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Drosophila model is intensively studied for the development of cancer. The diminutive (dMyc), a homolog of the human MYC gene, is responsible for cell- apoptosis and its upregulation is responsible for determining the fate of cancerous growth in humans and Drosophila model. This work implores the requirement of dMyc and its expression as one of the major regulator of cancer with other proteins and repression of dMyc mRNA in Drosophila S2 cells. Here we report protein complex of Argonaute 1 (AGO1), Bag of marbles (Bam), and Brain tumor (Brat) proteins and not the individual factor of this complex repression of dMyc mRNA in Drosophila Schneider 2 cells and promote differentiation in cystoblast of Drosophila ovary. These results exhibit the significant role of this complex, including master differentiation factor Bam with other various differentiation factor Brat and microRNA pathway component AGO1, which may negatively regulate dMyc mRNA and so the dMyc protein.

U članku se promišlja o vrlo važnoj, ali i zapostavljenoj temi kršćanstva i katoličke teologije, o temi bratstva. Ako neke teološke teme i mogu ostati samo u području spekulativnoga, misaonoga, tema bratstva u svojoj biti traži konkretna ostvarenja i pokazatelje. U članku se, stoga, najprije predstavlja ponovno otkrivanje aktualnosti teme i pojma bratstva u Crkvi i teologiji. Navodi se nekoliko misli općenito o pojmu „brat” i „bratstvo” i predstavlja kršćansko poimanje bratstva. Pokazat će se kako ono, makar u nekim vidovima, može biti i model življenja i razumijevanja bratstva uopće. Potom se, na tragu tih promišljanja, tumači poslanje vjeroučitelja unutar i polazeći od kategorije bratstva. Pokazuje se kako školski vjeronauk može poučavati o bratstvu, kao i stvarati bratstvo. Na kraju se sasvim konkretno navode neka ostvarenja i inicijative po kojima se ostvaruje bratstvo vjeroučitelja u Splitskomakarskoj nadbiskupiji.

© 2021 The Authors., Linker histones H1 are essential chromatin components that exist as multiple developmentally regulated variants. In metazoans, specific H1s are expressed during germline development in a tightly regulated manner. However, the mechanisms governing their stage-dependent expression are poorly understood. Here, we address this question in Drosophila, which encodes for a single germline-specific dBigH1 linker histone. We show that during female germline lineage differentiation, dBigH1 is expressed in germ stem cells and cystoblasts, becomes silenced during transit-amplifying (TA) cystocytes divisions to resume expression after proliferation stops and differentiation starts, when it progressively accumulates in the oocyte. We find that dBigH1 silencing during TA divisions is post-transcriptional and depends on the tumour suppressor Brain tumour (Brat), an essential RNA-binding protein that regulates mRNA translation and stability. Like other oocyte-specific variants, dBigH1 is maternally expressed during early embryogenesis until it is replaced by somatic dH1 at the maternal-to-zygotic transition (MZT). Brat also mediates dBigH1 silencing at MZT. Finally, we discuss the situation in testes, where Brat is not expressed, but dBigH1 is translationally silenced too., This work was supported by grants from MICINN (BFU2015-65082-P and PGC2018-094538-B-I00), the Generalitat de Catalunya (SGR2009-1023, SGR2014-204) and the European Community FEDER program to F.A., and from National Research, Development and Innovation Office (OTKA-116372) and Ministry for National Economy of Hungary (GINOP-2.3.2-15-2016-00032) to L.H./I.M.B.

Il presente lavoro prende in esame il fumetto Major Grom: Čumnoj Doktor, pubblicato a partire dal 2012 dalla casa editrice russa Bubble Comics. La prima parte analizza il protagonista Igor’ Grom, supereroe di San Pietroburgo, e approfondisce il rapporto dei russi con questa tipologia di personaggi, per poi studiare i tratti e i modelli culturali che rendono Grom il primo vero supereroe russo dei fumetti. La seconda parte analizza l’antagonista Sergej Razumovskij, con un approfondimento sulla sua complessa personalità e sui delicati temi della contemporaneità russa che emergono di conseguenza. Fine ultimo è quindi dimostrare che il genere del fumetto è in grado di raccontare in modo nuovo la cultura russa anche tramite figure in passato disprezzate come i supereroi e i loro nemici. This work examines the comic book series Major Grom: Plague Doctor, first published in 2012 by the Russian publishing house Bubble Comics. The first part analyzes protagonist Igor Grom, a superhero from St. Petersburg, by examining Russians’ attitude to this type of characters and then studying cultural traits and models that make Grom the first real Russian comics superhero. The second part is an analysis of the antagonist Sergei Razumovsky, with an in-depth study of his complex personality and modern-day Russia’s delicate themes that come up while carrying out such analysis. Therefore, the aim of this article is to prove that comics can be a new medium to showcase Russian culture, even by means of previously disdained characters such as superheroes and their enemies.

Puf family proteins are translational regulators essential to a wide range of biological processes, including cell fate specification, stem cell self-renewal, and neural function. Yet, despite being associated with hundreds of RNAs, the underlying mechanisms of Puf target specification remain to be fully elucidated. In Drosophila, Pumilio – a sole Puf family protein – is known to collaborate with cofactors Nanos (Nos) and Brain Tumor (Brat); however, their roles in target specification are not clearly defined. Here, we identify Bag-of-marbles (Bam) as a new Pum cofactor in repression of Mothers against dpp (mad) mRNAs, for which Nos is known to be dispensable. Notably, our data show that Nos (but not Bam) was required for Pum association with hunchback (hb) mRNAs, a well-known target of Pum and Nos. In contrast, Bam (but not Nos) was required for Pum association with mad mRNAs. These findings show for the first time that Pum target specificity is determined not independently but in collaboration with cofactors.

An outstanding question in developmental neurobiology is how RNA processing events contribute to the regulation of neurogenesis. RNA processing events are increasingly recognized as playing fundamental roles in regulating multiple developmental events during neurogenesis, from the asymmetric divisions of neural stem cells, to the generation of complex and diverse neurite morphologies. Indeed, both asymmetric cell division and neurite morphogenesis are often achieved by mechanisms that generate asymmetric protein distributions, including post-transcriptional gene regulatory mechanisms such as the transport of translationally silent messenger RNAs (mRNAs) and local translation of mRNAs within neurites. Additionally, defects in RNA splicing have emerged as a common theme in many neurodegenerative disorders, highlighting the importance of RNA processing in maintaining neuronal circuitry. RNA-binding proteins (RBPs) play an integral role in splicing and post-transcriptional gene regulation, and mutations in RBPs have been linked with multiple neurological disorders including autism, dementia, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), spinal muscular atrophy (SMA), Fragile X syndrome (FXS), and X-linked intellectual disability disorder. Despite their widespread nature and roles in neurological disease, the molecular mechanisms and networks of regulated target RNAs have been defined for only a small number of specific RBPs. This review aims to highlight recent studies in Drosophila that have advanced our knowledge of how RBP dysfunction contributes to neurological disease.

A long non-coding RNA molecule called cherub is a driver of tumor development.

Tumor cells display features that are not found in healthy cells. How they become immortal and how their specific features can be exploited to combat tumorigenesis are key questions in tumor biology. Here we describe the long non-coding RNA cherub that is critically required for the development of brain tumors in Drosophila but is dispensable for normal development. In mitotic Drosophila neural stem cells, cherub localizes to the cell periphery and segregates into the differentiating daughter cell. During tumorigenesis, de-differentiation of cherub-high cells leads to the formation of tumorigenic stem cells that accumulate abnormally high cherub levels. We show that cherub establishes a molecular link between the RNA-binding proteins Staufen and Syncrip. As Syncrip is part of the molecular machinery specifying temporal identity in neural stem cells, we propose that tumor cells proliferate indefinitely, because cherub accumulation no longer allows them to complete their temporal neurogenesis program., eLife digest Many biological signals control how cells grow and divide. However, cancer cells do not obey these growth-restricting signals, and as a result large tumors may develop. Recent experiments have suggested that stem cells – the precursors to the different types of specialized cells found in the body – are particularly important for generating tumors. A stem cell normally divides unequally to form a self-renewing cell and a more specialized cell (often a progenitor cell that will give rise to increasingly specialized cell types). The timing of when the specialization occurs can be key to guiding the ultimately produced cell progenies to their final identity. However, in a tumor cells can retain the ability to self-renew. Ultimately, the resulting ‘tumor stem cells’ become immortal and proliferate indefinitely. It is not fully understood why this uncontrolled proliferation occurs. Just like mammals (including humans), fruit flies can develop tumors. Some of the DNA mutations responsible for tumor development were already identified in flies as early as in the 1970s. This has made fruit flies a well-studied model system for uncovering the principle defects that cause tumors to form. Landskron et al. have now studied the neural stem cells found in brain tumors in fruit flies. Additional DNA mutations were not responsible for these cells becoming immortal. Instead, certain RNA molecules – products that are ‘transcribed’ from the DNA – were present in different amounts in tumor cells. The RNA that showed the greatest increase in tumor cells is a so-called long non-coding RNA named cherub. This RNA molecule has no important role in normal fruit flies, but is critical for tumor formation. Landskron et al. found that during cell division cherub segregates from the neural stem cells to the newly formed progenitor cells, where it breaks down over time. Progenitor cells that contain high levels of cherub give rise to tumor-generating neural stem cells. At the molecular level, cherubhelps two proteins to interact with each other: one called Syncrip that makes the neural stem cells take on a older identity, and another one (Staufen) that tethers it to the cell membrane. By restricting Syncrip to a particular location in the cell, cherub alters the timing of stem cell specialization, which contributes to tumor formation. Overall, the results presented by Landskron et al. reveal a new role for long non-coding RNAs: controlling the localization of the proteins that determine the fate of the cell. They also highlight a critical link between the timing of stem cell development and the proliferation of the cells. Further work is now needed to test whether the same control mechanism works in species other than fruit flies.

Post-transcriptional regulation of stem cell self-renewal by microRNAs is emerging as an important mechanism controlling tissue homeostasis. Here, we provide evidence that bantam microRNA controls neuroblast number and proliferation in the Drosophila central brain. Bantam also supports proliferation of transit-amplifying intermediate neural progenitor cells in type II neuroblast lineages. The stem cell factors brat and prospero are identified as bantam targets acting on different aspects of these processes. Thus, bantam appears to act in multiple regulatory steps in the maintenance and proliferation of neuroblasts and their progeny to regulate growth of the central brain., Summary: The Drosophila miRNA bantam regulates the expression of Brat and Prospero – known inhibitors of brain neuroblast proliferation – to modulate growth of the central brain.

Precise control of the range of signalling molecule action is crucial for correct cell fate patterning during development. For example, Drosophila ovarian germline stem cells (GSCs) are maintained by exquisitely short-range BMP signalling from the niche. In the absence of BMP signalling, one GSC daughter differentiates into a cystoblast (CB) and this fate is stabilised by Brain tumour (Brat) and Pumilio (Pum)-mediated post-transcriptional repression of mRNAs, including that encoding the Dpp transducer, Mad. However, the identity of other repressed mRNAs and the mechanism of post-transcriptional repression are currently unknown. Here, we identify the Medea and schnurri mRNAs, which encode transcriptional regulators required for activation and/or repression of Dpp target genes, as additional Pum-Brat targets, suggesting that tripartite repression of the transducers is deployed to desensitise the CB to Dpp. In addition, we show that repression by Pum-Brat requires recruitment of the CCR4 and Pop2 deadenylases, with knockdown of deadenylases in vivo giving rise to ectopic GSCs. Consistent with this, Pum-Brat repression leads to poly(A) tail shortening and mRNA degradation in tissue culture cells, and we detect a reduced number of Mad and shn transcripts in the CB relative to the GSC based on single molecule mRNA quantitation. Finally, we show generality of the mechanism by demonstrating that Brat also attenuates pMad and Dpp signalling range in the early embryo. Together our data serve as a platform for understanding how post-transcriptional repression restricts interpretation of BMPs and other cell signals in order to allow robust cell fate patterning during development., Summary: The translational repressors Brat and Pumilio attenuate Dpp signalling range in the Drosophila female germline and early embryo to ensure precise cell fate patterning.

Biblijsko razmišljanje na temu bratskih odnosa počinje u Sta- rom zavjetu na pragmatičan način pripoviješću o tragičnom slu- čaju Kajina i Abela (Post 4). Kasnije se na različite načine, u više navrata, ponavlja u zgodama i nezgodama patrijarha. Najtipični- ji su slučajevi oni koji se odnose na Abrahamove sinove: Jišma- ela i Izaka (Post 21), na Izakove sinove blizance: Ezava i Jakova (Post 25; 27; 32-33), na Jakovljeve sinove Josipa i njegovu bra- ću (Post 37-50). No kakav se pojam bratskih odnosa promovira u ovim pripovijestima? Mogu li se odgonetnuti tipični motivi za te i takve pripovijesti? Koja je uloga njihova ponavljanja i eventual- nih promjena?, Biblical reflections on the theme of fraternal relations begin in a pragmatic way in the Old Testament with a story of the tragic case of Cain and Abel (Gen 4). Later on it is repeated in different ways, on many occasions, in the fortunes and misfortunes of the Patriarchs. The most typical are the ones related to Abraham’s sons: Ishmael and Isaac (Gen 21), to Isaac’s twin sons: Esau and Jacob (Gen 25; 27; 32-33), to sons of Jacob: Joseph and his brothers (Gen 37-50). But what concept of fraternal relations is promoted in these stories? Can you figure out the typical moti- ves for these and such stories? What is the role of their repetiti- ons and possible changes?

Biblijsko razmišljanje na temu bratskih odnosa počinje u Sta- rom zavjetu na pragmatičan način pripoviješću o tragičnom slu- čaju Kajina i Abela (Post 4). Kasnije se na različite načine, u više navrata, ponavlja u zgodama i nezgodama patrijarha. Najtipični- ji su slučajevi oni koji se odnose na Abrahamove sinove: Jišma- ela i Izaka (Post 21), na Izakove sinove blizance: Ezava i Jakova (Post 25 ; 27 ; 32-33), na Jakovljeve sinove Josipa i njegovu bra- ću (Post 37-50). No kakav se pojam bratskih odnosa promovira u ovim pripovijestima? Mogu li se odgonetnuti tipični motivi za te i takve pripovijesti? Koja je uloga njihova ponavljanja i eventual- nih promjena?

TRIM-NHL proteins are key regulators of developmental transitions, for example promoting differentiation, while inhibiting cell growth and proliferation, in stem and progenitor cells. Abnormalities in these proteins have been also associated with human diseases, particularly affecting muscular and neuronal functions, making them potential targets for therapeutic intervention. The purpose of this review is to provide a systematic and comprehensive summary on the most studied TRIM-NHL proteins, highlighting examples where connections were established between structural features, molecular functions and biological outcomes.

The Drosophila protein brain tumor (Brat) forms a complex with Pumilio (Pum) and Nanos (Nos) to repress hunchback (hb) mRNA translation at the posterior pole during early embryonic development. It is currently thought that complex formation is initiated by Pum, which directly binds the hb mRNA and subsequently recruits Nos and Brat. Here we report that, in addition to Pum, Brat also directly interacts with the hb mRNA. We identify Brat-binding sites distinct from the Pum consensus motif and show that RNA binding and translational repression by Brat do not require Pum, suggesting so far unrecognized Pum-independent Brat functions. Using various biochemical and biophysical methods, we also demonstrate that the NHL (NCL-1, HT2A, and LIN-41) domain of Brat, a domain previously believed to mediate protein–protein interactions, is a novel, sequence-specific ssRNA-binding domain. The Brat-NHL domain folds into a six-bladed β propeller, and we identify its positively charged top surface as the RNA-binding site. Brat belongs to the functional diverse TRIM (tripartite motif)-NHL protein family. Using structural homology modeling, we predict that the NHL domains of all TRIM-NHL proteins have the potential to bind RNA, indicating that Brat is part of a conserved family of RNA-binding proteins.

Culture and Economic Development - An Empirical Study of Cultural Environment and Entrepreneurial Abilities in the Indonesian Province of Papua (West New Guinea). This study focuses on the cultural reasons for the marginalization of indigenous people in the modern economy of the Indonesian province of Papua. The theoretical background for the study is grounded in the development logic of Schumpeter and the development theory of Röpke, itself based on Schumpeter’s logic. The empirical data were collected through questionnaires in three rural regions of Papua, the areas of the Maibrat, Kemtuk and Dani ethnic groups. People in the three research areas rely heavily on subsistence agriculture organized within the family. Agriculture is characterized by a low degree of control of the natural environment and low productivity. The societies are particularistic (in that personal ties take precedence over commitment to society and the state) and shame-oriented. Most of the elements of the three cultural environments discussed in the study have an inhibiting effect on entrepreneurial action and economic development. These elements include a mechanistic, indirect, ritual-manipulative relationship with God, influenced by animism; a high degree of mistrust towards non-relatives; and a very pronounced principle of egalitarianism. This latter principle forbids the accumulation of wealth for personal purposes. It is the reason for a compulsion to share, leading to an anti-surplus principle. The over-pronounced social solidarity with relatives makes the extended family an economic development trap. Most of the entrepreneurial abilities identified in the study support entrepreneurial action, and with it economic development, only on a small scale. Concepts of the genesis of wealth and affluence that are influenced by animism clearly diminish any internal (personal) locus of control. There is a desire for harmony rather than for autonomy. There is a ‘wait-and-see’ approach to solving problems. The ability to anticipate future opportunities is limited, and innovations can rarely be implemented when they are in conflict with tradition and the habits of the older generation. People rarely embrace opportunities triggered by contact with their foreign cultural environment. Evidence from the Dani area shows that the mere existence of marketing opportunities does not automatically lead to greater market orientation. Innovations are adopted very selectively in order to ‘round out’ the home culture. There is a tendency not to defer gratification of needs. Authoritarianism and a need for affiliation and recognition are very pronounced. A prestige economy — with prestige rather than efficiency criteria as the focus of economic activity — prevails, and this is not generally consistent with economic development. The success motive (hope for success as part of the achievement motive) exists only on a small scale in all three of the research areas. But significant results for the Maibrat and Kemtuk areas confirm the central role that the success motive plays in economic development. Cultural elements such as polygyny hinder the development of the individual’s achievement motive. Entrepreneurs enjoy little prestige and appreciation in society. These characteristics severely limit the ability of the research areas to develop economically. Economic development triggered by Papuans themselves would require a reduction in the demands of the extended family, accompanied by far-reaching changes in culture — in short, a transformation of the society. An important role here falls to Christian ethics, which, besides effecting transformation, can help to foster cultural revitalisation. Furthermore, education involving the local languages of Papua’s various ethnic groups must be established, and there needs to be culturally oriented promotion of small entrepreneurs., Penelitian ini berfokus pada alasan-alasan unsur-unsur budayawi yang menyebabkan posisi pinggiran orang pribumi Papua dalam ekonomi modern di tanah Papua di Indonesia. Titik berangkat teoretis karya ilmiah ini adalah logika perkembangan Schumpeter dan teori pembangunan Röpke yang berdasarkan kepada logika tersebut. Data-data empiris dikumpulkan melalui angket di tiga daerah pedesaan Papua, yaitu daerah kelompok etnis Maibrat, Kemtuk, dan Dani. Di daerah-daerah penelitian ini terutama diusahakan pertanian dalam rangka usaha keluarga dengan orientasi subsistensi yang kuat. Usaha pertanian ini ditandai oleh penguasaan kecil lingkungan alamiah dan oleh produktivitas yang rendah. Masyarakat berorientasi pada partikularisme dan pada budaya rasa malu. Kebanyakan unsur lingkungan budayawi kelompok-kelompok etnis yang didiskusikan berakibat menghambat pada kegiatan wirausaha dan perkembangan ekonomi itu sendiri. Unsur-unsur tersebut terdiri dari hubungan dengan Allah yang mekanistis, tidak langsung, rituil-manipulatif, yang dipengaruhi oleh animisme; dari derajat tinggi kecurigaan terhadap orang yang bukan anggota marga besar; maupun dari prinsip persamaan yang kuat sifatnya. Prinsip ini menyebabkan akumulasi kekayaan untuk tujuan-tujuan pribadi menjadi tidak diterima oleh masyarakat, mengakibatkan paksaan untuk membagi kekayaan, dan menghasilkan suatu prinsip anti-surplus. Solidaritas sosial terhadap marga besar yang terlalu kuat membuat marga besar menjadi perangkap untuk perkembangan ekonomi. Sifat-sifat kebanyakan kemampuan wiraswasta yang didiskusikan hanya mendukung kegiatan-kegiatan wirausaha dengan perkembangan ekonomi dalam skala kecil. Karena gagasan-gagasan tentang penciptaan kekayaan dan kesejahteraan yang dipengaruhi oleh animisme, ”locus of control” internal dikurangi dengan jelas. Terdapat lebih banyak keinginan untuk keselarasan daripada untuk otonomi. Para responden menahan diri pada kesediaan untuk memecahkan masalah-masalah yang dihadapi. Kemampuan yang jelas untuk mengantisipasi peluang-peluang di masa depan terdapat hanya sedikit. Inovasi-inovasi hampir tidak dapat diterapkan, apabila ada perselisihan dengan generasi orang tua atau dengan tradisi. Peluang-peluang baru yang muncul karena kontak-kontak dengan lingkungan budaya asing hanya dimanfaatkan secara minimal. Bukti dari daerah Dani menunjukkan, bahwa hanya adanya kemungkinan-kemungkinan pemasaran sendiri tidak secara otomatis menyebabkan orientasi pasar. Inovasi-inovasi hanya diterima secara sangat selektif dengan tujuan melengkapi atau melindungi kebudayaan sendiri. Kecenderungan konsumtif terdapat pada kesediaan untuk menunda konsumsi. Otoritarianisme, motif afiliasi, dan motif mendapatkan pengakuan bersifat dominan. Apa yang berlaku adalah suatu ekonomi prestise yang hampir tidak bertujuan membawa perkembangan ekonomi. Motif keberhasilan (harapan atas keberhasilan sebagai sebagian motif prestasi) hanya terdapat sedikit di ketiga daerah penelitian. Namun hasil-hasil penelitian untuk daerah Maibrat dan Kemtuk mendukung peranan sentral motif keberhasilan pada perkembangan ekonomi. Unsur-unsur budayawi yang berbeda-beda, di antaranya poligini (suatu bentuk poligami), menghambat pembentukan motif prestasi pada individu-individu. Para pengusaha hampir tidak mendapatkan prestise dan penghargaan dalam masyarakat. Melihat keberadaan nyata kemampuan daerah-daerah penelitian untuk suatu perkembangan ekonomi maka perkembangan ekonomi yang benar berarti hampir tidak dapat diharapkan. Agar dapat perkembangan ekonomi yang dilaksanakan oleh orang Papua sendiri maka diperlukan pengurangan tuntutan-tuntutan marga besar bersama dengan perubahan kebudayaan yang luas, yaitu transformasi masyarakat. Dalam hal ini etika Kristen memainkan peranan penting dengan juga memungkinkan revitalisasi budayawi. Selanjutnya diperlukan sistem pendidikan yang memperhatikan bahasa-bahasa ibu atau daerah dari kelompok-kelompok etnis Papua. Selain itu diperlukan usaha pengembangan pengusaha kecil yang berorientasi secara spesifik pada kebudayaan setempat.

Homeostatic regulation of ionic currents is of paramount importance during periods of synaptic growth or remodeling. Our previous work has identified the translational repressor Pumilio (Pum) as a regulator of sodium current (I Na) and excitability in Drosophila motoneurons. In this current study, we show that Pum is able to bind directly the mRNA encoding the Drosophila voltage-gated sodium channel paralytic (para). We identify a putative binding site for Pum in the 3′ end of the para open reading frame (ORF). Characterization of the mechanism of action of Pum, using whole-cell patch clamp and real-time reverse transcription-PCR, reveals that the full-length protein is required for translational repression of para mRNA. Additionally, the cofactor Nanos is essential for Pum-dependent para repression, whereas the requirement for Brain Tumor (Brat) is cell type specific. Thus, Pum-dependent regulation of I Na in motoneurons requires both Nanos and Brat, whereas regulation in other neuronal types seemingly requires only Nanos but not Brat. We also show that Pum is able to reduce the level of nanos mRNA and as such identify a potential negative-feedback mechanism to protect neurons from overactivity of Pum. Finally, we show coupling between I Na (para) and I K (Shal) such that Pum-mediated change in para results in a compensatory change in Shal. The identification of para as a direct target of Pum represents the first ion channel to be translationally regulated by this repressor and the location of the binding motif is the first example in an ORF rather than in the canonical 3′-untranslated region of target transcripts.

Im Mittelpunkt der Untersuchung stehen die kulturellen Ursachen für die Marginalisierung des indigenen Volkes der Papua im modernen ökonomischen Bereich der indonesischen Provinz Papua. Den theoretischen Hintergrund der Arbeit bilden Schumpeters Entwicklungslogik und die darauf aufbauende Entwicklungstheorie Röpkes. Die empirischen Daten wurden mittels Fragebogen in drei ländlichen Regionen Papuas, und zwar dem jeweiligen Gebiet der Volksgruppe der Maibrat, Kemtuk und Dani, erhoben. In diesen Untersuchungsgebieten wird hauptsächlich familienbetrieblich organisierte, stark subsistenzorientierte Landwirtschaft betrieben, die von geringer Beherrschung der natürlichen Umwelt und niedriger Produktivität gekennzeichnet ist. Die Gesellschaften sind partikularistisch ausgerichtet und schamorientiert. Die meisten der diskutierten Elemente der volksgruppeneigenen kulturellen Umwelt wirken sich hemmend auf unternehmerisches Handeln und ökonomische Entwicklung aus. Im einzelnen sind dies eine mechanistische, mittelbare, rituell-manipulative, vom Animismus beeinflußte Beziehung zu Gott; ein hoher Grad an Mißtrauen gegenüber Nicht-Verwandten; sowie ein stark ausgeprägtes Egalitätsprinzip, das die Akkumulation von Reichtum für persönliche Zwecke inakzeptabel sein läßt, einen Zwang zum Teilen bedingt und zu einem Antiüberschußprinzip führt. Die zu stark ausgeprägte soziale Solidarität gegenüber Verwandten hat zur Konsequenz, daß die Großfamilie sich als Falle für eine ökonomische Entwicklung erweist. Die Ausprägungen der meisten diskutierten unternehmerischen Fähigkeiten unterstützen unternehmerisches Handeln und damit ökonomische Entwicklung nur wenig. Bedingt durch animistisch geprägte Vorstellungen über die Genese von Reichtum und Wohlstand sind internale Kontrollüberzeugungen deutlich vermindert. Es herrscht eher ein Harmonie- statt ein Autonomiebedürfnis. Zurückhaltung zeigt sich bei der Bereitschaft, Probleme zu lösen. Eine ausgeprägte Fähigkeit zur Antizipation von Zukunftsmöglichkeiten ist nur in geringem Maße gegeben. Innovationen können nur schwerlich durchgesetzt werden, wenn sie im Konflikt mit der Vatergeneration und der Tradition stehen. Die durch den Kontakt zur fremden kulturellen Umwelt neu entstehenden Möglichkeiten werden wenig genutzt. Für das Dani-Gebiet gilt, daß die bloße Existenz von Vermarktungsmöglichkeiten nicht automatisch zu mehr Verkaufsorientierung führt. Neuerungen werden nur sehr selektiv mit dem Ziel einer Abrundung oder Absicherung der eigenen Kultur übernommen. Bei der Bereitschaft zum Aufschub von Genuß zeigt sich eher eine konsumtive Tendenz. Autoritarismus, Anschluß- und Anerkennungsmotiv sind stark ausgeprägt. Es herrscht eine Prestigewirtschaft vor, die ökonomische Entwicklung kaum zum Ziel hat. Das Erfolgsmotiv ist in allen drei Untersuchungsgebieten nur gering ausgeprägt. Für das Maibrat- und Kemtuk-Gebiet aussagekräftige Ergebnisse bestätigen aber die zentrale Rolle des Erfolgsmotivs bei ökonomischer Entwicklung. Verschiedene kulturelle Elemente, darunter auch Polygynie, beeinträchtigen die Herausbildung des Leistungsmotivs bei Individuen. Unternehmer genießen kaum Ansehen und Wertschätzung in der Gesellschaft. Im Hinblick auf die Fähigkeit der Untersuchungsgebiete zur ökonomischen Entwicklung ist eine durchgreifende ökonomische Entwicklung eher nicht zu erwarten. Damit eine von den Papua selbst getragene ökonomische Entwicklung stattfinden kann, ist eine Beschneidung der großfamiliären Forderungen in Verbindung mit einem tiefgreifenden Kulturwandel, einer Transformation der Gesellschaft, notwendig. Dabei kommt christlicher Ethik eine maßgebliche Rolle nicht zuletzt auch im Hinblick auf eine kulturelle Revitalisierung zu. Weiterhin bedarf es einer auch die Muttersprachen der verschiedenen Volksgruppen Papuas berücksichtigende Bildungsarbeit sowie einer kulturspezifisch ausgerichteten Kleinunternehmerförderung., This study focuses on the cultural reasons for the marginalization of the Papuan indigenous people in the modern economy of the Indonesian province of Papua. The theoretical background for this study is grounded on the development logic of Schumpeter and the development theory of Röpke which itself is based on Schumpeter's logic. The empirical data were collected through questionnaires in three rural regions of Papua, that is the respective area of the ethnic group of the Maibrat, Kemtuk, and Dani. People in the three research areas rely highly on subsistence agriculture organized within the family. Agriculture is characterized by a low degree of control of the natural environment and low productivity. The societies are particularistic and shame-oriented. Most discussed elements of the ethnic groups' own cultural environment have an inhibiting effect on entrepreneurial action and economic development. In particular these elements consist of a mechanistic, indirect, ritual-manipulative relationship with God influenced by animism, a high degree of mistrust towards non-relatives, and a very pronounced principle of egalitarianism. This latter principle forbids the accumulation of wealth for personal purposes. It is the reason for a compulsion to share, leading to an antisurplus principle. The over-pronounced social solidarity towards relatives in consequence renders the extended family to be a trap for economic development. The characteristics of most discussed entrepreneurial abilities only support entrepreneurial action, and with it economic development, on a small scale. Due to animistically influenced concepts of the genesis of wealth and affluence, any internal locus of control is clearly diminished. There is a desire for harmony rather than for autonomy. There is aloofness when it comes to solving problems. The ability to anticipate future chances is unincisive. Innovations can hardly be accomplished as they are in conflict with the father's generation and tradition. Newly emerging opportunities triggered by the contact to the foreign cultural environment are not used very much. Evidence from the Dani area shows that the mere existence of marketing opportunities does not automatically lead to more market orientation. Innovations are adopted very selectively in order to complete or secure the own culture. There is rather a consumptive tendency concerning the ability to defer need gratification. Authoritarianism as well as the need for affiliation and recognition are very pronounced. A prestige economy prevails which is hardly aimed at economic development. The success motive (hope of success as part of the achievement motive) exists only on a small scale in all three of the research areas. But significant results for the Maibrat and Kemtuk area confirm the central role the success motive plays in economic development. Different cultural elements, as for example polygyny, hinder the development of the achievement motive of individuals. Entrepreneurs barely enjoy prestige and appreciation in society. Regarding the ability of the research areas for economic development, a drastic economic development can hardly be expected.

Hampir 70% wilayah Indonesia adalah wilayah perairan. Indonesia menyimpan potensi kekayaan sumber daya kelautan yang masih belum dieksplorasi dan dieksploitasi secara optimal, bahkan sebagian belum diketahui potensi yang sebenarnya. Hal ini mendasari akan pentingnya informasi spasial di wilayah perairan Indonesia. Fenomena naik atau turunnya permukaan laut atau SLA (Sea Level Anomaly) merupakan hal yang sering mengemuka dengan perubahan gerak relatif dari materi suatu planet, bintang, dan benda-benda angkasa lainnya yang diakibatkan aksi tarik menarik atau yang sering disebut dengan pasang surut. Saat ini telah dikembangkan sistem satelit altimetri Jason-1 yang mempunyai obyek penelitian mengamati pasang surut. Pengolahan data biner dari satelit altimetri Jason-1 dilakukan dengan menggunakan beberapa tahapan, yaitu : konversi data, pembentukan grid, dan pemodelan serta analisa trend pasang surut. Pemantauan SLA beserta trend dan analisa pasang surut dilakukan setiap cycle dalam kurun waktu empat tahun (2008-2011).Hasil pemantauan SLA (Sea Level Anomaly) dengan menggunakan data satelit altimetri Jason-1 mulai dari tahun 2008 sampai 2011 diperoleh terjadinya trend pasang tertinggi dan surut terendah di wilayah perairan Indonesia. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa nilai pasang tertinggi pada tahun 2008 terjadi pada cycle 236 yaitu sebesar 1,9982 m di Laut Arafuru dan nilai surut terendah terjadi pada cycle 236 yaitu sebesar -3,6954 m di Laut Arafuru. Nilai pasang tertinggi pada tahun 2009 terjadi pada cycle 290 sebesar 1,9325 m di Laut Arafuru dan nilai surut terendah terjadi pada cycle 258 sebesar -3,309 m di Laut Arafuru. Nilai pasang tertinggi pada tahun 2010 terjadi pada cycle 308 sebesar 2,1511 m di Laut Arafuru dan nilai surut terendah terjadi pada cycle 297 sebesar -2,8303 m. Nilai pasang tertinggi pada tahun 2011 terjadi pada cycle 345 sebesar 1,8402 m di Laut Arafuru dan nilai surut terendah terjadi pada cycle 348 sebesar -3,57 m. Dalam waktu empat tahun, wilayah perairan Indonesia yang mengalami nilai pasang tertinggi dan surut terendah yaitu di Laut Arafuru.

Background DNA methylation is an epigenetic event that adds a methyl-group to the 5’ cytosine. This epigenetic modification can significantly affect gene expression in both normal and diseased cells. Hence, it is important to study methylation signals at the single cytosine site level, which is now possible utilizing bisulfite conversion technique (i.e., converting unmethylated Cs to Us and then to Ts after PCR amplification) and next generation sequencing (NGS) technologies. Despite the advances of NGS technologies, certain quality issues remain. Some of the more prevalent quality issues involve low per-base sequencing quality at the 3’ end, PCR amplification bias, and bisulfite conversion rates. Therefore, it is important to conduct quality assessment before downstream analysis. To the best of our knowledge, no existing software packages can generally assess the quality of methylation sequencing data generated based on different bisulfite-treated protocols. Results To conduct the quality assessment of bisulfite methylation sequencing data, we have developed a pipeline named MethyQA. MethyQA combines currently available open-source software packages with our own custom programs written in Perl and R. The pipeline can provide quality assessment results for tens of millions of reads in under an hour. The novelty of our pipeline lies in its examination of bisulfite conversion rates and of the DNA sequence structure of regions that have different conversion rates or coverage. Conclusions MethyQA is a new software package that provides users with a unique insight into the methylation sequencing data they are researching. It allows the users to determine the quality of their data and better prepares them to address the research questions that lie ahead. Due to the speed and efficiency at which MethyQA operates, it will become an important tool for studies dealing with bisulfite methylation sequencing data.