the shock front is slightly better reproduced by the SQ model based on Renaud et al., whereas the distribution and structure of the synchrotron emission is better reproduced by the SQ model based on Hwang et al.., Comment: 20 pages, 15 figures, accepted to MNRAS

An analytical model predicting the growth rates, the absolute growth times and the saturation values of the magnetic field strength within galactic haloes is presented. The analytical results are compared to cosmological MHD simulations of Milky-Way like galactic halo formation performed with the N-body / \textsc{Spmhd} code \textsc{Gadget}. The halo has a mass of $\approx{}3\cdot{}10^{12}$ $M_{\odot}$ and a virial radius of $\approx{}$270 kpc. The simulations in a $\Lambda$CDM cosmology also include radiative cooling, star formation, supernova feedback and the description of non-ideal MHD. A primordial magnetic seed field ranging from $10^{-10}$ to $10^{-34}$ G in strength agglomerates together with the gas within filaments and protohaloes. There, it is amplified within a couple of hundred million years up to equipartition with the corresponding turbulent energy. The magnetic field strength increases by turbulent small-scale dynamo action. The turbulence is generated by the gravitational collapse and by supernova feedback. Subsequently, a series of halo mergers leads to shock waves and amplification processes magnetizing the surrounding gas within a few billion years. At first, the magnetic energy grows on small scales and then self-organizes to larger scales. Magnetic field strengths of $\approx{}10^{-6}$ G are reached in the center of the halo and drop to $\approx{}10^{-9}$ G in the IGM. Analyzing the saturation levels and growth rates, the model is able to describe the process of magnetic amplification notably well and confirms the results of the simulations., Comment: 13 pages, 12 figures, accepted to MNRAS after minor revision

Background: Pathological changes in cardiac electrophysiology have been investigated in coronary artery disease using magnetocardiography. Aim of this work was to examine the structure of cardiac magnetic field maps (MFM) during ventricular depolarization and repolarization in patients with acute ST elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI). Methods: Magnetocardiograms were recorded in 39 healthy subjects and 97 patients who had been successfully revascularized after STEMI. Using the Karhunen–Loeve transform, 12 eigenmaps were constructed for six intervals within the QT interval of each subject's signal‐averaged data. The relative information content of the eigenmaps was compared between STEMI patients and healthy subjects. Results: Relative nondipolar content was between 0.03% and 0.52% higher in the STEMI group, (P < 0.001 for the repolarization intervals). Information content of the first dipolar eigenmap in the STEMI group was reduced by 2.6%–11.7% (P < 0.001 for the repolarization intervals). STT interval was best able to discriminate between groups: area‐under‐the‐curve for nondipolar content was 85.8% (P < 0.001), for the first eigenmap 91.7% (P < 0.001). Severity of infarction was reflected in lower STT interval map 1 content for patients with anterior versus posterior infarction (83%± 11% vs. 87%± 10%, P < 0.05), with wall motion disturbances (84%± 11% vs. 92%± 7%, P < 0.001) and with microvascular obstruction (81%± 12% vs. 87%± 10%, P < 0.05). Regression analysis showed that patients with lower ejection fraction tended to have less information content (P < 0.001). Conclusion: STEMI is associated with a loss of spatial coherence during repolarization, as quantified by principal component analysis of cardiac MFM. Ann Noninvasive Electrocardiol 2011;16(4):379–387

We investigate the magnetic field evolution in a series of galaxy minor mergers using the N-body/smoothed particle hydrodynamics (SPH) code \textsc{Gadget}. The simulations include the effects of radiative cooling, star formation and supernova feedback. Magnetohydrodynamics (MHD) is implemented using the SPH method. We present 32 simulations of binary mergers of disc galaxies with mass ratios of 2:1 up to 100:1, whereby we have additionally varied the initial magnetic field strengths, disc orientations and resolutions. We investigate the amplification of a given initial magnetic field within the galaxies and an ambient intergalactic medium (IGM) during the interaction. We find that the magnetic field strengths of merger remnants with mass ratios up to 10:1 saturate at a common value of several $\mu$G. For higher mass ratios, the field strength saturates at lower values. The saturation values correspond to the equipartition value of magnetic and turbulent energy density. The initial magnetization, disc orientation and numerical resolution show only minor effects on the saturation value of the magnetic field. We demonstrate that a higher impact energy of the progenitor galaxies leads to a more efficient magnetic field amplification. The magnetic and turbulent energy densities are higher for larger companion galaxies, consistent with the higher impact energy supplied to the system. We present a detailed study of the evolution of the temperature and the bolometric X-ray luminosity within the merging systems. Thereby we find that magnetic fields cause a more efficient increase of the IGM temperature and the corresponding IGM X-ray luminosity after the first encounter. However, the presence of magnetic fields does not enhance the total X-ray luminosity. Generally, the final value of the X-ray luminosity is even clearly lower for higher initial magnetic fields., Comment: 20 pages, 12 figures. Submitted to MNRAS

The expert group for technical advice on organic production (EGTOP; thereafter called „the Group‟) in replying to point a) of the mandate concerning substances assessment concludes on the basis of the knowledge available in the group and information provided with the dossiers and by the Commission that: E 535 Sodium ferrocyanide anti-caking material, should be approved for use as a feed additive in salt for organic animal feed, subject to: - a maximum dose rate of 20 mg/kg NaCl (the maximum defined for human food) and - a limited time period, in order to provide a legal basis for current practice in the short term and to encourage the adoption of preferred carbonate alternatives longer term. E 566 Natrolite-Phonolite anti-caking material should be approved for use as a feed additive in organic animal feed, subject to the limit of 25,000 mg/kg complete animal feed specified in EC Reg. 739/2000. E 551a Silicic acid by precipitation anti-caking material should not be approved for use as a feed additive in organic animal feed on the basis of available information about need given the available, more natural alternatives. Further information on this issue should be provided to support the application. E 568 Clinoptilolite anti-caking material should be approved for use as a feed additive in organic animal feed, subject to the limit of 20,000 mg/kg complete animal feed and the livestock classes specified in EC Reg. 1810/2005. E 237 Sodium formate preservative should be approved for use as a feed additive in organic silage, subject to the outcome of the review of the authorisation of this product under Articles 4 and 7 of Regulation 1831/2003 currently in progress. If approved: - it should be considered whether formic and propionic acids should be deleted from Annex VI to Commission Regulation (EC) 889/2008; - the same restrictions relating to weather conditions and silage quality as currently apply to formic and propionic acids under the organic regulations should apply; o the concept of „difficult‟ silages and/or „poor‟ weather conditions‟ that would determine eligibility to use the products should be clarified. Initial dry matter content or sugar content of the forage might be a basis for this. Humic acid substances are not currently authorised as a feed additive under EU regulations so they cannot be considered for use as such in organic farming. Their classification as feed material was not considered to be appropriate by the Group, which also noted their current designation as pharmacologically active substances with possible implications for animal health. In reaching these conclusions, the Group considered that compliance with the organic regulation needs to be assessed according to several criteria which are summarised in Annex 1. The Group in replying to point b) of the mandate concerning the template for the member states dossier with respect to animal feed materials, feed additives, certain products used in animal nutrition and processing aids, developed the document presented in Annex 2 to this report. This includes a section incorporating the criteria for assessment of consistency with the EU organic regulations. The Group considered that it would be helpful to develop some interpretative guidelines to support the dossier template. The Group in replying to point c) of the mandate concerning technical aspects of transition to 100% organic feed requirements for non-ruminants concluded that while there are technical solutions that can be implemented in the short to medium term, there is a need for further research on alternatives and knowledge transfer, a need to reflect on the nature and principles of organic non-ruminant production (whether semi-industrial or extensive), and a need to consider continuing with derogations for a short period limited to specific ages and types of non-ruminants and specific feedstuffs.

The expert group for technical advice on organic production (EGTOP; thereafter called „the Group‟) has discussed whether the use of the substances/products/techniques mentioned below is in line with objectives, criteria and principles as well as the general rules laid down in Council Regulation (EC) 834/2007 and whether they can therefore be authorised in organic production under the EU legislation. The Group concluded the following: - Hydrolysed proteins from animal by-product origin are in line with the objectives, criteria and principles of organic farming and should be included in Annex I to Commission Regulation (EC) No 889/2008, with the following restrictions: (i) Chemical hydrolysis only exceptionally acceptable in cases where it is required by Regulation 142/2011; (ii) not to be applied to edible crop parts. - Leonardite is in line with the objectives, criteria and principles of organic farming and should be included in Annex I with the following restriction: only, if obtained as a by-product of other mining activities. - Chitin is in line with the objectives, criteria and principles of organic farming and should be included in Annex I. The Group recommends that only chitin products originating from sustainable fisheries or organic aquaculture should be used. - Sapropel, as well as similar organic sediments from fresh water bodies, are in line with the objectives, criteria and principles of organic farming and should be included in Annex I, with the following restrictions: (i) Only organic sediments that are by-products of water body management, and which are extracted in ways that cause minimal negative impact on the aquatic ecosystem, should be used; (ii) Same limits for heavy metals, as given in Annex I for household waste, should be applied; (iii) Sediments rich in contaminants such as petrol-like substances should not be used. - Animal (including wild animals) by-products of category 3 and digestive tract content (category 2), co-digested with organic materials included in Annex I, are in line with the objectives, criteria and principles of organic farming and should be included in Annex I with the following restrictions: (i) animal by-products must not be from factory farming; (ii) not to be applied to edible crop parts. - The technique of carbon dioxide enrichment should be considered in general discussions on a set of standards for organic protected cropping. In the opinion of the group, carbon dioxide rebalancing, as well as enrichment to elevated levels, is not in contradiction to the Council regulation. The group concluded that certain forms of carbon dioxide enrichment techniques could be in line with organic farming principles. However, the group has not concluded whether carbon dioxide from all origins should be acceptable. The Group has also drafted the template for the dossier mentioned in Art. 16(3)(b) of Council Regulation (EC) 834/2007 in relation to fertilizers and soil conditioners. Finally, the Group noted that the compositional requirements in Annex I of Commission Regulation (EC) No 889/2008 for „composted or fermented household waste‟ and for „products and by-products of animal origin […]‟ require a limit of “0” for Cr (VI). The group agreed that it would be more appropriate to write "not detectable" instead of “0”.

ARMA-GARCH and FIGARCH models with non-normal, tempered-stable innovations are applied to intraday financial time-series on high-frequency time scales. The goal is to investigate their risk forecasting performance and to observe random scaling behavior. To this end, Value-at-Risk (VaR) and Conditional VaR is predicted. In the second part limit order books based on real trading information are modeled with a statistical-learning approach in order to forecast the execution of passive limit orders.

Originaltext vom Verlag; nicht vom SfBS bearbeitet., In diesem Buch lernen Sie umfassend alle Aspekte von Google AdWords kennen und wie Sie diese mit allen Finessen einsetzen, um den größten Erfolg aus Ihren Kampagnen herauszuholen: Sie lernen, wie Sie mit der richtigen Struktur Ihrer Kampagnen und einem hohen Qualitätsfaktor tatsächlich Geld sparen; wie Sie passende Keywords und Anzeigentexte so erstellen und testen, dass Sie von den richtigen Usern gefunden werden; wie Sie mit einer erfolgreichen Landing Page aus Besuchern Kunden machen; wie Sie Ihre Kampagnen auswerten und daraus weitere Optimierungen erreichen und wie Sie Ihren Erfolg mit Conversion-Tracking und Google Analytics richtig beurteilen und verbessern. Mit diesem Buch werden Sie AdWords-Profi! Alexander Beck vermittelt Ihnen anhand zahlreicher praxisnaher und anschaulicher Beispiele, wie Sie AdWords erfolgreich anwenden, und gibt Ihnen klare Hinweise und Anleitungen, wie Sie Ihre Ziele erreichen.

Die FiBL-Liste Öko-Verarbeitung enthält Handelsprodukte von Zusatz- und Hilfsstoffen sowie von Zutaten mit technologischer, sensorischer oder nutritiver Funktion, die mit Blick auf die Übereinstimmung mit den Prinzipien der ökologischen Lebensmittelwirtschaft auf ihre Verwendung geprüft wurden.