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Στο πρώτο κεφάλαιο γίνεται εκτενής αναφορά στα εννοιολογικά στοιχεία της κατάθεσης σε κοινό λογαριασμό και στη ρύθμιση του ν. 5638/1932. Στη συνέχεια αναλύεται η νομική φύση οι σχέσεις που δημιουργούνται στον κοινό λογαριασμό, ο τύπος, το περιεχόμενο και οι συμβαλλόμενοι της σύμβασης. Περαιτέρω, μελετάται το ζήτημα διάθεσης του κοινού λογαριασμού, εν ζωή, ήτοι ενεχύραση, εκχώρηση απαίτησης και ανάληψη του ποσού, αλλά και η διάθεση αιτία θανάτου. Στο δεύτερο κεφάλαιο εξετάζονται τα ζητήματα κατάσχεσης του κοινού τραπεζικού λογαριασμού. Αρχικώς θα αναλυθούν οι έννοιες του ειδικού και γενικού τραπεζικού απορρήτου, που σχετίζονται άμεσα με το ζήτημα και θα γίνει ιστορική αναδρομή της νομοθεσίας για το επιτρεπτό ή μη της κατάσχεσης καταθετικών λογαριασμών αλλά και την θέση νομολογίας και θεωρίας στο ζήτημα μέχρι σήμερα. Εν συνεχεία γίνεται εκτενής αναφορά στο ζήτημα της κατάσχεσης του κοινού τραπεζικού λογαριασμού εις χείρας της τράπεζας ως τρίτης και δη των ρυθμίσεων του αρθ. 4 ν. 5638/1932 για την κατάσχεση κοινού λογαριασμού. Το τρίτο κεφάλαιο αναφέρεται στον συμψηφισμό απαιτήσεων της Τράπεζας με ποσό επί του κοινού τραπεζικού λογαριασμού. Αρχικώς, εξετάζονται γενικώς οι διατάξεις για τον συμψηφισμό, ήτοι η έννοια, τα είδη κλπ. αλλά και η ρύθμιση του αρθ. 4 ν. 5638/1932 που σχετίζεται με το ζήτημα του συμψηφισμού, για το επιτρεπτό ή μη του συμψηφισμού και τις απόψεις νομολογίας και θεωρίας. Τέλος, γίνεται μνεία και για τον συμβατικό συμψηφισμό σε κοινό καταθετικό λογαριασμό., In the first chapter, extensive reference is made to the conceptual elements of the deposit in a joint account and the regulation of Law no. 5638/1932. Then the legal nature and the relationships created in the joint account, its type, content and the parties involved were analysed. Further, the issue of disposition of the joint account, during life, i.e. forfeiture, assignment of claim and withdrawal of the amount, as well as cause of death is studied. The second chapter examines the issues of attachment of the joint bank account. Firstly, the concepts of special and general banking secrecy, which are directly related to the issue, will be analysed and a historical review of the legislation on the permissibility or otherwise of attachment of deposit accounts and the position of case law and theory on the issue to date will be provided. Subsequently, extensive reference is made to the issue of the seizure of a joint bank account in the hands of a bank as a third party and in particular the regulations of Art. 4 L. 5638/1932 on the seizure of a joint account. The third chapter deals with the set-off of the bank's claims against the amount on the joint bank account. First, the provisions on netting in general, i.e. the concept, types etc., but also the regulation of Art. 4 L. 5638/1932 which relates to the issue of netting, the permissibility or otherwise, of netting, and the views of case law and theory. Finally, reference is made to contractual netting in a joint deposit account

Legal axiology, as a scientific discipline, allows us to consider both the legal system of the State as a whole, and its individual elements from the point of view of the value foundations that exist in society and in each individual. The consideration of the elements of the State's legal system through value categories allows us to determine the relationship and interdependence of all elements of the legal system. It is especially necessary to note the influence of value categories on the formation of a system of the separate branches of the law, including the financial law of Russia. Value categories have an influence not only on the formation of the elements of the financial law system, but also predetermine their interaction as legal means of regulation of the public finances. The elements of the financial law system, as a branch of law, are the principles of the financial law, the rules of the financial law, and their separate forms of grouping - institutions and sub-sectors of the financial law. The principles of the financial law are the direct legal regulators of public relations in the field of public finance by their nature. Possessing regulatory properties, the principles of the financial law shouldn’t be identified with the rules of the financial law, since they are independent legal means of the regulation. The principles of the financial law, on the basis of their regulatory properties, should be considered as elements of a system of the financial law.

This thesis analyses the legal structure of open banking frameworks of the two leading common-law jurisdictions (Australia and the United Kingdom) to determine whether they should incorporate legal features equivalent to those which support efficiency and safety in banking payment systems. The analysis shows that legal assessment of open banking frameworks should include evaluation against banking law principles because of the functional equivalence of customer data and customer funds as valuable information. More specifically, this research addresses the question: Should open banking frameworks include the legal features for the sharing and use of customer banking data which are comparable to those included in banking payment systems for the payment and use of customer money? The thesis develops a conceptual framework to enable a functional comparison to be made between the laws which govern the transfer and use of customer data under open banking frameworks and those which govern the payment and holding of customer money under banking and payment systems, from the foundation that both are networks for the transfer of valuable infrormation. It uses this to compare the open banking laws and regulations of Australia and the UK by reference to the legal rights to share data, the legal responsibilities for shared data and the legal relationships in sharing data. The differences are evaluated against the legal features of banking payment systems which perform similar functions with respect to customer funds, to determine deficiencies in the frameworks' legal design. The risks that arise from these deficiencies are then identified and assessed, using a risk classification developed from communication systems and banking payment systems. From this analysis, it is concluded that the some of the legal features which support effectiveness and safety in the frameworks are impaired when evaluated against equivalent features in banking payment systems. Recommendations are made for improvements by reference to the legal features of banking payment systems. The thesis provides new principles for the legal design of open banking frameworks based on the laws which protect and promote banking payment systems. Their use can ensure that when customers are ‘banking on data’ under these frameworks they are supported and protected by legal rights, responsibilities and relationships equivalent to those which customers rely on to support and protect them when they are banking with their money.

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This Toolkit is aimed primarily at policy makers, financial institutions, and enterprises. It examines different types of corporate restructuring procedures on the basis that one size does not fit across all jurisdictions. Recent experience of the operation of corporate restructuring regimes around the world demonstrates that such regimes must appropriately account for domestic considerations, including a jurisdiction’s institutional and regulatory framework. This Toolkit, a revised and updated version of the 2016 publication, incorporates wide-ranging updates that reflects this experience. It describes matters relevant to the adoption of workout frameworks for a broad range of types of corporate restructuring procedures, some of which provide for a role for courts or regulatory authorities. This widened perspective highlights considerations of particular relevance in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic, a crisis that makes restructuring viable businesses especially important.

This paper explores the application and potential of financial crime risk indicators in the international banking and mercantile transactions. Special emphasis is placed on lists of financial crime risk indicators which are circulated, or have been drafted, by governments and public institutions in Sub-Saharan Africa. This paper investigates, inter alia, whether such financial crime risk indicator lists created by African institutions differ noticeably – regarding content, drafting style, and availability – from other well-established indicator lists, and whether African financial crime risk indicator lists appropriately represent African commercial realities and thus meaningfully contribute to fighting financial crime on the continent and beyond.

The main purpose of this report is to replicate, to analyse and to describe the main findings obtained in the work of Auvray and Rabinovich (2019). To this end, different statistical models and techniques are employed to clean the datasets to arrive to similar results and graphs to the ones obtained by the authors in their original paper. The software R has been used throughout the whole process and additional references were employed in certain cases to complement the non-statistical parts of the present work. The following paper is divided into four sections: an introduction to the problematic and main results of the research, a presentation and description of the datasets utilized (Compustat and WIOD), the replication of the Generalized Method of Moments (GMM) panel models, and finally an introduction to the “quantification” debate regarding the degree of realism of data with a practical example regarding the variable “Capital expenditures (CAPEX)” from the Compustat dataset. The conclusions, the code utilized as well as the academic references are presented at the end of the work.

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This article discusses the relationship between appearance and reality from a legal perspective, dismantling the belief that appearance is a superficial version of reality without any cause or impact on it. Under certain conditions, appearances can facilitate the emergence of a legal reality. Moreover, sometimes, there is no normative difference between the appearance and reality of a legal interest. The author briefly analyzes the appearance of justice in the context of the American rule of law, as viewed in banking regulations and judicial activity.

Decentralized finance (DeFi) is gaining traction as a tool for smaller businesses in emerging markets, particularly for remittances and small loans; the transaction banking industry is beginning to recognize DeFi's potential to overcome the inflexibility of current processes; DeFi adoption in transaction banking could open up new capital possibilities for larger businesses and raise liquidity for SMEs.

El secreto bancario ha significado por años una barrera a la transparencia fiscal, no obstante, cada vez más países alrededor del mundo van eliminando o limitando el secreto bancario para dar paso a la disponibilidad de la información financiera por parte de las administraciones tributarias con dos (2) objetivos claros: cumplir con los compromisos internacionales asumidos por el país y la lucha contra la elusión y evasión fiscal y el Perú, no puede ser ajeno a esta corriente de transparencia fiscal. En esa línea, la presente tesis tiene por objeto efectuar un análisis del secreto bancario desde sus orígenes, su evolución y su contraposición al intercambio automático de información para terminar planteándonos si es necesario que dicha figura se mantenga con las mismas restricciones vigentes a la fecha para lo cual se han revisado diferentes fuentes bibliográficas y artículos sobre el tema así como las últimas publicaciones de los organismos internacionales cuya tendencia apunta a la eliminación del secreto bancario en las jurisdicciones. En el Capítulo 1 se pone a disposición el marco de la asistencia administrativa mutua en materia tributaria, recorriendo por los diferentes tipos de intercambio de información: a solicitud, espontáneo y automático entre las jurisdicciones, así como los instrumentos internacionales que le sirven de base y los compromisos vigentes asumidos por el Perú, dentro de los cuales se encuentra el intercambio automático de información sobre cuentas financieras ya en ejecución. En el Capítulo 2 se realiza un análisis de la naturaleza y orígenes del secreto bancario, la fuente de su tratamiento como garantía legal o constitucional para continuar con su estudio respecto del tratamiento de esta figura en otras jurisdicciones y de cómo se encuentra recogido en nuestra legislación. En el Capítulo 3, se realiza un análisis sobre los principios constitucionales y la interpretación del Tribunal Constitucional respecto de la naturaleza del secreto bancario y la posición de la SUNAT en concordancia con las modificaciones normativas de los últimos años. En el Capítulo 4, se brinda una propuesta de interpretación sobre los alcances del secreto bancario y sobre la necesidad de que dicha información deba encontrarse a disposición de la SUNAT para el ejercicio de sus funciones de lucha contra la elusión y evasión fiscales además del cumplimiento de los establecido en los convenios internacionales. Asimismo, se señalan las ventajas respecto de que la administración tributaria cuente con dicha información y por otro lado también se mencionan los posibles riesgos a nivel país de aprobarse los proyectos legislativos que tienden a la derogación del artículo 143-A en la Ley 26702 y que se encuentran pendientes de revisión en el Congreso de la República del Perú. Finalmente, en el Capítulo V se pone a disposición un proyecto de ley que tiene por objeto modificar la actual Ley N.° 26702 con el fin de que la SUNAT pueda contar con la información financiera pasiva que las entidades bancarias tienen en su poder lo que a diferencia del régimen vigente amplía sus alcances hasta los movimientos de cuenta bancarias sin necesidad de acudir al juez para obtener dicha información. Asimismo, se contemplan propuestas de modificación normativa en el Código Tributario y el Código Penal para adecuar sus disposiciones al proyecto de ley señalado. Bank secrecy has meant for years a barrier for fiscal transparency, however, more and more countries around the world are eliminating or limiting bank secrecy in order to allow the availability of financial information by tax administrations with two (2) clear objectives: to comply with the international commitments assumed by the country and to face tax avoidance and evasion and Peru cannot be the exemption in the way of fiscal transparency. In that sense, the purpose of this thesis is to carry out an analysis of bank secrecy from its origins, its evolution and its position against the automatic exchange of information to finalize wondering if it is necessary that bank secrecy will be maintained with the same restrictions in force to date, for which different bibliographic sources and articles on this matter have been reviewed as well as the latest publications of international organizations whose tendency points to the elimination of bank secrecy in all jurisdictions around the world. Chapter 1 makes available the framework of mutual administrative assistance in tax matters, by going through the different ways of exchange of information such as spontaneous, automatic and exchange of information on request between different jurisdictions, as well as the international instruments on which the exchange is based and the current commitments assumed by Peru, among which is the automatic exchange of information on financial accounts already in execution. Chapter 2 provides an analysis of the nature and source of bank secrecy, its treatment as a legal or constitutional guarantee and then to continue with its study regarding the treatment of this figure in other jurisdictions and how it is included in our legislation. In Chapter 3, an analysis is made of the constitutional principles and the positions of the Peruvian Tribunal Constitucional and SUNAT regarding the bank secrecy in accordance with the regulatory changes of recent years. Chapter 4 provides a proposal for interpretation on the scope of bank secrecy and also provides several arguments to show the need on why such information must be available for SUNAT to execute its functions about facing tax avoidance and evasion in addition to compliance with the commitments those established in international conventions. Likewise, it shows the advantages regarding the tax administration having such information are pointed out and, on the other hand, the possible risks at the country if the several legislative projects that tend to the repeal of article 143-A in Law 26702 are approved by the Congress of the Republic of Peru. Finally, Chapter V makes available a project of law which intends to modify the current Law N.° 26702 so that SUNAT will have passive financial information that banks have in their possession, without requesting this information to the judge. Likewise, proposals to modify the Tax Code and the Criminal Code to adapt their provisions to the aforementioned bill are provided.

Введение: развитие системы идентификации и аутентификации личности при получении доступа к банковским услугам путем использования заранее переданных биометрических персональных данных — необходимость и потребность цифровых технологий Российской Федерации. Цель: исследовать вопросы реализации биометрических технологий в банковской системе РФ, проанализировать действующее финансово-правовое законодательство на предмет построения механизма функционирования данных инноваций. Методологическая основа: диалектический метод, метод анализа и синтеза, сравнительно-правовой методы. Результаты: аргументирована авторская позиция по вопросам реализации биометрических технологий в банковской системе РФ; проведен анализ действующего финансового-правового законодательства на предмет построения механизма функционирования данной инновации, исследован зарубежный опыт использования передовых биометрических технологий в банковском секторе, а также выявлены основные технические и финансово-правовые проблемы уязвимости системы. Выводы: технические и финансово-правое проблемы, рассмотренные в статье, необходимо разрешать путем открытого аргументированного диалога между представителями органов государственной власти, общественных институтов и граждан. При внедрении в практику биометрических технологий необходимо заимствовать успешный, позитивный зарубежный опыт и осуществлять непрерывный мониторинг законодательства РФ с целью обеспечения прав и свобод человека и гражданина., Background: the development of system of identification and authentication of an individual when accessing banking services through the use of pre-transmitted biometric personal data is the necessity and the need for the digital development of the Russian Federation. Objective: to study the issues of the implementation of biometric technologies in the banking system of the Russian Federation, to analyze the current financial and legal legislation in order to build the construction of a mechanism for functioning this system. Methodology: dialectical method, method of analysis and synthesis, comparative legal methods were used. Results: the author’s position on the implementation of biometric technologies in the banking system of the Russian Federation is reasoned; the analysis of the current financial and legal legislation for the construction of the mechanism for the functioning of this system is carried out, the foreign experience of using advanced biometric technologies in the banking sector is studied, and the main technical and financial and legal problems of the vulnerability of the system are identified. Conclusions: the technical and financial-legal problems considered in the article should be resolved through an open, reasoned dialogue between representatives of state authorities, public institutions and citizens. When implementing biometric technologies, it is necessary to borrow successful, positive foreign experience and continuously monitor the legislation of the Russian Federation in order to ensure human and civil rights and freedoms.

Η νομιμοποίηση εσόδων από παράνομες δραστηριότητες αποτελεί αναντίλεκτα ένα πολυδαίδαλο και συχνά δισεπίλυτο πρόβλημα της σύγχρονης πραγματικότητας, καθότι αποτελεί μια σοβαρή απειλή εις βάρος του χρηματοπιστωτικού τομέα κάθε χώρας. Επομένως, η εύρεση και η συνεπακόλουθη υιοθέτηση ικανών και αποτελεσματικών θεραπευτικών μέτρων με απώτερο στόχο την καταπολέμηση της νομιμοποίησης εσόδων από παράνομες δραστηριότητες, δύναται να συμβάλλει στην ακεραιότητα και τη σταθερότητα των διαφόρων χρηματοοικονομικών συστημάτων, για την παγκόσμια ασφάλεια, την οικονομική ανελικτική πορεία αλλά και τη βιώσιμη ανάπτυξη των χωρών. Στο πλαίσιο αυτό, ο ρόλος των Τραπεζικών Ιδρυμάτων ενέχει κεφαλαιώδη σημασία στην προληπτική καταπολέμηση της νομιμοποίησης παράνομων εσόδων, καθότι αυτά υπέχουν υποχρέωσης για έγκαιρη αναγνώριση ύποπτων συναλλαγών, ιδιαίτερα σε χώρες που θεωρούνται χρηματοοικονομικά κέντρα. Επίσης, νευραλγικό ρόλο στο πλαίσιο του προληπτικού ελέγχου διαθέτουν οι αρμόδιες Εποπτικές Αρχές κάθε χώρας, οι οποίες κατευθύνουν, αλλά και ελέγχουν την πιστή εφαρμογή των προβλεπόμενων από τον Νόμο μέτρων, με ταυτόχρονη δυνατότητα επιβολής διοικητικών κυρώσεων, στις περιπτώσεις μη προσήκουσας και/ή παράλειψης εφαρμογής των υποχρεώσεων από τα εποπτευόμενα Τραπεζικά Ιδρύματα. Ωστόσο, το ερώτημα που αναφύεται είναι το αν τα Χρηματοπιστωτικά Ιδρύματα έχουν (και) αστική ευθύνη στις περιπτώσεις μη προσήκουσας και/ή ορθής εφαρμογής των προληπτικών τους υποχρεώσεων. Τούτων λεχθέντων, σκοπός της παρούσας διπλωματικής διατριβής είναι μέσω κριτικής και ενδελεχούς ανάλυσης, να προταθεί απάντηση στα δύο βασικά ερωτήματα που τίθενται, ήτοι κατά πόσον ο προληπτικός έλεγχος, που στοχεύει στην καταπολέμηση της νομιμοποίησης εσόδων από παράνομες δραστηριότητες, επιφέρει στην πραγματικότητα τα επιθυμητά αποτελέσματα τόσο σε διεθνές, ενωσιακό όσο, και σε κυπριακό επίπεδο και αν τα Χρηματοπιστωτικά Ιδρύματα υπέχουν αστικής ευθύνης στη βάση της μη προσήκουσας και/ή ορθής εφαρμογής των προληπτικών τους υποχρεώσεων. Money laundering is undoubtedly a multifaceted and often intractable problem of modern reality, as it poses a serious threat to the financial sector of any country. Therefore, the identification and consequent adoption of adequate and effective remedial measures with the ultimate objective of combating money laundering, can contribute to the integrity and stability of the various financial systems, for global security, economic prosperity, and sustainable development of countries. In this context, the role of banking institutions is of key importance in the preventive fight against money laundering, as they have an obligation to identify suspicious transactions in a timely manner, especially certain countries that are considered to be financial centers. Additionally, the competent Supervisory Authorities of each country play a key role in the framework of preventive control, as they direct and control the implementation of the legal measures. At the same time, they have the possibility of imposing administrative sanctions in cases of inadequate and/or omitted implementation of the obligations by the supervised Banking Institutions. However, the question that arises is whether Financial Institutions have (also) civil liability in cases of inadequate and/or improper implementation of their preventive obligations. That said, the objective of this thesis is to provide, through a critical and thorough analysis, an answer to the two main questions raised, namely whether the preventive control, which aims to combat money laundering, is efficient and/or adequate at an international, EU and Cypriot level and secondly, whether the Financial Institutions can be held accountable for civil liability on the basis of failure to properly and/or incorrectly implement their preventive obligations.

RESUMEN. El propósito de este artículo es analizar la naturaleza legal de la relación entre un banco y su cliente, en el contexto de la cuenta bancaria. El texto integra el análisis económico del negocio bancario a la teoría legal sobre la materia. Se argumenta que a partir del entendimiento de la estructura financiera del negocio es posible efectuar una determinación más precisa de la naturaleza jurídica del contrato que subyace a la relación bancaria. ABSTRACT. This article analyses the legal nature of the banking relationship. The text integrates economic analysis of the banking business to the legal theory on the matter. It is argued that a precise construction of the nature of such banking relationship may only be reached by understanding the economic structure of the banking business.

The Good faith principle as stated in Article 1338 paragraph (3) of the Civil Code, has not been maximally implemented in BPR credit agreements, so it is important to review the transformation of good faith principle of the Civil Code in banking provisions, especially BPR in realizing sound credit. The research uses normative juridical legal methods. The results of the study show that the transformation of the principle of good faith stated in the Civil Code has not been explicitly stated in the provisions of banking law in Indonesia. The existence of principle of good faith explicitly only exists in Article 1338 Paragraph (3) of the Civil Code. Meanwhile, in the provisions of the Banking Law the existence of the principle of good faith is only implied by the principle of economic democracy by using the precautionary principle that is applied carefully and in good faith, as well as the principles of trust and confidence in good ability, ability, intention and morals from customers or the community in returning credit. The transformation of the principle of good faith should be clearly stated in the norm structure into the Banking Law and other related banking legal provisions. Abstrak G ood faith principle sebagaimana tercantum pada Pasal 1338 ayat (3) KUHPerdata, belum diimplementasikan secara maksimal dalam perjanjian kredit BPR, sehingga penting mengkaji transformasi asas itikad baik KUH Perdata dalam ketentuan perbankan khususnya BPR dalam mewujudkan perkreditan yang sehat. Metode penelitian menggunakan metode penelitian hukum yuridis normatif. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa Transformasi asas itikad baik yang tercantum dalam KUHPerdata belum secara eksplisit ternormakan dalam ketentuan hukum perbankan di Indonesia. Keberadaan asas Itikad baik secara eksplisit hanya eksis dalam Pasal 1338 Ayat (3) KUHPerdata. Sementara itu, dalam ketentuan Undang-Undang Perbankan keberadaan asas itikad baik hanya tersirat dari asas demokrasi ekonomi dengan menggunakan prinsip kehati-hatian yang diterapkan secara hati-hati dan itikad baik, serta prinsip kepercayaan dan keyakinan akan kemampuan, kesanggupan, itikad serta akhlak yang baik dari nasabah atau masyarakat dalam mengembalikan kredit. Transformasi asas itikad baik sebaiknya dituangkan dalam struktur norma secara tegas ke dalam Undang-Undang Perbankan dan ketentuan hukum perbankan terkait lainnya.

Opracowanie podejmuje problem przenoszenia na grunt prawny materii będącej dotychczas domeną nauk ekonomicznych, na przykładzie rzadko komentowanych przepisów art. 9-9f ustawy – Prawo bankowe, regulujących system zarządzania bankiem. Podejmuje poszczególne elementy składowe tej nowej instytucji prawa bankowego, od ogólnego w charakterze ujęcia ustawowego, poprzez ich konkretyzację w uchwale Komisji Nadzoru Finansowego, aż po szczegółowe ujęcie w rekomendacji nadzorczej. Nie kwestionując potrzeby uczynienia z wymagań ustawowych dotyczących systemu zarządzania bankiem jakościowej normy ostrożnościowej, znajdującej z mocy ustawy rozwinięcie w uchwale Komisji Nadzoru Finansowego, opracowanie podkreśla znaczenie dobrego jakościowo ustawodawstwa. Usterki w redakcji, treści czy sekwencji przepisów, jak wynika z przeprowadzonej analizy instytucji prawnej systemu zarządzania bankiem, trudnej do uregulowania z racji swej ekonomicznej natury, budzą wątpliwości, utrudniają więc przestrzeganie tych przepisów i ich stosowanie jako wymogów sankcjonowanych środkami nadzorczymi. *The paper analyses the regulation of a bank management system contained in article 9-9f of the Act: Banking Law, a frequent subject of economic deliberations seldom discussed in a legal context, and compares the approach to the relevant provisions of the Act (a general outline of the regulation) with concrete regulation contained in the resolution of the Financial Supervision Commission, and an even more detailed instruction provided in the supervisory recommendation. Recognising the statutory requirements and importance of the quality of a cautionary norm identified in the resolution of the Financial Supervision Commission, the importance of quality legislation is being emphasised. A legal regulation of the bank management system is not an easy task due to the economic nature of the regulated subject and, as the analysis of the current legal provisions shows, already its drafting is a challenge, and the wording of the legislation is often far from perfect, which is a potential impediment to proper interpretation, application and execution of the regulation.

Islamic financial institutions in Indonesia are legalized in the governance of the banking law and in case of legal disputes become the absolute authority of the Religious Courts. Religious Courts readiness in responding to the development Islamic economics and resolve legal disputes are inevitable in the conduct of religious courts function as a legal institution, namely enforcement of certainty (juridical aspects) and justice (philosophical aspect), in addition to running the social aspects (sociological aspect). The position of Justice of religion as a social institution is dynamic, because of the exchange with the community dynamics that require the judge to explore, and understand the value of the law who live in the society. The implementation of Act No.3 of 2006 as amended by Act No. 50 Of 2009 regarding the Second Amendment to Act No.7 of 1989 concerning the Religious Courts, reinforced by Act No. 21 of 2008 concerning Islamic Banking. Institutional constraints faced by the Religious Court in handling cases Islamic economics is the law enforcement factors, factors of infrastructure, the judge in the religious courts appeared to be not effective due to the number of judges who have not been certified Islamic economy is still lacking, and the lack of educational and training of human resource development. In a more holistic approach to address the above problems, it is necessary reconstruction of the arrangement of the legal system and legal institutions and legal culture arrangement

The resolutions of non-performing loans with tendering guarantee Encumbrance Often bring up the resistance of the debtor in the form of Civil Lawsuit filed to the District Court the which is due to the complexity of the auction and Several weaknesses inherent in the Mortgage Law. Issues that will be Examined is the debtor regarding the cause of the resistance and constructing legal protection for the debtor, the which will then be Analyzed by Juridical reasons debtor resistance and constructing legal protection for debtors. Resistance debtor raises the conception of the construction of legal protection to the debtor will be maintained, as well as the Law on Consumer Protection the which regulates legal protection for debtors and Also Provides protection against collateral in the debtor from the arbitrariness of the determination of the limit value by "tendering Crime" in the tendering process the security object security rights. Weakness contained in UUHT and determination of limit values of objects in the tendering process encumbrance Become the subject matter of this study. For it is very important that creditors be cautious in making loans to its customers, in the handling of non-performing loans

The subject of considerations is the legal issue of the optimal model of supervision over the functioning of credit institutions. Normative regulation models in selected European countries have been presented with particular reference to the solutions applied in German legislation. Two basic banking supervision systems were identified: institutional type and functional type. Institutional type supervision is exercised by one supervisory institution which deals with irregularities in the functioning of all entities performing bank activities. It has been adopted in Switzerland and in Poland. In this system, the supervision is entrusted to one entity. Functional supervision is exercised, by several supervisory institutions acting jointly, each has their unique statutory competences. The experience of the recent financial crisis indicates a greater effectiveness of the first type of supervision and the need to deepen further the cooperation between national supervision in cross-border activities.

General Purpose of punishment in criminal law at least can be divided into two : first ,this goal patterned conceptual gave basis of criminal sanctions, the type and form of criminal sanction. Second, the purpose of criminal sanctions against those who violate the criminal law. In the banking law, not explicitly mentioned purpose of criminal sanctions in specific meaning. But can be seen in the banking law has only a more general purpose .

This paper focuses on the new rules about the “intra-group financial support agreement” regulated by the Italian Banking Code (TUB). The investigation recognizes the importance of the conditions for the support and the exclusion clauses listed by the TUB, checking the balance between the private corporate interest on one side and the group’s and public interest on the other side. The comparative scenario about group’s interest is also analysed in order to provide a realistic legal framework for the new support mechanism and understand the position of general domestic corporate law.

This article is dedicated to investigation of the legal system of the Republic of China on Taiwan, peculiarities of the legal regulation of the financial and banking sector in economy. Emphasizecharacteristic features of the law of modern Taiwan, the traditional law of ancient China, the moral teaching of the great Confucius, Roman-Germanic (continental) legal tradition.Emphasizes the development of legislation in the financial and banking sector, presence in the legal system of the Republic of China the main acts of law-making, regulating this sphere: The Banking Law, the Law on the Central Bank, the Law of the Bills of Exchange, and others.The special place in the legislative regulation of financial and banking sector belongs to the Law on Prevention of Money Laundering, that is actively used by Taiwanese law enforcement agencies fightting against the legalization of proceeds from crime. So, the former President ofTaiwan — Chen Shui-bian and his wife recently have been sentenced to various terms of imprisonment.In general, the legislation is sufficiently developed in Taiwan, and its law-making and lawenforcement experience would be very useful for the domestic legal science and Sinology in general.

In this article the author presents the matter of fiduciary account functioning in the Polish legal system. In the introduction there is the definition of a bank account in the broader sense and its kinds in accordance with banking law and later the author moves on to a detailed description of the fiduciary account. The consideration concerns security due to a bank account under the banking law and the application of the fiduciary account in Polish law. The author also presents conclusions de lege ferenda in the described matter. W niniejszym artykule autor przedstawia materię funkcjonującego w polskim systemie prawnym rachunku powierniczego. We wstępie opisuje definicję rachunku bankowego sensu largo i jego rodzajów w myśl prawa bankowego, a w dalszej części przechodzi do szczegółowego opisu rachunku powierniczego. Przedmiotem rozważań są zabezpieczenia dotyczące rachunku powierniczego wynikające z prawa bankowego, a także zastosowania tego rachunku w polskim prawie. Autor przedstawia również wnioski de lege ferenda w zakresie opisywanej materii.

This contribution deals with the problem of the capacity of the court to replace the unfair term in the loan agreements with a supplementary provision of national law. The main aim of the contribution is to confirm the thesis, that the court is not entitled to change the condition for which it states that it is unfair despite the conscious and fixed will of the consumer himself. We have used formal – dogmatic approach for this text.

International audience; L’avènement des mécanismes de levée de fonds utilisant la technologie blockchain a bousculé le cadre traditionnel de la matière en faisant intervenir des actifs et des opérateurs non appréhendés par les textes existants. Pour avoir un avenir, les dispositifs mis en place par la pratique doivent être régulés et de nombreux pays s’attèlent à la conception de nouveaux dispositifs. En France, le législateur et le régulateur ont mis au point diverses dispositions de nature à sécuriser ce nouveau type de levée de fonds. Le nouveau régime qui se dessine et qui évidemment va s’étoffer doit tenir compte des fondamentaux propres à ces opérations

Підписання Угоди між Україною та Європейським Союзом про асоціацію, яка замінює Угоду про партнерство та співробітництво між Європейськими співтовариствами і Україною дало змогу перейти від партнерства і співробітництва до політичної асоціації та економічної інтеграції. У сфері фінансових послуг постановою передбачено заходи направлені на гармонізацію національного законодавства України із актами законодавства ЄС, які предметно включають в себе виконання положень 40 директив Європейського Союзу (далі - ЕС) та 7 Регламентів ЄС. Зазначені акти права ЕС достатньо повно відображають вектор розвитку національного законодавства у банківській сфері починаючи від оновлення законодавства у сфері протидії відмиванню коштів та впровадження принципів ефективного банківського нагляду Базельського комітету до правової регламентації обігу електронних грошей та діяльності інститутів спільного інвестування у цінні папери. Серед чинників забезпечення стабільної роботи банківського сектору важливе місце займає інституціональне забезпечення інтересів інвесторів банку, його вкладників. Законом України «Про систему гарантування вкладів фізичних осіб» від 23 лютого 2012 року №4452-VI закріплений механізм захисту прав і законних інтересів вкладників банків та забезпечення ефективної процедури виведення неплатоспроможних банків з ринку та їх ліквідації. Його суть полягає в залучені фінансових ресурсів учасників Фонду, якими виступають банки з метою подальшого відшкодування кожному вкладнику банку коштів за його вкладом протягом регламентного часу з початку процедури виведення банку з ринку. Cлід визнати необхідність подальший дій щодо приведення порядку відшкодування вкладів у відповідність із правом ЄС, зокрема директивою ЄС «Про систему гарантування депозитів» від 16 квітня 2014 року № 2014/49/EU, оскільки між актом права ЄС і відповідним актом національного законодавства України існують ряд розбіжностей. Подібні механізми компенсації встановлені також й для інвесторів. Так, директивою ЄС «Про схеми компенсації інвесторам» від 03 березня 1997 року №97/9/ЄС передбачено, що оскільки захист інвесторів і підтримання довіри до фінансової системи є важливим аспектом формування і належного функціонування внутрішнього ринку у цій області; оскільки з цією метою важливо, щоб усі держави-члени мали схеми компенсацій для інвесторів, які б гарантували узгоджений (гармонізований) мінімальний рівень захисту. &nbsp

Banks play an important role as an intermediary in the financial system between the lenders and applicants of financial sources. They absorb the financial sources of customers and present them to applicants. Their financial relations are arranged on the basis of the credit rating of their applicants. The financing restrictions and complexity of banks relations and inherent risk of financing have made the banks to design a model to fund their financial sources and distribute their various risks. One of these models is financing by using syndicated loans. Since most of the big projects need a high amount of financial sources, the use and significance of syndicated loans is increasing. In this paper, we tried to examine the concept and structure of syndicated loans by using an analytical and descriptive model which explains the necessity of using this method in the legal and economic system of Iran. We concluded that the main reasons given for non-use of this method are the lack of adequate legislations in this field and the absence of information transparency in the contractual structure of such credits as well as the legal rules governing relations between syndicate members.

Banks play an important role as an intermediary in the financial system between the lenders and applicants of financial sources. They absorb the financial sources of customers and present them to applicants. Their financial relations are arranged on the basis of the credit rating of their applicants. The financing restrictions and complexity of banks relations and inherent risk of financing have made the banks to design a model to fund their financial sources and distribute their various risks. One of these models is financing by using syndicated loans. Since most of the big projects need a high amount of financial sources, the use and significance of syndicated loans is increasing. In this paper, we tried to examine the concept and structure of syndicated loans by using an analytical and descriptive model which explains the necessity of using this method in the legal and economic system of Iran. We concluded that the main reasons given for non-use of this method are the lack of adequate legislations in this field and the absence of information transparency in the contractual structure of such credits as well as the legal rules governing relations between syndicate members.

Between the end of 2013 and the beginning of 2014, a radical reform of Banca d’Italia – the Italian central bank and banking supervisory authority – was enacted. It was the last chapter of an historical evolution, started in 1893 with its incorporation as a joint-stock-corporation under private law, whose result places the Italian system within the niche of countries that entail the participation of private investors to the ownership and governance of central banks. This article analyzes the relevant Italian regulation also by comparing it with other international experiences. While most of the debate on central banking independence focuses on independence from politics, this article explores another side of the problem, namely the risk of capture by the banking sector and of subsequent conflicts of interests.Said risk significantly increases when the central bank’s shareholders are private investors which elect some of its governing bodies and receive dividends out of its earnings. Since a central bank carries out monetary operations that generate seigniorage, the distribution of profits out of these earnings is a transfer of public value to the private sector. Such circumstances can create incentives for the owners to influence the central bank’s decisions, also according to the magnitude of the values at stake.

International audience; Commentaire de la décision : AMF, déc., 14 déc. 2018, no 15, Sté Sofiro SARL et a.L’information relative à la cession d’une participation majoritaire dans le capital d’une société et au projet d’offre publique d’achat simplifiée présente les caractéristiques d’une information privilégiée. Pour faire la preuve d’un manquement à l’obligation d’abstention d’utilisation de cette information, la commission des sanctions de l’AMF utilise la méthode du faisceau d’indices, qui consiste à rapprocher un ensemble d’indices précis et concordants afin de montrer que seule la détention de l’information en question permet d’expliquer l’acquisition des titres par les personnes poursuivies.

This Article analyzes the functioning of the European regulatory approach to the crisis of credit institutions, in the framework of EU banking supervision and in light of its early applications, with a special focus on bail-in. We investigate how the new resolution mechanisms — rooted in the principle of private sector involvement in banking restructurings — have inter-played with legal and institutional contexts still characterized by an attitude to bail-out rescues and by non-harmonized national insolvency rules. We show how and well-experimented restructuring tools have influenced the application of the new ones and, in many cases, have emphasized the defects, pitfalls and inconsistencies of the new regime, suggesting paths for reform. The Article is organized as follows. Part II sets out a summary of the common regime applicable to credit institutions within the EU, based on harmonized requirements for capital and liquidity. Part III focuses on the pre-crisis and crisis tools, as spelled out in the Bank Recovery and Resolution Directive ("BRRD"), in coordination with bordering regulatory areas, such as the regimes applicable to the liquidation of insolvent banks and State aids in the context of banking rescues. After a brief comparison with the US system (Part IV), we dwell, in Part V, on the practice of restructurings, before and after the BRRD. We specifically discuss two cases (the resolution of Banco Popular Espanol and the liquidation of Italian “Banche Venete”) that, in our view, illustrate very well the pros and cons of the new regime. Part VI concludes offering some suggestions for possible reform.

Materia: Derecho de Familia/ Divorcio por causal. El expediente bajo análisis se refiere a una demanda de divorcio por la causal de imposibilidad de hacer vida en común, Inciso 11 del artículo 333 del Código Civil, lo cual se corroborará durante el análisis del presente documento. Materia: Derecho Bancario / Protección al Consumidor. El expediente hace referencia a una denuncia presentada en contra de un Banco por consumos no realizados; en ese sentido, en el presente documento se deja ver cómo Indecopi hace respetar los derechos que le asisten al consumidor.

In modern economic conditions, the efficiency of the banking sector affects the development of not only the financial and economic system of the state but also ensures the financial stability of the national economy as a whole. Considering the processes of globalization and liberalization of financial markets, as well as the growing demand of consumers of financial services, attention is being paid to the banking sector both from academics and from the management of banking institutions at various levels of government. All this causes a special interest in the banking sector of the Republic of Kazakhstan. The article explores the features of the development of the banking sector of the Republic of Kazakhstan in the conditions of the infusion of Chinese banks into the banking system. On the example of the work of Chinese banks within the country and in the global financial space, recommendations on ways to improve legislation on the banking system of Kazakhstan are made. According to current global trends in the financial market, the banking sector is entering a qualitatively new level of functioning, which leads to its analysis and identification of its structure in the Republic of Kazakhstan. The current state of the banking sector of the Republic of Kazakhstan in the context of globalization processes is analyzed. Key factors influencing the development of the banking sector of the Republic of Kazakhstan are identified. The problems and directions of development of the banking sector of the Republic of Kazakhstan at the present stage are identified.

Kamu malları aleyhine işlenen bir suç türü olan Zimmet suçu, 5237 Sayılı Türk Ceza Kanunu'nun 247 ila 249'uncu maddelerinde hükme bağlanmıştır. Aslında Zimmet suçu, bir tür görevi kötüye kullanmadır. Zira görevi kötüye kullanma kişinin devlet memuru olması sebebiyle sahip olduğu nüfuzu kötüye kullanarak işlediği suç olup, zimmet suçunda kişiye görevi nedeniyle teslim edilen malların kötüye kullanılması ayrı bir suç olarak düzenlenmiştir. Bu nedenle görevi kötüye kullanma suçunun özel bir görünümüdür. Bu suçun faili, kanunda özel olarak tanımlanmış olup, kamu alanında çalışan kamu görevlisi suçun failidir. Zimmet, özgü bir suç olduğundan, kamu görevlisi olmayanların suça iştiraki mümkündür. Türk Ceza Kanunu'nun 247'inci maddesine göre Zimmet Suçunun, maddi unsuru, `kamu görevlisinin zilyetliğindeki veya koruma ve gözetimi altındaki malı kendisinin veya başkasının zimmetine geçirmesidir`, manevi unsuru ise, genel olarak kasttır.Bankacılık Hukuku alanında zimmet suçunda, ilk başlarda devlet bankaları hariç bankaların, özel hukuk tüzel kişisi olmalarına karşın ekonominin temel yapı taşlarından olmaları ve halkın mevduatını toplamaları nedeniyle bankaların mal varlıklarının da kamu yararı amacıyla korunması kabul edilmiştir. Bu nedenle 5411 Sayılı Bankacılık Kanunu'nun 160'ıncı maddesinde banka çalışanlarının, bankanın ve mevduat sahiplerinin zararına olacak şekilde zimmete para geçirilmesini suç olarak düzenlemiş bulunmaktadır. Bankacılık Kanunu'nu kapsamında düzenlenmiş olan bu suç mahsus bir suç olup daha önceleri emniyeti suiistimal suçunu teşkil etmekte iken 4389 sayılı Bankalar Kanunu'ndan başlayarak konunun önemi nedeniyle ayrı bir suç olarak düzenlenmiştir. Ancak bugün devlet bankalarının çalışanları emekli sandığına tabi olmayıp özel banklarda çalışanlarla aynı statüde olduklarından artık emniyeti suiistimal suçundan değil 5411 sayılı Bankacılık Kanunu kapsamında bankacılık zimmetinden sorumlu bulunmaktadırlar.Zimmet Suçu, kamu idaresinin güvenilirliği ve işleyişi aleyhine işlenen suçlardan olup, Bankacılık Zimmeti ise daha genel anlamda toplumsal alanı etkileyen ekonomik suçlardandır Zimmet Suçu olarak TCK. ve Bankacılık Kanunu kapsamında düzenlenen bu iki suçun ortak özellikleri yanında, doğrudan kamu mallarını koruma amacı güden genel zimmet suçu yanında kamu yararı gereğince, banka ve mevduat sahiplerinin mal varlığını koruma amacı güden Bankacılık alanındaki zimmet suçunun ayrımı bu incelemenin konusunu teşkil etmektedir. Debit crime, a type of offense committed against public goods, is adjudicated in the Turkish Criminal Law, numbered 5237, articles between 247-249. In fact, debit is a crime, a kind of abusing duty. For this reason, it is a criminal offense for the abuser to abuse his influence because he is a special aspect of the crime of abuse and abuse of goods that have been handed over because of the misdemeanor charge was committed as a separate offense. For this reason, this crime is a special aspect of the offense of abuse The perpetrator of the criminal offense, which is specially defined in law and works in the public domain. Because embezzlement is a committed crime, it is possible for a non-public officer to participate in this crime. According to article 247 Turkish Criminal Code, objective elements of the offense of Debit Penalty is `the property of the public officer in possession or under the protection and supervision of the embezzlement of the person himself or someone else`, and the subjective element of the offense is the general intent.In the field of Banking Law, it was initially accepted that the banks, other than the state banks, are private legal entities, but because of the main constituent of the economy and the deposits of the people, the assets of the banks are also protected for public purposes. For this reason, in Article 160 of the Banking Law No. 5411, it is a criminal offense that bank employees, bankers and deposit owners will be subjected to embezzlement at the expense of their owners. This crime is regulated under the Banking Law as a specified crime. This crime was constituted as a crime of abuse of security and it was regulated as a separate offense because of its importance starting from the Banking Law No. 4389. However, since the employees of state banks are not subject to retirement and they are in the same status as those employed in private banks, they are no longer responsible for embezzlement but are responsible for the banking under the Banking Law No. 5411.Embezzlement offense is from crimes committed against the credibility and functioning of the public administration however Banking embezzlement offense is an economic crime affecting the social area in a more general sense. In addition to the common characteristics of these two crimes organized under the Penal Code and the Banking Law, protection of public goods is aimed at general embezzlement, and protection of the assets of banks and deposit owners in accordance with the public good is constitutional issue of separation of embezzlement crime in the field of banking is the theme of the thesis. 186

Artykuł podejmuje problematykę nasilenia obciążeń regulacyjnych na europejskim rynku bankowym w okresie pokryzysowym, znaczenia funkcji zgodności (compliance) oraz działań dyscyplinujących (enforcement actions) organów nadzoru bankowego. Celem artykułu jest analiza zależności zachodzących pomiędzy liczbą i złożonością regulacji bankowych w okresie pokryzysowym, a rolą funkcji compliance oraz znaczeniem działań dyscyplinujących organów nadzoru bankowego. Podjęto również próbę analizy skali przyrostu pokryzysowych regulacji bankowych w Unii Europejskiej. Wyniki badań wskazują, iż wzrost liczby pokryzysowych regulacji bankowych oraz ich poziomu skomplikowania wymaga również intensyfikacji działań dyscyplinujących ze strony organów nadzoru bankowego. The article addresses the issue of the increase in banking regulations in the European Union in the post-crisis period, the importance of the compliance function and enforcement actions of banking supervision authorities. The purpose of the article is to analyze the relationships between the increase in regulatory requirements for banks in the post-crisis period, the role of the compliance function and the enforcement actions of banking supervision authorities. An attempt was also made to analyze the scale of increase in post-crisis banking regulations in the European Union. The results indicate that an increase in the number of post-crisis banking regulations and their level of complexity leads to the intensification of disciplinary measures by the banking supervision authorities.

With the judgement in joined cases C‑202/18 and C‑238/18 (Ilmārs Rimšēvičs) the CJEU for the first time annulled a national measure. However, this case needs to be seen in its context, and that is that the CJEU shaped a direct form of remedial action of annulment of a national measure. Furthermore, this remedial action is very narrow in its scope of application and in can only be applied only to relieved governors of National Central Banks in the Eurozone Member States of the EU (in 2019 that was 19 countries).

For the past decades, the Swedish public’s payment habits have changed, where the majority of the public has abandoned the old way of making payments, using cash, and instead opted for more modern payment solutions, digital money. The difference between cash and digital money is that cash is physical and only issued by the Riksbank, whereas digital money is created by and stored on accounts at commercial banks. The question of what role the state should have on the payment market is an important point of discussion. But it is not categorically a new question; the Swedish government is tackling essentially the same problem today as it has been doing many times before. Today’s problem is to some extent however manifested in a different way. During the 20th century, discussions were held whether or not the Riksbank should have the exclusive right to issue banknotes. It was considered unnecessary, inappropriate and dangerous. The idea that the Riksbank could cover the entire economy’s need for banknotes was, according to the commercial banks, unreasonable. Nonetheless, in 1904 the exclusive right became fait accompli; the government intervened and gave the Riksbank the banknote monopoly. We are now finding ourselves facing a similar situation, where there is a difference of opinion regarding the Riksbank’s role on the payment market. It is therefore nothing new, but rather an expected task for the government, and thus the central bank, to analyze major changes and draw conclusions from them. The problem is essentially about cash being phased out by digital means of payment. In order to therefore solve the problem, the Riksbank has started a project to investigate whether or not the Riksbank should issue digital cash to the Swedish public, what the Riksbank calls an e-krona. To introduce an e-krona would be a major step, but for the public to not have access to a government alternative, seeing as cash usage is declining, is also a major step. No decision has been made yet regarding whether the e-krona will be introduced on the market or not. A decision that however has been made, is that the Riksbank is now working on building an e-krona to develop and assess the technique. Nonetheless, an introduction would undoubtedly have consequences for both the Riksbank and the commercial banks, which ultimately means it would have effects on the economy as a whole. What about regulatory aspects; is the Riksbank even allowed to issue an e-krona under current legislation? The answer is affirmative, to a certain extent. There are furthermore many other uncertainties regarding how an e-krona would affect the economy; the Riksbank does not fully answer many of the system issues in its project reports. The question of whether or not it even is up to the Riksbank to make a decision on the matter of an introduction is also questioned by the author in the thesis.

The analysis of a case where the rate of the conventional interest is not specified made me investigate what is the maximal limit that can be obtained in this case, under the regulation in force, in the Romanian law (sect.1)!To formulate a solution, I considered as necessary to analyze : the provision on the moratory damages (according to the Roman Civil Code) and the putting of the debtor in default, in order to know what is the date starting from which the moratory damages are calculated (according to the Roman Civil Code)-sect.2; the juridical regime of the interest (according to the Roman Bankin Law)-sect.3;comparison between the remuneratory interest and the penalizing interest (according to the Roman Banking Law)-sect.4;solution for the case and conclusions-sect. 5.

The new remedies envisaged by article 120 quater, paragraph 7, t.u.b. (on loan portability) and by article 2, paragraph 16, decree n. 3 of 2014 (on the transfer of payment services), lie at the uncertain intersection of sanction, indemnification and full compensation. Contrary to the majority opinion, and more to the point of the rules' pro-competitive aims, the author argues that, in spite of the wording of article 120 quater t.u.b. (providing that the original lender is «in any case» expected to indemnify the client), the plaintiff may legitimately enforce his right against any intermediary responsible for the delayed execution of the service (hence, even against the new lender, if the delay is attributable to him). In the neighboring context of the transfer of payment services a different problem has arisen: one the one hand, the legislator introduced an indemnity in favor of the client «proportionate to the length of the delay and to the balance available on the account»; on the other, it cautioned that the criteria necessary to quantify the said indemnity will be provided by secondary regulation, which has not yet been enacted. The solution proposed in this paper is to let the judge quantify the indemnity based on mere equity, thus safeguarding the fundamental deterrent effect originally envisaged by the legislator.

Vergi Usul Kanunu ve Bankacılık Kanunu'nda muhtelif suç ve cezalar düzenlenmiş olup daha evvel anılan suç ve cezaları mukayese eden bir çalışma yapılmadığından, bu suç ve cezaların birbirleri üzerinde doğurdukları etkiler ceza hukuku sistematiği içerisinde incelenmiştir. Söz konusu inceleme yapılırken İHAM içtihatları göz önünde tutulmuştur. Söz konusu çalışma her iki kanundaki suç ve cezaların uygulanmasında nasıl hareket edilmesi gerektiğini belirtmeyi amaçlamaktadır. Various crime and penalties have been regulated in Tax Procedure Law and Banking Law, since a study, that compares those crime and penalties that have been mentioned earlier, has not been done before, the effects that those crime and penalties have on each other have been examined in the systematic of criminal law. The subject study aims to indicate how to conduct when implementing those crime and penalties in both regulations. 187

L’ objectif principal de cette thèse est de développer une analyse critique de ce qu’on apelle internationalisation regulatoire du système financier brésilien. Celui-ci constitue um phénomène relativement noveau que n’a pas reçu suffisament d’attention. Deux evenements peuvent être considerés comme étant directement responsables pour cette internationalisation: d’une part, la création au niveau mondial d’un accord international de réglementation financière et, d’autre, la substitution (dans les systèmes juridiques européens et brésilien) du modèle de l’Etat Positif par celui de l’Etat Régulateur. L’adoption, par les autorités brésiliennes (Conselho Monetário Nacional et Banco Central) d’un nombre considerable des règles infra-legales fut etayée sur les Recommendations et Standards des organisations internationales. Les decisions de ces organisations ont influencée également le discourse et la philosofie régulatoire des institutions brésiliennes, modifiant les procedures et les pratiques adminitratives internes. Les autorités brésiliennes participent de plus em plus des activités de coopération régulatoire avec des entités étrangères dans le but d’obtenir une homogeneité régulatoire des systèmes finacières. Cette thèse soutient l’hypothèse qu'il existe une singularité distinctive dans la façon dont la régulation financière au Brésil s'est internationalisée, dérivée de l'existence d'une relation fondamentale d'interaction et de complémentarité entre les idées d'internationalisation et de régulation dans le secteur financier brésilien. O objetivo central desta tese é descrever e analisar criticamente o que chamo de internacionalização regulatória no Sistema Financeiro Nacional, um fenômeno relativamente recente e, em certa medida, ainda subteorizado na academia brasileira. Sustento no presente trabalho que sua manifestação, iniciada no Brasil em meados da década de 1990, está associada a dois acontecimentos que somente ganharam força no último quarto do século passado: a afirmação, em nível global, de um arranjo internacional de regulação financeira e a transição, nos sistemas jurídicos da Europa Ocidental e do Brasil, para o modelo de Estado Regulador. Como consequência direta desses dois acontecimentos, um significativo e crescente conjunto de normas infralegais editadas pelas principais autoridades administrativas financeiras nacionais, o Conselho Monetário Nacional e o Banco Central do Brasil, passou a fundamentar-se em recomendações e padrões regulatórios elaborados por organismos internacionais Da mesma forma, a atuação de organismos internacionais passou a moldar tanto o discurso quanto a filosofia regulatória dos órgãos reguladores brasileiros, transformando procedimentos e práticas administrativas internas. Por fim, as autoridades brasileiras de regulação financeira passaram a se engajar crescentemente em atividades de cooperação regulatória com seus congêneres estrangeiros, em um esforço internacional cujo resultado vem sendo a obtenção de uma maior homogeneização regulatória nos sistemas financeiros nacionais em todo o mundo. Ao descrever e abordar criticamente esse fenômeno, proponho nesta tese a hipótese de que há uma singularidade marcante no modo como a regulação do sistema financeiro no Brasil se internacionalizou, singularidade esta que decorre de uma fundamental relação de interação e complementariedade no modo como as ideias de internacionalização e regulação se afirmaram no universo financeiro brasileiro. The central goal of this dissertation is to describe and critically analyse how regulatory internationalization took place in the Brazilian Financial System, a relatively recent phenomenon that still didn’t receive proper academical consideration. This dissertation argues that its occurrence, which started during the 1990s, is related to two events that only came into place in the last quarter of the 20th century: the consolidation, on a global level, of an architecture of international financial regulation, and the transition, in Western Europe and Brazil, to the Regulatory State. As a consequence of that, a rising body of infralegal regulations enacted by the Central Bank of Brazil and the National Monetary Council, the two main brazilian financial authorities, began to adopt as its theoretical foundation standards and recommendations made by international bodies. Moreover, the activity of these international bodies became an important influence on brazilian domestic financial regulatory policies, shaping administrative practices and procedures. Lastly, brazilian financial authorities increasingly engaged in international regulatory cooperation with its foreign peers, as part of an effort that resulted in regulatory harmonization in national financial systems throughout the world. This dissertation argues that there is a distinctive singularity in the way financial regulation in Brazil became internationalized, derived from the existence of a foundational relationship of interaction and complementarity between the ideas of internationalization and regulation in the brazilian financial sector.

The aim of the study is to analyse two selected supervision institutions: the management control in the public finance sector and the internal control system in banks as examples of regulatory and supervision institutions, having regard to their functional similarities in the two areas of financial law: public finance law and financial market law, and banking law. The study was inspired by the desire to answer the question about the essence of internal control in public finance (management control), which shows, at least in terms of the control objectives, many elements characteristic for internal control systems operating in banks. The aim of the article is also to answer the question about the way of understanding the notion of “internal control” under the banking law and public finance law, its essence, objectives, functions, as well as the coherence of the understanding of the objectives and criteria of internal control in the widely understood financial law areas. However, the research objective is also to show the differences between management control and internal control as supervision institutions, which due to the specificity of the controlled financial matters are separate and thereby allow to present the functions of control institutions related to the needs specific to particular areas of the broadly understood financial law and a multi-faceted approach to the most effective use of control institutions.

In this master’s thesis the nearly unexamined topic of the civil liability of banks vis-à-vis their customers for improper application of anti-money laundering measures in the Latvian perspective is explored. The findings and conclusions of this thesis will be relevant in Latvia from both the point of view of theoretical analysis and practical applicability.