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Bi- or multilateral sharing of resources in jointly operated logistics, infrastructure and programmes can help achieve more effective use of expensive equipment and capacities and thus reduce the costs in polar research. This report examines a selection of the existing and planned multilateral operations in the Arctic and the Antarctic using the experience gained from earlier joint cooperation networks. The selection of 4 pilot studies covers both Arctic and Antarctic research and logistics and are relatively large scale with several countries involved in the cooperation. The studies are the basis for demonstrating how bilateral or multilateral cooperation in joint research programmes and operations can provide added value to European Polar research and allow the more efficient use of resources. Each case describes the parties involved, historical background, the methodology and development, the added value and the benefits in scientific terms, logistics and the European dimension, as well as a proposal for translation to other polar spaces with a European perspective.

La respuesta dinámica no lineal de un puente de concreto de tipología voladizos sucesivos, con superestructura monolítica con las columnas principales, cimentación mediante dados y caissons, y columnas con distintas rigideces dadas por la diferencia de alturas, es evaluada y comparada con la respuesta que resulta de repotenciar el puente mediante la incorporación de dispositivos de aislamiento sísmico en la base de las pilas, consistentes en el sistema de péndulo de fricción FPS (Friction pendulum systems). Para los análisis no lineales se usaron siete (7) conjuntos de registros sísmicos obtenidos de bases de datos reconocidas, los cuales fueron acondicionados de forma que el espectro promedio se ajustara a un espectro de sitio con periodo de retorno de 975 años, asumiendo la ubicación de la estructura en cercanías la ciudad de Villavicencio, Colombia, conforme a la normativa CCP-14. Se realizó la modelación del puente original de acuerdo con su geometría, propiedades no lineales de los materiales y teniendo en cuenta unas condiciones de borde para los elementos de cimentación. De igual manera se modeló el puente con la repotenciación a través de la incorporación de dispositivos de péndulo de fricción en dos de las pilas del puente, en particular en las más rígidas. El comportamiento no lineal de los aisladores también fue considerado. Los resultados de los análisis permitieron demostrar la eficacia en la reducción de las demandas al repotenciar el puente con los aisladores sísmicos logrando reducir las demandas uniaxiales y a cortante en las columnas de forma que tengan un comportamiento esencialmente elástico. En el caso de los caissons del sistema de cimentación, si bien se lograron reducir de las demandas de ductilidad al incluir el sistema de aislamiento, estos elementos podrían considerar una repotenciación adicional si se requiere garantizar un comportamiento elástico. La evaluación a cortante de los caissons demostró la eficiencia de la inclusión del aislamiento sísmico, al llevar la relación demanda/capacidad a valores inferiores a la unidad. Finalmente, los aisladores reflejan un comportamiento estable y bien caracterizado por la definición teórica de este tipo de dispositivos, obteniendo desplazamientos menores a los establecidos por el fabricante en el diseño de los dispositivos. RESUMEN 1 ABSTRACT 2 CAPÍTULO 1: INTRODUCCIÓN 3 1.1. Planteamiento del Problema 4 1.2. Justificación 6 1.3. Objetivos 7 1.3.1. Objetivo General 7 1.3.2. Objetivos Específicos 7 CAPÍTULO 2: ANTECEDENTES Y ESTADO DEL ARTE 9 2.1. Antecedentes Sistemas de Protección Sísmica 9 2.1.1. Sistemas Pasivos 10 2.1.2 Sistemas Activos 17 2.2 Estado del arte 18 CAPÍTULO 3: MARCO TEÓRICO 23 3.1. Conceptos de ductilidad y energía de disipación 23 3.2 Modelo del Concreto Ante Cargas Cíclicas 25 3.3. Modelo del Acero Ante Cargas Cíclicas 27 3.4. Zonas de Plastificación de los Elementos Estructurales – Rotulas Plásticas 28 3.5. Conceptos Teóricos para el Análisis de Sistemas Estructurales Con Aislamiento de Base: Caso Específico del Péndulo de Fricción FPS (Simple Friction Pendulum). 30 CAPÍTULO 4: METODOLOGÍA 36 CAPÍTULO 5: DEFINICIÓN DE LOS MODELOS NUMÉRICOS DEL PUENTE 39 5.1 Descripción Geometría y Sistema Estructural del Puente 39 5.2 Propiedades de los Materiales 41 5.3 Amenaza Sísmica 42 5.3.1 Clasificación Operacional y Zona de Desempeño Sísmico 43 5.4 Evaluación de Cargas 43 5.4.1 Carga Muerta (DC) 44 5.5. Descripción de los Modelos Lineales y No Lineales 44 5.5.1 Definición de los Elementos Estructurales 45 5.5.2 Definición Propiedades de los Materiales 50 5.5.3 Definición de Cargas en el Modelo del Puente 52 5.6. Propiedades de los aisladores sísmicos FPS 53 5.7. Definición de los Aisladores Sísmicos 53 CAPÍTULO 6: DESARROLLO 57 6.1. Comparación Modal de los Modelos Lineales 57 6.2 Comparación Modal de los Modelos No Lineales 63 6.3 Propiedades de Amortiguamiento y Estrategia de Solución para el Análisis No Lineal Cronológico 69 6.4. Metodología de Selección y Escalamiento de Registros Sísmicos 74 CAPÍTULO 7: RESULTADOS 82 7.1 Comportamiento de las Columnas 82 7.1.1 Comportamiento Uniaxial de las Fibras. Deformaciones Unitarias en Columnas 82 7.1.2. Comportamiento Flexo-Compresión en Columnas 90 7.1.3. Curvas de Histéresis Momento – Rotación en las Rótulas en la Parte Inferior de las Columnas 92 7.1.4. Comportamiento a Cortante en Columnas 97 7.2. Respuesta de los Caissons 106 7.2.1 Comportamiento Uniaxial de las Fibras – Deformaciones Unitarias en Caissons 107 7.2.2. Comportamiento Flexo-Compresión en Caissons 111 7.2.3. Comportamiento a Cortante de los Caissons 113 7.3. Comportamiento de los Aisladores 126 7.3.1. Comportamiento Aisladores Columna Eje 2 126 7.3.2. Comportamiento Aisladores Columna Eje 3 128 7.4 Desplazamientos relativos en las columnas 131 CAPÍTULO 8: CONCLUSIONES Y RECOMENDACIONES 134 CAPÍTULO 9: TRABAJO FUTURO 140 BIBLIOGRAFÍA 141 ANEXO 1: MODELO CONSTITUTIVO DE MANDER UTILIZADO PARA LAS DIFERENTES FIBRAS DE CONCRETO 148 ANEXO 2: RESULTADOS DE FUERZAS CONCOMITANTES EN LAS COLUMNAS – UNIDADES EN TONELADAS Y METRO 152 ANEXO 3 RESULTADOS DE FUERZAS CONCOMITANTES EN LOS CAISSONS – UNIDADES EN TONELADAS Y METRO 160 In this study, the nonlinear time-history behavior of a four-span concrete bridge is evaluated in its original design condition and including a retrofit involving seismic isolation with Friction Pendulum System (FPS). The superstructure consisted of single cell post-tensioned concrete box girders that were built segmentally. The beam-column joint was built monolithically. The four bridge columns have considerable differences in stiffness due to the height variability. Foundation consisted of concrete caissons. Seven (7) sets of ground motions were selected and scaled such that the mean spectra fit a site response spectrum with return period of 975 years. The bridge was assumed to be located near to Villavicencio, Colombia. Geometry and material properties were obtained from the original structural drawings. Border conditions for foundation elements were modeled according to literature review. Bridge retrofitting was modeled including links elements representing FPS in the two stiffer columns. Nonlinear behavior included both material and isolation system. Analysis results showed the reduction of columns uniaxial and shear demands when the bridge was retrofitted through the FPS, achieving an elastic behavior. Caissons, in some cases, continued developing nonlinear flexural behavior even with the inclusion of FPS. However, ductility demands were reduced with the retrofit. In terms of shear demand/capacity ratio, these foundations elements presented an adequate performance when including the isolation system. Finally, the isolators showed a stable and well characterized performance as defined by the theoretical behavior, with maximum displacements below the design values given by the manufacturer. Maestría

Reproducció del document publicat a: https://theconversation.com/la-evolucion-es-un-hecho-tan-indiscutible-como-que-la-tierra-no-es-plana-162135, Nos ha sorprendido leer un artículo donde un conocido escritor niega la evolución biológica, ignorando la evidencia científica. No es nuestra intención antagonizar con dicho autor ni discutir uno por uno los muchos errores que contiene su texto

[Background]: Energy landscapes provide an approach to the mechanistic basis of spatial ecology and decision-making in animals. This is based on the quantification of the variation in the energy costs of movements through agiven environment, as well as how these costs vary in time and for different animal populations. Organisms asdiverse as fish, mammals, and birds will move in areas of the energy landscape that result in minimised costs andmaximised energy gain. Recently, energy landscapes have been used to link energy gain and variable energy costsof foraging to breeding success, revealing their potential use for understanding demographic changes., [Methods]: Using GPS-temperature-depth and tri-axial accelerometer loggers, stable isotope and molecular analysesof the diet, and leucocyte counts, we studied the response of gentoo (Pygoscelis papua) and chinstrap (Pygoscelisantarcticus) penguins to different energy landscapes and resources. We compared species and gentoo penguinpopulations with contrasting population trends., [Results]: Between populations, gentoo penguins from Livingston Island (Antarctica), a site with positive populationtrends, foraged in energy landscape sectors that implied lower foraging costs per energy gained compared withthose around New Island (Falkland/Malvinas Islands; sub-Antarctic), a breeding site with fluctuating energy costs offoraging, breeding success and populations. Between species, chinstrap penguins foraged in sectors of the energylandscape with lower foraging costs per bottom time, a proxy for energy gain. They also showed lowerphysiological stress, as revealed by leucocyte counts, and higher breeding success than gentoo penguins. In termsof diet, we found a flexible foraging ecology in gentoo penguins but a narrow foraging niche for chinstraps., [Conclusions]: The lower foraging costs incurred by the gentoo penguins from Livingston, may favour a higherbreeding success that would explain the species’positive population trend in the Antarctic Peninsula. The lowerforaging costs in chinstrap penguins may also explain their higher breeding success, compared to gentoos fromAntarctica but not their negative population trend. Altogether, our results suggest a link between energylandscapes and breeding success mediated by the physiological condition., JFM work was supported by the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG,Germany) in the framework of the priority programme “Antarctic Research with comparative investigations in Arctic ice areas” SPP 1158 by thefollowing grant MA 2574/6–1. Martin Wikelski (Max Planck Institute of Animal Behaviour, Radolfzell, Germany) provided the earth & Ocean GPS-TD data loggers. AB was supported by the grant CTM2015–64720-R from the Spanish Agency of Research (Spain). Diet analyses from New Island were funded by a Research Grant (NBAF967) for lab work at the Biomolecular Analysis Facility -Sheffield (NBAF-S), Centre for Ecology & Hydrology, Natural Environment Research Council (NERC), U.K. (to WOCS, RM and JFM). Funding for the operation and maintenance of the local Galaxy server is provided by the German Federal Ministry of Education and Research (BMBF) project “Bielefeld-GießenCenter for Microbial Bioinformatics-BiGi” (grant 031A533) within the German Network for Bioinformatics Infrastructure (de. NBI). Thanks to the CPER (Contrat de Projet Etat-Région) and the FEDER (Fonds Européen de Développement Régional) for funding the IRMS of LIENSs laboratory. The IUF (Institut Universitaire de France) is acknowledged for its support to PB as a Senior Member. Open Access funding enabled and organized by Projekt DEAL.

La Antártida y el Ártico son regiones tan remotas e inhóspitas como atractivas. Numerosas expediciones han llegado hasta los confines de nuestro planeta en busca de recursos naturales, con el fin de abrir nuevas vías de transporte marítimo y comercio, o simplemente por el mero interés de explorar y descubrir lugares desconocidos. Pero, sobre todo, las zonas polares han sido visitadas por su gran interés científico. De hecho, a día de hoy constituyen los principales motores reguladores del clima de la Tierra y son un “laboratorio” ideal para el estudio de los contaminantes a nivel global. El libro Observando los polos (CSIC-Catarata) ofrece una visión multidisciplinar del conocimiento científico sobre ambas regiones a la vez que describe la historia y la situación actual de la investigación polar en España. Un total de 56 especialistas entre personal científico y técnico pertenecientes a la plataforma temática interdisciplinar POLARCSIC, han participado en la elaboración del nuevo título de la colección Divulgación. Editado por Vanessa Balagué, Clara Cardelús y Magda Vila, investigadoras del CSIC en el Instituto de Ciencias del Mar, el texto aborda cuestiones como la evolución geológica de los polos, sus ecosistemas terrestres y acuáticos, el clima pasado, presente y futuro de ambos lugares, los acuciantes problemas de contaminación que sufren estos territorios o el papel que pioneras como Josefina Castellví han tenido en su investigación. “Con esta publicación perseguimos concienciar a las nuevas generaciones sobre la importancia y vulnerabilidad de las regiones polares, y plantear la necesidad de una investigación especialmente enfocada a comprender y evaluar su papel en el futuro incierto de nuestro planeta”, afirman las investigadoras del CSIC. Compuesta por doce capítulos, la publicación también incluye una espectacular colección de imágenes tanto de la flora, fauna y paisajes del Ártico y de la Antártida, como de las instalaciones, equipamientos científicos y de las campañas llevadas a cabo por el personal investigador del CSIC.

Publicado en Madrid, 174 p. : 17 cm The environmental sustainability of the Earth system is at risk, and so do human welfare because of our dependency on it. Here we present challenges dealing with the understanding of how drivers of global change work, and how to minimize their effects on natural and human managed systems, with the aid of new concepts and edge-cutting technology. Their achievement should allow us to detect, understand, forecast and mitigate global change impacts related to climate change, the biodiversity crisis, polar regions, and managed ecosystems, and to improve the health of our planet in the coming decades.

The environmental sustainability of the Earth system is at risk, and so do human welfare because of our dependency on it. Here we present challenges dealing with the understanding of how drivers of global change work, and how to minimize their effects on natural and human managed systems, with the aid of new concepts and edge-cutting technology. Their achievement should allow us to detect, understand, forecast and mitigate global change impacts related to climate change, the biodiversity crisis, polar regions, and managed ecosystems, and to improve the health of our planet in the coming decades.

19 pages, 1 figure, The Arctic and the Antarctic are the regions where temperature has raised most and faster than any other Earth’s place, producing a large number of impacts and feedback to the polar/climate system. Moreover, since polar oceans play a fundamental role in the Earth’s climate and global ecosystem, those changes produce climate consequences at mid latitudes . The study and monitoring of the poles from a global perspective and holistically is fundamental to better assess and understand the changes the polar regions are facing and its consequences on ocean circulation and climate, changes on the oceanic biogeochemistry composition and consequences on the oceanic living beings. Understanding the past to infer the future is another important leg to understand how the whole system is changing. The revision of the going on transformation and the continuous monitoring can be achieved with the combination of large amounts of observations (in situ and remote sensing) and numerical models

The polar regions provide valuable insights into the functioning of the Earth’s regulating systems. Conducting field research in such harsh and remote environments requires strong international cooperation, extended planning horizons, sizable budgets and long-term investment. Consequently, polar research is particularly vulnerable to societal and economic pressures during periods of austerity. The global financial crisis of 2008, and the ensuing decade of economic slowdown, have already adversely affected polar research, and the current COVID-19 pandemic has added further pressure. In this article we present the outcomes of a community survey that aimed to assess the main barriers and success factors identified by academic researchers at all career stages in response to these global crises. The survey results indicate that the primary barriers faced by polar early and mid-career researchers (EMCRs) act at institutional level, while mitigating factors are developed at individual and group levels. Later career scientists report pressure toward taking early retirement as a means of institutions saving money, reducing both academic leadership and the often unrecognized but vital mentor roles that many play. Gender and social inequalities are also perceived as important barriers. Reorganization of institutional operations and more effective strategies for long-term capacity building and retaining of talent, along with reduction in non-research duties shouldered by EMCRs, would make important contributions toward ensuring continued vitality and innovation in the polar research community.

20 pages, 9 figures

CSIC SCIENTIFIC CHALLENGES: TOWARDS 2030, Vol. 7: GLOBAL CHANGE IMPACTS, CHALLENGE 4, The Polar Regions are key Earth’s climate regulators and, hence, any perturbation in their baseline conditions can have global repercussions. Owing their intrinsic particularities such as the presence of huge amounts of sea and continental ice, their terrestrial and marine ecosystems are highly sensitive to temperature fluctuations. In fact, both the Arctic and the Antarctic Peninsula are the regions where temperature has raised most and faster than any other Earth’s place. Moreover, other environmental issues related to anthropogenic changes such as the occurrence of contaminants, invasive species, emerging diseases and exploitation of living marine resources are also affecting the Polar Regions. Therefore, sound, detailed and long-term knowledge of the polar systems functioning, interactions and feedbacks is of paramount importance to establish and characterize the main impacts and consequences in both polar and extra-polar latitudes. Only then, efficient and environmentally friendly measures would be established both to mitigate the negative effects of current anthropogenic impacts

24 pages, 14 figures

Theenvironmentalsustainability of the Earth systemisat risk, and so do human welfare because ofour dependency on it.Here we presentchallengesdealingwith the understanding of how drivers of global change work, andhow to minimize their effectson natural and human managed systems, with the aid of new concepts and edge-cutting technology. Their achievement should allow usto detect, understand, forecast and mitigate global change impacts related to climate change, the biodiversity crisis, polar regions, and managed ecosystems, and toimprove the health of our planet in the coming decades.

El presente trabajo expone, los presupuestos, el diseño y resultados de un proceso investigativo en el cual se buscó establecer las posibilidades de vinculación de la literatura juvenil en el proceso de enseñanza aprendizaje del área de filosofía para la educación media, a través, del análisis semiótico de algunos fragmentos de estas nuevas narrativas. Se presentan tres capítulos así: preliminares y formulación de la investigación, marco de referencia y articulación conceptual, finalmente la discusión de resultados y las conclusiones. The present work exposes, the budgets, the design and results of a research process in which it was sought to establish the possibilities of linking youth literature in the teaching-learning process of the philosophy area for secondary education, through the analysis semiotic of some fragments of these new narratives. Three chapters are presented as follows: preliminary and formulation of the research, frame of reference and conceptual articulation, finally the discussion of results and conclusions. http://www.ustadistancia.edu.co/?page_id=3956 Pregrado

[EN] Forest birds can be good indicators of changes in protected area management. Especially woodland cavity nesters are considered indicators of the presence of trees with natural cavities and therefore of a certain age. Our results indicate that the use of nest-boxes for breeding and as winter roosts can contribute to maintain these populations in a favourable conservation status without negatively affecting non-cavity nesters. This has been studied in an altitudinal gradient (1300 to 1700 m) in the Sierra de Guadarrama National Park to establish an initial set-point of the state of these populations before possible changes derived from forest management in the National Park or from impacts of Global Change. Our results indicate that at present the birds that are at lower altitudes are those that have the highest population densities. Our results suggest that the number of breeding pairs was limited by availability of nest sites at the population scale., [ES] Los pájaros forestales pueden ser buenos indicadores de cambios en la gestión de las áreas protegidas. Las especies trogloditas estrictamente forestales en especial se consideran indicadores de la presencia de arbolado con presencia de cavidades naturales y por tanto de cierta edad. Nuestros resultados indican que la utilización de nidales para nidificar y como dormidero invernal contribuye a mantener estas poblaciones en un estado favorable de conservación sin afectar negativamente a especies que no utilizan cavidades. Esto se estudió en un gradiente altitudinal (1300 a 1700 m) en el Parque Nacional de Guadarrama para establecer una foto fija del estado de estas poblaciones antes de posibles cambios derivados de la gestión forestal en el Parque Nacional o de impactos del cambio global. Nuestros resultados indican que en la actualidad las aves que se encuentran a altitudes más bajas son las que tiene las mayores densidades. Nuestros datos sugieren que el número de parejas reproductoras está limitado por la disponibilidad de cavidades para nidificar a escala poblacional.

Penguins face a wide range of threats. Most observed population changes have been negative and have happened over the last 60 years. Today, populations of 11 penguin species are decreasing. Here we present a review that synthesizes details of threats faced by the world's 18 species of penguins. We discuss alterations to their environment at both breeding sites on land and at sea where they forage. The major drivers of change appear to be climate, and food web alterations by marine fisheries. In addition, we also consider other critical and/or emerging threats, namely human disturbance near nesting sites, pollution due to oil, plastics and chemicals such as mercury and persistent organic compounds. Finally, we assess the importance of emerging pathogens and diseases on the health of penguins. We suggest that in the context of climate change, habitat degradation, introduced exotic species and resource competition with fisheries, successful conservation outcomes will require new and unprecedented levels of science and advocacy. Successful conservation stories of penguin species across their geographical range have occurred where there has been concerted effort across local, national and international boundaries to implement effective conservation planning., This work was supported by the WWF-UK and PEW Foundation. SJ is supported by NSF OPP PICA #1643901.

Figure S2. Plot of assignment probabilities from BAPS. Vertical lines represent each individual and the color refers to clusters found through this analysis. A) spatial with both, mixture and admixture models (K = 1) and B) non-spatial admixture model (K = 7). (DOCX 16 kb)

Figure S1. Plot of assignment probabilities from STRUCTURE. A vertical bar represents an individual, and colors represent the different clusters found. All plots were generated via running 10 replicates. Figures show the optimal number of clusters for no admixture model, with independent allele frequency and no location information supplied using A) Posterior probability of K (LnP(D)) and B) Evanno’s method. (DOCX 20 kb)

POLAR 2018 - XXXV SCAR Meetings and SCAR/IASC Open Science Conference, 19-23 June 2018, Davos, Switzerland.-- 1 page, The gastrointestinal microbiota is composed by a complex community which depends of different factors, external/ internal and environmental/genetics. We carried out a cross-fostering experiment in nesting chinstrap penguins. In experimental nests one of the chicks was exchanged at seven days old with a chick from another nest with the same hatching date. In control nests, chicks were briefly removed and put back in the nest again. After twenty days we collected cloacal samples of adults and chicks and carried out sequencing of the V1-V3 region of the 16S rDNA by Illumina. We did not find any effect of chick manipulation in bacteria diversity as no differences were found between experimental and control chicks. We found differences in bacteria diversity between adults and biological chicks but not with adopted chicks. We did not find significant relationships of bacteria diversity between chicks reared in the same nest but from different parents and either between siblings reared in different nests. Moreover, we did not find significant relationships between parents and the biological chicks or the adopted chicks. This suggests that chick bacteria diversity is not dependent of the parents or external factors and should be dependent of chick intrinsic factors

Barbosa, Andrés ... et. al.-- IX Simposio de Estudios Polares del Comité Español del Scientific Committee on Antarctic Research (SCAR), 5-7 September 2018, Madrid, España.-- 1 page, El cambio global es uno de los factores ambientales más notables en la Península Antártica. Entre los distintos componentes que lo determinan se encuentra el cambio climático, la contaminación y la introducción de especies invasoras. En las últimas décadas la variación de las temperaturas ha producido profundos cambios ambientales tanto en el medio físico como en la biota de esta región. Los pingüinos antárticos constituyen el 80% de la biomasa de vertebrados del ecosistema antártico y junto con su posición en la parte alta de la cadena trófica les confiere el papel de centinelas del ecosistema al reflejar en su biología muchos de los cambios que se producen en el ambiente. Durante los últimos 15 años se están desarrollando un conjunto de proyectos dentro del macroproyecto PINGUCLIM cuyos objetivos están dirigidos a identificar los posibles efectos que el cambio global puede producir en la fisiología de los pingüinos antárticos. Paraello se ha llevado a cabo una aproximación a tres escalas, una a largo plazo para determinar dichos potenciales efectos, otra a corto plazo para la descripción de información básica y la identificación de los mecanismos que puedan explicar dichos efectos,y una geográfica que aprovechando las diferencias ambientales existentes a lo largo de la península antártica permita entender los cambios esperables. Con toda la información obtenida se ha construido un marco de efectos potenciales en cascada que relaciona los cambios ambientales ya producidos o esperables con distintos aspectos de la biología de los pingüinos. En esta comunicación se presentarán los resultados obtenidos a lo largo de estos años en aspectos tales como la dieta, ingestión de componentes esenciales como antioxidantes, presencia y efectos de parásitos/patógenos, respuesta inmunitaria, estrés oxidativo, presencia y efectos de contaminantes

Electronic content is ubiquitous in our daily lives. Several factors such as the development of Web 2.0 technologies, the increased access to mobile devices and the deployment of mobile networks has undoubtedly augmented the amount of information easily available to users. Given the limited attention span of the user and the extensiveness of the available streams of information ready to be consumed, automatic systems must be available for the user to prioritize, suggest or screen content suitable for the user interests and situation. One of the most popular initiatives created to solve the information overload problem are Recommender Systems [Adomavicius 2005]. Recommender Systems are information filtering systems that use the historical information about the user (what the user has considered relevant or irrelevant on the past, among other information) to build and accurate representation of the user's interests that is used to predict the relevance of a large collection of available items for a specific user. Recommendation systems are used by several online retailers, online content streaming services and social networking sites to improve the user's experience of their services by automatically filtering their content or offers of items to the ones most likely to interest the user. Generally speaking, recommender systems can be classified into two categories: Content Based and Collaborative Filtering. The former category relies on the definition of explicit features that describe the item domain and assigns them weights to describe the affinity between the feature and the item. For example in the movie domain, items can be described by features such as the genre to which they belong, the director, writer and actors that take part in the movie. On the other hand Collaborative Filtering is content-agnostic and relies on correlations between users and items based on the historical consumption patterns between the users and the items. It has been shown generally that Collaborative Filtering methods present better results than Content-Based [Pil'aszy 2009], however due to inherent shortcomings of single approaches, a better predictive performance is achieved by developing a model that integrates different paradigms (Hybrid approaches). To keep their users satisfied, personalization services that operate recommendation methods should present relevant recommendations even when the number of users, items and user-item interactions in the system increase As it will be shown in Chapter 2, the computational complexity of Collaborative Filtering methods for keeping a user profile up to date depends directly on the number of users and items available in the system and the amount of registered user-item interactions. Current large scale personalization systems such as Netflix [Netflix 2013] (a content streaming service of movies and series) has an estimated number of users of 44 million while the number of available items to watch fluctuates around 13000 titles. The number explicit user-item interactions (assigned ratings) is estimated at 5 billion ratings [Schelter 2013]. To account for these large numbers, Recommender System's adopters employ the support of cloud computing frameworks. Recommender Systems are now highly scalable solutions that are able to: (1) gather and store as much information as possible about users and items supported by the current availability of cheap storage, (2) apply computational intensive algorithms to train recommendation models that scale up to the size of the collected data and (3) use the trained models to adequately answer to a large amount of recommendation requests. However, as it will be shown in Chapter 3 the current architecture of data gathering and processing of recommender systems places a conflict with users. Following the definition given by [Foner 1999], privacy can be defined as the ability of an individual to protect the disclosure of personal information to third parties who are not intended recipients of the information. While users trust recommender engines to use their information for filtering or personalization purposes, it will be argued that the centralized consolidation of information increases the likelihood of misuse of the user information, misplacing user trust. A question that arises after this claim is: why information gathered and processed by a recommendation system is privacy-sensitive? After all, due to the availability of personal micro blogging and social networks, users seem avid to share their information with others. Opinions given by users on items reveal at a great extend the personality of the user, opinions on items might reveal political inclination, sexual orientation, physical or mental treatments the user is taking or religious inclination of a particular user. An iconic case of how important are personal opinions on items in recommender systems came with the Doe Vs Netflix class action lawsuit [Singel 2009], when ratings from users were de-anonymized after being made public by the Netflix Prize Competition [Netflix 2009]. The plaintiff claimed that: "...information tending to identify or permit inference of her sexual orientation constitutes sensitive and personal information. She believes that, were her sexual orientation public knowledge, it would negatively affect her ability to pursue her livelihood and support her family and would hinder her and her childrens? ability to live peaceful lives within ...(her)...community." The aim of privacy-enabled recommendation systems is to give users tools to protect their privacy and keep the choice to themselves if they want to reveal their information Doctor en Ingeniería Doctorado

The main objective of this thesis is to propose a recommendation method that keeps in mind the privacy of users as well as the scalability of the system. To achieve this goal, an hybrid technique using content-based and collaborative filtering paradigms is used in order to attain an accurate model for recommendation, under the strain of mechanisms designed to keep user privacy, particularly designed to reduce the user exposure risk. The thesis contributions are threefold : First, a Collaborative Filtering model is defined by using client-side agent that interacts with public information about items kept on the recommender system side. Later, this model is extended into an hybrid approach for recommendation that includes a content-based strategy for content recommendation. Using a knowledge model based on keywords that describe the item domain, the hybrid approach increases the predictive performance of the models without much computational effort on the cold-start setting. Finally, some strategies to improve the recommender system's provided privacy are introduced: Random noise generation is used to limit the possible inferences an attacker can make when continually observing the interaction between the client-side agent and the server, and a blacklisted strategy is used to refrain the server from learning interactions that the user considers violate her privacy. The use of the hybrid model mitigates the negative impact these strategies cause on the predictive performance of the recommendations.; L'objectif principal de la thèse est de proposer une méthode de recommandation prenant en compte la vie privée des utilisateurs ainsi que l'évolutivité du système. Pour atteindre cet objectif, une technique hybride basée sur le filtrage par contenu et le filtrage collaboratif est utilisée pour atteindre un modèle précis de recommandation, sous la pression des mécanismes visant à maintenir la vie privée des utilisateurs. Les contributions de la thèse sont trois : Tout d'abord, un modèle de filtrage collaboratif est défini en utilisant agent côté client qui interagit avec l'information sur les éléments, cette information est stockée du côté du système de recommandation. Ce modèle est augmenté d’un modèle hybride qui comprend une stratégie basée sur le filtrage par contenu. En utilisant un modèle de la connaissance basée sur des mots clés qui décrivent le domaine de l'article filtré, l'approche hybride augmente la performance de prédiction des modèles sans élever l’effort de calcul, dans un scenario du réglage de démarrage à froid. Finalement, certaines stratégies pour améliorer la protection de la vie privée du système de recommandation sont introduites : la génération de bruit aléatoire est utilisée pour limiter les conséquences éventuelles d'une attaque lorsque l'on observe en permanence l'interaction entre l'agent côté client et le serveur, et une stratégie basée sur la liste noire est utilisée pour s’abstenir de révéler au serveur des interactions avec des articles que l'utilisateur considère comme pouvant transgresser sa vie privée. L'utilisation du modèle hybride atténue l'impact négatif que ces stratégies provoquent sur la performance prédictive des recommandations.

We have investigated the prevalence of avian haematozoa in Trumpeter finches at two localities situated in arid habitats. This study reports the first record of infection for this bird species. Two out of 58 individuals were infected by Leucocytozoon sp. We discuss several hypotheses accounting for low parasitemia in arid bird species., This work has been supported by Project No. REN 2002-00169 of Ministerio de Ciencia y Tecnología and gently sponsored by Honda-Alvisa S.L.

En este trabajo se estudiaron los niveles de leucocitos como valores de referencia en especies de pingüinos antárticos y no antárticos. Se analizaron 107 muestras de sangre de pingüinos barbijo Pygoscelis antárctica, Juanito P. papua y de Adelia P. adeliae en la isla 25 de Mayo/Rey Jorge (islas Shetland del Sur Antártida) y de pingüinos magallánicos Sphenicus magellanicus en Península Valdés (Chubut, Argentina) durante la temporada de reproducción 2009-2010. Los resultados mostraron bajos conteos de leucocitos en pingüinos barbijo y Adelia en comparación con los pingüinos Juanito y magallánico. Se presentan diferentes explicaciones para las diferencias en los niveles de leucocitos entre las especies de pingüinos. We studied leukocyte levels in some Antarctic and non-Antarctic penguins. A set of 107 blood samples of Chinstrap (Pygoscelis antarctica), Gentoo (P. papua) and Adélie (P. adeliae) penguins at Isla 25 de Mayo/King George Island (South Shetland Islands, Antarctica) and Magellanic penguins (Spheniscus magellanicus) at Península Valdés (Chubut, Argentina) were collected and analysed during the 2009-2010 breeding season. We observed that Chinstrap and Adélie penguins had lower total leukocyte counts than Magellanic and Gentoo penguins. We provide some potential explanations for species differences in leukocyte levels. Fil: D'amico, Veronica Laura. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Nacional Patagónico; Argentina Fil: Bertellotti, Néstor Marcelo. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Nacional Patagónico; Argentina Fil: Diaz, Julia Inés. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - La Plata. Centro de Estudios Parasitológicos y de Vectores. Universidad Nacional de La Plata. Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Museo. Centro de Estudios Parasitológicos y de Vectores; Argentina Fil: Coria, Néstor Rubén. Ministerio de Relaciones Exteriores, Comercio Internacional y Culto. Direccion Nacional del Antártico; Argentina Fil: Vidal, Virginia. Universidad de Murcia; España. Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas; España Fil: Barbosa, Andrés. Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas. Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales; España

Polar marine ecosystems have global ecological and economic importance because of their unique biodiversity and their major role in climate processes and commercial fisheries, among others. Portugal and Spain have been highly active in a wide range of disciplines in marine biology of the Antarctic and the Arctic. The main aim of this paper is to provide a synopsis of some of the results and initiatives undertaken by Portuguese and Spanish polar teams within the field of marine sciences, particularly on benthic and pelagic biodiversity (species diversity and abundance, including microbial, molecular, physiological and chemical mechanisms in polar organisms), conservation and ecology of top predators (particularly penguins, albatrosses and seals), and pollutants and evolution of marine organisms associated with major issues such as climate change, ocean acidification and UV radiation effects. Both countries have focused their polar research more in the Antarctic than in the Arctic. Portugal and Spain should encourage research groups to continue increasing their collaborations with other countries and develop multi-disciplinary research projects, as well as to maintain highly active memberships within major organizations, such as the Scientific Committee for Antarctic Research (SCAR), the International Arctic Science Council (IASC) and the Association of Polar Early Career Scientists (APECS), and in international research projects. Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia PTDC/MAR/099366/2008, Pest-OE/MAR/UI0331/2011 Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación POL2006-06399, CGL2007- 65453/ANT, CTM2010-17415/ANT, CLG2007-28872-E/ANT, REN2002-11565-E/ANT “CASES-2003/4” Xunta de Galicia CTM2009-11128ANT Fondo Europeo de Desarrollo Regional GL2007-64149/ANT, CTM2011-24007, REN2001-5004/ANT, CGL2004-01348, POL2006-05175, CGL2007-60369, CTM2009-08154-E, CTM2011- 24427

11 páginas, 4 figuras, 1 tabla., El Ministerio de Educación y Ciencia, a través de los proyectos REN2002-00169 y CGL 2005-01771 y las becas predoctorales, la Junta de Andalucía y la Unión Europea, a través de los fondos FEDER, financiaron estos estudios.

Geographical expansion of species is a common process. Environmental changes over long timescales have produced new conditions that have allowed some species, including both plants and animals, to increase their range of distribution following such changes (Blondel & Mourer-Chauviré 1998, Svenning & Skov 2004). But such modifications can also come about on shorter timescales, mainly due to the effects of human activity (Johnson 1994, Sanchez-Lafuente et al. 2001, Wehtje 2003). More recent changes in distribution range seem to be related to current climate change (e.g. Valiela & Bowen 2003) and some predictions for the future have been made (Peterson et al. 2002). Available climate data for the past century indicate an increase in mean global temperature (IPCC 2001). Such temperature increases affect living species in different ways, including physiological adaptations (Clarke 2003), changes in phenological patterns (Walkowszky 1998) and/or changes in their distribution. Studies of such effects in southern latitudes of the Northern Hemisphere are scarce (but see Peñuelas et al. 2002, Sanz 2002) despite the rapid alteration of Mediterranean biodiversity owing to the combination of both climate change and human pressure (Santos & Telleria 1995, Sanz 2002, Opdam & Wascher 2004). Sanz (2002) pointed out the particular interest in studying how Mediterranean species respond to climate change in order to predict likely responses to future changes in the Mediterranean region.

En M. Yanes y J.M. Delgado: Aves Esteparias en Andalucía. Bases para su conservación. Manuales de Conservación de la Naturaleza, 3. Consejería de Medio Ambiente. Junta de Andalucía. Sevilla, pp. 60-61., El camachuelo trompetero es una especie de fringílido ampliamente distribuida por el norte de África y Oriente Medio, característica de zonas áridas y semiáridas, de alimentación fundamentalmente granívora y cuyo peculiar reclamo justifica su nombre vernáculo. De pequeño porte (17-23 gramos) y colorido terrizo, se mimetiza perfectamente en el hábitat que ocupa: zonas rocosas con abundante suelo desnudo y escasa vegetación. Este hecho, junto con su tendencia a permanecer inmóvil durante largos períodos a lo largo del día, probablemente lo ha mantenido "invisible" en la península ibérica durante algún tiempo. No se sabe exactamente desde cuándo forma parte del elenco de Passerifomes peninsulares. Las citas más antiguas, si bien esporádicas, lo nombran como miembro raro de la ornitofauna andaluza a finales ya del siglo XIX81; pero no es hasta bien entrada la segunda mitad del siglo XX que parece formar parte de la misma con regularidad. Su homólogo canario (la subespecie amantum), sin embargo, se conoce en las islas más orientales (Lanzarote y Fuerteventura) desde comienzos del XIX, habiéndose extendido desde ellas a otras islas del archipiélago.

[EN] Aims: This paper analyses the papers published in Ardeola over the last 50 years with respect to research topics in comparison with the papers published in other ornithological journal such as Ibis and with those of Spanish authors in ornithology published in other journals included in the SCI. Methods: The whole issues published by both Ardeola and Ibis were reviewed. The data base of ISI Web of Science was used to look for papers published in ornithology by Spanish authors as well. Results and Conclusions: The results show an increase in both the number of papers (797) and the number of authors (1,365) publishing in Ardeola over the last 50 years (Fig. 2 and 3). A 13.11% of authors were foreign researchers. The research topics most investigated were biogeography, reproduction, diet/trophic ecology and migration (Fig. 1). The number of papers devoted to biogeography and taxonomy decreased (Fig. 14 and 15), while those devoted to migration (Fig. 16), genetics and pollution did not show any temporal trend. The remaining research topics showed an increase during these 50 years. The comparison with Ibis shows that this journal published more papers than Ardeola. After correction for this factor, more papers were published in Ibis in relation to reproduction (Fig. 5), population dynamics (Fig. 7), morphology (Fig. 10), taxonomy (Fig. 15) and behaviour (Fig. 13). However, more papers were published in Ardeola dealing with biogeography (Fig. 14) and conservation (Fig. 8). The comparison with papers published by Spanish authors in journals covered by ISI shows that Spanish ornithologists preferred Ardeola to publish their papers on migration (Fig. 1). They did not show any preference in relation to publication of studies dealing with habitat selection or diet/trophic ecology, while they preferred to publish the papers of the remaining topics in SCI journals (Fig. 1). The analysis of the preferences of research by avian orders and families shows that paseriforms, charadriforms and raptors focused the attention of Spanish ornithologists (Fig. 17). Within paseriforms, sylvids, corvids, parids, muscicapids, and fringilids were the families most studied (Fig. 18)., [ES] Objetivos: En el presente artículo se analizan los artículos publicados a lo largo de los 50 años de historia de Ardeola en lo que respecta a su contribución a la investigación en diferentes campos de estudio de la ornitología. Se realiza también una comparación con los artículos publicados en una revista de prestigio internacional en el campo de la ornitología como es Ibis y con los que los autores españoles han publicado en otras revistas del SCI. Se analizan así mismo las preferencias taxonómicas de investigación según órdenes. En el orden Passeriformes el análisis se realizó por familias. Métodos: Se revisaron todos los números publicados de Ardeola y de Ibis en los últimos 50 años. Además se hizo una búsqueda en la base de datos del ISI Web of Science de los artículos publicados por autores españoles relacionados con la ornitología en diferentes campos de estudio. Resultados y Conclusiones: Los resultados muestran que en el periodo analizado ha habido un incremento tanto en el número de artículos publicados como en el número de autores, de los que el 13,11% son autores extranjeros. Los campos de estudio en los que más intensamente se ha publicado en Ardeola han sido los dedicados a faunística/biogeografía, reproducción, dieta/ecología trófica y migración. Respecto a la variación temporal, se observa una disminución en el número de artículos publicados en faunística/biogeografía y en taxonomía. El resto de campos a excepción de los estudios sobre migración, genética y contaminación que no han variado a lo largo del tiempo, muestran un incremento en la intensidad de investigación en estos 50 años de vida de Ardeola. La comparación con lo publicado en Ibis muestra en primer lugar un mayor número de artículos publicados en esta revista, en segundo lugar y después de corregir por esa diferencia en el número de artículos se observa que en Ibis se han publicado más artículos dedicados a reproducción, dinámica de poblaciones, morfología, taxonomía y conducta. Sin embargo, Ardeola ha publicado más artículos dedicados a faunística/biogeografía y a conservación. Respecto a la comparación con lo publicado por autores españoles en revistas del SCI, Ardeola fue más atractiva para publicar trabajos sobre migración, igual de atractiva para publicar estudios sobre selección/uso del hábitat y dieta/ecología trófica, mientras que en el resto de campos los ornitólogos españoles prefirieron publicar sus trabajos en otras revistas del SCI. Por último el examen de las preferencias taxonómicas de estudios muestra que paseriformes, charadriformes y rapaces (nocturnas y diurnas) centran la atención de la investigación y que dentro de los Passeriformes los sílvidos, córvidos, páridos, muscicápidos y fringílidos son los grupos sobre los que más se ha publicado en estos 50 años de ornitología española en Ardeola.

We studied the effect of daily body mass increase on the foraging preferences of two tit species, crested tit, Parus cristatus and blue tit, P. caeruleus, contrasting in morphology and behaviour. We found that both species show a diurnal increase in body mass during winter. Using an experiment with feeders we show that in the crested tit, the proportion of time spent foraging while hanging decreased as body mass increased. In contrast, in the blue tit, foraging behaviour did not change with mass gain. We propose that the species with a morphological design providing a high ecological plasticity in terms of foraging postures can counteract the negative effect of body mass on the ecological options (foraging niche) more than species with a morphological design providing a low ecological plasticity in terms of foraging postures. Our results suggest that blue tits had the advantage of being able to choose to feed on different patches in the habitat throughout the day, which makes resources more predictable for them. In contrast, crested tits might be more restricted in their foraging options as their body mass increases, and this might explain why they hoard food., This study was funded by projects PB95 0103 and PB 98 0506 of the Spanish Ministry of Science and Technology.

A.B. was supported by a Marie Curie grant from the European Union and by a grant from the Dirección General de Enseñanza, Universidades e Investigación from the Junta de Extremadura (TEM98212) during fieldwork and by Dirección General de Enseñanza Superior project PB 98-0506 during writing. S.M. was supported by a postdoctoral grant of the Spanish Ministry of Education. F.d.L. was supported by grants for the Spanish Ministry of Science and Technology BOS 2000-0293 and Junta de Extremadura IPR00A021, and A.P.M. was supported by an ATIPE BLANCHE from Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique., [EN] Parasites may affect host behavior in a number of ways, including their locomotory performance. We investigated whether the number of holes produced by the feather louse (Myrsidea rustica) affected flight behavior in adult male Barn Swallows (Hirundo rustica) by video-taping flight performance of individuals during escape and level flight. Percentage of time spent flapping during foraging flight was positively related to number of holes, but not to other flight parameters such as wingbeat frequency. These results suggest indirect effects of feather lice on host performance that must be considered together with effects of thermoregulation and feather breakage. This is the first report of an effect of parasite load on flight behavior., [ES] Los parásitos pueden afectar el comportamiento de sus hospederos de diferentes maneras entre las que se incluye la locomoción. Investigamos si el número de agujeros en el plumaje producidos por el piojo de pluma Myrsidea rustica afecta el comportamiento de vuelo de machos adultos de Hirundo rustica durante el escape y la alimentación. El número de agujeros producidos por los piojos estuvo relacionado positivamente con el porcentaje de tiempo empleado en vuelo batido, pero no se encontró ninguna relació con otros parámetros de vuelo tales como la frecuencia de batido de las alas. Estos resultados sugieren la existencia de efectos indirectos de los piojos de pluma sobre sus hospederos que deben considerarse junto con sus efec- 5 E-mail: barbosa@eeza.csic.es tos sobre la termorregulacio´n y el plumaje. Esta es la primera vez que se encuentra un efecto de un parásito sobre el comportamiento de vuelo.

The hunting impact on waders in Spain was studied to test the efficiency of species protection measures. Using information on ringed bird recoveries in Spain of 28 species a hunting impact index was calculated. The results show a high hunting pressure similar to that of other groups of birds. The hunting impact on quarry species was higher than on protected species. The change of protection level in a group of species from quarry to protected species resulted in a decrease in hunting impact. A negative trend in the hunting impact was found during a 15-year period. This result could be due to under-reporting or falsification of death causes in the recovery report. However, recoveries of shot and dead birds showed a positive relationship in contrast with expected if found dead reports increased by falsification, suggesting that there has not been a falsification of the ring recovery reports. Nevertheless, in spite of the decrease in the hunting pressure when protection measures were applied, hunting impact remains very high on protected species for a long time and studies evaluating the impact of hunting on the population dynamics of waders needs further study

[EN] Morphological adaptations of amphisbaenians to fossorial life might affect their antipredator-behavior decisions. Amphisbaenians exposed on the soil surface by a predator can escape by burrowing immediately or by using alternative defensive behaviors on the soil surface, and should decide where to burrow in order to return to their home range. We simulated in the laboratory predatory attacks toward individual amphisbaenians (Blanus cinereus), and examined whether their antipredator and burrowing responses were affected by site familiarity (familiar versus unfamiliar substrate) and their internal state (i.e., body temperature and associated burrowing performance). Amphisbaenians showed significantly longer episodes of alternative antipredator behaviors on the soil surface (coiling and still) when the temperature was low. Before starting to burrow in unfamiliar substrates, individuals emitted numerous tongue flicks and moved for significantly longer periods of time than when on familiar substrates, independently of temperature. In contrast, in their own cages, with familiar substrates, amphisbaenians performed only a few tongue flicks before starting to burrow. Subsequently, the time spent burrowing was significantly longer when the temperature was low or amphisbaenians were on an unfamiliar substrate. These results suggest that amphisbaenians are able to recognize their own home range by chemosensory cues and that they are able to use this information when deciding where to burrow to escape from potential predators, [FR] Les adaptations morphologiques à la vie souterraine chez les amphisbènes peuvent affecter leur prise de décision au moment de l'adoption d'un comportement anti-prédateurs. Un amphisbène exposé à la surface du sol par un prédateur peut fuir en s'enfouissant immédiatement ou en utilisant tout un éventail de moyens de défense à la surface du sol, et doit décider où il devra creuser pour regagner son domaine. Nous avons simulé des attaques de prédateurs contre des amphisbènes Blanus cinereus, en laboratoire et examiné si l'adoption de comportements anti-prédateurs ou la réaction d'enfouissement étaient affectées par leur familiarité au site (substrats familier contre inconnu) et par leur état interne (i.e., température du corps et performance d'enfouissement qui en dépend). Les amphisbènes avaient des périodes de comportement de défense à la surface du sol (enroulement et immobilité) plus longues par temps froid. Avant de commencer à creuser dans un substrat inconnu, les amphisbènes émettaient des coups de langue répétés et se déplaçaient significativement plus longtemps que lorsque le substrat leur était familier, à toutes les températures. Au contraire, dans leur propre cage au substrat familier, ils n'émettaient que quelques coups de langue avant de commencer à creuser. Conséquemment, le temps consacré au creusage était significativement plus long lorsque la température était froide ou lorsque les animaux se trouvaient sur un substrat inconnu. Ces résultats semblent indiquer que les amphisbènes sont capables de reconnaître leur propre domaine grâce à des indices chimiques et qu'ils peuvent mettre à profit cette information pour décider où ils vont creuser pour fuir les prédateurs éventuels

[EN] Social relationships within a Great Tit Parus major population in a mountanious area in central Spain under winter conditions and in two consecutive years were studied. Three hierarchical classes were established using aggressive interactions between the individuals over artificial feeders: dominants, subdominants and subordinates. Sex, age and morphology were found to be factors responsible of the social organisation in the Great Tit. Adult males were the most dominant individuals and juvenile females the most subordinate. Juvenile males and adult females, contrary to prior expectations, were distributed among social classes in a way that did not differ from a random distribution. Individuals in the different social classes differed morphologically, dominants being larger and heavier than subordinates. Morphological differences among classes disappeared when the effect of sex was removed, whereas they remained when the effect of age was removed. Therefore, morphological differences among the social classes were due to differences in sex-ratios among classes. We suggest that sex per se is the main factor responsible for social dominance, although other factors such as a previous link with the area (site relation) or mating with a highly ranked bird (high ranking match) may reverse social relationships., [ES] Se han estudiado las relaciones sociales de los individuos de una población de Carbonero Común Parus major en un área montañosa del centro de España en condiciones invernales durante dos años consecutivos. Se establecieron tres clases jerárquicas utilizando las interacciones agresivas entre los individuos sobre comederos artificiales: dominantes, subdominantes y subordinados. Se encontró que el sexo, la edad y la morfología fueron los factores responsables de la organización social en el Carbonero Común. Los machos adultos fueron los individuos más dominantes, mientras que los más subordinados fueron las hembras juveniles. Los machos juveniles y las hembras adultas, a diferencia de lo esperado, tuvieron una distribución que no difirió de la esperada por azar. Ambas clases sociales experimentaron una presión social similar. Los individuos dominantes fueron más grandes y más pesados que los subordinados. Las diferencias morfológicas entre las clases sociales desaparecieron cuando se eliminó el efecto del sexo, manteniéndose, sin embargo, al eliminar el efecto de la edad. Las diferencias morfológicas entre individuos de clases sociales distintas se debieron por tanto a las diferencias morfológicas entre sexos y a las proporciones de sexos en cada clase social. Se sugiere que el principal factor responsable de la dominancia social en el Carbonero Común es el sexo, aunque factores tales como la residencia previa o el emparejamiento con individuos de elevado estatus pueden alterar el orden de dominancia., This study was carried out with the logistic support of El Ventorrillo Field Station, and was funded by DGES project PB95- 0103 of the Spanish Ministerio de Educación y Cultura. Financial support to A.B. was provided by a CAM-MNCN-CSIC grant and to M.B. by an El Ventorrillo- CSIC grant.

[EN] Tail streamers and flight performance in Barn Swallows: natural or sexual selection? The paper of Evans (1998) published in the journal Nature on the evolution of tail streamers in male Barn Swallows Hirundo rustica is discussed in the light of some methodological problems commited by this author. The conclusions are that the interpretation of Evans’ results must be taken with caution and that the importance of natural selection, as compared with the well established role of sexual selection, in the evolution of tail streamers in Barn Swallows remains to be assessed., [ES] La forma de la cola y la eficacia del vuelo en la Golondrina Común: ¿selección natural o selección sexual? En este trabajo se discuten algunos problemas metodológicos graves que afectan a las conclusiones presentadas en un artículo reciente, publicado por Evans (1998) en la revista Nature, sobre la evolución de la forma de la cola en los machos de Golondrina Común Hirundo rustica. Se concluye que la interpretación desarrollada en ese artículo debe ser considerada con mucha cautela y que la importancia relativa de la selección natural en la evolución de la cola de los machos de Golondrina Común está aún por determinar, sobre todo en comparación con el bien establecido papel de la selección sexual en la evolución de este carácter.

En : Las aves limícolas en España. Barbosa, A. (ed.). Organismo Autonomo de Parques Nacionales. Ministerio de Medio Ambiente. -- Capítulo 10.-- 11 págs., La importancia de la Península Ibérica para las aves limícolas es diferente según se trate del periodo de internada, reproducción o durante la migración. Respecto a la internada, la Península Ibérica acoge aproximadamente el 3% de los limícolas europeos, sin embargo existen especies que tienen aquí sus principales reas infernales alcanzando porcentajes altos respecto al total europeo.

En : Las aves limícolas en España. Barbosa, A. (ed.).Organismo Autonomo de Parques Nacionales. Ministerio de Medio Ambiente., Las aves limicolas constituyen uno de los grupos de aves más atractivos.El primero es su capacidad para emigrar a través de grandes distancias. El segundo está relacionado con los hábitats que ocupan las zonas húmedas, las cuales sufren grandes amenazas y alteraciones, siendo estas aves un buen indicador de su salud ambiental (Beintema, 1983).

En : Las aves limícolas en España. Barbosa, A. (ed.). Organismo Autonomo de Parques Nacionales Ministerio de Medio Ambiente. 7 p.-- Capítulo 11, Las aves limícolas ocupan una gran variedad de hábitats desde la tundra, zonas del altiplano andino hasta las costas subantárticas, sin embargo, la mayor parte de dichos hábitats tienen como denominador común el que son humedales. estas zonas se encuentran entre los habitats mas amenazados del planeta debido a diversos factores que se verán a lo largo del presente artículo.

In the Mediterranean sea tides oscillate only-a few meters and water displacement is mainly due to the influence of winds and changes in atmospheric pressure. This makes Mediterranean estuaries an unpredictable system for shorebirds. The causal mechanisms on habitat selection of Dunlin was studied in such system at Ebro Delta, where littoral and rice field habitats were available for shorebirds. Dunlins choose to forage littoral habitats where prey are more abundant showing higher intake rate in this habitat, however, this species also uses rice fields. No differences in microhabitat use and foraging technique was found between habitats. Intake rate and searching speed were lower when high bird density was present in littoral but not in rice fields. Therefore, the use of both habitats can be explained by a combination of density-dependent effects following the ideal free distribution model and the unpredictability of water movements that reinforce that effect. The study suggests the importance of rice fields as alternative habitats and that the availability of these alternative habitats could contribute significantly to the maintenance of wintering populations of shorebirds in Mediterranean estuaries

Foraging behaviour of waders has been widely studied and different feedings trategies well established(Goss- Custard 1969; Baker & Baker 1973; Pienkowski 1978; Puttick1 979). Sandpipers(Scolopacidae usually feed with a continous searching strategy as they walk.

[ES] Se ha analizado la morfometría de las extremidades inferiores de aves limícolas (Charadrii) a partir de 539 esqueletos pertenecientes a 27 especies. Análisis de componentes principales han puesto de manifiesto patrones relacionados con el tamaño y con la forma de dichas extremidades. Los patrones relacionados con el tamaño se han asociado con el uso del microhabitat (profundidad del agua). Los patrones relacionados con la forma han revelado un gradiente que va desde especies que muestran un incremento en la longitud de las patas a especies con un incremento relativo de los segmentos proximales relacionándose con el modo de locomoción. Asimismo, se discuten los resultados de los patrones de cambio evolutivo, que muestran que el cambio en el tamaño de las patas ha sido homogéneo a lo largo de la evolución. Por el contrario, los análisis de la tasa de cambio evolutivo sobre las extremidades inferiores eliminado el efecto del tamaño, muestran que el cambio no ha sido homogéneo en todos los clados, siendo Recurvirostrinae el clado que ha evolucionado a mayor tasa respecto a los segmentos distales y Scolopacidae respecto a los segmentos proximales., [EN] Variation of leg bones of 539 skeletal specimens belonging to 27 Charadrii species was studied using principal components analysis of pelvis and hindlimb measurements. Patterns of size variation showed an ordination gradient. This ordination was associated with feeding use of the microhabitat (e.g. water depth). Patterns of shape variation revealed differences among the species showing a gradient from species with relatively long legs and pelvis to species having short legs and wide pelvis. This gradient could be associated with locomotor and behaviour characteristics. Evolutionary rate of change in leg morphology seems to have been homogeneous during the course of the evolution. On the contrary, evolutionary rate of change in size-adjusted hindlimb suggests that change has not been homogeneous within the Charadrii. Recurvirostrinae is the taxa showing the highest rate of change in the distal elements of the leg, whereas the Scolopacidae show the highest rate in the proximal elements, This work has bmn supported by a CSIC-MNCN-CAM grant (BOE 1-12-89) and partly by a grant-in-aid ofthe British Council.

Tesis Doctoral inédita leída en la Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Facultad de Ciencias, Departamento de Ecología. Fecha de lectura: 21-04-2017, Esta tesis tiene embargado el acceso al texto completo hasta el 21-10-2018, This thesis has been supported by a Predoctoral Scholarship (FPI, Formación de Personal Investigador) from the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness (BES2012-059299). The thesis is included in the project CTM2011-24427 supported by the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness. Moreover, two mobility grants by the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness (EEBB-I-14-078877 and EEBB-I-15-10497) funded Roger Colominas Ciuró.

El presente trabajo de grado consiste en desarrollar una herramienta de inteligencia de negocios para el Departamento de Ingeniería de Sistemas de la Pontificia Universidad Javeriana el cual facilite la toma de decisiones en la programación de las asignaturas que se deben ofertar al inicio de cada semestre. La solución planteada se enfoca en reducir el tiempo que conlleva realizar todo este proceso. Haciendo uso de la información proporcionada por la universidad se recopila una data procedente de los últimos 5 años; a estos datos se los somete a un proceso de transformación y optimización para poder implementar los modelos analíticos predictivos que permitan identificar las asignaturas que se deben programar según la demanda de estudiantes cada semestre. Los resultados se presentarán mediante un tablero de control visualizando las materias y el aproximado de cupos necesarios por cada uno. No The present degree work consists of developing a business intelligence tool for the Systems Engineering department of the Pontificia Universidad Javeriana which facilitates decision-making in the programming of the subjects that must be offered at the beginning of each semester. The proposed solution focuses on reducing the time it takes to carry out this entire process. Using the information provided by the university, data is collected from the last 5 years of this process; These data are subjected to a transformation and optimization process to implement predictive analytical models that make it possible to identify the subjects that must be programmed according to student demand each semester. The results will be presented on a control board displaying the subjects and the approximate number of places required for each one. Magíster en Ingeniería de Sistemas y Computación Maestría

XXV, 148 pags + 4 anexos, In spite of its geographic isolation, the Antarctic ecosystem is not free from the presence of infectious agents. This thesis aims to contribute to the knowledge of gastrointestinal parasites fron three species of antarctic penguins (Pygoscelis papua, Pygoscelis adeliae and Pygoscelis antarctica). [EN], A pesar de su aislamiento geográfico, el ecosistema antártico no está libre de la presencia de agentes infecciosos. Con esta tesis se pretende contribuir al conocimiento de los macropárasitos gastrointestinales de tres especies de pingüinos antárticos (Pygoscelis papua, Pygoscelis adeliae y Pygoscelis antarctica). [ES]