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22 pages,1 table, Coastal regions are historically the most inhabited and impacted by human activities. Global processes like climate change ( i.e. warming, sea level rise, increased storm frequency, acidification, establishment of invasive species, etc.) now act together with local and regional anthropogenic pressures ( habitat deterioration, eutrophication, pollution, etc.) affecting marine coastal ecosystems. Here we single out five of Spain’s most iconic coastal ecosystems, to showcase the most important stressors and drivers and act as representative ecosystems for other coastal regions. We identify the science needed to resolve the main impacts, with a final objective to provide tools to achieve their preservation and restoration

In the present study, we examined the effects of different drying conditions on the composition, structure and function of benthic invertebrate assemblages. We approached this objective by comparing invertebrate assemblages in perennial and intermittent sites along two intermittent Mediterranean streams with contrasting predictability, duration, and spatial patterns of drying: Fuirosos (high predictability, short duration, downstream drying pattern) and Rogativa (low predictability, long duration, patchy drying pattern). Specifically, we quantified the contribution of individual taxa to those differences, the degree of nestedness, and shifts in the composition, structure and function of benthic invertebrate assemblages along flow intermittence gradients. We observed greater effects of drying on the benthic invertebrate composition in Fuirosos than in Rogativa, resulting in a higher dissimilarity of assemblages between perennial and intermittent sites, as well as a lower degree of nestedness. Furthermore, a higher number of biotic metrics related to richness, abundance and biological traits were significantly different between perennial and intermittent sites in Fuirosos, despite a shorter dry period compared to Rogativa. At the same time, slightly different responses were detected during post-drying (autumn) than pre-drying (spring) conditions in this stream. In Rogativa, shifts in benthic invertebrate assemblages along increasing gradients of flow intermittence were found for three metrics (Ephemeroptera, Plecoptera and Trichoptera (EPT) and Odonata, Coleoptera and Heteroptera (OCH) abundances and aerial active dispersal. Furthermore, we demonstrated that combined gradients of dry period duration and distance to nearest perennial reach can generate complex, and different, responses of benthic invertebrate assemblages, depending on the flow intermittence metric. Our study advances the notion that special attention should be paid to the predictability, duration and spatial patterns of drying in intermittent streams in order to disentangle the effects of drying on benthic invertebrate assemblages, in particular in areas subject to high spatial heterogeneity and temporal variability in drying conditions. This study was funded by the CLITEMP Project (330466 to M.M. Sanchez-Montoya; MC-IEF; FP7-people-2012-IEF). M. M. Sanchez-Montoya was financially supported by a Marie-Curie postdoctoral fellowship, R. del Campo by a PhD contract (FPU R-269/2014) from the University of Murcia, and M.I. Arce by a postdoc fellowship from the Alexander von Humboldt foundation (1162886). The publication of this article was funded by the Open Access Fund of the Leibniz Association. The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.