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The main focus of the paper is to analyse selected English and Polish online comments on the Russia-Ukraine war (2022) from the perspective of dialogical discourse and define to what extent the exchanges satisfy the criteria of different types of dialogism with regard to their self- or other-referential character, i.e., inwards- or ingroup- directed, and what other circumstances are decisive in the determination of the exchange profiles. The materials are derived from selected Twitter comments referring to the war in Ukraine and its refugees, which dominate large segments of today’s online discourse. The research methodology employed is an interactional discourse analysis, which assumes that meanings are dynamic and created in interaction, and shaped by the cognitive and social potential of the participants, and their ideological preferences. The outcomes of the analysis indicate a complex character of the exchanges from a dialogical typology dilemma perspective and shed some light on the speakers’ argumentation. The analysis also shows a lower radicalization axis than in comparable samples referring to earlier refugee crisis scenarios in the years 2016–2020.

The present study examines the engagement of Polish university students of English and American university non-language majors in a virtual exchange within the TAPP project within a semester of their studies in the year 2019 aimed at achieving the clarification of the senses of colloquial language as well as terminological yeanings the American students use in their written works. The paper discusses the concepts of broad meaning and linguistic naturalness and introduces a cognitive linguistic interpretation of interlanguage commensurability in translation. The materials researched in the present paper include samples of the students’ online queries, peer correction, supplemented by a presentation of those lexical forms which needed further lexicographic and corpus data consultation.

The focus of the paper is to identify and discuss cases of what we call emergent impoliteness and persuasive emotionality based on selected types of discourse strategies in Polish media which contribute to increasingly high negative emotionality in audiences and to the radicalization of language and attitudes when addressing political opponents. The role and function of emotional discourse are particularly foregrounded to identify its persuasive role in media discourses and beyond. Examples discussed are derived from current Polish media texts. The materials are collected from the large Polish monitor media corpus monco.frazeo.pl (Pęzik 2020). The analysis is conducted in terms of quantitative corpus tools (Pęzik 2012, 2014), concerning emotive and media discourse approaches (Lewandowska-Tomaszczyk and Wilson 2013, Lewandowska-Tomaszczyk 2015, 2017a, 2017b). The analysis includes a presentation of the ways mass media construe events (Langacker 1987/1991) in terms of their ideological framing, understood as particular imposed/constructed event models and structures (cf. Gans 1979). Special attention is paid to the negative axiological evaluation of people and events in terms of mostly implicitly persuasive and offensive discourse, including the role emotion clusters of harm, hurt and offence, anger and contempt play in the media persuasive tactics. The research outcomes provide a research basis and categorization of types of emergent impoliteness and persuasive emotionality, which involve implicit persuasion directed at negative emotionality raising with the media public, as identifiedin the analyzed media texts.

The focus of the paper is to present arguments in favour of a complex set of areas of reference in cross-linguistic analyses of meanings, aimed in particular at the identification of a set of relevant analytic criteria to perform such a comparison. The arguments are based on lexicographic and corpus linguistic data and specifically on the polysemic concept of integrity in English and its lexical counterparts in Polish. It is generally assumed in Cognitive Linguistics, which is taken as the basic framework of the present study, that meanings, which are defined as convention-based conceptualizations, are not discrete entities, fully determined, even in fuller context but rather they are dynamic conventional conceptualizations[13]. Therefore, it is considered essential to identify first their basic, prototypical senses and then their broad meanings , which include, apart from the core part, their contextual, culture-specific, and connotational properties, defined in terms of a parametrized set of semasiological as well as onomasiological properties. The study methodology has also been adjusted towards this multifocused analysis of linguistic forms and considers the interdisciplinary - linguistic, psychological, cultural and social domains to identify the cultural conceptualizations of the analysed forms. In the present case a cognitive corpus-based analysis in monolinguistic English contexts and in the English-to-Polish and Polish-to-English translation data of lexicographic and parallel corpus materials, as well as cultural dimensions will be exemplified to conclude with a parametrized system of cognitive cross-linguistic tertia comparationis to more fully determine their broad linguistic meanings.

The uploaded presentation was shown at the ADDA3 conference held in St. Petersburg, Florida on 13-15 May 2022.This is a well-established event that brings together specialists in digital discourse analysis. The presentation showsthe work of Working Group 4, Task 4.1, Use Case 4.1.1 which is currently developing the annotation and taxonomy system for offensive language. &nbsp

Discourse practices are investigated in English and Polish online comments which display different degrees of linguistic extremism. The present contribution identifies the contexts and targets of such practices and argues that hate speech is conditioned by culture-driven emotional experience and emotion expression profiles prevailing in particular societies. The discussion focuses on Polish and UK English emotionality and on relevant cultural models of the negative emotion clusters identified in Polish and English online political and social comments in posts collected between 2013 and 2018 on topics connected mainly, though not exclusively, with migration and the perception of the Other. First, the article shows that there are differences in the display and expression of emotions between English and Polish discourses, the latter being more negatively explicit and more often addressing the current online interactant. Second, in both groups, two opposing camps are identified. Finally, the rise in meaning and expressiveness of radicalization is observed in both English and Polish across the investigated period.

The major underlying principle of the present paper is that, in opposition to the viewpoint of emotions as discrete entities, emotions are represented as clusters in conceptual space. The graded structure and fuzzy boundaries inherent in the prototype-periphery nature of these clusters dictate that the meaning of a specific emotion is governed by both inter- and intra-cluster relationships and their interactions. In addition to these relationships and interactions the paper examines both external and internal affects to compare and contrast the FEAR, COMPASSION, LOVE/JOY, and PRIDE clusters in British English and Polish. The three specific methods employed to analyze these are the GRID instrument, an online emotions sorting task, and a corpus-based cognitive linguistic methodology.

Our paper is part of a larger research project on cross—cultural analyses of emotions. It focuses on a comparison between the concepts of love in English and its Polish equivalent milośc as well as love cluster emotions as they are used in both languages. Analyses were performed with the use of the GRID instrument, online emotions sorting task as well as the British National Corpus and National Corpus of Polish language materials, particularly with reference to collocational patterns in both languages. Reference to figurative language, mainly metaphor and metonymy, is also discussed. In the conclusions we propose a typology of love emotion models in both cultures and observe differences in the dimension of novelty as well as the clustering structure in Polish and British English love, which can be considered to be associated with a more collectivistic versus individualistic profile in these respective cultures.

This chapter focuses on a comparison between cultural schemas and models (Sharifian, 2017) and Emotion Event scenarios (Lewandowska-Tomaszczyk and Wilson 2013: 425–436) in British and American English conceptualisations of pride and related cluster members. These two cultures are stereotypically considered to be examples of reserved as opposed to expressive cultures, respectively. The main objective of the present study is to examine to what extent the stereotypical convictions concerning the amount of reserve and expressivity attributed to British and American individuals can be verified in terms of the expressiveness of the emotion of pride in both cultures. The methodology applied is rooted in a multiple research tradition. It involves the GRID questionnaire that is based on the cognitive, behavioural and linguistic properties of emotion terms on the one hand and a Cultural Linguistics analysis of concordances and collocations from large amounts of language data generated from the British National Corpus (BNC) and the Corpus of American English (COCA) as well as the most current data of British and American media-based monitor materials, on the other. The analysis provides ample evidence supporting the distinction between the relative salience of expressivity and reservation in pride in American versus British English cultures, respectively.

The focus of the present paper is to examine the extent to which the language used in Computer-Mediated Communication (CMC) and online discourse emotional behavior are good predictors of individual and group cultural types and their identities. It is argued that the identity marking CMC interactants develop has to be stronger, more salient, and, possibly less ambiguous than that used in direct conversation and that the emotionality markers the users apply in their discussion, particularly those engaging negative emotions and reflecting negative judgments, are argued to be used by online discussants for the purpose of increasing the CMC commentators’ conversational visibility. The questions of cultural and linguistic divergence between English and Polish emotional communication patterns are the main points discussed. Three sets of corpus materials are used and the research methodology involves both the qualitative analysis of the emotion types as well as a quantitative (frequency) approach, particularly with respect to culture-specific corpus-generated collocation patterns.

What is discussed in the present paper is the assumption concerning a human narrowed sense of perception of external world and, resulting from this, a basically approximate nature of concepts that are to portray it. Apart from the perceptual vagueness, other types of vagueness are also discussed, involving both the nature of things, indeterminacy of linguistic expressions and psycho-sociological conditioning of discourse actions in one language and in translational contexts. The second part of the paper discusses the concept of conceptual and linguistic resemblance (similarity, equivalence) and discourse approximating strategies and proposes a Resemblance Matrix, presenting ways used to narrow the approximation gap between the interacting parties in monolingual and translational discourses.

The aim of the paper is a presentation and discussion of a cluster of concepts of family and home in a cross-linguistic perspective, with a particular focus on their place and position in Kazakh cultural conceptualizations. The relevant Kazakh forms include the words otbasy, januia, aýlet, shanyraq, ui. which are discussed with reference to British English. The first part of the paper presents the kinship relations in nuclear and extended family types in the analysed languages along with a discussion of the major family roles in Kazakh. The second part depicts the particular sets of relevant cultural dimensions (Hofstede in Culture’s consequences: international differences in work-related values. Sage, Beverly Hills, 1980), which describe some of the analyzed properties. The role of particular cultures and the cultural referential character of these categories will be discussed in the concluding part.

The focus of the present chapter is on the role and function of the presence of a native or non-native teacher in an English L2 class and its effect on students’ emotions and learning outcomes. It specifically assesses the effects associated with shame, fear, anxiety, anger, hopelessness and pride in this respect, emotions not often discussed in the available literature on L2 learning. The students’ self-reports concerning these questions revealed that native language teachers appear to elicit more negative emotions in their students compared with their non-native teacher counterparts. Further results suggested that the specific emotion elicited in L2 students by native teachers vis-a-vis non-native teachers is anxiety.

The focus of the paper is the analysis of translators’ identities as expressed in Polish-to-English and English-to-Polish translations understood in terms of informed choices from spaces of meanings. The first part of the paper deals with the relation of approximate correspondences between thought and reality on the one hand, and between thought, image, linguistic system and cultural emotional type on the other. The concept of semantic approximation in communication, introduced in Lewandowska-Tomaszczyk (2010, 2012) is shown to be conditioned by cognitive categorization problems of the language user, as well as a conscious choice of the syntactic structure and meanings in discourse. The conscious choices from meaning spaces are motivated by the translator’s subjective intentions, as well as constraints imposed by the Target Language systems (displaced equivalence patterns), limitation on the translator’s linguistic repertory and by Source Culture and Target Culture models and conventions. In the second part the study an interpretation is proposed of semantic and cultural SL and TL similarities, meaning displacement and reconceptualization in monolingual and intercultural communication and translation to account for the translator’s linguistic and cultural identity dynamics, with a varying emotional message. It is illustrated by examples of Polish-to-English and English-to-Polish translations.

The focus of the paper are types of and differences in collective group identity patterns that evolve from the analysis of materials from Polish and English public Internet space (Lewandowska-Tomaszczyk 2013a, 2013b). The examples we discuss involve the British 38 Degrees movement on the one hand (Wilson 2013), and Polish Internet discourses concerning the abortion legislature-related movement (Czarny Protest ‘Black Protest’) and the medical residents’ protests, on the other. We propose that these types of scenarios invariably involve attempts to achieve a state of wellbeing by the participants and that there are two variants of the relevant scenarios—conflict and cooperation. The first part of the paper discusses the concept of identity and presents the cultural background of Polish and English communities and a description of the British 38 Degrees organization, with over one million members, that campaigns on a number of diverse social and political issues. Polish Internet communication is exemplified in comments of different groups of users on current events presented in on-line press articles, in particular exchanges concerning the abortion legislation issue and the medical residents’ protest. We investigate the dynamics of the particular events, their basic emotionality axis and relate them to differences in English and Polish cultural models as investigated in cultural and cultural linguistic research Hofstede (1980; Sharifian (2017). The topics of the exchanges involve a range of varying discourse strategies and their linguistic realization (Lewandowska-Tomaszczyk 2015). The process of particular importance in this context involves the mechanism of emergent culture-bound identity in Computer-Mediated Communication (CMC), grounded in a sense of common emotionality around issues that are predominantly of a social and political character.

Two studies are reported that assess the moderation of shame and related emotions in Polish university students in different English L2 learning scenarios. In the first study, students on speaking and writing courses completed a questionnaire in which they rated the likelihood of their emotional responses to hypothetical situations in learning scenarios that they experienced. In both courses the main reduction in shame was shown in scenarios that provided more private as opposed to public evaluation. The corresponding decreases for fear, anxiety, anger and hopelessness were less pronounced and were dependent on the emotion and scenario. In the second study, results of regular email peer co-operation between students of English at Polish and US universities are reported. In both studies the reduction of the level of shame/embarrassment, conditioned by the presence of less formal communication scenarios, is observed, along with the development of the students’ more positive linguistic self-evaluation.

The present paper focuses on a comparison between expressive features of principal members of the British English emotion cluster of compassion (empathy, sympathy and compassion) and their prototypical dictionary equivalents in Polish, empatia and wspolczucie. A cross-cultural asymmetry between the English and Polish clusters is argued to increase in the case of the Polish emotion sympatia, which presents a more peripheral correspondence pattern than the more polysemous concept of English sympathy and is shown to belong to a different Emotion Cluster (love/happiness). The expression features of empathy, sympathy and compassion in British English and Polish need to be tuned accordingly in socially interactive robots to enable them to operate successfully in these cultures. The results showed that British English compassion is characterized by more positive valence and more of a desire to act than Polish wspolczucie. Polish empatia, as juxtaposed to British English empathy, which has a wider range of application, presents a less consistent pattern of correspondences. The results further showed that although the processes of emotion recognition and expression in robotics must be tuned to culture-specific emotion models, the more explicit patterns of responsiveness (British English for the compassion model in our case) is also recommended for the transfer to make cognitive and sensory infocommunication more readily interpretable by interacting agents.

The paper aims to uncover the interactional discourseThere are cultural and language-related aspects of these processes identified with regard to differences between Polish and English in terms of discourse strategies, cultural dimensions, presence of incivility and emotionality dynamics. Considered from the overall level of the relationship between conflict and emotions, what is observed is the radicalization of the attitudes and their language expression, accompanied by the rise in emotional arousal as evidenced both in the English and Polish sets of data, although differences in the degree of its overtness are still distinct.

The paper focuses on a comparison of cultural emotion models and schemas of pride in British English and Polish. We use the concepts of cultural pride/duma models, which employ pride/duma clusters, and the more schematic pride/duma schemas. Pride/duma and a number of other lexical items from the clusters are instantiations of pride/duma models and schemas. We propose that such models and schemas comprise emotion clusters rather than single emotions. In the present study we include not only British English pride and its widely accepted Polish equivalent duma, but also hubristic pride, which is represented in Polish by proznośc and pycha. While proznośc is most frequently rendered as English vanity, pycha—sharing equivalence space with the more positive duma—can be considered close to English pride in some contexts. All of these meanings are blended with other emotions in the cluster such as contempt, conceit and slight, and immersed in cultural dimensions (e.g., individualism and collectivism, religion), which, together, shape culture-specific models of pride. Three different research methods, the questionnaire-based GRID instrument, online emotions sorting task, and a cognitive analysis of monolingual and translational corpus data, are used to identify cross-linguistic and cross-cultural similarities and differences. Each of these points to different cultural-linguistic schemas of pride/duma in English and Polish, particularly with reference to divergent polarity marking in duma/pride items (more negative in English), while overlaps between Polish and English complex cultural models involve similarities between pride and duma construal in their basic metaphoricity and Source Domains.

The present paper identifies differences in the expression features of compassion, sympathy and empathy in British English and Polish that need to be tuned accordingly in socially interactive robots to enable them to operate successfully in these cultures. The results showed that English compassion is characterised by more positive valence and more of a desire to act than Polish wspolczucie. Polish empatia is also characterised by a more negative valence than English empathy, which has a wider range of application. When used in positive contexts, English sympathy corresponds to Polish sympatia; however, it also acquires elements of negative valence in English. The results further showed that although the processes of emotion recognition and expression in robotics must be tuned to culture-specific emotion models, the more explicit patterns of responsiveness (British English for the compassion model in our case) is also recommended for the transfer to make the cognitive and sensory infocommunication more readily interpretable by the interacting agents.