Search

In recent years, the environmental monitoring in agriculture field is an essential required application. To achieve the environmental monitoring of agriculture fields, the wireless sense networks (WSN) and Internet of Things (IoT) is utilized. In the WSN, the energy consumption is a main issue to access the medium and transfer the networks. Hence, in this paper, Adaptive Fuzzy C means clustering and Seagull Optimization Algorithm (AFCM-SOA) is developed for monitoring environmental conditions in agriculture field. Two main objective functions are utilized to empower the presentation of the WSN such as load balancing and energy efficient operation. The proposed method is a combination of Fuzzy C Means Clustering and Seagull Optimization Algorithm (SOA). The energy efficient and load balancing is achieved by optimal routing scheme by proposed method. The Fuzzy C-Means Clustering is utilized to empower the energy efficient operation and load balancing. In the Fuzzy C-Means Clustering, the SOA is utilized to select the optimal path selection. The proposed method is executed by NS2 simulator and performances are compared with existing methods such as Atom Search Optimization (ASO) and Emperor Penguin Optimization (EPO) respectively. The performance metrics are delay, drop, throughput, energy consumption, network lifetime, overhead and delivery ratio.

Developing countries like India is witnessing an increasing economic growth, rapid population in addition to industrialization leading to an increased rate of land use and cover. In order to better utilize the land and natural resource is essential to classify and analyse the land use and cover. Machine Learning and Deep Learning techniques are considered to be one of the effective and efficient ways for analysing and classifying the land use & cover. Here, in this paper, methodology for land use & cover classification – analysis of rural and urban regions of Bengaluru is been proposed. The proposed system’s main objective is to monitor the land cover changes of Bengaluru district including its rural and urban region for classifying the land cover into its exact classes. Classification algorithms such as SVM (Support Vector Machine), RF (Random Forest), KNN (K – Nearest Neighbor) and DT (Decision Tree) are used in the preprocessing of images and model created is tested using CNN. The Landsat datasets from usgs earth explorer is used. Performance evaluation of these algorithms are done based on their accuracy rates and efficiency. The proposed system shows that CNN classifies the land cover classes efficiently because of its highest accuracy and efficiency rates when compared with other algorithms.

The present research work focused on fabricating Biodegradable Plate (BD plate) composed of rice husk ash, bagasse and corn starch which is harmless to the environment. Mechanical properties such as compressive strength, moisture absorption, solubility and infiltration time were examined in fabricated BD plate. Box–Behnken Design (BBD) and ANOVA analysis are employed to optimize the operating parameters includes raw material mix ratio, temperature on the die, pressure during the mixing process and time. Input factors such as temperature varies (80–100 oC), pressure (1–3 bar), time (4–6 min) and Mix ratio (M1, M2 and M3) are coded into the BBD design. Lack of fit test, p and F value of the independent variables are calculated to confirm the significance of the regression model. Maximum compressive strength of 31 kgf is obtained at the optimal process parameters like temperature of 90 oC, pressure of 2 bar, holding time of 6 min and Mix ratio of 2. The developed biodegradable plate serves as the alternative solution for plastic plates such that the developed plate withstands for 30 days free from fungus.

The success of a nation depends on the competency and skill that it’s younger generation possess. This depends on the educational qualification of the individual, which is largely dependent on the faculty which the student encounters during his/her graduation. Keeping this as an objective, this research tries to identify the required competencies to be possessed by a faculty. The study is about competency mapping among faculty in arts and science colleges in Dindigul town, Tamil Nadu. Ample analysis has been conducted and proper suggestions and recommendations have been provided.

Partial shading is an unavoidable factor that reduces the performance of solar PV systems. The PV system receives uneven irradiation due to partial shading which causes the mismatch loss. The partial shading distracts the irradiation from the PV modules that makes the healthy modules as idle or low performing modules. The mismatch loss can be mitigated by uniformly distributing the partial shading over the PV array. In this work, L-shaped propagated array configuration method with a new dynamic reconfiguration algorithm have proposed for enhancing the energy conversion under the partial shading conditions. A new kind of array configuration is implemented in a $4\times 4$ PV array for the better shade dispersion. Further, a dynamic reconfiguration algorithm is employed to disperse the effect of partial shading. The combination of new array configuration and reconfiguration method is simulated in MATLAB/Simulink® and implemented in hardware. The outputs are measured under all possible shading patterns and validated with the outputs of convention methods for observing the enhanced energy conversion rate of the proposed system.

Photovoltaic system encounters with some limiting factors such as partial shading that reduces the power output. Partial shading is not predictable; not measurable; and unavoidable. A single partial shaded PV cell limits the power output of the unshaded PV cells connected with it in series. In this paper, a hybrid reconfiguration algorithm has been proposed. The 4 × 4 PV array has connected in Total Cross Tied configuration. The proposed algorithm performs reconfiguration in two steps. In the first step, the algorithm splits the 4 × 4 PV array into two sets of 2 × 4 PV arrays and it establishes the interconnection between the two sets by through the 2 × 2 switching matrix circuit in the second step. The interconnection will be executed based on the power generation of each row in the 2 × 4 PV arrays i.e., the maximum power generating row in the set 1 has connected with the minimum power generating a row in set 2. By this reconfiguration, the rows in the PV array can be made as even current generating rows. The proposed method suppresses the effect of partial shading in the power output also it reduces the required numbers of switches and the dimension of the switching matrix circuit.

A 16-year-old male Type A hemophiliac patient has been reported with complaints of defective vision in the right eye (OD), following ocular trauma 9 months back for which he took treatment outside. On examination, he had blood staining of cornea and cataract in his right eye. His vision was perception of light + and projection of rays intact. After hematologist opinion, under peribulbar anesthesia, he underwent penetrating keratoplasty with pupillary membranectomy and cataractous lens removal with posterior chamber intraocular lens implantation under the cover of Factor VIII (antihemophilic factor). On day 21, the best-corrected visual acuity in OD was 6/6P. This case report emphasizes the fact that hemophiliac patients can be operated safely with appropriate hematological support.

MANET – Mobile Adhoc Network is a self-configuring network that connected by the number of mobile nodes with wireless links and it has no fixed infrastructure. In this, each single node can operates as both a transmitter and receiver. It has been exploited in various applications such as disaster stuck areas, military, emergency revival etc. Nevertheless, the open intermediate and broad distribution of nodes in MANET can cause a vulnerable to different malicious attacks and MANET that can operate consistently even in the being there of inside packet drop attackers can be really challenging. Therefore, we need to develop Intrusion Detection System to detect the misbehavior nodes during the packet delivery with acknowledgement for the protection of MANET. In this paper, EAACK (Enhanced Adaptive Acknowledgment) is developed with Enhanced Interior Gateway Routing Protocol (EIGRP) hybrid protocol which consists of P2P ACK and RSA algorithm. At present, the network overhead is caused by the digital signature algorithm if more misbehavior nodes are presented on network. Hence, this proposed system is applied with EIGRP to reduce the network overhead caused by digital signatures in EAACK, and P2P (peer-peer) ACK and RSA (named after Ron Rivest, Adi Shamir and Len Adleman) provides more security to the network. S-ACK (Selective Acknowledgements) cannot differentiate the particular node is malicious node. Therefore, this proposed system introduces the P2P ACK to detect the misbehavior node efficiently. Here, RSA can encrypt the session key that creates the key more secure to improve the security level and P2P ACK use this encrypted key for the acknowledgement. In the P2P ACK, keys are generated by the RSA and distributed for signing and verifying the acknowledgement packets in advance. This proposed P2P ACK is used to enhance the detection of misbehavior nodes. The performance of this proposed method can improve the security level and reduce the routing overhead through the secured acknowledgement.

It is a difficult task to utilize the power from the solar PV connected to utility grid effectively due to its lower efficiency. Hence, a new power electronic topology with maximum power point tracking (MPPT) algorithm is needed to reduce the losses thereby obtaining the maximum power from solar PV system. Direct energy transfer is implemented to transfer the rated solar power to the utility grid, the rest is fed to the converter and used for DC loads. In this work, a reversed buck-boost converter topology with parallel power processing concept is used efficiently and a multiple perturbation and observation (MP&O) based MPPT algorithm is proposed to achieve the global maximum power point (GMPP). And also boost inverter topology is employed by which the power from PV is supplied to the utility grid. The proposed method is simulated using MATLAB/SIMULINK and implemented in hardware. The simulation and experimental results of the proposed MP&O technique provide maximum AC power as well as DC power even in low irradiance and partial shading conditions of the solar PV array compared to the existing techniques.

Internet of things (IoT) makes a machines optimization in everyday which processing the data by very intelligently and make communication more effectively and efficiently. However, in order to decrease the harm of IoT, nearby is angrowinglonging to move en route for green IoT which is environmentally friendly. In smart city environments, the data collection and communication play an important role in defining quality. Since the research period, it has been recommending a new data acquisition and data communication software framework for IoT smart applications. For further improvements, we recommend an optimal QoS aware routing technique for smart cities using IoT enabled wireless sensor networks (OQR-SC). In data gathering phase, we introduce chaotic bird swarm optimization (CBSO) algorithm for IoT sensor cluster formation; the improved differential search (IDS) algorithm used to estimate the faith degree of each sensor node, the highest trust node act as cluster head (CH). In data transferring phase, we illustrates lightweight signcryption technique for data encryption between two IoT sensors. Then, we use optimal decision making (ODM) algorithm to compute the optimal path between source-destination in IoT platform. Finally, the proposed OQR-SC technique is implemented using network simulation (NS2) tool and analyzes the performance of proposed technique with existing state-of-art techniques.

Underwater sensor node overflow occurs when large amount of sensory data is already stored and it is unavailable to obtain new data when an event happens. This misalignment tends to partitioning of individual node from networks in reporting information to sink. Resilience of individual node to recover from overflow considering channel and storage capabilities is needed. This work tries to avoid unnecessary transmission of the overloaded node. The contemporaneous work of storage and transmission is stated to improve energy efficiency in the desired work using DBR Bayesian network. Two slice Bayesian network is constructed for every node for calculating conditional probability distribution to resurrect links. Number of transmission is being improved considering the facilitation of nodes storage and transit duration reducing the overall energy consumption of a node by constraining unnecessary transmissions.

The methodology used in the Mars exploration and curiosity rover by Mars Science Laboratory is rocker bogie. The term rocker derives from the suspension system with large forward leg on each side of the vehicle chassis on either side which exhibits automated wheel movement, henceforth when one side of the vehicle rocker goes up, the other side goes down and maintain an average pitch level. Earlier research has envisaged that the Rocker-Rovers are much suitable for conducting scientific experiments like travelling to many meters to tens of kilometres. However, the recent mobility designs are complex, using many wheels or legs. Moreover, such rocker bogies can achieve only minimum distance transverse on field like agriculture land, rough land, inclined, stairs and obstacle surfaces which concludes that greater mobility experiments need to be conducted. There are most cases noted that mechanical failures were caused due to harsh environment. Hence, for surveillance in rough terrains, a robust design of rover is required. This paper focused on development of an efficient high mobility suspension system that is capable of travelling through rough terrain using a four wheeled rover. The primary mechanical feature of the rocker bogie design is arrived by using only two motors for mobility and drive line easiness. Motors are located inside the body for increased reliability and efficiency, while considering the thermal variation to be minimum. Increased stability requires both front wheels to be climb first, put forth the necessity of four wheels for driving the rover. The Rocker-Rover suspension system has a vigorous capability to overcome the uneven terrain because of its equal distribution of the pressure over its six wheels. Moreover, this article has implemented a rover with TSM (Total Surveillance Manager) which is an intelligent surveillance and security robot system, designed for monitoring behaviours and activities in the region of interest. The proposed prototype utilizes multiple types of surveillance devices including robots, CCTV cameras, and sensors

In this paper, for BLDC drive based configuration the sliding mode control scheme, power converter based renewable system is presented in this paper. The PV system is proposed to provide input source for the SMC based system. The proposed control method is used based on the vector control. According to this, the drive system behaviour of the speed control capacity is enhanced. To improve the system input source which fed from PV system, the ZETA converter is proposed. The speed and torque of the motor can be controlled by the SMC method based on vector control. The results of the proposed system are obtained and verified using the MATLAB/Simulink.

Density (ρ) and speed of sound (u) of binary liquid mixtures: 2-ethoxyethanol (2-EE)+diethylamine (DEA) and those of pure components have been measured as function of composition at temperatures (303.15, 308.15, 313.15 and 318.15) K. Using experimental data, the values of internal pressure (πi), free volume (Vf), enthalpy (H), entropy (Ts), excess internal pressure (πiE), excess free volume (VfE), excess enthalpy (HE), excess free energy (GE) and excess entropy (TsE) were computed. The excess functions VfE, HE, GE and TsE are predominantly negative, while πiE is positive. This shows the presence of significance interactions between the component molecules in these mixtures.

Handling the user interactions and improving the responsiveness of the system through collaborative Recommendation system is the proposed framework. The application will have an interactive form that takes the user details. On valid user access the user is provided with options under a gallery as: Location wise Statistics, Tribes culture, Tribes Request and Tribal activities. The tribal users should be able to present their food products as part of the system. The tourist guest should be able to view the food products and place orders. Recommendation can be provided to the guest based on the past experience. The application will also facilitate for Geo Tagging of the users including tribes to improve their participation. The application will be developed using Android with cloud namely. The user statistics will be presented for region wise in a more visual manner. The Smart phones play a vital role in everyone’s life. In smart phones we have so many applications and the applications need to be tested. The mobile applications are tested for its functionality, usability, and for its consistency. There are two types of mobile application testing. They can be of non-automatic or automatic testing. In this study automated approach is discussed. An android based mobile testing needs native test applications which is used for testing a single platform.

In this paper, for failure identification and insulation in a horizontal axis variable speed turbine made up of three sheets and one total converter, the vector support machines (SVM) is used. Data is based on the SVM method and so know-how is robust. It is also focused on the reduction of systemic risk this increases generalization and encourages method non-linearity accounting for the use of modular kernels. A radial function as a kernel has been used in this work. Various parts of the process, including actuators, sensors and process failures, have been investigated.

This article gives the best intellectual strength wind energy variable-speed point detection algorithm systems of transfer focused on improving instruction. Since reinforcing learning (RL) helps the variable - speed wind method to learn by direct contact with the environment. Awareness of factors of wind turbines or wind speed is not concerned. The first proposed MPPT control scheme facilitates a mix of the ANN and the Q-learning method to ensure the optimal coordination between PMSG engine speed and power. The proposed ANN-based RL MPPT control algorithm is supplied with simulation and experimental data.

Improving the efficiency, reducing the cost and maintaining the power quality of a grid tied with Photovoltaic (PV) system are the important aspects of the present day research. The efficiency of power conversion can be improved by reducing the number of stages. In this paper, a single stage boost inverter topology fed from PV array is used and connected to a single phase grid. Less number of switching components is used in this topology compared to conventional technique and hence, the converter losses are reduced. This can also be very well extended to utility grid system. Further, the proposed topology includes battery backup unit which consists of a DC-DC converter to overcome the variations of Voltage based Maximum Power Point (VMPP) of PV array because of the variations in solar irradiance. The proposed system uses the current control approach which has zero steady state tracking error to control the single stage boost inverter. The proposed system offers many advantages such as low cost, high efficiency, compactness and high quality of output power. Design procedure and simulation results are obtained from MATLAB/SIMULINK and the experimental results are obtained from the model developed in the laboratory. The entire system is controlled by SPATRAN 3A FPGA board.

Background: Ocular surface squamous neoplasia (OSSN) includes a wide spectrum of conjunctival and corneal intraepithelial neoplasia which can manifest as dysplasia, carcinoma in situ, and invasive squamous cell carcinoma. OSSN can be diagnosed by certain noninvasive techniques as well as invasive histopathological examination. One of such noninvasive techniques is impression cytology which refers to the histological study of superficial layers of ocular surface epithelium. Aim: The aim of this study was to assess the accuracy of impression cytology in the diagnosis of OSSN using cellulose acetate paper by correlating with histopathology. Materials and Methods: This is a prospective observational and interventional study conducted at a tertiary referral center in Chennai. This study was conducted from January 2016 to July 2017 and included 43 eyes of 42 patients presenting with conjunctival mass at the limbus or over the conjunctiva. Hospital ethics committee approval was obtained. Results: A total of 43 excision biopsies of 42 patients suspected for OSSN were performed. There was correlation in 36 eyes (83.72%), and in 7 eyes, there was no correlation (16.27%). The cases having hyperkeratotic lesions were missed by the impression cytology. Conclusion: Impression cytology can be used as a screening tool in the diagnosis of OSSN and in the follow-up of patients with recurrence. However, histopathology always remains the gold standard in diagnosing OSSN.

Cognitive Radio Networks (CRN) learning perspective and inherently reconfigurable capability generate a group of novel safety problems. Here, let's analyze the jamming security issue with a smart jammer, which could rapidly study the broadcast power of the users also flexibly regulate their broadcast power towards maximizing the destructive effects. Additionally, the Secondary User (SU) spends energy while switching to next frequency channel, cause degradation of the system performances with respect to energy effectiveness. Here, we explore the use of Stackelberg game to achieve jamming resilient radio transmission and power control strategy of an SU. The optimal power allocation is carried out with the iterative water-filling algorithm (WFA) and Channel Allocation based on Stackelberg Game algorithm (CASG) exhibits the Stackelberg equilibrium and the min-max/max-min best power allocation over the recreation of the various game situations.

Machining has gotten crucial to the cutting-edge industry. It is utilized legitimately or in a roundabout way in the production of practically all the merchandise and ventures being determined everywhere in the world. This project is mainly carried out in Multi-Function Operating Machine for production industries. It is a multipurpose machine that can be used to perform various operations like drilling (screw fitting, boring, broaching), grinding and lathe operations (facing, step turning, knurling and cutting) of small workpieces very precisely. A lathe is one of the oldest and perhaps most important machine tools ever developed. Hole machining, constituting a considerable percentage of all machining operations, is accomplished, as a rule, be rotary and axial feed motions of the cutting tool or work. The boring cycle is a widely utilized machining activity by which however or daze openings are cut or begun in a workpiece. Penetrating is a machining activity wherein the opening is created or broadened by the utilization of an extraordinary cutting device, called a drill, normally having more than one forefront. Crushing is a machining activity where a multi-edged pivoting grating device called a granulating wheel eliminates abundant material from the workpiece. Granulating of level surfaces called surface crushing. Grinding of flat surfaces called surface grinding.

Ocular trauma is one of the leading causes of ocular morbidity all over the world. The most dreaded among this is penetrating trauma, one that can scare even the most experienced of eye surgeons. It requires immense skill on the part of the surgeon to restore the structure and function of the globe. Most penetrating traumas that affect the eyelid also penetrate the globe. It is very rare for an object to penetrate the lid and spare the globe. In this case series, we would like to present two cases of penetrating injury, wherein a fish hook in one case and glass shard in another, pierced the eyelid and missed the globe by a whisker. We would also want to discuss our line of management in tackling this case.

Background: Thyroid lump is a common clinical problem in Nepal. The risk of malignancy has to be judged prior to surgery for which fine needle aspiration cytology is widely used. To bring the uniform reporting of thyroid aspirates, the Bethesda system for reporting thyroid cytopathology (TBSRTC) was introduced in 2007. This study was done to evaluate the various cytomorphological patterns of thyroid aspirate and to correlate the Bethesda system with final histopathology report.Materials and Methods: Fine needle aspiration were performed and were evaluated as per TBSRTC criteria. Fine needle aspiration cytology report were compared with biopsy specimen whenever possible. Result: A total of 386 cases were studied. The sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, negative predictive value and overall accuracy of TBSRTC were 75.2%, 98.2%, 90.0%, 94.7% and 94.03% respectively. Conclusion: Use of TBSRTC in reporting thyroid cytopathology has a greater accuracy; however, benign cases need regular follow up as there are false negative cases.

BACKGROUND Biomedical research has very little representation in the graduate curriculum in India. Research and academic education operate in tandem and enhance critical appraisal skills of the students and orients them to evidence based medical practice in the years of their profession. It has been reported that students in medical schools report mixed interest in undertaking research during the study period. MATERIALS & METHODS This institute implements a short term student Research Program as a systemic annual curricular engagement. A questionnaire based assessment of the awareness, knowledge and attitude of MBBS students about research as a curricular activity was performed. RESULTS & CONCLUSION The responses of the medical students were tabulated and statistically analysed. Of the 347 respondents, 70.32% were aware that medical research was possible during the graduate course period in the medical school, in the current medical curriculum and 87.6% opined that research as a compulsory part of graduate medical curriculum was welcome.

This paper presents an intelligent controller employing Adaptive Neuro-Fuzzy Inference System (ANFIS) for extracting maximum power from the wind energy conversion system even during the change in the wind speed conditions with improved quality of power. The proposed induction generator with multilevel inverter along with intelligent controller based Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT) technique aims at integrating winds system with improved maximum power injection and minimum harmonic issues. The proposed method will improve the power quality which is delivered to the grid in terms of harmonic, and inject the maximum power to the grid. To validate the effectiveness of the proposed control strategy, ANFIS controller, Fuzzy Inference System (FIS) and without MPPT controller have been presented and tested using MATLAB/Simulink environment.