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Resumen El mapeo participativo lo han usado comunidades indígenas y afrodescendientes en luchas de derecho a tierras y recursos. Sin embargo, nuevas presiones relacionadas con las políticas de cambio climático y prácticas extractivas han surgido en la reconceptualización del mapeo participativo. Este artículo presenta su historia en el contexto de las reformas territoriales y las leyes internacionales del siglo XX. Se discuten los avances del mapeo participativo, incluyendo usos innovadores de mapeo para representaciones espaciales, conservación cultural y manejo endógeno de recursos y gobernación comunitaria. Estas reflexiones surgen del Foro Internacional Cartografía Participativa y Derechos al Territorio y los Recursos, que tuvo lugar en la Universidad de los Andes (Bogotá, Colombia) en el 2011. Resumo O mapeamento participativo foi usado por comunidades indígenas e afrodescendentes em lutas de direito a terras e recursos. No entanto, novas pressões relacionadas com as políticas de mudança climática e práticas extrativas surgiram na reconceituação do mapeamento participativo. Este artigo apresenta sua história no contexto das reformas territoriais e as leis internacionais do século XX. Discutem-se os avanços do mapeamento participativo, incluindo usos inovadores de mapeamento para representações espaciais, conservação cultural e gestão endógena de recursos e governo comunitário. Estas reflexões surgem do Fórum Internacional de Cartografia Participativa e Direito ao Território e os Recursos, que aconteceu na Universidade dos Andes (Bogotá, Colômbia) em 2011. Abstract Participatory mapping has long been used by indigenous and Afro-descendant communities to support their struggles for land and resources rights. However, new pressures associated with global climate change policies and extractive industry practices have led to the reconceptualization of participatory mapping. The article reviews the history of participatory mapping in the context of 20th century land reforms and international law. It also discusses the advances in participatory mapping, including innovative uses of mapping for spatial representations, cultural conservation, and endogenous resource management and community governance. These reflections emerged from the International Forum on Participatory Mapping and Rights to Land and Resources held at the Universidad de los Andes, Bogotá, Colombia, 2011.

The following thesis details the extensive development of a rapid liquid chromatography method for the in-process determination of peptide coupling reagents used in peptide synthesis. The determination of peptide coupling reagents, additives and associated by-products is important during peptide synthesis to ensure the concentration of these products are below the threshold of toxicological concern in the final peptide. A number of column technologies and mobile phases were evaluated for the separation of the analytes using an ultra-high performance liquid chromatography system and, a 15 minute method for the simultaneous determination of fourteen peptide coupling reagents, additives and by-products was established. This method was determined to be selective and capable of accurately quantitating the amount of TMU, HOBt, HCTU, HBTU, 6-ChloroHOBt, TBTU, Oxyma Pure, COMU, DIU, DIC, PyBOP, and TCTU in the presence of two peptides from Ipsen Manufacturing Ireland LTD. Analytical method validation was performed as per ICH guidelines for specificity, accuracy, linearity, precision, detection limit, quantitation limit and robustness. This rapid UHPLC method is directly transferable onto LC-MS and the intended application of this method is for evaluation of development peptides in Ipsen Manufacturing Ireland LTD.

El siguiente documento es un análisis sobre los impactos en los procesos de guerra y negociación de los arreglos globales de la cumbre de EE.UU-Unión Soviética sobre los "conflictos regionales" y los acuerdos de abril en Ginebra sobre Afganistán.

El siguiente documento es un análisis acerca de la aplicación de la "nueva" doctrina militar de EE.UU para poner fin a la guerra en Centroamerica, especificamente con los casos de El Salvador y Nicaragua.