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Objective The objective of this study was to evaluate the short-term and long-term clinical and economic outcomes associated with insulin glargine or NPH insulin in patients with Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) inadequately controlled with oral anti-diabetic drugs in Switzerland, modeling the interaction between hypoglycemia and glycemic control (HbA1c). Methods A validated discrete event simulation model for T2DM was used to predict incidence of short-term complications (symptomatic, nocturnal and severe hypoglycemic events) and long-term complications (microvascular and macrovascular events), life expectancy, quality-adjusted life years (QALYs) and direct medical costs in patients treated with insulin glargine or NPH insulin. The model was populated with published Swiss patient characteristics with T2DM. Baseline risks of hypoglycemic events, utility decrements of diabetes-related long-term complications and the hypoglycemia fear score were derived from the literature. Relative risk reductions of hypoglycemia adjusted for HbA1c using insulin glargine compared with NPH insulin were based on a published negative binomial meta-regression analysis. Costs of severe hypoglycemia, micro- and macrovascular events were analyzed from literature whenever possible otherwise guideline-projected resource-use estimations were valued with Swiss official prices or tariffs in 2006 CHF. Simulations were run with 1,000 patients per cohort over a time horizon of 40 years. Incremental cost effectiveness ratios (ICERs) were presented as cost per QALY and per life year gained (LYG). Future costs and clinical benefits were discounted at 3.5%. Wide-range one-way sensitivity analyses were performed. Results Insulin glargine was associated with an improvement in quality of life (0.098 QALYs per patient) and additional life expectancy (0.05 life years gained per patient) compared to NPH insulin. Incremental costs of CHF 2,578 resulted in an ICER of CHF 26,271 per QALY and CHF 51,100 per LYG. The cost per QALY was most sensitive to changes in costs, utility decrements and relative risk reductions of hypoglycemia. Conclusions This study evaluated, for the first time, the cost effectiveness of insulin glargine versus NPH insulin for the treatment of T2DM considering the interaction between glycemic control and hypoglycemia in Switzerland. The base case and sensitivity analyses demonstrated that insulin glargine proved to be cost-effective with respect to accepted willingness to pay thresholds and therefore represents good value for money.

Objective: The objective of this study was to evaluate the cost-effectiveness of insulin glargine compared with NPH insulin in patients with type 2 diabetes and in whom OAD (oral anti-diabetics) had failed in Switzerland. Methods: Long-term diabetes outcomes were simulated with the Diabetes Mellitus Model (DMM) over a period of 10 years. The incidences of long-term complications (micro- and macrovascular events) were simulated for 10,000 patients over 10 years for six different scenarios. The scenarios were based on HbA 1 c reductions observed in clinical trials. For insulin glargine, HbAlc reductions of 0.96% (pessimistic case) and 1.24% (optimistic case) were simulated for three different HbAlc baseline values (10,9 and 8%). For NPH insulin the HbA 1 c reduction was assumed to be 0.84%. A cost model and a utility model were developed in order to use the cumulated incidences of the simulations for the calculation of cost and QALYs (quality-adjusted life years). The unit costs of micro- and macrovascular events were assessed on the basis of published literature and guideline-projected resource-use estimations for Switzerland. Disutility values of diabetes-related long-term complications were derived from the literature. Total direct medical costs or QALYs were assessed by a combination of cumulated incidences of each event up to 10 years with the corresponding unit cost per event (in addition to the acquisition cost) or with disutility values per event, respectively. Events, total cost, and QALYs were discounted at 3%. In scenarios where no savings could be shown for insulin glargine, incremental cost-effectiveness ratios were calculated as the incremental cost per event prevented and the cost per QALY gained. Results: Cost comparison demonstrated that insulin glargine is the dominant strategy for the optimistic case scenario starting at a baseline HbA1c value of 10% as savings in the management of complications exceeded the difference in acquisition costs after 8 years of treatment. Optimistic case scenarios for baseline HbA 1c values of 9 and 8% achieved costs per QALY gained amounting to CHF 2,853 and CHF 5,711 and costs per event prevented amounting to CHF 2,054 and CHF 4,899, respectively. Pessimistic case scenarios for baseline HbAlc values of 10, 9 and 8% resulted in costs per QALY gained amounting to CHF 40,441, CHF 45,701 and CHF 49,468 and costs per event prevented amounting to CHF 27,742, CHF 32,451 and CHF 41,620, respectively. Conclusions: This study investigated the long-term health-economic implications of treating type 2 diabetes patients, in whom OAD had failed, with insulin glargine versus NPH insulin in Switzerland. The 10-year simulations demonstrated that the AHbA-1 c reductions of 0.4 and 0.12% achieved with insulin glargine led to a reduction of long-term complications, mortality and associated costs as well as to an improved quality of life. Insulin glargine proved to be cost-effective and represents good to excellent value for money compared to NPH insulin.

Objectives To explore the level of satisfaction among residents regarding their training in psychotherapies, the interest they have in these therapies, and their wishes in the area of training.Methods A survey including both a quantitative and qualitative methodology was undertaken among 869 residents out of 1,334 enrolled in the psychiatric residency program. In the 2009-2010 academic year. The survey included five themes of study: theoretical academic training, psychoanalysis, training in institutes outside the university, supervision, wishes in the area of training. This article presents results from the qualitative sociological survey using a semi-guided interview with 27 residents. Their conceptions and practice in the field of psychotherapy, and its place in psychiatric practice were questioned in-depth.Results The vast majority of residents were interested in psychotherapy, but simultaneously dissatisfied with the training they had received. Almost half opted for various sorts of extra-curricular training, costly in time and money. The psychotherapeutic orientations among these residents were varied, and a plurality of methods and theoretical approaches was advocated both for reasons of having a wider viewpoint and good practice in psychiatry, and because the residents considered this plurality to be an essential component in their training. They saw psychotherapy as a medical practice, and considered that it is the responsibility of the psychiatric discipline to provide training in psychotherapies.Conclusion The absence of any real training in psychotherapies for residents in psychiatry is damaging for care quality in psychiatry. The recent creation of a protected title of psychotherapist for psychiatrists without the need of additional training suggests an urgent need to develop a training course. A proposal by the authors should be discussed in light of reflections and proposals already underway in other countries., Objectif Connaître l’opinion des internes en psychiatrie sur la qualité perçue de leur formation aux psychothérapies et leurs souhaits de formation.Méthode Une enquête en deux volets, quantitative et qualitative a été effectuée auprès de 869 internes sur 1 334 inscrits au Diplôme d’Etudes Spécialisées en psychiatrie pour l’année 2009-2010. Cinq thématiques ont été abordées dans les deux volets : formation théorique universitaire, psychanalyse, formation extra-universitaire, supervision, souhaits de formation. Cet article présente les résultats de l’enquête sociologique qualitative qui a été réalisée par entretiens semi-directifs auprès de 27 internes. L’enquête questionnait en détail leurs conceptions et pratiques des psychothérapies et la place qu’ils leur donnent dans l’exercice de la psychiatrie.Résultats La grande majorité des internes est intéressée par la psychothérapie tout en considérant sa formation insatisfaisante. Un interne sur deux opte pour des formations extra-universitaires, coûteuses en temps et en finances. Les orientations et méthodes psychothérapeutiques choisies sont diverses, parce que cette diversité est considérée comme une richesse et pour une bonne pratique de la psychiatrie. Ils conçoivent la psychothérapie comme une pratique médicale, estimant qu’il est de la responsabilité de la psychiatrie d’assurer la formation aux psychothérapies.Conclusion L’absence de véritable formation aux psychothérapies des internes en psychiatrie est un préjudice pour la qualité des soins en psychiatrie. La création récente d’un titre protégé de psychothérapeute auquel les psychiatres peuvent prétendre de droit, sans formation additionnelle, appelle d’urgence l’élaboration d’une formation. Une proposition des auteurs devrait être discutée en relation avec les réflexions déjà menées ou en cours dans d’autres pays.

International audience; According to a recent change in the French legislation (2010) regarding the regulation of the use of the title of “psychotherapist”, psychiatrists are now allowed to use this title at the end of their training, without any additional training. However, various publications from 2000 have shown that there is no specific training in psychotherapy at a professional level during the training of psychiatrists.GoalsTo study the current situation of the Academic training of French psychiatrists in psychotherapy during their residency, their interest for these therapies, their level of satisfaction regarding their training, and the importance of additional private training programs.MethodologyA survey was carried out among residents in psychiatry from October 2010 until January 2011. An anonymous questionnaire covering five domains (academic teaching, psychoanalysis, extra-academic training, interest in a more developed model of training, supervision) was sent by the French Federative Association of Psychiatrists Trainees (AFFEP) to all French psychiatrist trainees, through their local trainee associations (n = 26).ResultsThe questionnaire was answered by 869 of the 1334 psychiatry residents (65%). The vast majority of the trainees reported being interested in psychotherapy, but 75% thought that their training in psychotherapy (psychoanalysis, cognitive-behavioral therapy [CBT] and systemic therapy) is insufficient. In 20 of the 26 universities, more than half of the trainees reported that their training was insufficient in the three fields; in four universities, more than half of the trainees were satisfied with at least one field. Yet, satisfaction rates were very different among universities: for example, 27% were satisfied with their psychoanalytic training in Paris and 87% in Strasbourg; 7% were satisfied with their CBT training in Strasbourg, but 65% in Nice. The vast majority (97%) believes that supervision about therapeutic relationship is necessary during residency rotations in the hospital. More than three quarters (78%) would like to have supervision at least twice a month. Yet, only 51% of respondents have such supervision. Once again, large disparities were observed between different Academies: for example 74% had supervision in Montpellier, but only 29% in Marseille. The vast majority (95%) of trainees would like a two-phase model of training (general theoretical teaching plus in-depth training in one or more methods), which is different to the current training model.ConclusionOur results show a clear discrepancy between the importance of training in psychotherapy for psychiatrists, the interest of psychiatry students for these therapies, and the very high rate of dissatisfaction for the training received, as well as the rate of students supervised during their training period at the hospital. These results differ from what is observed in other countries, where satisfaction rates are much higher among students, and various psychotherapy training methods are proposed in a much more homogeneous manner. More research is required to understand the reasons for these difficulties with the psychotherapy training of psychiatrists in France, and to propose new models of training to improve this situation.; Aux termes du décret no 2010-534 d’application de l’article 52 de la loi de santé publique du 9 août 2004 sur l’usage du titre de psychothérapeute, les psychiatres sont « de droit » psychothérapeutes à l’issue de leur formation universitaire. Or, l’enseignement du Diplôme d’études spécialisées (DES) de psychiatrie n’intègre pas de formation qualifiante pour la pratique des différentes techniques psychothérapeutiques, contrairement à d’autres pays. Afin d’obtenir un état des lieux de la formation aux psychothérapies délivrée aux internes de psychiatrie français dans le cadre de leur DES, de connaître l’intérêt des internes pour ces thérapies, leur niveau de satisfaction quant à la formation qu’ils reçoivent et d’évaluer l’importance des formations extra-universitaires dans ce domaine, nous avons mené une enquête quantitative auprès des internes inscrits au DES de psychiatrie pour l’année universitaire 2009–2010, à laquelle 869 des 1334 internes ont répondu. L’immense majorité des répondants sont intéressés par la psychothérapie, mais plus des trois quarts sont insatisfaits de la formation reçue. Ce résultat global masque une très grande disparité selon les régions dans la satisfaction, comme dans les contenus de formation et la supervision durant les stages. Nos résultats suggèrent que la formation actuelle à la psychothérapie des internes en psychiatrie pose problème et qu’une enquête complémentaire approfondie est requise, en préalable à une évolution de cette formation.

International audience

The two novel prodrugs 4 and 11 have been prepared from tetra-O-acetyl-D-galactopyranose and doxorubicin in three and six steps, respectively. Their low cytotoxicity, high stability in plasma and, in the case of 11, efficient hydrolysis in the presence of alpha-galactosidase, fulfill preliminary conditions for their use in combination with monoclonal antibody-enzyme conjugates.