Search

Background The Bull terrier breed has been reported in the veterinary literature to suffer frequent dental and skeletal malocclusions. In this retrospective case series, we report skeletal-dental anomalies in a group of 33 Bull terriers presented for a dental consultation. Results Out of 33 dogs examined, 24 cases had full mouth radiography or Cone-beam computed tomography performed. Eruption and development abnormalities observed were as follows: hypodontia in 54.1% (13/24), eruption changes in 29.2% (7/24), and tooth shape abnormalities in 33.3% (8/24). All dogs presented with some type of dental or skeletal malocclusion: neutroclusion was the most common (66.7% of the animals), followed by mandibular mesioclusion (18.8%), maxillo-mandibular asymmetry (9.4%), and mandibular distoclusion (6.3%). Dental abnormalities noted included rotation of mandibular and maxillary premolar teeth, distal displacement of the incisor teeth, lingual displacement of the mandibular canine teeth, and absence of mandibular premolar and molar teeth. Lingual displacement of mandibular canine teeth was associated with malocclusion causing trauma (odds ratio 7.1, 95% confidence interval [1.4 to 36.1], p = 0.024). Conclusions Malocclusions and tooth shape abnormalities were found to be the most frequent finding in this group of Bull terriers. Although these findings cannot be generalized to the global population further studies are needed to observe the true expression of these anomalies in the general breed population.

The monograph by Y. Domansky contains a comprehensive analysis of E. Letov’s poetics, typified by short formula-phrases repeated in the song’s chorus or replacing each other in its verses. The research is concerned with their semantics and function in song lyrics. Domansky comes up with the following findings: first, Letov’s formulae have an intertextual nature; second, their position his song lyrics facilitates their perception on a stand-alone as well as contentsassociated basis; and thirdly, their majority is inherently ambivalent. The reviewer finds that according to Domansky, Letov’s rock music lyrics (described as saturated with quotes and featuring a thinning boundary between the signifier and the signified, as well as the emphasized absurdity of the world’s image) show kinship with conceptual art. Domansky’s conclusions are consistently substantiated and the book suggests new methods for research of song material..

O objetivo desse trabalho é relatar uma inseminação artificial (IA) e posterior acompanhamento gestacional realizados em uma cadela da raça Bull Terrier com histórico de agressividade durante o estro. Foi atendida uma cadela da raça Bull Terrier com 14 meses de idade com sinais aparentes de estro, que demonstrou agressividade e intolerância à aproximação do macho na monta natural, sendo sugerido realizar a IA. A citologia vaginal confirmou a fase de estro, com mais de 80% de células queratinizadas anucleadas. O sêmen do macho doador foi coletado por manipulação digital e posteriormente analisado, apresentando qualidade em todos os parâmetros espermáticos avaliados. Foi realizada inseminação artificial intravaginal com sêmen fresco, e o mesmo procedimento foi repetido 48 horas, depois de uma segunda citologia vaginal confirmando que o animal ainda estava em estro. Essa repetição da IA teve o intuito de abranger melhor a duração do estro, aumentando a chance de prenhês. Após 51 dias da última IA foi realizada uma ultrassonografia para confirmar a gestação, sendo possível observar a presença de fetos vivos, cuja viabilidade foi comprovada pela presença de batimentos cardíacos entre 230 a 257 bpm. O parto ocorreu 58 dias após a última inseminação, com duração de aproximadamente oito horas e nascimento de cinco filhotes, todos vivos e saudáveis. Foi possível concluir que IA após confirmação de estro por citologia vaginal, e o acompanhamento gestacional, são ferramentas importantes da biotecnologia da reprodução, capazes de proporcionar a utilização de animais na atividade reprodutiva, em casos onde a monta natural não é possível.

Dogs are commonly kept as household pets, but sometimes pet dogs bite people. We report the case of a 69-year-old man who was bitten by his pet pit bull terrier. The dog bite resulted in multiple open wrist fractures and dislocation of the distal radioulnar joint, requiring surgical debridement, open reduction and internal fixation, and bone grafting. CT of the fractures showed that the dog's maxillary canine teeth had been deeply embedded in the hamate and second metacarpal bones, requiring that the dog's mouth be opened and the teeth disengaged in order to remove the injured limb from the dog. Keywords: Dog bite injury, Pit bull terrier

Summary Six Bull Terrier puppies of 2 months had ultrasound exam for detection of any liver, kidney and heart anomalies before sale. All had hyperechogenic septa, in the gall bladder, giving it a honeycomb appearance. The puppy, whose septa were the biggest developed cholecystitis and a gall bladder abscess with two gall stones at the age of 5. Septation of the gall bladder is a very rare malformation in humans. One author formulated the hypothesis of a vacuolation anomaly of the gall bladder which occurred during embryo development. Among the 44 human cases published, 12 concerned asymptomatic patients. Clinical manifestations are most frequently biliary symptoms: vomiting and nausea combined with a pain in the upper quadrant of the abdomen. The prevalence of the anomaly among the population is unknown. This case is, as far as we know, the first description of ultrasound modifications and clinical development of multi-septate gall bladder in dog.

We present the case of a 91-year-old woman lived alone at her home with two domestic dogs, that is,, a Labrador Retriever and a Staffordshire Bull Terrier and found dead. The investigation of the scene revealed that the Bull Terrier's jawbone and chest were covered with blood. The autopsy revealed multiple, histologically confirmed, life-threatening skin and bone lacerations without scavenging marks. The punctures and tearing of each of the wounds on the skin were compatible with bites. A left humeral fracture and multiple fractures of the right facial bones were observed. The death was attributed to external hemorrhages due to several dog bites. A veterinary physical and behavioral examination indicated that the Bull Terrier was involved in the attack. A domestic predation hypothesis was deemed here most likely due to the presence of food supplies at the scene, the dog's previous history of attack, and the breed of the dog.

A 10-year-old female spayed American Pitt Bull Terrier was presented with a slow growing mass on the temporal limbus area of the right eye. Canine nodular granulomatous episclerokeratitis was suspected, and the affected eye was treated with 1% prednisolone acetate ophthalmic suspension and 0.03% Tacrolimus ophthalmic solution. As the lesion did not respond to the medical treatments and continued to grow, the mass was excised by lamellar sclerokeratectomy. Microscopically, the mass was composed of granulomatous inflammation with intrahistiocytic lipids and lakes of acicular cholesterol clefts, histopathology findings consistent with xanthogranuloma. To the authors' knowledge, this is the first canine report of limbal xanthogranuloma.

A six-year old pit bull terrier, female, was presented to a veterinary clinic in Mocsow, Russia. The leading clinical signs were a decrease in the physical activity of the dog with weight loss despite normal appetite. The dog had never traveled to other regions, but there was a history of a fight with a dog from Serbia about two years before. A severe anemia and azotemia were revealed during the examination. The merozoites of small Babesia were detected in a blood smear, which were identified as Babesia vulpes by PCR. The treatment with imidocarb dipropionate and atovaquone in combination with azithromycin was started, but one week later the dog was euthanized because of a serious health condition and poor prognosis. Contact transmission due to bites might have been the cause of infection in this case.

Dissertação de Mestrado Integrado em Medicina Veterinária Foi realizado um estudo, observacional retrospetivo, que envolveu a avaliação de radiografias e fotografias intraorais de 17 cães de raça Bull Terrier, consultados por motivos relacionados com afeções dentárias. Foram observadas alterações de número em 59% dos cães, alterações de forma em 12% e alterações de oclusão dentária em todos os animais. No que diz respeito a maloclusões, a mais observada foi a maloclusão de classe 1 (71% dos animais), seguida da maloclusão de classe 3 (24%). As alterações de posição dentária, apesar de incluídas na maloclusão de classe 1, foram observadas em todos os cães do estudo, sendo as mais prevalentes a rotação, a lábio-versão e a línguo-versão, em 76%, 71% e 65% dos animais, respetivamente. Estudos observacionais de alterações esquelético-dentárias em raças específicas são raros, desconhecendo-se a existência de estudos prévios, semelhantes, na raça Bull Terrier. No entanto, nesta raça em particular, alterações dentárias similares encontram-se referenciadas, de forma esporádica, na literatura encontrada. ABSTRACT - SKELETAL-DENTAL DISEASE IN BULL TERRIER BREED DOGS - A RETROSPECTIVE STUDY - A retrospective observational study was carried out, with evaluation of intraoral photographs and x-rays, in 17 Bull Terrier dogs, referred for dentistry consultation. Numerical abnormalities were found in 59% of dogs, shape abnormalities in 12% and the dental malocclusion were observed in all them. Regarding malocclusions, class 1 malocclusion was the most noted (71% of the animals), followed by the class 3 malocclusion (24%). Tooth deviations, which are included in the class 1 malocclusions, were observed in all the dogs. Rotation was the most prevalent, followed by labioversion and linguoversion, in 76%, 71% and 65% of the animals, respectively. Observational studies of skeletal-dental changes in specific breeds are rare, and there are no previous studies, similar to this one, in the Bull Terrier breed. However, in this particular breed, similar dental alterations are sporadically referenced in the literature. N/A

The anencephalyisrare in veterinary medicine. This anomaly may be diagnosed by ultrasound, radiography, fetoscopy and more recently by omputed to mography and magneticresonance imaging. The objective of this study was to describe the findings ultrasound performed in thepre-christmasof a bitch Bull Terrierprimiparous, where it waspossibleto diagnose anencephaly in sevenfetuses. The findings high lighted the importance of imaging diagnos is methods for the determination of the anencephaly of dogs.

The computed tomography (CT) imaging findings of a celiacomesenteric trunk (CMT) in a 1-year-old dog with primary hypoplasia of the portal vein (PHPV) are described. Computed tomography angiography revealed acquired porto-systemic shunts secondary to portal hypertension and a common origin of the celiac and cranial mesenteric arteries. The imaging findings and the association of a CMT with other vascular diseases have never been reported in dogs. The recognition of this rare arterial anomaly should prompt to investigate possible concurrent vascular diseases and may influence the planning of abdominal surgeries.

The aim of the study was to estimate prevalence of tricuspid dysplasia (TD) in dogs with respect to breed, age, sex, clinical signs, and echocardiographic findings and to compare this data with literature. TD was found in 15 dogs (6.5% of congenital cardiac disease) of 215 dogs with congenital heart defects. All dogs had right heart enlargement on thoracic radiographs, echocardiography, and electrocardiography. Doppler echocardiography revealed tricuspid valve regurgitation. Seven dogs presented no clinical symptoms to date. TD took the form of Ebstein anomaly in all Labrador Retrievers, one Boxer, and one German Shepherd dog. TD predominated in males (11 males vs. three females). The body weight of the affected dogs, with the exception of the Miniature Schnauzer, exceeded 20 kg. Two dogs (Boxer and Bull Terrier) had additional congenital cardiac lesions in the form of mitral valve dysplasia. The most affected breeds in the study were the Labrador Retriever and Boxer.

IN 1991, breed-specific legislation (BSL) prohibited four different types of dog in the UK: pit bull terrier, Japanese tosa, Fila Braziliero and dogo Argentino. Its aim was to decrease their population and improve human safety. But fast forward 25 years: large numbers of dogs continue to be seized and hospital admissions rise year-on-year. In fact, in the past 10 years, admissions for dog bites and strikes have increased by 76 per cent (Health and Social Care Information Centre …

Background Congenital sensorineural deafness (CSD) is the most common type of deafness in dogs and it occurs in numerous canine breeds including the English bull terrier. This study estimates prevalence, heritability and genetic correlations of CSD and coat pigmentation phenotypes in the English bull terrier in England. Results Hearing status was assessed by brainstem auditory evoked response in 1060 English bull terrier puppies tested at 30–78 (mean 43.60) days of age as complete litters. Gender, coat and iris colour and parental hearing status were recorded. The prevalence of CSD in all 1060 puppies was 10.19 % with 8.21 % unilaterally deaf and 1.98 % bilaterally deaf. The coat was predominately coloured in 49.15 % puppies and white with or without a patch in 50.85 % puppies. The majority (96.29 %) of deaf puppies had a white coat (with or without a patch); 19.29 % of the puppies with a white coat (with or without a patch) were deaf. Heritability and genetic correlations were estimated using residual maximum likelihood. Heritability of hearing status as a trichotomous trait (bilaterally normal/unilaterally deaf/bilaterally deaf) was estimated at 0.15 to 0.16 and was significantly different to zero (P 0.05). Analysis of CSD in all white and white patched puppies only estimated the heritability of CSD as 0.25 and was significantly greater than zero (P

BACKGROUND: Juvenile onset generalized demodicosis (JOGD) is thought to occur due to immunological abnormalities and is over‐represented in pit bull terrier‐type dogs. ANIMALS: Twelve pit bull terrier‐type dogs with JOGD and 12 age‐matched healthy pit bull terrier‐type dogs. OBJECTIVE: To investigate immunological differences between age‐matched healthy and JOGD pit bull terrier‐type dogs by flow cytometry, multiplex, molecular and serological assays. METHODS AND MATERIALS: Flow cytometry quantified B cells expressing MHCII or surface‐bound IgG, CD4+ T cells expressing MHCII, CD8 T cells expressing MHCII or CD11a, neutrophil and monocyte markers. Surface expression was quantified by calculating the geometric mean fluorescence index. The Wilcoxon rank sum test was used to compare median results for IL‐2, IL‐4, IL‐6, IL‐7, IL‐8, IL‐10, IL‐13, IL‐18, FOXP3, monocyte chemoattractant protein‐1, GM‐CSF, KC, IgE, IgA, IgG, IgM, C‐reactive protein, lymphocyte, neutrophil and monocyte in the groups. IFN‐gamma, IP‐10, IL‐15, IL‐31 and TNF‐alpha also were measured; however, insufficient dogs (

The effect of diet on the occurrence of canine atopic dermatitis (CAD) in the high-risk breeds boxer, English bull terrier and West Highland white terrier was investigated as part of an extensive case-control study. In that study, a sparing association was seen for feeding the bitch a diet containing non-commercial ingredients during lactation and the subsequent development of CAD in the offspring. The purpose of this study was to further explore the role of diet of the bitch during lactation as well as early dietary exposure of puppies (up to six months of age) on the occurrence of CAD. Two factors were significant in a final logistic regression model: "not feeding non-commercial animal products (meat, egg or milk-products) to the bitch during lactation" (OR = 3.39, 95% CI 1.46-7.92) and "feeding non-commercial meat to the puppy between the age of 2-6 months" (OR = 2.97, 95% CI 1.27-6.93), and further analysis revealed that there was an interaction between these two factors. If a bitch didn't receive non-commercial animal products during lactation, and the puppy was fed non-commercial meat any time until 6 months of age, the puppy had an increased risk of developing CAD (OR = 5.1, 95% CI 1.2-21.9). If the bitch received at least some non-commercial animal products during lactation there was no difference in risk of CAD for the offspring, regardless of whether the puppy was fed non-commercial meat or not until the age of 6 months (OR = 1.6, 95% CI 0.5-5.6). It seems prudent to feed bitches some non-commercial animal products during lactation.

The genetic diversity of 61 dog breeds raised in France was investigated. Genealogical analyses were performed on the pedigree file of the French kennel club. A total of 1514 dogs were also genotyped using 21 microsatellite markers. For animals born from 2001 to 2005, the average coefficient of inbreeding ranged from 0.2% to 8.8% and the effective number of ancestors ranged from 9 to 209, according to the breed. The mean value of heterozygosity was 0.62 over all breeds (range 0.37-0.77). At the breed level, few correlations were found between genealogical and molecular parameters. Kinship coefficients and individual similarity estimators were, however, significantly correlated, with the best mean correlation being found for the Lynch & Ritland estimator (r = 0.43). According to both approaches, it was concluded that special efforts should be made to maintain diversity for three breeds, namely the Berger des Pyrenees, Braque Saint-Germain and Bull Terrier.

Lethal acrodermatitis (LAD) is a genetic disease affecting bull terrier dogs. The phenotype is similar to that for acrodermatitis enteropathica in humans, but is currently without treatment. The purpose of the research presented here is to determine the biochemical defects associated with LAD using proteomic methodologies. Two affected (male and female) and one unaffected (male) bull terrier pups were euthanized at 14 weeks of age, their livers dissected and prepared for two-dimensional gel electrophoresis (2DE) and densitometry. Approximately 200 protein spots were observed. The density of the spots within each gel was normalized to the total spot volume of the gel; only those soluble liver protein spots that were consistently different in both of the livers of the affected pups compared to the unaffected pup were excised manually and submitted for MALDI mass spectrometry. Thirteen proteins were identified as differentially expressed in the affected, compared to the unaffected, pups. The proteins were involved in numerous cellular physiological functions, including chaperones, calcium binding, and energy metabolism, as well as being associated with the inflammatory response. Of note were haptoglobin, glutamine synthetase, prohibitin and keratin 10 which exhibited at least a fourfold level of differential expression. These data represent the first proteomic analysis of this mutation. The differentially expressed proteins that were identified may be key in understanding the etiology of LAD, and may lead to diagnostic tools for its identification within the bull terrier population.

After more than a century as an uncontroversial dog (Jessup, 1975), the American pit bull terrier has developed a notorious reputation as a dangerous breed since 1980, with consequent restrictions placed upon it by jurisdictions in Australia and elsewhere. Studies in the United States have indicated that the "pit bull" is responsible for a significant number of human fatalities resulting from dog attack, but the data on which such studies are based are flawed by methodological shortcomings. Using absolute numbers of dog attacks by breed in Australia, data on attacks on human beings reveal the pit bull terrier to be exceeded by several other breeds. Regardless, the primary problem is that reliable data do not exist for the number of attacks relative to breed population. Of 19 human fatalities in Australia over the past two decades, none has involved a dog verified to be an American pit bull terrier. The evidence does not sustain the view that this is a uniquely dangerous breed, and breed-specific laws aimed to control it have not been demonstrated by authorities to be justified by its attack record.

An entire female English bull terrier, aged five years and one month, was diagnosed with polycystic kidney disease by renal ultrasonography. It had thickening and abnormal motion of the mitral valve on 2D and M mode echocardiography, and left ventricular outflow tract obstruction, characterised by turbulence in the left ventricular outflow tract and elevated aortic blood flow velocity, detected by colour flow and spectral Doppler echocardiography, respectively. Two years later, haematology, serum biochemistry and urinalysis data suggested the presence of compensated renal failure. The dog was euthanased at 10 years and eight months of age, with haematology, serum biochemistry and urinalysis data Indicating decompensated chronic renal failure. Postmortem examination confirmed polycystic kidney disease, chronic renal disease, mitral and aortic valvular myxomatous degeneration, and mixed mammary neoplasia. This case demonstrates that bull terriers with polycystic kidney disease may develop associated chronic renal failure.

A mitral valve stenosis was diagnosed in a 2-year-old female Bull Terrier by use of two-dimensional (2-D) and M-mode echocardiography, colour-flow imaging and spectral Doppler examinations. Tissue Doppler Imaging was also performed to assess the segmental radial myocardial motion. The mitral valve stenosis was characterized by a decreased mitral orifice area/left ventricle area ratio (0.14), an increased early diastolic flow velocity (E wave = 1.9 m/s), a prolonged pressure half-time (106 ms) and a decreased E-F slope (4.5 cm/s) on pulsed-wave Doppler examination. This mitral stenosis was associated with an immobile posterior leaflet, as seen on 2-D and M-mode echocardiography. Immobility of the posterior mitral leaflet is considered to be a rare finding in humans and, to our knowledge, has not been precisely documented in dogs with mitral valve stenosis.

Hearing function was tested in dogs from breeds at risk for pigment-associated congenital sensorineural deafness - Dalmatian, English setter (ES), English cocker spaniel (ECS), bull terrier (BT), Australian cattle dog (ACD), whippet, Catahoula leopard dog, and Jack Russell terrier. Deafness prevalence was highest in Dalmatians and lowest in ECS. Phenotype correlation studies were performed in breeds with >100 brainstem auditory evoked responses (BAER) tested subjects. No gender differences were observed. No differences were seen between black- and liver-spotted Dalmatians, among the ES roan colour varieties, among the ECS parti varieties, or among the ACD colour varieties. Blue eyes were positively associated and patches were negatively associated with deafness in the Dalmatian. Blue eyes were also associated with deafness in the ES and ECS. White BT were more likely than coloured BT to be deaf. Having one or more parent's ear deaf was positively associated with deafness in Dalmatians, ES, and ECS.

Objective To determine the range of various cardiac parameters using echocardiography in apparently normal, healthy English Bull Terriers. Design Fourteen English Bull Terriers were selected for study. Cardiac auscultation of the parents of these dogs was normal. Echocardiographic examination of one parent of each animal showed: no mitral or aortic valve abnormalities; no myocardial lesions; no two dimensional evidence of fixed or dynamic left ventricular outflow tract obstruction; and no systolic aortic or left ventricular outflow tract turbulence on colour flow Doppler examination. The 14 selected dogs did not have arrhythmias or murmurs, and on echocardiographic examination had similar findings to their parents. Systolic blood pressure was measured in all dogs and they had no clinical evidence of Bull Terrier polycystic kidney disease or Bull Terrier hereditary nephritis. Procedure All dogs were auscultated and subjected to a sequential global echocardiographic assessment of the heart, including two dimensional long and short axis, and colour flow Doppler interrogation of the mitral and aortic valves. Dimensional measurements, including those from the left atrium, aortic annulus and left ventricle, were taken from a right parasternal window, and derived values such as fractional shortening, stroke volume and left atrial to aortic annulus ratio were calculated. Peak systolic aortic velocity was measured from the left parasternal window using two dimensional-guided pulsed wave Doppler with angle correction. Systolic blood pressure was measured using a Doppler monitor. The absence of Bull Terrier polycystic kidney disease was determined using renal ultrasonography, and of Bull Terrier hereditary nephritis using urinary protein to creatinine ratio. Results These 14 dogs had greater left ventricular wall thickness and smaller aortic root diameters than those reported as normal for other breeds of comparable body size. Left atrial dimensions were also larger, however this may have been due to the maximising method of measurement. These apparently normal English Bull Terriers also had higher aortic velocities than those reported for other breeds, possibly due to a smaller aortic root diameter or other anatomic substrate of the left ventricular outflow tract, lower systemic vascular resistance, or breed-specific normal left ventricular hypertrophy. While these dogs were selected to be as close to normal as possible, the breed may have a particular anatomy that produces abnormal left ventricular echocardiographic parameters. Conclusion These echocardiographic parameters may be used to diagnose left ventricular outflow tract obstruction and left ventricular hypertrophy, and inaccurate diagnoses may result if breed-specific values are not used.

To report the nature of periorbital trauma after pit bull attacks. While these attacks have been well-characterized in the popular media, no case series has documented the ophthalmic manifestations of this trauma.We retrospectively reviewed all cases of pit bull terrier attacks that presented to the oculoplastic and orbital surgery service at Albany Medical Center between 2008 and 2011. The age, gender, extent of the injuries, care provided, follow up interval, and complication rate were evaluated for each patient.Seven patients were identified, with a mean age of 17.2 years. Six of the seven patients were in the pediatric age group. All patients suffered eyelid lacerations, and only one patient had additional injuries. Four patients (57.2%) suffered a canalicular laceration. Despite the lack of post-operative oral antibiotic use, no patient developed a wound infection.In the ophthalmic setting, pit bull terrier attacks most frequently involve children and result in eyelid lacerations. Canalicular injuries are common after these attacks.

Simple Summary Rescue shelters, although set-up with good intentions, may lead to poor welfare of the animals that they house, especially when the shelter organisation is under-resourced. This study therefore investigated the behavioural effects of cheap and locally accessible objects added to the cages of rescued Pit Bull Terrier type dogs in the Philippines to determine whether it is possible for shelter organisations with limited funds and staffing to improve the welfare of their dogs with minimal additional pressure on their time and financial budgets. The addition of enrichment (coconuts; cardboard bed; or cardboard partition) to the dogs’ kennels positively affected their behavior but no one treatment was better at achieving this result. The results therefore suggest that it is possible for under-resourced rescue shelters to use cheap, locally available objects to improve the welfare of dogs in their care. Abstract Although social enrichment can be considered beneficial in helping dogs cope with the kennel environment, when taking individual needs into account, it places a large demand on the carers and may not be appropriate in under-resourced kennels. Some kennels are also designed in such a way that there is too much social interaction, in that individuals cannot choose to distance themselves from conspecifics. This study therefore aimed to assess the effects of easily accessible enrichment on the behaviour of kennelled Pit Bull Terrier type dogs rescued from a dog-fighting ring in the Philippines. Thirty-six dogs were allocated to one of three treatment groups following a matched-subject design: (i) cardboard bed provision; (ii) coconut provision; and (iii) visual contact with dogs housed in adjacent cages obstructed with cardboard partitions. Behavioural diversity and the duration and frequency of individual behaviours were analysed using linear mixed-effect models. Yawning frequencies and time spent lying down and sitting decreased during treatment. No particular treatment was more influential in these behavioural changes. In conclusion, enrichment, regardless of type, affected the dogs’ behaviour, with some effects depending on the sex of the dogs. Therefore, it is possible to cheaply and sustainably enrich the lives of dogs living in highly constrained environments, however, further research is required to refine the methods used.

Lethal acrodermatitis (LAD) is a genetically determined metabolic disease of bull terriers first described in the USA in the 1980s. In this study, the largest so far reported, 28 bull terriers born in the UK were diagnosed as suffering from LAD, and the clinical findings and the progression of the disease with time are described. The main characteristics of LAD are stunting, splayed digits, eating difficulties, skin disease of the face and feet, and increased susceptibility to microbial infections. In older dogs, paronychia, nail disease and hyperkeratosis of the footpads develops, becoming severe in dogs over six months of age. A diagnosis of LAD can be strongly suspected in any bull terrier showing a combination of the aforementioned signs from an early age. Dermatohistopathological demonstration of marked parakeratotic hyperkeratosis is strongly supportive of the diagnosis of LAD and, in association with the typical clinical findings, is sufficient to confirm a diagnosis. Although many of the clinical signs and the pathology of this condition suggest zinc deficiency, the measurement of blood zinc levels as a diagnostic aid is of limited value.

The prevalence, mode of inheritance and urinalysis findings in Bull Terriers with polycystic kidney disease were assessed by screening 150 clinically normal dogs. The disorder was diagnosed in 39 dogs on the basis of renal ultrasound results and family history of the disease. In equivocal cases confirmation required gross and histopathological renal examination. Necropsy was performed on nine affected dogs and the kidneys from another five affected animals were also examined. Renal cysts were usually bilateral, occurred in cortex and medulla and varied from less than 1 mm to over 2.5 cm in diameter. Cysts were lined by epithelial cells of nephron origin. Abnormal urine sediment and proteinuria were common in affected dogs. The disease appears to be inherited in a highly penetrant autosomal dominant manner.

A 19-month-old boy was bitten by a bull terrier,sustaining complete avulsion of his nose (Figs. 1and 2). He was taken immediately to the localaccident and emergency unit with his avulsed noseretrieved on ice. He was initially managed by oro-tracheal intubation to protect his airway frombleeding, before transfer to the Regional PlasticSurgery Centre, arriving 3 h after the injury.The avulsed nose and facial wounds wereexplored in theatre. The ‘‘amputate’’, comprisingthe entire nasal skeleton and soft tissues, measuredabout3 cm 3.5 cmandtheonlyvesselidentifiablewithin it was the right lateral nasal vein (0.6 mmexternal diameter).Therightfacialartery(0.7 mmexternaldiameter)was mobilised and reflected caudally. A microvascu-lar artery-to-vein anastomosis was performed with10/0Ethilon

Purpose To identify the causative mutations in two early-onset canine retinal degenerations, crd1 and crd2, segregating in the American Staffordshire terrier and the Pit Bull Terrier breeds, respectively. Methods Retinal morphology of crd1- and crd2-affected dogs was evaluated by light microscopy. DNA was extracted from affected and related unaffected controls. Association analysis was undertaken using the Illumina Canine SNP array and PLINK (crd1 study), or the Affymetrix Version 2 Canine array, the "MAGIC" genotype algorithm, and Fisher's Exact test for association (crd2 study). Positional candidate genes were evaluated for each disease. Results Structural photoreceptor abnormalities were observed in crd1-affected dogs as young as 11-weeks old. Rod and cone inner segment (IS) and outer segments (OS) were abnormal in size, shape, and number. In crd2-affected dogs, rod and cone IS and OS were abnormal as early as 3 weeks of age, progressing with age to severe loss of the OS, and thinning of the outer nuclear layer (ONL) by 12 weeks of age. Genome-wide association study (GWAS) identified association at the telomeric end of CFA3 in crd1-affected dogs and on CFA33 in crd2-affected dogs. Candidate gene evaluation identified a three bases deletion in exon 21 of PDE6B in crd1-affected dogs, and a cytosine insertion in exon 10 of IQCB1 in crd2-affected dogs. Conclusions Identification of the mutations responsible for these two early-onset retinal degenerations provides new large animal models for comparative disease studies and evaluation of potential therapeutic approaches for the homologous human diseases.

An under-sized three-month-old female bull terrier was referred with a history of regurgitation since three days of age. Thoracic radiographs were unremarkable, while abdominal radiographs showed a distended stomach, despite a 12 hour fast. Abdominal ultrasonography revealed gastric outflow obstruction of unclear aetiology. Coeliotomy was performed, during which an excessive mucosal fold at the pyloric antrum was excised. Histopathology of the pyloric fold revealed mild oedema and fibrosis of the mucosal tissue. The dog made a complete recovery, with resolution of regurgitation and grew to within the expected breed size. In the authors' opinion, this is the first canine report of congenital antral mucosal valve resulting in gastric outflow obstruction, and only the second report in any species.

This work deals with the history of born, origin, domestication of the dog and various types of bull terriers. Pointing at the crossing of the Bulldog with a black terrier. This work also deals with the different types of dogs Bull, their character, description. This work answers the question, ?Why the pit bull is not dangerous to people", evaluates conflict situations, and shows how conflicts can occur. It mentions the current differences and cons of each breed. It places an attempt to create a new giant of American Bully and also eveluates the unknown type of gulterier. This paper introduces the basics of breeding dogs from purchasing the puppy to its recurring development, communication, behavior and training. The work refers to disease prevention, training and legal responsibility of breeding and finally recommends the use of Terrier ? the type of bul for practice incl. sports use.

A 10-month-old entire male bull terrier was presented with a history of collapse on exercise. Clinical examination, electrocardiography, radiography and echocardiography all supported a diagnosis of mitral valve dysplasia. There was no evidence of congestive heart failure. Surgical intervention consisted of open resection of the dysplastic mitral valve and its replacement with a bioprosthetic valve. The procedure was performed through a median sternotomy and the dog was placed on to full cardiopulmonary bypass. Total cardiopulmonary bypass time was 70 minutes. A full recovery was made and at the time of writing (17 months postoperatively) the dog is clincally normal requiring no medication.

Selecting from items listed on sequential menus, Gourley displays a picture of a bull terrier alongside pictures of terrier skulls kept in the Berne museum's canine research collection. The skulls, a brief accompanying text explains, show how bull terriers have changed morphologically from 1930 to 1980. "This is just the beginning," says Gourley, a database administrator in the collections and research in

A 10-year-old, neutered female, crossbred pit bull terrier was presented for cough, haemoptysis and rapidly progressive respiratory difficulty. Thoracic radiographs suggested a soft tissue density at the carina and bronchoscopy revealed a large, broad-based mass obstructing the entire left mainstem bronchus and half of the entrance to the right mainstem bronchus. Microscopically, the mass consisted of neoplastic cells that were packeted into small nests and had strong granular cytoplasmic immunoreactivity to synaptophysin and chromogranin A. Cytoplasmic neurosecretory granules stained strongly by the Grimelius method. A diagnosis of obstructive neuroendocrine tumour was made.

An 8-month-old male Pit Bull Terrier was presented with bilateral firm swellings of the cranium in the region of the frontal sinuses. The dog was aggressive when approached and had also been anorexic during the 3.5 days prior to presentation.Using computed tomography (CT) and radiology, periosteal new bone formation and hyperostosis were detected on the frontal, parietal and mandibular bones bilaterally. Histopathology of the calvarial and mandibular bones was similar, comprised of thick trabeculae of immature woven and mature lamellar bone separated by cementing lines. Sites of prominent osteoblastic and osteoclastic activity were also present.Craniomandibular osteopathy with clinical similarities to calvarial hyperostosis.Pit Bull Terriers are not predisposed to either craniomandibular osteopathy or calvarial hyperostosis. This observation, in addition to the clinical and pathological similarities between the two diseases, suggests that craniomandibular osteopathy and calvarial hyperostosis may represent a single disorder, with predilection sites that vary between breeds of dog. We propose a new term, idiopathic canine juvenile cranial hyperostosis, for this disorder, to include both craniomandibular osteopathy and calvarial hyperostosis.

International audience; This paper examines the British state's desire to liquidate the Pit Bull as a breed. It examines the moral panic that brought the Pit Bull Terrier to public attention and traces the government's knee-jerk response that resulted in the (1991), the legal instrument that mandated Britain's first attempt at canine genocide. Though public protection was the stated justification of this exercise in state violence, there was and is no evidence to support the case for canine killing through the indiscriminate blanket medium of breed specific legislation. Far from conceiving the dog an aggressor and humans its victims, this paper precedes on the assumption that the dogs are the victims and humans the inhuman aggressor. The paper concludes by examining the factors that provoked the UK's descent into mass dog killing.

Bull terrier polycystic kidney disease (BTPKD) is a Mendelian disorder with many features reminiscent of human autosomal dominant polycystic disease, the latter disease being due to mutations at PKD1 and PKD2 loci. We investigated the role of the canine pkd1 orthologue in BTPKD via linkage analysis of a large kindred in which the disorder is segregating. Twelve microsatellite markers around the canine pkd1 locus (CFA6) were amplified from the genomic DNA of 20 affected and 16 unaffected bull terriers. An additional 28 affected dogs were genotyped at five key microsatellites. A highly significant multi-point LOD score that peaked over the canine pkd1 locus was observed (LOD = 6.59, best two-point LOD score LOD = 6.02), implicating this as the BTPKD locus.

A four-month-old male bull terrier with an abnormal hindquarter gait was found to have changes suggesting nutritional secondary hyperparathyroidism, together with unusual large foci of non-ossified material in both femoral necks and similar smaller foci in metaphyses of several long bones. Abnormal cartilage was found in the one femoral neck examined at autopsy six weeks later, with features suggesting impaired vascular remodelling of cartilage due to failure of chondrocyte maturation. Similar clinical and radiographic abnormalities were found in three littermates (one male, two females), but not the dam. The status of six other littermates and the sire is unknown. The femoral neck lesions had healed in two pups re-examined eight months later, but some limb bones remained abnormal in shape. The abnormalities in affected pups suggested osteochondrodysplasia.

— Three bull terrier pups from a litter of six developed exfoliative, crusty areas of alopecia, particularly affecting the feet and head, by the time they were seven weeks of age. Biopsies from two of the affected pups revealed parakeratotic hyperkeratosis consistent with zinc deficiency, but the dogs did not respond to oral zinc supplements. The breed, history and dermatopathology were considered consistent with lethal acrodermatitis of bull terriers, a condition that appears to be familial and autosomally recessive. Whereas similar acrodermatitic conditions in humans (acrodermatitis enteropathica) and cattle (lethal trait A46 of Black Pied Danish cattle) respond to oral zinc supplements, this condition in bull terriers may be due to an error in zinc metabolism at the cellular level. Attempts to treat one of the pups parenterally with zinc resulted in death after the fourth injection. Resume— 3 choits d'une portee de 6 Bull Terriers ont developpea l'âge de 7 semaines une dermite podale et faciale exfoliative, crouteuse et alopecique. Les biopsies cutanees pratiquees sur 2 chiots ont revele une hyperkeratose parakeratosique compatible avec une carence en zinc, mais les animaux n'ont pas repondu a une supplementation en zinc. La race, l'anamnese et l'aspect histologique, sont compatibles avec une acrondermatite lethale du Bull Terrier, maladie familiale, transmise sur un mode autosomal recessif. Des acrodermatites similaires chez l'homme (acrodermatitis enteropatica) et les bovins (anomalie lethale A46 de la Pie Noire Danoise) repondant a une supplementation en zinc, cette affection chez le Bull Terrier pourrait etro a une erreur dans le metabolisme du zinc au niveau cellulaire. Un essai de traitement d'un des chiots par vole parcuterale avec du zinc a abouti a sa mort apres la quatrieme injection. Zusammenfassung— Drei von sechs Bullterrierwelpen aus einem Wurf entwickelten im Alter von 7 Wochen exfoliative, krustige und haarlose Bezirke, besonders an Pfoten und Kopf. Biopsien von zwei der betroffenen Welpen zeigten eine Parakeratose, die bei Zinkmangel auftritt. Die Tiere sprachen jedoch nicht auf orale Zinksubstitution an. Rasse, Anamnese und Befunde der Hautuntersuchung stimmen mit der letalen Akrodermatitis der Bullterrier uberein, einem familiaren, autosomal rezessiv erblichen Leiden. Wahrend ahnliche akrodermatitische Erkrankungen beim Menschen (Akrodermatitis enteropathica) und beim Rind (Letalfaktor A46 beim schwarzgefleckten Danischen Rind) auf orale Zinkgaben ansprechen, ist diese Krankheit beim Bullterrier wahrscheinlich auf eine Storung im Zinkmetabolismus auf zellularer Ebene zuruckzufuhren. Der Versuch, einen der Welpen parenteral mit Zink zu behandeln, fuhrte zum Tod des Tieres nach der vierten Injektion. Resumen Tres cachorros de Bull Terrier de una camada de seis desarrollaron areas de alopecia exfoliativa, particularmente afectando a los pies y la cabeza, para el momento en que tenian siete semanas de edad. Biopsias de dos de los cachorros afectados revelaron hiperqueratosis paraqueratotica con deficiencia de zinc, pero los perros no respondian a los suplementos de zinc oral. La raza, historia y dermatopatologia se consideraron consistentes en acrodermatitis letal de Bull Terriers, una condicion que parece ser familial y autosomica recesiva. Mientras que condiciones de acrodermatitis similares en humanos (acrodermatitis enteropetica) y ganado (rasgo letal A46 del ganado Black Pied Danish) respondian a los suplementos de zinc oral, esta condicion en los Bull Terriers puede ser debida a un error en el metabolismo del zinc a nivel celular. Intentos de trater uno de los cachorros, por via parenteral con zinc resultaron con la muerte despues de la cuarta inyeccion.

In 223 cases of dogs presented to a specialist behavioural clinic in Brisbane, Australia, 87 (39%) were for severe aggression. The classes of aggression included dominance (31.6%), territorial (29%), predatory (12.3%), intermale (12.3%), sibling rivalry (7.9%), fear biting (6%) and idiopathic rage (0.9%). The breeds most represented which attacked humans were the Bull Terrier (16%), German Shepherd and crosses (15%), Cattle dog breeds (Blue Heeler and crosses, 9.2%), Terrier breeds (9.2%), Labrador (8%), Poodle and Cocker Spaniel (both 5.7%) and Rottweiler (4.6%). The dangerous dog list put out by the local Brisbane City Council includes the first three breeds mentioned and the Rottweiler as the top four breeds causing aggression problems. Hospital records in Victoria and Queensland confirm that most damage is caused to humans by Bull Terriers and German Shepherds. Many breeds similar to those in our study are also represented in American data on aggressive breeds. Treatments included obedience training only, restraint only, obedience and restraint, synthetic progestins and obedience, castration, progestins and obedience, castration and obedience, use of chlorpromazine and as a last resort, euthanasia (12.6%). Entire males formed the largest group (44%), followed by castrated males and females (both 21%) and spayed females (15%). Several breeds (Boxer, Briand, Samoyed and St. Bernard) only attacked other animals and birds. This study reinforces evidence that social disruption is caused by aggressive dogs, but it also indicates that many responsible clients seek advice on how to deal with this behavioural problem.

An inflammatory mass arising from the lower lacrimal canaliculus of unknown cause is reported in a dog. A 10-month-old Staffordshire bull terrier was presented with a history of epiphora and a red mass protruding from the left lower lacrimal punctum. The tissue was removed and histopathological examination of the lesion revealed a mass of highly vascularised granulation tissue with areas of epithelial ulceration and multiple stromal haemorrhages. Fibrosis and collagen deposition were evident as was a cellular infiltrate composed primarily of neutrophils and plasma cells. Regrowth necessitated further attempts at complete excision before a permanent cure was achieved.