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Additional file 2: Table S1. Absorbance and ESI mass spectrometry data for carotenoids produced by P. marcusii OS22. Table S2. Predicted genes of plasmid pCRT01. Table S3. Quantitative analysis of carotenoids identified in extracts of Paracoccus spp. cells. Table S4. The content of anions and elements in flue gas desulfurization (FGD) wastewater. Table S5. Standard deviation (%) of growth parameters of Paracoccus spp. producing carotenoids. Table S6. Bacterial strains, plasmids and oligonucleotides used in this study.

Additional file 1: Figure S1. Qualitative UPLC analysis of carotenoids produced by P. marcusii OS22. Figure S2. Scheme of construction of plasmid pABW1-crt containing the crt genes of P. marcusii OS22. Figure S3. Identification of promoters within the crt locus of P. marcusii OS22.

Plasmids play an important role in the adaptation of bacteria to changeable environmental conditions. As the main vectors of horizontal gene transfer, they can spread genetic information among bacteria, sometimes even across taxonomic boundaries. Some plasmids carry genes involved in the utilization of particular carbon compounds, which can provide a competitive advantage to their hosts in particular ecological niches. Analysis of the multireplicon genome of the soil bacterium P. aminovorans JCM 7685 revealed the presence of an extrachromosomal replicon pAMV1 (185 kb) with a unique structure and properties. This lifestyle-determining plasmid carries genes facilitating the metabolism of many different carbon compounds including sugars, short-chain organic acids and C1 compounds. Plasmid pAMV1 contains a large methylotrophy island (MEI) that is essential not only for the utilization of particular C1 compounds but also for the central methylotrophic metabolism required for the assimilation of C1 units (serine cycle). We demonstrate that the expression of the main serine cycle genes is induced in the presence of C1 compounds by the transcriptional regulator ScyR. The extrachromosomal localization of the MEI and the distribution of related genes in Paracoccus spp. indicate that it could have been acquired by HGT by an ancestor of P. aminovorans.