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Biodiesel is a domestically produced, clean-burning, renewable substitute for petroleum diesel. Using biodiesel as a vehicle fuel increases energy security, improves air quality and the environment, and provides safety benefits. . This study extracted, characterized and determined the physicochemical properties of biodiesel produced from Desert date (B. aegyptiaca) seed oil using Soxhlet extraction method with n-hexane as the extraction solvent. The oil obtained was characterized using FTIR and GC-MS analyses and its physicochemical properties determined. The oil obtained was subsequently transesterified using methanol and KOH catalyst. The obtained biodiesel was characterized and its physicochemical properties determined. The result showed that B. aegyptiaca seed oil had density of 0.9 g/cm3, viscosity of 6 cSt at 40 0C and viscosity of 2.5 cSt at 100 0C. The cloud and pour points of the oil was 21 and 9 0C respectively. The oil comprised of eleven fatty acids; predominantly linoleic acid (21.88 %), vaccenic acid (13.90 %) and palmitic acid (10.96 %). The biodiesel had density of 0.88 g/cm3, kinematic viscosity of 4.2 cSt, cloud and pour points of 16 0C and 7 0C respectively. The biodiesel also had free fatty acid (FFA) of 0.79 %, iodine value of 42 mgI2/100g and saponification value of 176. The biodiesel primarily consisted of 9,12-Octadecadienoic acid methyl ester (45.46 %), Hexadecanoic acid methyl ester (20.12 %), Butyl-9,12-Octadecadienoate (12.43 %) and Heptadecanoic acid-16-methyl ester (10.43 %). The properties obtained for the biodiesel were comparable to those of biodiesels reported in literature and thus, shows remarkable potentials to be used as substitute to fossil-based diesel fuel.

The objective of this study is to determine the surface functions and the pH at the point of zero charges (pHPCN) of powdered activated carbons (PAC) produced from two biomasses (nucleus shell ofBalanites aegyptiacaand nucleus shell ofZizyphus mauritiana) with a particle size between 60 and 80 µm. The methodology is based on immediate analyzes of the biomasses (ash rate, humidity rate, volatile matter rate and the actual density), the chemical activation of the biomasses by H3PO4and KOH activating agents at concentrations of (5%, 15%, 25%) and (10%, 15%, 20%) respectively, followed by pyrolysis at 400 °C and 600 °C for 2 hours. The CAPs obtained were characterized for their surface chemistry, by Boehm titration and pHPCNmeasurements and for their quantity, by yield calculation. The characterized PACs were compared to a commercial activated carbon. These analyzes reveal that the best PACs were obtained using a concentration of 25% H3PO4 and 10% KOH with a pyrolysis temperature of 400 °C. The surface functions of the PACs produced are acidic with a total absence of basic functions and exceed those of commercial activated carbon (CAC). The pHPCNsof PACs resulting from acid activation are acidic and those resulting from basic activation are neutral and basic. Thus, the pHPCNof the CAC is closer to the pHPCNof the PACs resulting from the impregnation with KOH. These biomasses are potentially promising for the production of PACs.

Trypanosoma evansi, is one among several species of Trypanosomes responsible for a major protozoan parasitic disease of domestic animals. The current study aimed to investigate the trypanocidal effects of aqueous and methanolic leaf extracts of Balanites aegyptiaca Del (Zygophyllaceae) and suramin on albino rats infected with Trypanosoma evansi. In total, 35 Swiss albino rats randomly separated into seven (7) groups (A- G) of 5 rats each were intraperitoneally infected with 0.5 ml of blood containing 1.0 × 106 trypanosomes and treated with the extracts and suramin for 7 days and single dose respectively by day 12 post infection (p.i). Clinical parameters and haematological indices were evaluated. Preliminary phytochemical screening revealed that Balanites aegyptiaca contained the following metabolites: flavonoids, tannin, saponins, alkaloids, lycosides, steroids and volatile oils. There was marked initial reduction in Packed Cell Volume (PCV), Haemoglobin (Hb) and Red Blood Cells (RBCs) counts in the infected/untreated group (Group A) but following treatment with B. aegyptiaca leaf aqueous and methanolic extracts, these values were reversed. Furthermore, there was reversion of leukopenia after treatment of the rats individually with methanolic leaf extracts (150 mg/kg of B. aegyptiaca; Group B) from 3.47±1.49 × 103/mm3 by day 12 p.i. to 9.03±2.18 by day 40 p.i., similar to the pre-infection value. In conclusion, the infection caused clinical and haematological changes that were ameliorated following treatment with methanolic and aqueous leaf extract of B. aegyptiaca.

Aduwa (Balanites eagyptiaca) is also called desert dates in English. It is a thorny plant species which dwells in the drier parts of Africa down to the Arabian Gulf and some parts of Asia. Locally, the Aduwa fruit is eaten as snack, while the seed are used in oil extraction. The drawback of Aduwa fruits is the distinctive pungent taste which makes the fruit unpalatable to many people. Despite the pungent taste of the fruit, the Aduwa fruit contains many other functional compounds like polyphenols, flavonoids, alkaloids, steroids and saponins a structurally complex phytochemicals which is important in the human body. Both the Aduwa pulp, leaves and seeds contain important nutrients like carbohydrate (8-62%), protein (9-32%), lipid content of 2-49% and dietary fibre (2-30%). Other nutrients like vitamins and minerals are also present in the Aduwa parts. This paper presents a review on Aduwa plant parts with regard to science and traditions. Discussions on the medicinal compound and medicinal application, food application and phytochemical compounds are equally presented. The paper finally concludes with the potential use of the plant in functional food application.

Purpose This paper aims to investigate the potential application of Balanites aegyptiaca bark powder (BABP) for removing a basic textile dye, methylene blue (MB), from aqueous solutions. Design/methodology/approach The biosorbent (BABP) was characterized using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and point of zero charge (pHPZC). Batch mode was selected to study the biosorption of MB onto BABP surface at different experimental conditions (shaking speed, contact time, initial solution pH, ionic strength, solution temperature, biosorbent dosage and initial dye concentration). Besides, the reusability of BABP for MB biosorption was also examined. Findings The biosorption results revealed that approximately 96% of MB was removed successfully at the optimized operational conditions. Pseudo-second-order and Langmuir models, respectively, better described the adsorption kinetics and isotherms. The monolayer biosorption capacity (qmax) for MB was about 97.09 mg/g. According to thermodynamics findings, the MB biosorption onto BABP is an exothermic and spontaneous process. The results demonstrate that BABP can be considered as potential eco-friendly, readily available and low-cost biosorbent for hazardous textile dyes removal from water bodies and also provides a promising method for minimization of agricultural solid wastes (e.g. plant barks). Originality/value The utilization of Balanites aegyptiaca bark powder (BABP), solid waste material, as low-cost and eco-friendly biosorbent for the removal of hazardous basic textile dye (methylene blue) from the aquatic environment.

Plants oil are becoming important in commerce and nutrition worldwide as they are good source of dietary energy and raw material for the manufacture of industrial products. Despite this fact little attention has been given to Balanites aegyptiaca oil. Therefore there is growing interest in understanding the potential of Balanites aegyptiaca oil as feedstock for improving livelihoods of communities in dryland areas. Balanites aegyptiaca is a multipurpose tree species in dry land of Africa. The plant seed kernel produces high quality oil that amounts for 9-10 % by weight of the whole fruit. Its seed kernel has high oil content (50 %) whose extraction is economically worthwhile. The oil parameters revealed that the oil composed of long chain fatty acids with high degree of unsaturation, making it a good feedstock for biodiesel production. It also has biologically active properties which contribute in its medicinal application. The oil is fulfilling in saturated fatty acids, as such are accustomed as cooking oil. Balanites aegyptiaca oil may be useful for industrialists that produce eco-friendly soap. Therefore, conversion of the oil to different products will help in domestication of this neglected and underuse dryland tree species. This may advocate wise use of renewable natural resources and not protection without possible economic benefit. Thus, Balanites aegyptiaca oil is a multipurpose feedstock with high economic potential and industrial applications if richly exploited. Furthermore, many prospective exploitation possibilities will emerge when further researches are made on this multipurpose oil.

This research work reports the physicochemical potentialities of Balanites aegyptiaca kernel oil for biodiesel valorization. Balanites seed was sampling from Pitoa, Maroua and Moutourwa localities located from North Cameroon and the kernel oil was extracted using Soxhlet apparatus. The physicochemical and the free fatty acid composition of kernel oils was determined. Among the three samples, those of Pitoa shows the higher oil yield (56.6 %). All the Refractive index of these oils were ranged in ASTM and their kinematic viscosities were small compared to the EN ISO 3104 standard. The Acid values measured were all less than EN 14104 standard and the iodine values were in accordance with EN 14111 standard, whereas, the saponification value for the samples of Maroua (139.5 ± 0.07) was higher than those of Pitoa (123.6 ± 0.04) and Moutourwa (131.5 ± 0.06) and the Peroxide values measured were lower than 10 meq/Kg. Unsaturated fatty acids were higher for the sample of Maroua (78.8 %) than those of Moutourwa (76.9%) and Pitoa (77.7 %). This research work indicate that B.aegyptiaca kernel oil obtainable from North Cameroon as higher yield (50.7-56.6%). The kernel oil shows good physicochemical properties and fatty acids profile which can be valorised as a feedstock for the production of biodiesel. Place and Duration of Study: School of Chemical Engineering and Minerals Industries - Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Ngaoundere – Cameroon work takes place between October 2020 and Jun 2021.

Balanites aegyptiaca leaf is very effective in managing diabetes and rich in phenolic compounds. However, the modes of action of the phytochemicals are mainly unknown. Thus, the present in silico drug discovery study on some phenolic compounds was designed to evaluate potential mechanisms of action of the antihyperglycemic phytochemicals of B. aegyptiaca leaf extract. The study deployed in silico drug-like studying techniques such as; predicted activity spectra of substances (PASS), molecular docking, prediction of adsorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion, and toxicity (ADMET), Lipinski’s rule of 5 (PLOP). The study reveals six compounds with good drug-like properties: cLogp, hydrogen bond donor/acceptor (B. aegyptiaca leaf possessed drug-like properties, including the ability to interact with α-amylase and α-glucosidase, a vital target protein in the management of diabetes mellitus. The data from the in silico study is a step toward the pharmaceutical discovery of the antidiabetic drug potential of B. aegyptiaca leaf.

Balanites aegyptiaca est une espèce caractéristique et emblématique des zones sèches d’Afrique et d’Asie. Elle revêt une grande importance socio-économique dans toute sa zone naturelle de répartition du fait de ses multiples usages. Toutefois, les propriétés technologiques de son bois sont mal connues, d’où des utilisations parfois inappropriées mais qui pourraient être élargies. Afin de mieux adapter ses applications à ses caractéristiques, nous avons déterminé les indicateurs de stabilité physique (masse volumique, infradensité, retrait radial total, retrait tangentiel total, retrait volumique total et point de saturation des fibres) et les indicateurs de comportement mécanique (module d’élasticité longitudinal, contrainte de rupture en flexion et compression) de ce bois. Quatre-vingt-treize éprouvettes prélevées dans 13 arbres provenant des zones sahélienne et soudanienne tchadiennes, et de la zone sahélienne sénégalaise ont été testées. Les résultats obtenus montrent que, pour les trois provenances, le bois de B. aegyptiaca est mi-lourd (797 kg/m3) avec une stabilité dimensionnelle moyenne : l’anisotropie de retrait est supérieure à 2 (2,2), le retrait radial total et le retrait tangentiel total sont moyens, respectivement égaux à 4 % et 8,5 %. Ses caractéristiques mécaniques sont moyennes (contraintes de rupture en compression et flexion statique respectivement égales à 49,4 MPa et 104,5 MPa) à faible (module d’élasticité longitudinal de 10 473 MPa). Une comparaison des résultats obtenus en fonction des zones de prélèvement a mis en évidence des tendances variables selon les caractéristiques étudiées. Ces variations entre les trois provenances restent cependant limitées. Les résultats de l’étude montrent que le bois de B. aegyptiaca pourrait être utilisé de façon appropriée sous forme de matériau pour une plus large gamme d’emplois, sous réserve de la mise en place d’une gestion adaptée permettant sa restauration par plantation.

Balanites aegyptiaca has been identified as a source of seed oil for biodiesel feedstock. Diversity in its population based on morphological descriptors and seed oil yield has been studied in order to evaluate the variation, association of morphological descriptors with oil yield and inheritance of the traits to facilitate the plans for genetic improvement and its conservation. From seven agro-climatic regions, 56 accessions of B. aegyptiaca were studied to evaluate variability based on morphological descriptors, viz. height, girth, leaf, fruit, pericarp, mesocarp, nut and kernel. The data were subjected to ANOVA, simple measures of variation and D2 statistics. Genetic variability among morphological descriptors was recorded. High heritability (> 0.8) and genetic advance (~ 360%) make kernel weight a suitable marker for genetic improvement of B. aegyptiaca for oil yield. Cluster analysis revealed that cluster V (Jaipur, Sikar, Jodhpur, Dungarpur, Alwar and Kota regions) had high oil. Cluster II with the highest intracluster distance (10,239) was found to be the most suitable for genetic improvement. The population of B. aegyptiaca in Udaipur, Jaipur, Sikar, Jodhpur, Alwar and Dungarpur may be protected for in situ conservation. The study helps in designing strategy to get enhanced oil from B. aegyptiaca and its conservation.

Background and Objective: SARS-CoV-2 is the virus causing COVID-19, which is a potentially fatal illness. COVID-19 is a severe worldwide public health pandemic, because of its high fatality rate, quick transmission and lack of treatments. This work was carried out to assess the in silico inhibitory effect of phytocompounds from Balanites aegyptiaca on COVID-19. Materials and Methods: In this study Balanites aegyptiaca active compounds were screened for their potential activity on the main protease of SARS-CoV-2 using molecular docking and Molecular Dynamic (MD) simulation studies. Results: Precose compound showed the best docking energy (-9 kcal mol-1), the best stable complex with the main protease of SARS-CoV-2, MD simulation and stable integration of key residues (His41, Glu166 and Asp189) of the main protease active sites with Precose. Conclusion: These findings suggest that this compound could be a good candidate for developing and manufacturing an anti-SARS-CoV-2 medication.

Background and Aim: Essential oils found frequently in plants are well known for their activities against bacteria, viruses, and fungi, and antioxidant properties. This study aimed to analyze egg yolk replacement by seed oils of Gossypium spp. (cotton), Balanites aegyptiaca (desert date), and Sesamum indicum (sesame) in semen extender, on ram sperm quality chilled at 4°C and frozen-thawed. Materials and Methods: Ejaculates were collected from adult rams and refrigerated at 4°C in a Tris-based extender containing 1.25%, 2.5%, 5%, and 10% of Gossypium spp., B. aegyptiaca, and S. indicum seed oils, to evaluate which were the two best extenders for comparison with BIOXcell, a commercial extender for deep freezing ram semen. Results: The data showed that sperm movements analyzed by the CASA system were faster in extenders supplemented with 2.5-5% of cottonseed oil and 1.25-10% of sesame oil, whereas in the extender containing B. aegyptiaca oil, all seminal parameters studied had the worst values. During the sperm-freezing process, 5% of cottonseed oil and 5% sesame seed oil were selected from the first study, with sesame oil reaching the best sperm quality. Thus, sperm motility and velocity were 44.14±13.99%, 24.44±12.6%, and 25.92±11.50%; and 20.26±9.56%, 8.76±6.38%, and 9.42±5.40%, respectively, for sesame oil, cottonseed oil, and BIOXcell. Conclusion: In summary, 2.5-10% of cottonseed oil and 1.25-10% of sesame seed oil can replace egg yolk in a Tris–egg yolk–based extender. Moreover, a Tris-based extender supplemented with 5% sesame seed oil could be an alternative for deep freezing ram semen, even though these results need to be confirmed with semen collected from rams with appropriate sexual rest.

Studies were conducted on assessment of molluscicidal and cercaricidal activities of leaves, fruits and endocarp of Balanite aegyptiaca Del against adult vectors of schistosomiasis (Biomphlaria Pfeifeferi) using standard methods. Preliminary phytochemical screening was conducted, where alkaloids, saponins, flavonoids were found present in leaves, fruits, and endocarp. Molluscicidal and cercaricidal activity test were also conducted. Snail mortalities were compared between each plant part and snail specie as well as LC50 of the plant parts were also recorded. The result obtained revealed that leaves extract was more susceptible to the death of the snail species. Comparing LC50, the leaves extract shows 0.0726 considered as the highest cercaricidal while fruits and endocarp showed highest LC50of 0.0531 and 0.0426 respectively. Keywords: Balanites Aegyptiaca, Molluscicidal, Cercaricidal Activities, Schistosomiasis (Biomphalaria pfeifferi).

One of the many biomarkers for determining the effects of pollutants on fish is changes in organ histopathology. Leaves of Balanites aegyptiaca have been reported to have phytochemicals with fish anaesthetic property. This study sought to determine the effect of graded acute concentrations (200.00, 250.00, 300.00.350.00 and 400.00 mg/L) of B. aegyptiaca on histopathology of gills, kidney and liver of mixed sex of Oreochromis niloticus fingerlings. A total of 120 O. niloticus fingerlings (mean weight 23±0.03 g and mean total length 12.50±0.39 cm) were exposed to the plant extract. Paraffin wax method and haematoxylin-eosin staining techniques of tissue processing were adopted for the examination of the gills, kidney and liver. Dose-dependent histopathological changes were observed in the three organs (gills, kidney and liver) i.e. histopathological alterations increase with increase in concentration of the plant extract. Gills showed lamellae fusion, haemorrhage, desquamation, atrophy and secondary lamellae erosion while kidney and liver indicated atrophy, necrosis, haemorrhage, hyperplasia and hypertrophy. Structural alterations were evident in the gills, kidney and liver of O. niloticus fingerlings exposed to the concentrations of aqueous crude leaf extract of B. aegyptiaca therefore it should be used with caution during fish anaesthesia. Keywords: Histopathology; Gill; Kidney; Liver; Balanites aegyptiaca; Oreochromis niloticus.

In this study, Balanites aegyptiaca seed oil was extracted from the ground seed using the Soxhlet extraction method with n-hexane as the extraction solvent to produce two biolubricants; one via epoxidation to produce Balanites aegyptiaca Lubricant (BAB-E) and the other via transesterification with trimethylolpropane to produce Balanites aegyptiaca Lubricant (BAB-T). Both biolubricants were characterized using Fourier Transform Infrared Spectrometry. The physicochemical properties, lubricity and thermal properties of the produced biolubricants were determined. Results showed that the biolubricants had wavelengths of 3008.0 cm-1 associated with C-H stretching, 2922.8 cm-1 to -OH (acid), 1740.7 cm-1 to C=O, 1488.8 cm-1 to C=C stretching, 1364.2 cm-1 to NO2, 1237.6 cm-1 to C-O, 1159.2 cm-1 to C-C and 723.1 cm-1 to C-H bending. BAB-T had viscosities of 58.29 and 10.36 cSt at 40 and 100 OC respectively while those of BAB-E were 54.37 and 9.56 cSt. They had viscosity index of 168 and 161, and pour points of -9 and -8 respectively. These values were observed to be within acceptable range. BAB-T had coefficient of friction of 0.094 ± 0.014 while that of BAB-E was 0.080 ± 0.010 respectively. The biolubricants were observed to have thermal stability and showed properties similar to those of lubricants and show remarkable potentials to be used as alternatives to fossil-based lubricants.

While the impact of livestock grazing has been frequently assessed for grasses, little is known about how livestock affects tree seedlings and saplings. We explored the effects of goat, cattle and ...

In a context of climate change characterized by rising temperatures, increased greenhouse gases and frequent droughts, the Sahel is presented as one of the most vulnerable areas to the adverse effects of climate change. The Sahel is presented as one of the most vulnerable areas to the adverse effects of climate change. The objective of this study is to assess the above-ground biomass and carbon stock of three Sahelian species: Acacia raddiana tortilis (Forsk.) hayne ssp. raddiana (savi) Brenan, Acacia senegal (L.) Willd and Balanites aegyptiaca (L.). The study was carried out in northern Senegal commonly known as Ferlo. Biomasses of the populations of the three target species were first assessed by harvesting the entire epigenetic part of the species and then modelled by correlation using dendrometric parameters measured on each individual of the sample. Two models, mono-specific and multi-species, were used. The results obtained showed that the diameter at breast height (x) and the parameter best correlated to the epigeal biomass (y). The dry biomass of woody plants was 31.4 ± 15.2 kg/tree for B. aegyptiaca, 30.6 ± 13.2 kg/tree for A. senegal and 26.2 ± 11.1 kg/tree for A. raddiana; i.e. carbon equivalents of 14.75 - 14.38 - 12.31 kg/tree respectively. The amount of carbon contained in the above-ground woody biomass is estimated at 4.48 t/ha. The carbon equivalent, atmospheric CO2 is estimated at 16.44 tons of CO2/ha and based on the actual density of Ferlo (108.08 ± 49.79 ind/ha) the sequestered carbon of the area is estimated at 1777.008 tons of CO2. The comparison between the models developed in this study and the multispecific or mono-specific models from the literature showed substantial differences. This study contributes to a better understanding of the contribution of Sahelian woody species to carbon sequestration and the results could be used in the framework of adaptation to climate change.

Aims: To carry out phytochemical screening and acute oral toxicity test to validate their safety and efficacy. Study Design: Standard phytochemical screening tests were used to highlight phytochemical compounds of roots of the plants. The evaluation of acute toxicity of the root extracts of the plants followed the model of Acute Toxicity Class based on OECD 423 Guideline, 2001. Place and Duration of the Study: The study was undertaken at the Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry for the extraction for samples extraction and phytochemical screening. Acute oral toxicity studies were done at the Department of Biological Sciences for acute toxicity study, University of Eldoret, Between June and September 2022. Methodology: Phytochemical screening for presence of Tannins, saponins, flavonoids, glycosides, alkaloids, anthocyanin, terpenoids, steroids, coumarins, lipids, proteins and carbohydrates were carried out. Acute oral toxicity studies were done using the fixed dose method at a dose of 2000mg/kg body weights of rats. Three groups were used: control and test groups for each of the respective plant root extracts. Signs of toxicity and/or mortality were monitored daily for 14 days. Weekly fasting body weights were also recorded. Results: The phytochemical screening results showed the presence of tannins, saponins, flavonoids, glycosides, alkaloids, anthocyanin, terpenoids, steroids, lipids, proteins and carbohydrates present in the root extract of Combretum hereroense. Tannins, saponins, flavonoids, glycosides, terpenoids, steroids, and carbohydrates were present in root extracts of Balanites aegyptiaca. Following the acute oral toxicity study, there were no abnormalities observed in physiological parameters. In addition, no deaths were recorded during the study period. The LD50 was therefore greater than 2000 mg/kg. The fasting body weights of extract treated rats increased stably compared to the control [p = .05]. Conclusion: The results showed C. hereroense and B. aegyptiaca methanol root extracts were considered safe in acute oral exposure. Long-term toxicity studies are needed for further toxicological profile elicitation of the plant, and a possible reinforcement of clinical relevance of the results of laboratory studies.

The idea behind this research work is to investigate the phytochemical constituents from Petroleum ether concentrate of Ingudi ( Balanites aegyptiaca L. Delile) seeds utilizing GC-MS (Gas chromatography-mass spectroscopy) and to clarify the customary utilization of Ingudi oil as an effective injury mending specialist. A sum of 100 gm Ingudi seeds coarsely powdered, air-dried were macerated and extracted in Petroleum ether (1 Liter) at 60–80°C for 72 hours. The petroleum ether concentrate was exposed to GC-MS investigation. The GC-MS examination of the Petroleum ether concentrates of Ingudi shows presence of seven functional groups which are alcohol, carboxylic corrosive, ester, ether, silyl ether, and phenol. The compounds present are Tetradecamethylcycloheptasiloxane, Feruloyl-caffeoyl-glycerol, Decamethylcyclopentasiloxane, 17-Octadecynoic Acid, 2-Hydroxy Succinic Acid, Dec-4-Anyl Undecyl Ester, Stigmasterol Trimethylsilyl Ether, Succinic corrosive butyl ester 4-hydroxy-12–methyl-tridecyl ester. The extract shows antibacterial, antioxidant, wound recuperating action, antifungal, immunomodulatory, antistatic, emollient, humectants, anti-provocative, hypocholesterolemic, malignancy preventive, hepatoprotective, nematicide, insectifuge, antihistaminic, antieczemic, antiacne, 5-Alpha reductase inhibitor, antiandrogenic, antiarthritic, anticoronary, antipsychotic, insectifuge, antimicrobial movement, larvicidal, thyroid hindering action, and hypoglycemic action. This examination assists to anticipate the equation and structure of dynamic particles which can be utilized as a decent and effective injury recuperating operator. This outcome additionally improves the customary use of Ingudi oil. The medicinal use of this oil was reported in Sanskrit literature (Abhigyan shakuntalam).

Dans la région de Tillabery au Sud-Ouest du Niger confrontée à des sècheresses récurrentes, les espèces agroforestières comme Balanites aegyptiaca (L.) jouent un rôle important dans la vie des communautés locales. Le présent article analyse les caractéristiques de Balanites aegyptiaca et son importance socioéconomique dans la région. L’étude se base sur des inventaires et des mesures dendrométriques menées dans les villages de Mari, Tamou Kaina, Kobio et Sansani Haoussa, et un total de 120 utilisateurs de Balanites aegyptiaca interviewés sur l’usage de l’espèce. Les résultats montrent que Balanites aegyptiaca occupe le premier rang des essences ligneuses avec un taux d’occupation de l’espace de 93%. Les diamètres varient de 24,25±0,7 à Tamou Kaina à30,60±1,9 à Sansane Haoussa. Les hauteurs varient de 5,30±0,1 à Mari et 6,16 ±1,6 à Tamou Kaina. Un indice de diversité de Shannon inférieur à 2,5 dans tous les sites indique une faible diversité. Les enquêtes montrent que toutes les parties de Balanites aegyptiaca sont utilisées dans l’alimentation humaine et animale, dans les autres activités domestiques, thérapeutiques et commerciales. Les fruits ont un d’usage plus important (80%) que les feuilles (60%), les racines (33%), le bois (53%), les écorces (46%), les fleurs (33%) et les branches (33%). Les actions anthropiques et les pâturages des animaux sont les principaux facteurs qui menacent la population de Balanites dans la zone. Malgré cela, Balanites aegyptiaca reste une espèce très utilisée par les communautés locales, et pourrait contribuer à renforcer leur résilience face à l’insécurité alimentaire et à d’autres chocs. Mots clés : Caractérisation, Balanites aegyptiaca, Perception, Dendrométrie, Carbone Niger. English title: Characterization of the population of Balanites aegyptiaca (L.) Del and the perception of its socioeconomic potential in the southwestern part of NigerIn the region of Tillabery, in the South-western part of Niger confronted with recurrent drought, agroforestry species like Balanites aegyptiaca play an important role in the lives of local communities. The study is based on inventories and dendrometric measurements of trees conducted in the villages of Mari, Tamou Kaina, Kobio and Sansani Haoussa, and on interviews of 120 users of Balanites aegyptiaca on their usage of the species. Results show that Balanites aegyptiaca ranks first in the sites of Mari, Tamou Kaina, Kobio and Sansane Haoussa with an occupation rate of 93%. The average diameters ranged from 24.25 cm (± 0.7) at Tamou Kaina to 30.60 cm (± 1.9) at Sansani Hausa. Average heights ranged from 5.30 m (± 0.1) at Mari to 6.16 m (± 1.6) at Tamou Kaina. The Shannon Diversity Index of less than 2.5 found in all four sites, indicate a low diversity. Surveys carried out revealed that all parts of Balanites aegyptiaca are used in human and animal food, and in other domestic, medical and commercial activities. Fruits have a greater usage value (80%) than leaves (60%), roots (33%), wood (53%), bark (46%), flowers (33%) and branches (33%). Anthropic actions and pastures of animals are the main factors threatening the settlement of the species in the area. B. aegyptiaca remains a popular species among local populations and could contribute in reinforcing their resilience to food insecurity and other shocks.Keywords: Characteristic, Balanites aegyptiaca, Dendrometry, Perception, Socioeconomic factors, Niger.

Balanites aegyptiaca (L.) Del. (Heglig) is a multipurpose tree with considerable potential. The wide range of environments under which it is growing suggests high pattern of variation among and within locations. The scrutiny was undertaken to assess genetic diversity among and within four geographical genotypes of Heglig growing naturally in four different regions of Sudan based on their seed performance using random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) markers. The DNA was extracted from dried leaf materials and subjected to PCR using ten primers. A total of 57 bands were scored and 42 were polymorphic with polymorphism level ranging from 50 to 87.5% and a mean of 71.7%. Cluster analysis using NTSYS-PC software, showed three main clusters. The dissimilarity values ranged between 77 and 93%. Effective gene flow among the three populations of Obied, Damazin and Gedaref and limited gene flow with Genaina was observed. Populations of B. aegyptiaca from different provenances were confirmed to have significant genetic diversity. Results indicate that RAPD could be efficiently used for studying genetic variation of B. aegyptiaca. The study recommends that local provenances of B. aegyptiaca should be properly conserved and immediate efforts to be made to widen the genetic base through research and collection from other regions. Key words: Balanites aegyptiaca, random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD), marker, genetic variation, DNA, Sudan.

Balanites aegyptiaca is a medicinal plant that has been used in a variety of folk medicines in India and Africa for the treatment of different ailments such as syphilis, jaundice, liver and spleen problems, epilepsy, yellow fever. This research aimed at investigating the phyt ochemical constituents, acute toxicity, anti inflammatory and antinociceptive activities of the ethanol extract of Balanites aegyptiaca (EEBA) leaves. The plant material was extracted using ethanol as solvent. The dried ethanol extract was screened for the presence of phytochemicals; Acute toxicity (LD50) was determined using Lorke’s method while anti inflammatory and antinociceptive activities were evaluated using hot plate and tail immersion methods in albino rats. Results of the study revealed that phyto chemical constituents such as flavonoids, carbohydrates, saponins and glycosides were found in the EEBA, intraperitoneal LD 50 of 2154 mg/kg shows the substance is non toxic. The EEBA produced significant (p

Les espèces ligneuses jouent un rôle important dans la vie des populations locales. Parmi les espèces couramment utilisées au Niger figurent Balanites aegyptiaca et Ziziphus mauritiana. Ces deux espèces sont exploitées comme sources alimentaires et pour divers produits médicinaux, avec comme conséquence une réduction de leurs peuplements. La présente étude vise à analyser la structure des peuplements et les modes de régénération des deux espèces dans deux secteurs agro-écologiques contrastées de la région de Maradi au centre sud du Niger. Au total, 60 relevés ont été délimités, d’une part dans des formations naturelles dominées par ces espèces, et d’autre part dans les systèmes agrosylvopastoraux des secteurs sahélien et sahélo-soudanien. Dans chaque placette et sur chaque arbre, le diamètre à 1,30 m au rasdu sol , la hauteur totale et deux diamètres perpendiculaires de houppier ont été mesurés. L’inventaire de la régénération a été effectué dans 5 placeaux. La nature de la régénération (drageon, marcotte, semis naturel), la hauteur totale et le nombre de tiges de chaque plantule ont été notés. La densité de B. aegyptiaca ne varie significativement entre sites et entre secteurs. Par contre, la densité de Z. mauritiana varie significativement entre sites et entre secteurs. En effet, le site de Birni Lallé, situé dans le secteur sahélien strict, et le site de Kegil dans le secteur sahélo-soudanien ont les densités les plus élevées de Z. mauritiana avec respectivement 66,4 ± 52,5 et 77,5 ± 61,4 arbres/ha. L’analyse de la distribution des tiges par classe de diamètre montre que pour les deux espèces, les individus jeunes sont bien représentés. Cela suggère une bonne régénération de ces espèces. L’analyse de la densité et nature de régénération montre que les deux espèces se régénèrent essentiellement par drageonnage. En réponse au ramassage des fruits pour diverses utilisations, les espèces B. aegyptiaca et Z. mauritiana ont développé des stratégies alternatives de propagation en zone sahélienne. Cette aptitude à la propagation végétative permet aux deux espèces de s’adapter en zones arides caractérisées par la sécheresse et les hautes températures. MOTS CLÉS : DISTRIBUTION DES ESPÈCES LIGNEUSES, B. AEGYPTIACA, Z. MAURITIANA, MARADI, NIGER, SAHÉLO-SOUDANIEN [83] afrika focus — Volume 33, Nr. 1, 2020 — pp. 83-104 RABIOU HABOU, MOUSSA MASSAOUDOU, TOUGIANI ABASSE, MAHAMANE ALI, MAHAMANE LARWANOU & PATRICK VAN DAMME Wood species play an important role in the life of local communities. Among the species commonly used in Niger, are Balanites aegyptiaca and Ziziphus mauritiana. This species are exploited as food sources and as various medicinal products, with a consequent reduction in their populations. The present study aims to analyze the stand structure and the regeneration modes of the two species in two contrasting agro-ecological sectors of the Maradi region in south central Niger. A total of 60 surveys were delineated in natural formations dominated by these species and in agrosilvopastoral system in the Sahelian and Sahelo-Sudanian zones. On each tree, the diameter at 1.30 m from the ground, the total height and two perpendicular tree crown diameters were measured. The inventory of natural regeneration was carried out in 5 plots delineated in each plot. The mode of reproduction of the regeneration (suckers, marcots, natural seedlings) was recorded as well as the total height and the number of stems of each juvenile were. The density of B. aegyptiaca does not vary significantly between sites and between sectors. The Birni Lallé site, located in the strict Sahelian zone, and the Kegil site in the Sahelo-Sudanese sector stand out in terms of Z. mauritiana density with respectively 66.4 ± 52.5 and 77.5 ± 61.4 trees. /Ha. The analysis of the diameter class structure shows that for both species, young individuals are well represented. This suggests strong regeneration among these species. The analysis of the density and nature of regeneration shows that the two species regenerate mainly by suckering. In response to the collection of fruits for various uses by local populations, B. aegyptiaca and Z. mauritiana have developed alternative propagation strategies in the Sahelian zone. This ability to propagate vegetatively allows these two species to adapt to arid areas characterized by drought and high temperatures. KEY WORDS: DISTRIBUTION OF WOODY SPECIES, B. AEGYPTIACA, Z. MAURITIANA, MARADI, NIGER, SAHELO-SUDANESE

Aims: Hydro-ethanolic extracts of Balanites aegyptiaca, Securidaca longepedunculata and Acacia gourmaensis from Burkina Faso were investigated for their phytochemical composition and their antioxidant activities. Methods: High-performance thin-layer chromatography (HPTLC) method was used for phytochemical screening. The total phenolic, total flavonoid and anthocyanin contents of extracts were assessed. The antioxidant potentials of the extracts were also evaluated using 2,2-diphenyl-l­picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP). Results: Phenolic compounds, flavonoids and anthocyanins were present in all these plant extracts. Tannins were only found in Acacia gourmaensis extract. Acacia gourmaensis extract exhibited the highest total phenolics ( mg GAE/g), total flavonoids ( mg QE/100 g), total anthocyanins () contents and had the highest antioxidant activity by DPPH ( and FRAP methods). Balanites aegyptiaca and Securidaca longepedunculata showed the lowest phenolic compounds ( mg GAE/g and 76.69±1.84 mg GAE/g respectively); total flavonoids ( mg QE/100 g and mg QE/100 g respectively), anthocyanins (24.49±1.43 µg/g and 24.57±0.52 µg/g respectively) contents and had the lowest antioxidant activity for DPPH method ( and µg AAE/g respectively) and FRAP method ( and µg AAE/g respectively). Conclusion: Balanites aegyptiaca, Securidaca longepedunculata and Acacia gourmaensis represent natural sources of phenolic antioxidant compounds that can be used as a bio-fungicide.

Faidherbia albida et Balanites aegyptiaca sont deux espèces caractéristiques et emblématiques de la zone semi-aride tchadienne. Elles revêtent une grande importance socio-économique dans toutes leurs zones naturelles de répartition du fait de leurs multiples usages. La présente étude de nature exploratoire a consisté à comprendre le déterminisme des variations des caractéristiques du bois des deux espèces en relation avec leurs variations de conditions de croissance. Sa finalité est de mieux connaitre l'hétérogénéité de comportement technologique des bois de ces deux espèces afin de mieux les valoriser dans les processus de reboisement et d'élargir leur domaine d'utilisation locale. L'étude a été réalisée selon deux approches. La première a consisté à déterminer par des méthodes conventionnelles et normalisées une sélection de caractéristiques physiques, mécaniques et chimiques des bois prélevés dans deux zones climatiques tchadiennes (zone sahélienne et zone soudanienne) et une zone climatique sénégalaise (zone sahélienne), et à étudier leurs variations en fonction des conditions de croissance liées essentiellement aux différences climatiques. La seconde a consisté à étudier les variations radiales de caractéristiques physiques, mécaniques, et de la composition isotopique de carbone 13 (δ13C), ceci en fonction de la croissance des arbres, par des mesures réalisées sur des micro-échantillons prélevés au niveau des cernes. Les résultats du premier volet de l'étude ont mis en évidence pour les deux espèces des tendances variables pour toutes les caractéristiques étudiées. Pour Faidherbia albida, l'infradensité, la masse volumique, les retraits de séchage et les trois caractéristiques mécaniques étudiées sont significativement plus élevés dans la zone sahélienne sénégalaise que dans les deux provenances tchadiennes. Cette même tendance est observée pour les taux d'extractibles et de lignine, mais les taux de cellulose et d'hémicellulose sont significativement plus élevés dans la zone sahélienne tchadienne. Pour Balanites aegyptiaca, les tendances sont variables suivant les propriétés, avec un effet inverse des provenances pour le retrait tangentiel et le retrait radial, et aucune tendance marquée pour le retrait volumique. Le point de saturation des fibres est faible pour les trois provenances (inférieur à 25 %). En zone soudanienne tchadienne, la masse volumique est significativement plus élevée que dans les deux autres zones, alors que la contrainte de rupture en compression et le module d'élasticité longitudinal sont moins élevés. Les taux de lignine et d'hémicellulose sont plus élevés en zone sahélienne tchadienne. Une analyse des extractibles par GC-MS a mis en évidence des différences marquées entre les deux espèces d'une part et les trois provenances d'autre part. Ces différences pourraient être mises en relation avec celles observées entre provenances et espèces pour certaines propriétés physiques et mécaniques du bois telles que les retraits de séchage, le PSF, la masse volumique et le module d'élasticité. L'effet de chaque extractible sur ces propriétés resterait cependant à établir, en tenant compte des probables impacts conjugués de ces différents composés. Le second volet de l'étude a montré que l'accroissement moyen était légèrement supérieur en zone soudanienne qu'en zone sahélienne ce qui reflète les différences de conditions climatiques qui impactent la croissance des arbres. Pour Faidherbia albida, l'absence de différence significative de δ13C entre les deux provenances peut s'expliquer par le fait que cette espèce est une phréatophyte. Pour Balanites aegyptiaca, le δ13C moyen dans la zone sahélienne est significativement inférieur à celui de la zone soudanienne, tendance inverse à celle à laquelle on pouvait s'attendre. Ce résultat tend à montrer que cette espèce présente une bonne efficacité et une bonne stratégie opportuniste d'utilisation de l'eau. L'étude des relations entre les variables prises deux à deux a donné des résultats contrastés. L'absence de relation entre la largeur de cerne et la pluviométrie peut être liée à plusieurs causes : pluviométrie sur les sites de prélèvement des bois différente de celle de la station météorologique éloignée de ces sites, comportement phréatophile avéré de Faidherbia albida et possible pour Balanites aegyptiaca, et délimitation incertaine des cernes liée à leur structure. Les perspectives de recherche à venir sur les deux espèces sont multiples, et concernent aussi bien le protocole d'échantillonnage (utilisation de branches au lieu de troncs), l'étude des rythmes de croissance afin de comprendre le phénomène de disparition/fusion partielle des cernes, que l'élargissement de l'étude à d'autres provenances.

Balanites aegyptiaca trees have multiple benefits to people in the arid/semi arid regions of Nigeria. Despite the importance of this species, it is still found in the wild. In order to encourage the domestication of this tree species, this study was conducted to determine the optimum light requirement and best sowing position of B. aegyptiaca seeds that would enhance germination. The experiment was laid out in a 4×3 factorial in a completely randomized design (CRD) and replicated 4 times. Factor A (light) has four levels: 100% (L1) (Control), 75% (L2), 50% (L3) and 25% (L4). Factor B (sowing orientation) has 3 levels: seeds sown vertically with stalk upward (SO1), seeds sown vertically with stalk downward (SO2) and seeds sown horizontally (SO3). Germination percentage (GP), mean germination time (MGT days) and germination speed (GS) were the variables assessed. The results show that, light intensity and the interaction between light did not significantly influence the germination indices assessed. However, exposure to high light intensity (100%) resulted in better GP (13.81±7.18) and GS (2.85±1.84). Sowing orientation was also found not to affect GP and MGT significantly. However, it affects GS significantly. Sowing seed vertically with stalk upward gave better GP (15.79±6.02) but early completion of germination (11.29±7.17 days) was observed when seed were sown horizontally. Seeds sown vertically with stalk upward germinate faster (3.44±1.85). Balanites aegyptiaca seeds should be sown in a vertical position with their stalk upward under moderate light exposure.

A study was conducted to evaluate the effect of processing methods on the antinutrients and amino acids composition of Balanites aegyptiaca. The durations for soaking, roasting and fermentation were 0, 24, 48, 72 and 96 hours to determine the optimal duration of inclusion of processed Balanites aegyptica. Raw and processed samples were analysed for amino acids composition and anti-nutritional factors.The trial showed a linear increase in processing duration resulted into a decrease in the concentration of antinutritional factors. Raw Balanites aegyptica had higher concentration of concentration of amino acid than the soaked and boiled Balanites aegyptica. Soaking, fermentation and boiling up to 96 hours reduced the antinutritional components of Balanite aegyptica. Percentage reduction of anti-nutrients in Balanites aegyptica. fruit meal was best at 96 hours of soaking and fermentation and 60 minutes of boiling and roasting. All anti-nutrients in Balanites aegyptiaca fruit meal showed remarkable reduction post processing. In all processing methods, results showed that anti-nutrients in the Balanites aegyptiaca reduced up to the maximum durations of processing (96 hours and 60 minutes). It was therefore advisable to include Balanites aegyptiaca upto 96 hours in the diets of broiler birds.

The antibacterial activity of the leaf extract of Balanites aegyptiaca plant was investigated on five selected clinical common human pathogens: Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus pneumonia, Salmonella typhimurium, Shigella dysentriae and Escherichia coli, in vitro. The phytochemical screening, susceptibility testing and Minimal Inhibitory Concentrations were determined. Preliminary phytochemical screening of the leaf extracts indicated the presence of alkaloids, cardiac glycosides, flavonoids, glycosides, resins, saponins, steroids, tannins, and carbohydrates in varying concentrations. Ethanolic leaf extract was more effective. The extracts inhibited the growth of isolates with increasing concentrations, ranging from 8-12 mm zones of inhibitions, showing the susceptibility of the test organisms. S. dysentriae had the highest susceptibility for both extracts with 12 mm and 13 mm zones of inhibition for aqueous and ethanolic extracts respectively at the highest concentration of 400 mg/ml. S. aureus showed the least susceptibility with 8 mm for aqueous extract while S. typhimurium showed the least susceptibility for the ethanolic extract with 9mm zones of inhibition. The analysis of variance results on zones of inhibition revealed a significant difference for both extract treatments, concentrations, and interactions between the treatments and concentrations. The Minimal Inhibitory Concentrations determined from the corresponding concentration-response curves showed that S. dysentriae had the least value of 79.433 mg/ml while the aqueous extracts against S. aureus and S. typhimurium were the largest with 125.893 mg/ml value. The activity index and activity were also deduced to measure activity. The antimicrobial activity of leaf extracts of B. aegyptiaca on bacteria of the tested isolates have been established in this study and justify the claims by the traditional healers in its use to treat infectious diseases.

Drought and desertification are the major environmental constraints facing the Sahelian agro-ecosystems for decades. Assessing genetic diversity of native tree species is critical to assist ecosystems restoration efforts. Here we describe genetic diversity and structure of seven Balanites aegyptiaca L. natural populations distributed across the Sahelian-Saharan zone of Mauritania using 16 polymorphic ISSR primers. These generated 505 polymorphic bands. Polymorphism information content (PIC) varied from (0.13–0.29) with an average 0.23, marker index (MI) averaged 7.3 (range 3.3–10.3) and resolving power (RP) ranged from (4.53–14.6) with an average 9.9. The number of observed alleles (Na) ranged from (0.62–1.39), Effective number of alleles (Ne) varied from (1.26–1.37), Shannon’s information index (I) ranged from (0.25–0.36). AMOVA analysis showed that 80% of the genetic variation was fined within populations, which is supported by a low level of genetic differentiation between population (GST = 0.21) and an overall estimate of gene flow among populations (Nm = 1.9). The dendrogram based on Jaccard's similarity coefficient and the structure analysis divided the seven populations into two main clusters in which two populations from the Saharan zone were grouped. Our results provide baseline data for genetic conservation programs of this Sahelian neglected crop and with an important econ-ecological role.

Balanites aegyptiaca (L.) Delile (Zygophyllaceae), is used in traditional medicine for the treatment of intestinal worms, wounds, and inflammatory diseases. The purpose of this study is to assess the anti-proliferative effect and to analyse the pro-apoptotic and cell cycle arrest activities of B. aegyptiaca root bark extract and fractions against colorectal cancer cells HCT-116 and HT-29. The cytotoxicity of the crude extract and fractions were evaluated by MTS assay. The most active fractionwas subjected to crystal violet assay, Hoechst staining, cell cycle arrest, and annexin V/PI assays on cancer cells to highlight its mechanisms of action. The ethyl acetate fraction demonstrated the most cytotoxic effect on HCT-116 and HT-29 with IC50 values ranging between 3 and 4 µg/mL. At 10 µg/mL in the cell cycle arrest assay, the fraction increased G1 phase by 3.83% on HCT-116 and by 8.6% on HT-29 whilst G2/M phase was decreased by 5.63% on HCT-116 and by 6.62% on HT-29. Moreover, apoptotic cells were increased by 11.4% on HCT-116. The results suggest a potential source of anticancer molecules against colorectal cancer for isolation from the ethyl acetate fraction.

The desert date (Balanites aegyptiaca) is one the most important relish trees found in many African countries. In this study the proximate and mineral compositions of the desert date kernel, as well as some of the physical and chemical properties of its oil were analyzed using standard procedures. The results of the proximate composition revealed the following mean concentrations: Moisture content 3.19%; ash content 2.89%; fat content 39.63%; crude protein content 33.75%; crude fiber content 13.06% and carbohydrate content 7.48%. And the mineral content revealed the following mean concentrations: Potassium 1.120 (mg/100g); calcium 0.390 (mg/100g); sodium 0.801 (mg/100g); magnesium 0.142 (mg/100g); iron 0.0024 (mg/100g); manganese 0.01512 (mg/100g); zinc 0.0082 (mg/100g); copper 0.00225 (mg/100g); nickel 0.00582 (mg/100g); cobalt 0.002623 (mg/100g) and chromium 0.003224 (mg/100g). While the results for the physical analysis of the kernel oil revealed the following: Color pale yellow; density g/cm3 0.910; specific gravity 0.907; refractive index 1.458 and viscosity 19.68. And on the other hand, the results for the chemical analysis of the kernel oil revealed the following: acid value 3.06 mgKOH/g; free fatty acid 1.27; peroxide value 3.71 mEq/Kg; saponification value 198 mg/KOH/g and iodine value 98.73 100/g. All the results were compared and found to be within the FAO/WHO standards. The seeds kernel of this plant was found to be high nutritional value, while its oil can be a good source of raw material for many oil-based products

Balanites aegyptiaca is a medicinal plant that serves as a source of phytochemicals with antimicrobial effect. This work aimed at screening for phytochemical constituents and investigating the antifungal activity of B. aegyptiaca seed and callus extract against Candida albicans. Callus induction from B. aegyptiaca seed kernel explant was done on MS basal nutrient medium supplemented with 0.5 BAP + 1.0 2, 4-D + 1.0 NAA. Cultures were kept under a controlled temperature and light conditions for five weeks. Plant materials were extracted using solvent extraction. 50 ml of the solvents: methanol and n-hexane were mixed with five grams (5 g) each of the grounded plant materials (1:10) w/v. Determination of antimicrobial activity was done using disc diffusion assay. Diffusion discs of approximately 6 mm diameter were prepared from Whatman No. 1 filter paper, then sterilized and autoclaved before drying in an oven. 10 µl of 50 and 100 mg/ml concentration of each crude extracts was impregnated on separate sterile disc using sterile micropipette tips. The diameter of zone of inhibition at 100 and 50 mg/ml showed the methanolic extract of callus had the highest zone of inhibition with 17 ± 0.69 mm and 11 ± 0.94 mm. The lowest diameter of zone inhibition of callus extracts was recorded by n-hexane extract at 100 (15 ± 0.46 mm) and 50 mg/ml (09 ± 0.57 mm) respectively. Also, the MIC ranged between 6.25 and 12.50 mg/ml and MFC recorded value of 12.50 mg/ml. Seed methanolic extract had the highest zones of inhibition of 15 ± 0.34 mm and 10 ± 0.62 mm at 100 and 50 mg/ml respectively, while the lowest value (12 ± 0.51 mm and 09 ± 0.23) was recorded in n-hexane at 100 and 50 mg/ml. From the results, both the MIC and MFC of seed extracts ranged from 12.50 to 25.00 mg/ml. Callus extracts showed stronger antifungal activities compared to the seed extracts. Therefore, from the result, Callus extract from B. aegyptiaca can serve as a good source of therapeutic compounds for fungal related disease.

The goal of this study is to evaluate the effect of Balanites aegyptiaca methanolic extract fruits as an alternative sustainable source of anthelmintic drugs, on adult gastrointestinal multiple drug resistant helminthes and clarify how B. aegyptiaca fruits directly affect helminthes. To fulfill this study, three hundred and fifty sheep reared in a private farm, in Giza Governorate, had been subjected to clinical investigation. Of them, fifty five severely affected sheep had been isolated relying on their clinical history of multiple anthelmintic resistances, to be slaughtered. The post mortem examination revealed that the animals had a mixed infection with Haemonchus contortus, Moniezia expansa and Fasciola gigantica. Light and scanning electron microscopic studies were undertaken to evaluate changes in body wall of these adult worms following 24 h exposure to methanolic extract of B. aegyptiaca fruits utilizing concentrations of 10, 50, 100, 200 and 400 µg/ml. The main target organ that was highly affected was the body wall, whose damage was observed by light and scanning electron microscopic studies. These alterations occurred in particular sequences in response to Balanites extract concentration, initiated with swelling that was even disrupted, resulting in sloughing off cuticle or tegument, and finally exposure and disruption of basal lamina. This damage would induce disturbance for many of the physiological processes associated with the body wall, especially nutrition and immunoprotection. This plant may offer an opportunity for a new natural anthelmintic and an alternative source for the control of such infectious disease in sheep.

Chemicals have been used to anaesthetize fish but due to their hazardous effects on the environment, fish and humans environmentally friendly plant anaesthetics are being sought. Fruit of Desert date (Balanites aegyptiaca) is nontoxic to humans but has been reported to have anaesthetic potentials on fish. This study investigates anaesthetic effect of aqueous crude fruit extract of B. aegyptiaca on African catfish (Clarias gariepinus) fingerlings. Phytochemical and proximate compositions of the fruit were screened. Exactly 120 C. gariepinus fingerlings (mean weight 32.13±2.43g and mean total length 23.88±2.11cm) were used for the experiment. A total of 10 fingerlings were exposed to each of 2.00, 2.50, 3.00, 3.50 and 4.00g/L concentrations of aqueous crude fruit extract of B. aegyptiaca and a control in 6 plastic tanks (45x28x25cm) filled with 10L of tap water. Setup was arranged in randomized block design and replicated. Temperature, dissolved oxygen, pH, free carbon dioxide and total alkalinity were monitored. Results revealed long mean induction (25.05±3.35 min) and recovery (108.35±2.45 min) times with resultant mortalities (40%) of C. gariepinus fingerlings. significant correlation (P

Many underutilized tree species are good sources of food, fodder and possible therapeutic agents. Balanites aegyptiaca (L.) Delile belongs to the Zygophyllaceae family and is popularly known as “desert date”, reflecting its edible fruits. This tree grows naturally in Africa, the Middle East and the Indian subcontinent. Local inhabitants use fruits, leaves, roots, stem and root bark of the species for the treatment of various ailments. Several research studies demonstrate that extracts and phytochemicals isolated from desert date display antioxidant, anticancer, antidiabetic, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, hepatoprotective and molluscicidal activities. Mesocarp of fruits, seeds, leaves, stem and root bark are rich sources of saponins. These tissues are also rich in phenolic acids, flavonoids, coumarins, alkaloids and polysterols. Some constituents show antioxidant, anticancer and antidiabetic properties. The objective of this review is to summarize studies on diverse bioactive compounds and the beneficial properties of B. aegyptiaca.

The cowpea (Vigna unguiculata L.) is a legume produced and consumed all over Africa and especially in Nigeria. These beans are a major source of protein in the region. The cowpea weevil (Callosobruchus maculatus L.) is a major pest that affects cowpea seeds. Therefore, cowpea farmers need effective non-toxic pesticides to replace synthetic chemicals. The present research tested the effect of Balanites aegyptiaca L. essential oil on cowpea weevils. This research quantified weevil proliferation and cowpea seed qualities. The samples were treated with 5, 10, and 15 mL of B. aegyptiaca essential oil diluted in 1 mL of acetone and stored in five storage materials, i.e., jute bags, polythene bags, sacks, plastic containers, and glass bottles. The study featured a completely randomized design with three replications of each treatment: treatment time – 90 days, storage temperature – 30 ± 5°C, check – 0.125 g of aluminum phosphide, control – acetone. B. aegyptiaca essential oil proved to be an effective insecticide against cowpea weevils. The treatment achieved 100% mortality rate at 10 and 15 mL of B. aegyptiaca essential oil after 72 h of exposure in glass bottles, plastic containers, and jute bags. In addition, B. aegyptiaca essential oil demonstrated a potent activity against oviposition and survival of immature cowpea weevils. Cowpea seeds packaged in glass bottles, plastics containers, and jute bags showed significantly less damage than those stored in sacks and polythene bags. Glass bottles were the best storage material in terms of safety and shelf stability, followed by plastic containers and jute bags. B. aegeptica essential oil has potent insecticidal properties and can be used as pest control during grain storage.

The present work was conducted in order to investigate the effect of auxin type (2,4-D and NAA) and concentration (0.00, 0.25, 0.50, 1.00 and 2.00 mg/l) on Balanites aegyptiaca callus cultures growth and production of secondary metabolites. Obtained results demonstrated that supplementation MS medium with 2,4-D at 2.0 mg/l could enhanced and recorded the ultimate values of callus fresh weight, antioxidant activity (%), total flavonoids, total phenolic compounds and total saponins contents and yields of Balanites aegyptiaca L. callus.

Background and objectives: The plant kingdom has proven to be the most useful in the treatment of diseases and they provide an important source of all the world’s pharmaceuticals. Balanites aegyptiaca is an evergreen plant containing large varieties of chemical substances which possess important therapeutic properties and can be utilized as food supplement. The aim of the study was to carry out proximate, phytochemicals and identification of chemical compounds using aqueous fruit extract of Balanites aegyptiaca. Methods: The proximate and phytochemicals analysis were carried out by standard protocols of AOAC, While The phyto-constitutes of Balanites aegyptiaca aqueous fruit extract were determined by Gas Chromatography (Agilent 6890 series) coupled with HP-5MS column mass spectrometer. The helium was used as carrier gas at a flow of 1.0ml/min. The identification of the constituents of aqueous fruit extract was performed by matching their mass spectra and retention indices with those obtained from authentic samples and/or NSIT/Wiley spectra libraries, using different types of search (PBM/NIST/AMDIS) and available literature data. Results: The phytochemical analysis reveals that the aqueous fruit extract of Balanites aegyptiaca contained flavonoids (288.33+3.01 mg/100g), tannins (20.50+0.4mg/100g) saponin (320.90+10.28mg/100g), Glycoside (163.92+0.33), steroids (36.40+0.80mg/100g), alkaloids (78.67+1.03mg/100g) and phenols (227.43+1.01mg/100g) while Terpenoids and Anthraquinones, Anthocyanines were found to be absent. The proximate analysis of the fruits of Balanites aegyptiaca; revealed that the moisture content was 2.3±0.2%, crude protein 3.2±0.08%, crude fibre 16.4±0.5%, lipid content 3.1±0.7, carbohydrates 72.6±1.6% and ash content 2.4±0.2%. The GC-MS Analysis shows the presents of many important organic compounds in which three were reported to have biological activity this includes Benzene, [(methoxymethoxy)m ethyl]-, Undecanoic acid Hexadecanoic acid, ....