Search

UIDB/04097/2020 UIDP/04097/2020 It is no coincidence that Marx, in the Grundrisse, spoke of money as a system of translation, while Saussure, in his Cours de linguistique générale, describes translation in terms taken from the political economy (Liu, 1999). Both are systems of exchange based on a concept of universal equivalence in which the exchange value attributed to the token (the coin or verbal sign) is unrelated to the inherent value of the material carrier. This has not always been the case, of course. Historically, coins and then paper money developed from the use as currency of intrinsically valuable commodities such as gold, while in semiotics, the conventional symbol evolved out of the motivated sign or icon. This paper traces the rise and demise of the universal equivalent in both translation and economics, and discusses the implications of the move back to an embedded and embodied understanding of meaning/value, with particularly attention to the ecological framework proposed by Michael Cronin (2017). publishersversion published

Presentation19341

UID/ELT/04097/2019 When Richard Strauss saw Oscar Wilde’s play Salome in Max Reinhardt’s 1901 production, he felt that it “cried out for music”. Indeed, the insistent repetition of dramatic phraesincantatory dialogue, fashionable orientalism and stark emotional contrasts all lent themselves very well to iconic representation through music, as became abundantly clear in Strauss’ famous opera, first performed in 1905. This paper examines the various semiotic resources that Strauss used to effectively “translate” Wilde’s play into music. They include an exploitation of the possibilities for signification inherent in musical genre, traditional tonality and operatic convention, as well as the use of Wagnerian leitmotif and musical quotation. The result is a musical portrait of world teetering on the brink of moral bankruptcy – an effective rendering of Wilde’s fin-de-siècle spirit, which also offers a subtle comment upon Strauss’ own times. publishersversion published

UID/ELT/04097/2019 publishersversion published

ObjectiveMedication administration errors (MAEs) are a common risk to patient safety in mental health hospitals, but an absence of in-depth studies to understand the underlying causes of these errors limits the development of effective remedial interventions. This study aimed to investigate the causes of MAEs affecting inpatients in a mental health National Health Service (NHS) hospital in the North West of England.MethodsRegistered and student mental health nurses working in inpatient psychiatric units were identified using a combination of direct advertisement and incident reports and invited to participate in semi-structured interviews utilising the critical incident technique. Interviews were designed to capture the participants’ experiences of inpatient MAEs. All interviews were transcribed verbatim and subject to framework analysis to illuminate the underlying active failures, error/violation-provoking conditions and latent failures according to Reason’s model of accident causation.ResultsA total of 20 participants described 26 MAEs (including 5 near misses) during the interviews. The majority of MAEs were skill-based slips and lapses (n = 16) or mistakes (n = 5), and were caused by a variety of interconnecting error/violation-provoking conditions relating to the patient, medicines used, medicines administration task, health care team, individual nurse and working environment. Some of these local conditions had origins in wider organisational latent failures. Recurrent and influential themes included inadequate staffing levels, unbalanced staff skill mix, interruptions/distractions, concerns with how the medicines administration task was approached and problems with communication.ConclusionsTo our knowledge this is the first published in-depth qualitative study to investigate the underlying causes of specific MAEs in a mental health hospital. Our findings revealed that MAEs may arise due to multiple interacting error and violation provoking conditions and latent ‘system’ failures, which emphasises the complexity of this everyday task facing practitioners in clinical practice. Future research should focus on developing and testing interventions which address key local and wider organisational ‘systems’ failures to reduce error.

This commentary statement accompanies the research outputs (listed in Annex 1) submitted for the award of Ph.D. by Prior Output at London Metropolitan University. The commentary describes the genesis of the work presented, and brings coherence and context to the submission. The nine outputs in the submission (Outputs A – I) address the nature of approaches to interventions for the protection of human rights defenders. My premise holds that mobilising human rights-based approaches to interventions for the protection of human rights defenders in countries with oppressive regimes has significant potential for altering the nature and practice of human rights defence, improving security for human rights defenders, and impacting human rights implementation.\ud \ud This submission presents an original contribution of research work conducted over an eight year period (2009 – 2016). Situated in the academic discourse, there are three distinct strands within the research submission, each strand contributing to a coherent body of work. The first strand is concerned with the effective implementation of the European Union Guidelines on Human Rights Defenders; the second strand is concerned with the development of a research agenda engaging practitioners and academics in multiple research activities investigating the human rights defender protection regime; and the third strand is concerned with enabling environments for human rights defenders through projects in Central Asia and Darfur, Sudan.\ud \ud The work is derived from an agentic constructivist and human rights-based approach perspective. Through incorporating multiple, and also innovative methodologies, the research activities investigate defender protection situated in subjective meanings and multiple contexts, and the three strands of work together capture the eclectic perspectives of both the enablers of defenders, and defenders themselves. In this way the submission articulates pathways for a research agenda that informs and reveals problems in intervention approaches, encompassing local, regional and international engagement and support to human rights defenders.\ud \ud The commentary and the research outputs consider approaches of social and political mechanisms necessary for the mobilisation of improved security in defender communities, studied in multiple regions of the world to advance empirical knowledge and normative argument. The work contributes to academic rigour and scholarship in the fields of human rights and international relations, and also other social science fields, including sociology, social policy, politics, law, international development and security and conflict studies.

UID/ELT/04097/2013 A survey of the many English academic style manuals on the market (Bennett 2009) has shown a remarkable consistency across disciplines and genres as to the qualities required in English Academic Discourse. These include characteristics such as clarity, economy and precision; an emphasis upon rational argument supported by evidence, with an avoidance of ‘dubious' persuasive techniques; and a general restraint with regards to claims made. This contrasts sharply with the traditional scholarly discourse of the Romance cultures (Portuguese, Spanish, Italian, French and Romanian), which is characterised by a taste for ‘copiousness’, manifested by a wordiness and redundancy; a preference for a high-flown erudite register (including complex syntax, lexical abstraction, etc); a propensity for indirectness (the main idea is often embedded, deferred or adorned at all ranks); and the extensive use of figurative language and other forms of subjectivity. This paper looks in more detail at these differences from the point of view of the translator, editor, writing instructor or non-native English speaker (NNES) author. A contrastive approach is used to suggest ways in which some of the more intransigent problems might be overcome in practice, stimulating discussion about the ethical, ideological and identity issues involved in radical domestication. publishersversion published

UID/ELT/04097/2013 English Academic Discourse has always presented itself as a neutral vehicle of objective fact. Through the use of clearly defined terms and straightforward syntax, and the studied avoidance of forms of overt manipulation of the reader, it claims to offer a transparent window onto some pre-existing external reality. Today, however, most linguists agree that objectivity is a linguistic construct, achieved by the systematic use of grammatical forms such as nominalizations and the passive voice which mask human agency. Similarly, it is now generally understood that even the most positivistic science texts contain a certain amount of rhetorical manoeuvring designed to convince the reader of the truth value and utility of the claims made. This paper draws upon a range of linguistic, historical and philosophical sources to question this discourse’s status as the hegemonic vehicle of knowledge in the modern world. publishersversion published

With the entry into force of the Lisbon Treaty and the formation of the European Action Service, human rights defenders (HRDs) have received renewed attention in EU external relations. In June 2012 the EU launched its Strategic Framework and Action Plan on Human Rights and Democracy including some bench-marked actions to take on behalf of HRDs and calling on EU Delegations and EU Member States missions to prepare human rights country strategies (HRCS) and to update the strategies annually. The 2008 revised European Union Guidelines on Human Rights Defenders (the Guidelines) provide a number of important recommendations for the EU and its Member State missions which have resulted in many good practice actions toward support and protection of HRDs. This study investigates the effective implementation of the Guidelines in Kyrgyzstan, Thailand and Tunisia, primarily from the viewpoints of diplomats and HRDs, with focus on the latter. Findings of this study suggest effective implementation of the Guidelines is uneven across European missions and there needs to be a joining up of the Guidelines’ recommendations with the new HRCS process. Recommendations to the EU and the European Parliament include mainstreaming knowledge of the Guidelines throughout EU sections and missions, taking a more considered approach to engagement with HRDs to create enabling human rights environments and ensuring attention to the most vulnerable HRDs.

The notion of the “in-between” has become a common trope in the work of many translation studies scholars in recent decades. However, in 2003, Maria Tymoczko famously took issue with the term, claiming not only that the concept is incompatible with a systems view of languages and cultures, but also that it subscribes to a Romantic notion of the translator as a “déclassé and alienated intellectual” and to a Platonic conception of meaning. This article suggests that Tymoczko has construed the term somewhat differently from the authors she quotes, and that this miscomprehension has arisen from her own embedment in a philosophical culture grounded in empiricism and linguistic realism. Returning to the term’s sources in poststructuralist thought, I argue that the “in-between” should instead be understood on the symbolic level of discourse, which enables it to become a vehicle for a profoundly un-Platonic form of political engagement. publishersversion published

The specific objectives of the Conference were to identify current security risks faced by HRDs and review current protection mechanisms in place; to assess existing gaps and develop common strategies to improve HRD protection; and, to agree on best practice suggestions for implementing more effectively the revised EU Guidelines for the Protection of Human Rights Defenders.\ud \ud This report will draw together common threads of discussion from both days, along the following themes: the implementation of the European Union Guidelines on Human Rights Defenders; awareness of other institutional efforts and mechanisms; sharing and building on other good practice examples highlighted during the Conference; threats and challenges relating to HRD protection; gaps in responses and recommendations.

Tese de doutoramento em Estudos da Cultura (Estudos de Tradução), apresentada à Universidade de Lisboa através da Faculdade de Letras, 2009 Nível de preservação: critical, Criado em: 2010-01-14 11:23:16, Criado por: super:MARTA, Alterado em: 2010-01-14 11:29:37, Modificado por: super:MARTA Made available in DSpace on 2010-06-22T09:24:06Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 6 20794_ulsd055469_tese.pdf: 1987976 bytes, checksum: bf45d3e30a5d4644cbd83aa2f1a9831d (MD5) 20795_ulsd055469_AppendixA.pdf: 480475 bytes, checksum: 6a250cb21c9ce74be5c6f25a6528b676 (MD5) 20796_ulsd055469_AppendixB.pdf: 435693 bytes, checksum: e2edb6224d13bd679688a5661b58da86 (MD5) 20797_ulsd055469_AppendixC.pdf: 413727 bytes, checksum: 8bdefc93e1056809e427a0e023d0ed71 (MD5) 20798_ulsd055469_AppendixD.pdf: 193079 bytes, checksum: 57f543b81161e12ac9753e167c224181 (MD5) 20793.xml: 3421 bytes, checksum: 35c37021753d209aa14b5f69e5680987 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008

1. Millions of shorebirds migrate each year through a small number of highly productive staging areas where they often conflict with fisheries interests. Delaware Bay, USA, is a major shorebird stopover site where, in spring, many thousands of shorebirds undergo rapid mass gain by feeding on the eggs of commercially harvested horseshoe crabs Limulus polyphemus. 2. Environmental factors may cause deviations from the best migration schedule. We used within-year mass gain data from red knot Calidris canutus caught in Delaware Bay between 1998 and 2005 to determine the degree of flexibility individuals have to vary migration speed. 3. Mass gain by birds below 133 g was shown to comprise 15.3% fat (39 kJ g(-1)), the remainder being lean mass (6 kJ g(-1)). Above this critical level, fat comprised 83.9% of mass deposition. The rates of energy deposition (kJ d(-1)) were therefore fundamentally different between the two states but were among the highest ever recorded among vertebrates (5-7 x basic metabolic rate). 4. A total of 36-62% of the variation in observed rates of energy deposition between 1998 and 2002 was explained by a year factor, date and mass at initial capture and interaction terms, such that light-weight birds at the end of May had rates of mass gain or energy deposition two to three times higher than birds of similar mass in mid-May, indicating that birds were attempting to achieve a certain mass by a certain date. In 2003 and 2005, this relationship broke down as a result of lower densities of eggs. 5. Synthesis and application. The maintenance of high densities of crab eggs required for high rates of mass gain in red knot requires severe cuts in, or the complete cessation of, the crab harvest, reduced human and raptor-related disturbance as well as management of beaches to provide sufficient crab-spawning habitat. These findings are widely applicable to other systems where harvesting activities come into conflict with migrating animals and show that certain sections of the population, in this case the long-distance migrants from South America, will be impacted more than short-distance migrants whose physiology may give them access to altto alternative food resources.

Book reeview of: Humanitarian aid work: a critical approach / by Carlos Beristain

Submitted by Karen Bennett (karenbennett@fl.ul.pt) on 2012-03-27T20:30:25Z No. of bitstreams: 1 R&J CQ Postprint.pdf: 224920 bytes, checksum: 3e90fdd9d0af1f8e45cfe19781b7140e (MD5) Made available in DSpace on 2012-04-03T10:34:00Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 R&J CQ Postprint.pdf: 224920 bytes, checksum: 3e90fdd9d0af1f8e45cfe19781b7140e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2003

Transporting the passionate instinctual world of rural Andalusia onto the cold rational terrain of modern-day England would seem to be a feat fraught with difficulties. The ‘conceptual grid’ is so different, that we might expect most of the symbolic depth and intensity of the play to be lost. Yet, in recent years, there has been a massive interest in Lorca’s works, and in this play in particular, with numerous translations and productions. How can we account for this? Does the tale of a blood feud in Andalusia really have something to say to a British audience, or is Lorca’s work being appropriated to serve some other purpose on the home agenda? And above all, what happens to the duende - that ‘mysterious power which everyone senses and no philosopher explains’ - in a society where the dark forces of nature have been almost entirely tamed by the Apollonian power of human reason?

Máthesis, n. 10 (2001)

Submitted by Elisabeth Figueiredo (efigueiredo@crb.ucp.pt) on 2012-08-27T10:31:36Z No. of bitstreams: 1 mathesis10_103.pdf: 77342 bytes, checksum: b820ad0d19909bbde28e58d65491ab3c (MD5) Made available in DSpace on 2012-09-06T16:25:33Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 mathesis10_103.pdf: 77342 bytes, checksum: b820ad0d19909bbde28e58d65491ab3c (MD5) Previous issue date: 2001

Pronounced opsonic activity has been demonstrated in the coelomic fluid of the Oligochaete Eisenia foetida. This humoral factor enhances the uptake of particles by Eisenia phagocytes by 94% in the case of S. cerevisiae. 31.5% inE.coli and by 34.6% in B.megaterium.In order to determine whether agglutinin molecules are responsible for this activity, the 20,000D haemagglutinin was purified. This agglutinin was found to be heat sensitive, (15 min at 60°C destroying activity completely), partially dependent on calcium ions and with an optimal pH range of 5-8. The agglutinin was found to be active towards a range of vertebrate erythrocytes and various fungal and bacterial cells but is not responsible for opsonic activity.Polyclonal antibodies to this purified agglutinin were raised in rabbits and used in immunocytochemical studies to determine the source of this molecule.It was found that the cell membranes of Eisenia phagocytes bear agglutinin or agglutinin like molecules and their possible roles in internal defence mechanisms is discussed.Eisenia coelomocytes were found to release agglutinins in vitro though the site of synthesis of these molecules is yet to be established.

This is a report of an international academic research workshop held at the University of York, as preparatory for a Special Issue publication in the Journal of Human Rights Practice which is to practitioners, scholars and human rights defenders (HRDs) building on research collaboration working together to make a significant contribution to knowledge and practice concerning HRDs at risk. In developing this Special Issue, the 3-day Research Workshop in York in May 2013 has two aims: 1) To provide feedback as a peer group to each author's draft paper for the Special Issue; and 2) To develop ideas for future research that can inform practice on protection of human rights defenders. This report has two sections: Section one is a report of the main points during the presentation of papers and the discussions that followed. Section two is a write-up of the second half of the research workshop where participants reflected collectively on key themes in HRD protection and identified potential new research initiatives and approaches to building knowledge and sharing learning.

Despite its importance, up to this day there are not many books or articles fully dedicated to the evolution of translation in the United States or the work of American translators: A gap remains to be filled in regard to what we know about these agents and the context in which they worked. In this way, the goal of this thesis is twofold: On the one hand and more broadly, it attempts to contribute to the study of the history of translation in the United States by looking at the late 19th century; on the other hand, and this being the main focus of the thesis, it provides an illustrative example through the analysis of the works of Edgar Saltus. When combining the two perspectives, a common trait arises: the study of the (in)visibility of the translator. As will be analysed, throughout the 19th century a domesticating approach to translation was exercised in the United States, which would lead translators to follow ongoing norms, either consciously or as a result of certain rules set by another agent: publishers. As a consequence, this culminated in the former’s invisibility, much like what happened to Edgar Saltus, whose translations on the whole follow the zeitgeist of the times when it comes, for instance, to the American admiration for everything French, the desire to keep a certain distance from England, and the application of the plain style and exact term. This thesis therefore poses the following question: To what extent is Edgar Saltus invisible in his translations and how does the analysis of his work help contribute to the study of the (in)visibility of the translator in late 19th-century United States? The attempt to answer this question will hopefully provide new information on a subject that has not received the attention it deserves. Apesar da sua importância, até aos dias de hoje não existem muitos livros ou artigos científicos que se dediquem completamente à evolução da tradução nos Estados Unidos ou ao trabalho dos tradutores norte-americanos: Há, portanto, lacunas a preencher no que diz respeito ao que sabemos sobre estes agentes e o contexto no qual trabalhavam. Neste sentido, a presente dissertação tem dois objetivos: Por um lado e de forma mais ampla, pretende contribuir para o estudo da história da tradução nos Estados Unidos ao observar o final do século XIX; por outro, e sendo este o enfoque da dissertação, é providenciado um exemplo ilustrativo através da análise dos trabalhos de Edgar Saltus. Ao combinar as duas vertentes, um aspeto em comum surge: o estudo da (in)visibilidade do tradutor. Como irá ser analisado, ao longo do século XIX uma abordagem domesticadora na prática da tradução era exercida nos Estados Unidos, o que levava os tradutores a seguir normas em vigor, quer de forma consciente ou como resultado de certas regras impostas por outro agente: as editoras. Consequentemente, tal levava à invisibilidade do tradutor, o que foi o que aconteceu com Edgar Saltus, cujas traduções de modo geral seguiam o zeitgeist dos tempos no que toca, por exemplo, à admiração norte-americana por tudo o que era Francês, ao desejo de manter uma certa distância de Inglaterra, e à aplicação do plain style e termo exato. Esta dissertação coloca então a seguinte questão: Até que ponto é Edgar Saltus invisível nas suas traduções e como é que a análise do seu trabalho ajuda a contribuir para o estudo da (in)visibilidade do tradutor no final do século XIX nos Estados Unidos? A tentativa de dar resposta a esta questão irá, espero, dar a conhecer nova informação sobre uma temática que não tem recebido a merecida atenção.

Du Fu foi um grande poeta realista da dinastia chinesa de Tang (618 d. C. - 907 d. C.), sendo posteriormente considerado como o “Santo da Poesia” (诗圣 ). Graças a um crescente intercâmbio cultural entre a China e Portugal, foi publicada em 2017 a primeira grande antologia de Poemas de Du Fu em língua portuguesa. Importa salientar que o seu tradutor, António Graça de Abreu, não traduziu de imediato do chinês, consultando traduções em outras línguas, tais como o inglês, o francês, o alemão e o castelhano, bem como outras traduções portuguesas. Neste caso, como classificar esta tradução? É uma tradução indirecta ou uma retradução? Para compreender melhor este caso complexo no âmbito dos Estudos de Tradução, neste trabalho, procurou-se examinar primeiro a indirectude a nível paratextual e, de seguida, seleccionar seis poemas para construir um corpus bilingue, com vista a analisar como as traduções intermediárias se evidenciam nas traduções de António Graça de Abreu. O objectivo final deste trabalho é reavaliar a definição de tradução indirecta, bem como explorar a relação entre Retradução e Tradução Indirecta. Du Fu was a great realist poet of the Chinese Tang dynasty (618 AD - 907 AD), who was regarded as the “Saint of Poetry” (诗圣 ). Owing to a growing cultural exchange between China and Portugal, the first anthology of Du Fu's Poems in the Portuguese language was published in 2017. It should be noted that its translator, António Graça de Abreu, not only completed this work from the original Chinese text, but also consulted translations in other languages such as English. French, German and Spanish, as well as other Portuguese translations. In this case, how to classify this translation? Is it an indirect translation or a retranslation? In order to understand better this complex case in Translation Studies, this paper first sought to examine indirectness at the paratextual level and then to select six poems to build a bilingual corpus to analyse how those intermediate translations are evidenced in António Graça de Abreu’s final product. The final aim of this paper is to reassess the definition of indirect translation, as well as to explore the relationship between retranslation and indirect translation.

O presente relatório de estágio descreve o estágio curricular efetuado na empresa Sintagma Traduções. O estágio teve como objetivo traduzir e legendar diversos projetos durante aproximadamente três meses. O estágio proporcionou uma oportunidade ao mestrando para adquirir novas competências e noções relacionadas com o mercado de tradução e legendagem profissional. Este relatório tem como objetivo debruçar-se sobre os problemas inerentes na tradução e legendagem de conteúdo audiovisual e apresentar possíveis estratégias e soluções através de alguns exemplos de projetos realizados durante o estágio. Será ainda realizada uma reflexão sobre a tradução audiovisual enquanto disciplina e a importância da legendagem dentro desta área. This report will describe the curricular internship done in Sintagma Traduções. The internship involved a plethora of translation, subtitling and transcription projects for approximately three months. With the internship the student was able to acquire and expand new skills and notions regarding the professional area and market of subtitling. This report will also discuss the problems that arose with the translation and subtitling of audiovisual content and will present possible responses and strategies by using specific examples from the internship projects. Furthermore, it will also reflect upon the state of audiovisual translation and how important subtitling is within this field of translation.

Este trabalho tem por objetivo traduzir o texto e refletir acerca das dificuldades encontradas, à luz de teorias de tradução atuais, em Ciclone: Diário de uma Montanha-Russa – livro infantil ilustrado, publicado pela editora Orfeu Negro. Trata-se de um livro ilustrado, cujo conteúdo semântico é transmitido tanto pelo texto quanto pelas palavras. Passando também pela análise dos diversos aspetos que definem e enquadram este livro dentro de um ou mais géneros literários específicos, tiveram-se em consideração vários pontos de vista de vários autores e tradutores. A relação complexa e heterogénea do texto de partida e do texto de chegada é alvo de escrutínio, explicado, assim, o porquê da maneira adotada de se passar uma determinada mensagem, que provém de contexto português, a um público-alvo estrangeiro, de língua inglesa materna ou não. The objective of this work is to translate the text and reflect upon the difficulties encountered, in the light of the current translation theories, in Cyclone: Diary of a Roller Coaster – a children’s book, published by Orfeu Negro. It is a picture book in which the semantic content is carried as much by the text, as by the words. In order to analyse the various aspects which define and frame this book within one or more specific literary genres, viewpoints of various authors and translators were taken into account. The complex and heterogeneous relationship between source text and target text and source audience and target audience is placed under scrutiny, using analytic tools to unravel this duality of realities and explain the adopted way to convey a given message that comes from Portuguese context, to a foreign target audience, whose mother tongue may or may not be the English.

O presente relatório descreve o estágio de tradução de 400 horas como componente não letiva do Mestrado em Tradução no serviço de tradução da Assembleia da República. O estágio teve como principal objetivo a aplicação das competências em tradução desenvolvidas pelo estagiário durante o Mestrado em Tradução, além de compreender a problemática da retroversão de textos de cariz jurídico-políticos praticada na Assembleia da República por falantes não nativos através do inglês como Língua Franca. Procurou-se compreender as condições nas quais um tradutor não nativo pode traduzir para uma língua não materna e as estratégias adotadas com base no contexto do estágio no serviço de tradução da Assembleia da República. This report describes the 400-hour translation internship for the non-academic component of the Masters in Translation at the translation unit of the Assembly of the Republic. It describes how translation competences developed during the Masters in Translation were implemented in this specific context, focusing on the translation of legal and political texts by non-native speakers through English as Lingua Franca. It aims to understand the conditions in which the non-native translator is able to translate onto one language other than their mother tongue and the adopted strategies within the context of the internship at the translation department of the Assembly of the Republic.

O presente relatório descreve a experiência de estágio de 400 horas na empresa de tradução ONOMA – Gabinete de Traduções, Lda., realizado no âmbito da componente não letiva do Mestrado, e que permitiu pôr em prática os conhecimentos adquiridos durante este ciclo. Propôs-se como principal objetivo a elaboração de um guia de estilo para a ONOMA, no intuito de uniformizar a escrita da empresa, dar solução a problemas comuns e fazer transparecer alguma da marca da empresa nos projetos. Numa primeira parte, é apresentado o processo de tradução na empresa, bem como as tarefas desempenhadas e os problemas que surgiram. Na segunda parte, caracteriza-se tradução enquanto serviço e confrontam-se algumas definições de qualidade, com vista a determinar o potencial contributo do guia de estilo nos processos de qualidade na tradução profissional. Na terceira parte, descreve-se o processo de elaboração do guia de estilo e analisam-se os seus capítulos. O guia de estilo apresenta-se como um documento de referência para tradutores e revisores, contendo preferências, recomendações e requisitos linguísticos a cumprir para garantir a qualidade das traduções. O desenvolvimento do guia de estilo da ONOMA teve por base guias de estilo institucionais como o da Microsoft, do Centro de Informação Europeia Jacques Delors, o Guia do Tradutor da Comissão Europeia e o guia de estilo do jornal Público, a experiência e sugestões dos colegas da ONOMA, e também a própria experiência da estagiária ao longo da componente não letiva. This report describes the experience of a 400-hour internship in the translation agency ONOMA – Gabinete de Traduções, Lda., which took place in the second semester of the Master’s programme, and which allowed me to put into practice the skills acquired throughout this course. The main objective proposed was the creation of a style guide for ONOMA, with the aim of standardizing the company’s written style, providing solutions to common problems and leaving the agency’s mark on its projects. In the first part of the report, the translation process in the agency is presented, along with the tasks performed and the problems which resulted from them. In the second part, I characterize translation as a service and set some definitions of quality against each other, in order to determine the potential contribution of a style guide in the quality processes of professional translation. In the third part, the process of creation of the style guide is described and its chapters analyzed. The style guide serves as a reference document for translators and revisers, containing preferences, recommendations and linguistic requirements to be met in order to assure the quality of translations. The development of a style guide for ONOMA is based on institutional style guides such as those of Microsoft, Centro de Informação Europeia Jacques Delors, the Portuguese Style Guide of the European Commission and the style guide of the Público newspaper, the experience of my colleagues in ONOMA, as well as the experience I acquired throughout the internship.

Faz parte deste trabalho um anexo que só pode ser consultado presencialmente por motivos de D.A. Este trabalho tem por objetivo apresentar uma tradução do livro Philosophy Of Science: A Very Short Introduction , de Samir Okasha, baseada na teoria skopos, de Vermeer, e tendo em vista a publicação da mesma por uma editora portuguesa. Nesse intuito, principiará com um texto introdutório, onde será dada uma explicação mais detalhada sobre as suas razões e conteúdos, seguido por uma breve abordagem à filosofia da ciência e por um enquadramento teórico, no qual se abordará a teoria e estratégia de tradução adoptada. Seguir-se-á a proposta de tradução, que constitui o núcleo deste trabalho e que, por isso, ocupará a maior parte do mesmo. Abordar-se-ão igualmente alguns dos problemas terminológicos e gramaticais mais relevantes na execução da tradução, e, finalmente, haverá lugar a uma conclusão, com considerações sobre a experiência de tradução desta obra e sobre como os tradutores podem ter um papel decisivo na conservação da identidade linguística da sua própria língua face à crescente influência de uma outra língua This project presents a translation of Samir Okasha’s book Philosophy Of Science: A Very Short Introduction using Vermeer’s Skopos theory and with a view to getting it released by a Portuguese publisher. It begins with an introductory text, which explains more comprehensively the reasons and contents of the project, followed by a brief summary of philosophy of science and description of the theoretical framework used in the translation. Then comes the translation, which represents the core of the project and thus takes up the biggest part of it, followed by a commentary addressing terminological and grammar issues encountered. Finally, the conclusion focuses on the experience of translating such book and points out how translators can play a decisive part in protecting their own language identity when another one starts to acquire a dominant influence over it.

The Croatian language community during the Middle Ages and the Early Modern period was essentially multilingual. In addition to Latin, which served as lingua franca, different types of Slavic literary languages were being used depending on the text type. Triglossia is nowadays a commonly used term to describe the Croatian language situation from the 14th to the 16th centuries. Croatian Church Slavonic remained the most prestigious type of literary language until the 16th century, when its high status finally collapsed and it lost the competition with Croatian vernaculars. It is during this century that we witness the coexistence of several different concepts of literary language in the religious texts as the most conservative genre. In this paper, we will present the historical and linguistic context of Croatian Bible translations from the late 15th and 16th centuries. Following Gianfranco Folena’s distinction between horizontal and vertical translation, we will propose a more appropriate theoretical framework for outlining the complex Croatian sociolinguistic situation in the Early Modern period, as well as for describing the intriguing interplay and translation practices not only between different languages, but also between different Croatian language varieties and writing systems.

O presente relatório tem como objetivo explorar o mercado de traduções na área da indústria automóvel, a qual, nos dias que correm, representa um campo de especialização de grande importância para a tradução técnica. Trata-­‐se de uma indústria enorme, bem cimentada, e que toma contacto com a maioria dos países do mundo; o referente material textual que circula está, maioritariamente, escrito em Inglês, e faz com que os serviços de tradução sejam muito procurados. É neste sentido que se desenvolve o relatório — numa primeira parte irá dar a conhecer de forma abrangente o funcionamento do mercado e, numa segunda parte, as dificuldades inerentes à tradução automóvel do inglês para o espanhol. Procurará ainda demonstrar que a área da tradução técnica pode ser tão desafiante e multifacetada como as outras áreas dos estudos de tradução e, através da descrição de situações problemáticas que os tradutores enfrentam nesta área, irá propor sugestões no sentido de melhorar a performance do tradutor técnico. This report will explore the market for translations in the automotive industry, a major area of specialization within technical translation these days. It is an enormous and well-­‐ established industry, which comes into contact with people in every country and for that reason, all the material that circulates mainly in English needs to be translated and localized for different countries, resulting in a huge demand for translation services. One of the aims of this report is to give an overview of this market and then to specifically explore some of the difficulties inherent in the translation from English into Spanish. Furthermore, this work will also seek to demonstrate that technical translation can be as challenging and multifaceted as other fields of study within Translation Studies, and by describing some of the most problematic situations that translators encounter in this field, certain aspects will be proposed in order to improve their overall performance. This report will explore the market for translations in the automotive industry, a major area of specialization within technical translation these days. It is an enormous and wellestablished industry, which comes into contact with people in every country and for that reason, all the material that circulates mainly in English needs to be translated and localized for different countries, resulting in a huge demand for translation services. One of the aims of this report is to give an overview of this market and then to specifically explore some of the difficulties inherent in the translation from English into Spanish. Furthermore, this work will also seek to demonstrate that technical translation can be as challenging and multifaceted as other fields of study within Translation Studies, and by describing some of the most problematic situations that translators encounter in this field, certain aspects will be proposed in order to improve their overall performance.

Este trabalho de projeto enquadra-se no âmbito do ano não curricular do Mestrado de Tradução. Sob o título, Popular Science: traduzindo psicologia para revistas portuguesas, o trabalho visa a efetuar traduções de artigos da área de psicologia da língua inglesa para a língua portuguesa. É um exercício de treino e uma forma de ganhar experiência nesta área do mercado de tradução. Os objetivos principais do projeto são demonstrar a capacidade de tradução na área da psicologia, mais especificamente no campo dos textos de divulgação científica; demonstrar que tipos de dificuldades podem surgir neste tipo de tradução e como as ultrapassar e tentar verificar se seria possível publicar as traduções efetuadas em revistas de divulgação científica portuguesa tais como a revista Super Interessante e a revista Sábado. O trabalho de projeto encontra-se organizado em quatro secções. A primeira secção está dividida em dois pontos começando por introduzir o trabalho, seguindo para uma contextualização do mesmo e por fim fala da estratégia de tradução. A segunda secção está subdividida em três pontos, correspondendo cada um deles a um texto traduzido. A terceira secção é o comentário à tradução e tem três subtópicos. O primeiro subtópico fala da terminologia técnica/ científica, o segundo fala do registo e divide-se em três pontos e o terceiro trata de problemas específicos. A última secção é onde se conclui o trabalho.

This project aims to focus on the identification of the interaction between scientific translation and English as a Lingua Franca (ELF), and on the role of non-native English translators in this area. The project is divided into two main sections, a practical part, consisting of the translation of texts related to the field of science, and a commentary dedicated to the analysis and contextualisation of the translations and a theoretical reflection on some of the issues arising from them. All the texts translated belong to the area of medicine, but present different characteristics, depending on their textual genre. The translation was undertaken in accordance with functionalist theories and is mainly focused on the target text, its context and purposes. Emphasis is placed on the analysis of the phenomenon of English as a Lingua Franca in the academic and translation context, with the aim of defining the peculiarities and innovations it has introduced to the international community, and support the claim that nowadays non-native English speakers (NNES) can be fully proficient translators and take part in the technical and scientific translation market O presente Trabalho de Projecto pretende focar-se na interação entre a tradução científica e o inglês como língua franca (English as a Lingua Franca ou ELF), e no papel dos tradutores não nativos neste âmbito. O Trabalho encontra-se dividido em duas secções principais, uma secção prática de tradução de textos relacionados à área científica, e um comentário teórico de análise e contextualização. Todos os textos traduzidos pertencem à area de medicina, mas apresentam caraterísticas diferentes dependendo do genro textual deles. A análise é baseada nas teorias funcionalistas e maioritariamente focada no texto de chegada, no seu contexto e nos seus objectivos. Dedica-se uma atenção especial à análise do fenomeno do Inglês como Lingua Franca no contexto académico e tradutório, com o objectivo de definir as peculiaridades e as inovações por ele introduzidas na comunidade internacional, e de apoiar a alegação de que os tradutores não nativos de Inglês têm hoje em dia as qualidades necessárias para fazer parte do mercado de tradução técnica e científica

Em face da globalização, a gestão da terminologia, enquanto conjunto de termos de uma determinada área do saber, é uma questão emergente, à medida que a tradução de textos especializados ganha peso e relevância na quantidade total de textos traduzidos em todo o mundo. Este relatório tem por objetivo analisar qual a diferença entre palavra e termo, quem fixa a terminologia utilizada em áreas específicas, quais as entidades responsáveis pela estandardização terminológica, qual a importância da terminologia para os tradutores, e quais os recursos disponíveis ao tradutor atual para produzir um produto consistente e adequado terminologicamente. No seguimento de um estágio numa empresa de tradução, conclui-se que existem múltiplos fatores que contribuem para e intervêm no processo tradutório, tais como a especificidade do domínio, o cliente ou as próprias competências do tradutor. As ferramentas TAC, as bases de dados e as bases de termos desempenham, igualmente, um papel determinante. No presente trabalho, pretende-se ainda analisar as potencialidades e limitações de uma base de termos jurídicos desenvolvida no âmbito do estágio. Presentemente, o tradutor pode recorrer a uma infinidade de recursos on-line, mas o debate sobre a sua real eficácia e adaptabilidade às necessidades do tradutor técnico não está encerrado.

This report examines the law in relation to equality, human \ud rights and religion or belief and how it is understood and applied in the workplace and in public services. Through interviews with religion or belief groups and other stakeholders, the research shows that the law is contested. Tensions exist between some 'religious' and 'secular' perspectives and between the religion and sexual orientation equality strands. Nevertheless, there is some consensus, for example concerning the need both to avoid unnecessary litigation and to develop principles to avoid disputes. Ground rules to ensure more temperate public debate are also required.