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Funding Information: This work is supported by the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities, China (No. FRF-TP- 20-026A1 ) and the special grade of China Postdoctoral Science Foundation (No. 2021T140050 ). The authors also acknowledge the Aalto Science Institute (AScI) at Aalto University, Finland for funding the research program. Publisher Copyright: © 2023 The Author(s) As inclusions are inevitable from the material-producing processes, an engineering concept regarding multiple features of them is needed for material design. In this study, a unique approach integrating physical-meaningful microstructure-sensitive models with the machine-learning-based data-driven model is proposed to reveal the complex relationship between the fatigue life of materials with intrinsic features of inclusions including size, stiffness, thermal properties, and extrinsic stress amplitudes. This high-fidelity presentation of the relation of these variables enables a detailed and systematic analysis of the effects of inclusions on fatigue life. The data-based phase map provides a designing envelope of inclusion features for fatigue-resistant steels.

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Supplementary Material 1

Fe (hydr)oxides and organic matter (OM) are two of the main active substances ubiquitously occurring in natural environments. Fe (hydr)oxides rarely exist as a discrete component in natural environments, but they can interact readily with OM and are usually associated with OM to form Fe-OM associations. The interaction of Fe (hydr)oxides with OM will significantly change the binding characteristics of Fe (hydr)oxides toward metal(loid)s. In this review paper, firstly, interaction mechanisms, including the adsorption of OM onto Fe (hydr)oxides and the co-precipitation of OM and Fe (hydr)oxides, and factors affecting these interactions are summarized. Secondly, the characteristics of Fe-OM associations via adsorption and co-precipitation processes are compared. Then, the immobilization and remobilization of metal(loid)s influenced by interaction with OM and Fe (hydr)oxides are discussed. Finally, suggestions for future studies concerning the interactions between Fe (hydr)oxides and OM and their influences on immobilization and remobilization of metal(loid)s are offered. Therefore, this review provides helpful guidance for better evaluation of the bioavailability and mobility of metal(loid)s as impacted by Fe-OM associations in the natural environment.

Methadone maintenance treatment (MMT) is widely recognized as an effective method of combatting narcotic addiction. MMT reduces heroin withdrawal symptoms and, thus, makes it possible to provide the psychological and social support that is essential to the rehabilitation of drug users.Compare the severity of depressive symptoms in heroin users who are currently receiving MMT to that of heroin users who are not receiving MMT.We administered the 13-item version of the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI-13) and a demographic history form to 929 heroin users who had been receiving MMT at nine methadone treatment clinics in three Chinese cities for an average of 9 months and to 238 heroin users who had enrolled in a MMT program at the centers but had not yet begun MMT.Seventy-nine percent (188/238) of the untreated individuals reported depressive symptoms compared to 68% (628/929) of the individuals receiving MMT (χ (2)=11.69, p0.001). The median (interquartile range) BDI score in the untreated group was 10.4 (7.9-11.4) compared to 8.0 (5.7-11.6) in the MMT group (Z=2.75, p=0.006). In the MMT group, there was a negative correlation between the severity of reported depressive symptoms and the duration of participation in the MMT program (rs =-0.24, Z=2.88, p=0.004). Multivariate linear regression analysis showed that after adjusting for all demographic variables the treated group still had less severe depressive symptoms than the untreated group. After adjusting for the effect of MMT treatment, depressive symptoms were more severe in heroin users who self-reported poor family relationships (standardized regression coefficient β=0.118, t=6.56, p0.001) and in those who were divorced (β=0.120, t=3.73, p0.001).Moderate to severe depressive symptoms are common in heroin users. MMT is associated with lower levels of depressive symptoms in heroin users, but prospective randomized controlled trials are needed to determine whether or not MMT actually improves depressive symptoms in heroin users. Poor relationships with family members are also associated with depressive symptoms in heroin users; this suggests that treatment of heroin addiction needs to incorporate methods for helping heroin users repair the severed social relationships that their addiction has caused.美沙酮维持治疗 (methadone maintenancetreatment, MMT) 是一种公认的有效降低毒瘾的措施。美沙酮维持治疗可以减少海洛因成瘾戒断症状，并因此可以提供心理和社会支持，对吸毒者的康复至关重要。.比较目前正在接受 MMT 的海洛因成瘾者和没有接受 MMT 的海洛因成瘾者之间的抑郁症状严重程度。.本研究运用了 Beck-13 (13-item version of theBeck Depression Inventory, BDI-13) 抑郁自评量表和人口学历史资料调查表，对中国三个城市9个美沙酮治疗中心的929例正在接受 MMT 的海洛因成瘾患者（平均已接受9个月 MMT 治疗）和已经在中心注册参加 MMT 治疗但尚未开始的238例海洛因成瘾患者进行评估。.与正在接受 MMT 的成瘾者中有68% (628/929)报告抑郁症状相比，79% (188/238) 的未治疗成瘾者报告有抑郁症状 (中度至重度抑郁症状常见于海洛因成瘾患者。MMT 治疗与海洛因成瘾患者抑郁症状较轻相关，但需要采用前瞻性随机对照试验来确定 MMT 是否确实改善了海洛因成瘾患者的抑郁症状。与家庭成员的关系较差也与海洛因成瘾患者的抑郁症状有关，这表明对海洛因成瘾患者的治疗需要纳入一些方法来帮助海洛因成瘾患者修复由于他们成瘾造成的社会关系割裂。.本文全文中文版从2016年5月25日起在http://dx.doi.org/10.11919/j.issn.1002-0829.215127可供免费阅览下载.

ECF22 - Loading and Environmental effects on Structural Integrity / Edited by Aleksandar Sedmak, Zoran Radaković, Marko Rakin 22nd European Conference on Fracture (ECF) - Loading and Environmental Effects on Structural, ECF22, Belgrade, Serbia, 26 Mar 2018 - 31 Mar 2018; Procedia Structural Integrity 13, 2048-2052 (2018). doi:10.1016/j.prostr.2018.12.210

The fluid flow and solidification of ingot casting was studied. In this study, the fluid flow during the bottom teeming process was investigated with water model experiments and numerical simulation. A user-defined liquid-solid two-phase solidification solver was developed based on the software platform of OpenFOAM, using Euler-Euler two-phase approach. The solidification solver was performed on a 3-dimensional model of steel ingot to simulate the solidification and macrosegregation distribution.In water model experiments, water and vegetable oil were used to simulate the molten steel and slag phase, respectively. The influence of model parameters, such as the filling rate, nozzle dimensions and oil film thickness, on the filling conditions was investigated, concerning two aspects: one is the slag entrapment, and the other is reoxidation of molten steel. Both of the two situations should be avoid to provide a better filling condition. The numerical simulation on water-air two-phase flow with the interFoam solver of OpenFOAM was performed. The obtained predictions were in good agreement with the water model experiments. The simulation of solidification can obtain the evolution of the solid fraction, velocity, temperature, concentration and grain density fields. The macrosegregation was indicated by the concentration of the only solute − carbon. The cone-shaped negative segregation at the bottom, positive segregation at the top, V-segregation at the upper center of the ingot, and the channel-shaped A-segregation were predicted. The simulation results of macrosegregation ratio on certain lines were generally in agreement with the experimental measurements from the literature, except for some deviations at the bottom and the near-wall regions, where the predicted degree of negative segregation was much stronger than the measured one.

The quality of as-cast ingots and continuous cast products are controlled by solidification process mainly. Regarding to this, investigation on casting and solidification process of ingots and continuous cast products is considerable important in control of the quality of as-cast products especially for products with extremely heavy weight like several hundred tons. The present work focuses on the solidification process of large ingots. The complex solidification phenomena in large ingots have been investigated by means of three modelling methods, namely hot modelling, cold modelling and numerical modelling. In hot modelling, two series of ingot casting experiments has been performed for ingots with weight of 100 kg and 500 kg with various parameter combinations. The large ingots with weight of 500 kg solidify slowly in a specially designed isolating mould with the solidification time over several hours, and this slow solidification process simulates the solidification of industrial scale large ingots with weight between 3 to 6 t. Cooling curves have been measured by thermocouples during solidification, and as-cast structure and macrosegregation of solutes have been quantified. Based on this, solidification in large ingots has been investigated and three solidification regimes have been suggested and discussed. A-type Segregations could be produced in the laboratory for detailed studies.Meanwhile, water modelling (cold modelling) by using NH4Cl solution has been conducted with different cool conditions and initial solution temperature. A quasi 2-D water model has been built up with glass and aluminium, where hot saturated NH4Cl solution are poured in and crystallized subjected to cooling conditions. During precipitation of solid NH4Cl, phenomena such as dendritic growth and sedimentation of crystals are similar to those in ingots solidification, therefore NH4Cl solution is used as transparent analog to provide information of the solidification process in large ingots. Besides the experimental work, numerical modelling of ingot solidification has been performed as well. A two-phase solidification model based on volume-averaging-technique has been developed. This solidification model has been applied for the ingots with weight of 100 kg and 500 kg, and the simulation results have been compared with the experimental results regarding as-cast structure and macrosegregation. Furthermore, a channel-segregation model has been developed for the determination of the A-type segregation formation. The effects of carbon concentration and flow velocity of the solute enriched melt on the widening and closing of the potential channel have been investigated. Overall, solidification in large ingots has been investigated experimentally and numerically. The relationship among as-cast structure, local solidification driving force and solidification sequence in large ingots has been intensively studied, and the formation mechanism of A-segregation has also been explored.