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Viruses need cells to replicate and, therefore, ways to counteract the host’s immune response. Mitochondria play central roles in mediating innate immunity, hence some viruses have developed mechanisms to alter mitochondrial functions. Herein we show that arenavirus nucleoprotein (NP) enters the mitochondria of infected cells and affects their morphological integrity. We initially demonstrate electron-dense inclusions within mitochondria of reptarenavirus infected cells and hypothesized that these represent viral NP. Software predictions then serve to identify a putative N-terminal mitochondrial targeting signal (MTS) in arenavirus NPs; however, comparisons of wild-type and N-terminus mutated NPs suggest MTS-independent mitochondrial entry. NP does not enter isolated mitochondria, indicating that translocation requires additional cellular factors or conditions. Immune electron microscopy finally confirms the presence of NP within the mitochondria both in vitro and in infected animals. We hypothesize that mitochondria targeting might complement the known interferon antagonist functions of NP or alter the cell’s metabolic state.

Contains fulltext : 137352.pdf (Publisher’s version ) (Open Access) There is a prevailing bias, even amongst the actors directly involved, to consider activities falling under the migration-development banner as bipolar engagements, i.e. activities linking a country of origin of migrants to their country of present residence. Such conceptualisations assume the nation-state as the default frame of reference. Whilst progress has certainly been made towards a necessary sophistication of migration related issues in policy thinking and related academic research, the migration-development nexus remains something still often considered as essentially something to approach within a singular or bipolar nation-state framework. This can be seen in studies of potential policy interventions related to transnational flows such as human capital transfers, remittance flows and community development projects initiatives. Taking the case of the Transnational Synergy for Cooperation and Development (TRANSCODE) Programme, and focusing on empirical insights gained with this programme in relation to its conceptual underpinnings, we explore alternative modes of incorporating migration and development. This article thus seeks to provide insights in opportunities for alternative initiatives resulting out of cross-fertilization of experiences and ideas between migrant organisations and other actors engaged in migration and development efforts. 16 p.