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Enterovirus infections are life-threatening viral infections which occur mainly among children and are possible causes of viral outbreak. Until now, treatment and management of infections caused by members of the genus Enterovirus largely depended on supportive care, and no antiviral medications are currently approved for the treatment of most of these infections.

Scene classification aims to classify various objects and land use classes such as farms, highways, rivers, and airplanes in the remote sensing images. In recent times, the Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) based models have been widely applied in scene classification, due to their efficiency in feature representation. The CNN based models have the limitation of overfitting problems, due to the generation of more features in the convolutional layer and imbalanced data problems. This study proposed Gaussian Mutation–Spider Monkey Optimization (GM-SMO) model for feature selection to solve overfitting and imbalanced data problems in scene classification. The Gaussian mutation changes the position of the solution after exploration to increase the exploitation in feature selection. The GM-SMO model maintains better tradeoff between exploration and exploitation to select relevant features for superior classification. The GM-SMO model selects unique features to overcome overfitting and imbalanced data problems. In this manuscript, the Generative Adversarial Network (GAN) is used for generating the augmented images, and the AlexNet and Visual Geometry Group (VGG) 19 models are applied to extract the features from the augmented images. Then, the GM-SMO model selects unique features, which are given to the Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM) network for classification. In the resulting phase, the GM-SMO model achieves 99.46% of accuracy, where the existing transformer-CNN has achieved only 98.76% on the UCM dataset.

Utility of e-resources in the present era of Information Technology in a topic for study, because it support teaching learning and research activities of the present user community particularly faculty members. Enormous amount of money is needed for subscribing to e-resources. The purpose of this study is to find out the awareness, availability and the use of eresources by the teaching faculty of engineering colleges in West Godavari. District. AP. It also look into the barriers, the users are facing while using the e-resources and their level of satisfaction. A survey was conducted among the teaching staff members of 12 selected engineering colleges in West Godavari District. AP out of 225 questionnaires distributed, 160 responses were received back. The findings shows that the generality of teaching staff members are thoroughly aware about the e-resources and most of them are using e-resources at least once in a week. Majority of the teaching members using desktop computers for accessing the e-resources. Maximum engineering colleges provide e-resources facility availability is good. Majority of the teaching staff members are using desktop computer for accessing the e-resources and the main purpose of using them is for teaching. The study also reveals that all most faculty members are satisfied with the facilities available for accessing eresources. Keywords: Engineering College Library - E-resources – Teaching Staff members –Usage -Interne

Purpose This paper aims to focus on the basic principle of WO3 gas sensors to achieve high gas-sensing performance with good stability and repeatability. Metal oxide-based gas sensors are widely used for monitoring toxic gas leakages in the environment, industries and households. For better livelihood and a healthy environment, it is extremely helpful to have sensors with higher accuracy and improved sensing features. Design/methodology/approach In the present review, the authors focus on recent synthesis methods of WO3-based gas sensors to enhance sensing features towards toxic gases. Findings This work has proved that the synthesis method led to provide different morphologies of nanostructured WO3-based material in turn to improve gas sensing performance along with its sensing mechanism. Originality/value In this work, the authors reviewed challenges and possibilities associated with the nanostructured WO3-based gas sensors to trace toxic gases such as ammonia, H2S and NO2 for future research.

In this correspondence a small low profile multiband multi-slot MIMO antenna is proposed. The proposed patch antenna covers five bands. Band I covers 2.71–2.82 GHz, band II covers 3.73–4.64 GHz, band III covers 5.14–6.72 GHz, band IV covers 7.52–8.53 GHz and band V covers 8.66–9.41 GHz. It combines many applications into a single device by designing a single antenna that can be operated in multi-bands. The proposed antenna consists of multi-slot radiator with defected ground plane. Proposed antenna is smaller in size 15 × 20 mm2 (0.14λ0 × 0.18 λ0). It is extended to MIMO and mutual coupling is reduced in three bands (III, IV and V) using Defected Ground Structure (DGS). Mutual coupling in the first band (I, II) is minimized using a decoupling element. The proposed MIMO antenna is fabricated and tested. Simulation and measured results are found to be in good agreement.

Powder Bed Fusion (PBF) is an Additive Manufacturing (AM) process. It is the layer by layer addition process. In the future, it is going to be manufactured all types of products used in automotive, aerospace, energy sectors and home appliances. These products can be produced using various AM methods. Few of them are Laminated Object Manufacturing, Powder Bed Fusion and Direct Energy Deposition, Stereolithography (SLA), and Solid Ground Curing (SGC). The present brief review is concentrated on working of PBF process only. It includes Direct Metal Laser Deposition (DMLS), Selective Laser Sintering (SLS), Selective Laser Melting (SLM), Electron Beam Melting (EBM) and Selective Heat Sintering (SHS). In these processes powder lay on the powder bed and it is also known as built platform. Laser used as heat energy source for SLS, SLM and DMLS processes. But EBM uses electron beam as source of energy. The SHS process uses heated thermal head for sintering plastic powders. SLS, DMLS and SHS are powder sintering processes. But SLM and EBM are powder melting processes. This review paper is also covered historical development and usage of technologies, CNC verses Additive Manufacturing/Rapid Prototyping, AM process chain, Classification of AM processes; advantages, disadvantages and applications of PBF process.

The present study aims at assessing the mechanical behavior of aluminum alloy (AA2024) subjected to exfoliation corrosion. The material was exposed to high temperature and subsequent low temperature (HLA) treatment and further the heat-treated samples were subjected to exfoliation corrosion for the duration of 48 and 96 h at room temperature. The HLA treatment increases the retention property of material in the corrosive environment. Further, hardness and impact strength was also increased under the corrosive environment with HLA treatment. In addition to the experimental investigation, a series of simple second-degree polynomial equations were developed to predict the various mechanical properties at different intervals of corrosion durations of AA2024 specimens subjected to HLA exfoliation corrosion.

The effect of machining parameters on the thrust force, torque and burr height while drilling Al 2618, Al2618 with 10% boron carbide (B4C) and Al2618 with 10%B4C and 5% graphite (Gr) hybrid composites are addressed. The composites are produced using a process of liquid metallurgy. The findings indicate that, feed rate had a significant impact on thrust force and the height of the exit burr. The Al2618 + 10% B4C-5%Gr reinforced hybrid composites exhibit smaller thrust force and burr height in contrast to the Al2618 + 10% B4C composite. The reduced thrust force, torque and burr height was due to the strong graphite surface lubrication properties. The chips produced while machining graphitic composites are discontinuous, and hence beneficial.

The present investigation was focused to evaluate the mechanical properties of AA7075 subjected to corrosion and heat treatment. Exfoliation corrosion has been used to infuse rapid corrosion on the material coupled with high temperature and subsequent low-temperature aging (HLA). It has been found that the localized corrosion pit formation occurs with HLA and corrosion exposure durations with substantial inter-granular changes and the formation of cracks. A significant reduction in mechanical properties was observed with HLA-treated samples subjected to corrosion. The material’s stiffness was increased due to HLA, and again within the corrosive environment, a decreasing trend was observed with immersion durations. A series of simple one-dimensional linear and polynomial equations were developed to determine the properties of AA7075 samples subjected to HLA and corrosion.

Aim: To improve management of the posterior urethral valve (PUV) in children in a hospital environment. Patients and Methods: This was a retrospective descriptive study that covered a sixteen (16) years period, from January 1, 2002 to December 31, 2017, In pediatric surgery and urology departments of our teaching hospital, 26 cases of posterior urethral valve (PUV) were involved. The diagnosis was made by retrograde urethrocystography and micturition, supplemented by ultrasound. Results: During this period, 26 patients (1.7%) had a PUV. The mean age of the patients was 73, 2 months with extremes ranging from 6 to 180 months. Fifteen patients consulted for dysuria, 8 for complete retention of urine. Only one patient had a history of rolling the valves to the benign ones. The main complications found were urinary tract infection in 15 children, urolithiasis in 3 children and renal failure in 2 children. Two children had serum creatinine values of 50 and 58 mg/L. The lamination of the posterior urethral valves was performed in all patients. In our series, we had one death from chronic renal failure in a 6-year-old child with a bilateral mute kidney at IVU. Conclusion: The valve diagnosis of the posterior urethra is made late because the diagnosis is still postnatal.

The heat transfer is assumed to take place in a porous medium under the influence of two sources such as a whole surface applied with hot temperature and another small strip of heating element being kept at left side of the cavity. The governing equations are derived from the basic principle of Darcy flow. The impact of the heating strip length is investigated with respect to its position at x = 0.25L of the cavity with L being the length of cavity. Finite element method is used to form a set of equations in algebraic form that can be solved easily with the help of a computer code. The solution is set with proper tolerance limit to get accurate results. The results indicate that the position of element has impact on the heat transfer from hot to cold surface.

This article is aimed to study the thermal energy transport phenomenon caused by heating the porous cavity at left vertical wall as well as an internal heating by a strip of varying length near the cooling surface. The internal heating strip that varies in length is kept at x = 3L/4 of the cavity where L is the overall cavity length. Finite element method is at the core of solution techniques which is employed along with triangular shaped elements. The solution is arrived by following an iterative method that depends on satisfying the equations to a predetermined error level. It is ensured that the results are accurate enough to predict the phenomenon under study. The main aim of the study is to understand what happens when the heating element is placed towards the right vertical surface. The results are described for physical and geometrical parameters of the problem being considered.

Background: Often, patients with idiopathic interstitial pneumonia (IIP) have certain specific clinical features to suggest an autoimmune disease but do not justify the current rheumatologic classification systems to fit into a diagnosis of connective tissue disease (CTD)-associated IIP. There is a great paucity of clinical, serological, and radiological data of these patients from India. Aim: The aim was to study the clinicoradiological and autoantibody profile in patients with interstitial pneumonia with autoimmune features (IPAF). Methodology: It was a prospective, observational study conducted in a tertiary care center between December 2015 and December 2016. A total of 30 patients who satisfied the criteria for IPAF according to the American Thoracic Society/European Respiratory Society research were included in the study. Results: All 30 patients satisfied IPAF criteria, but they did not meet the immunological criteria for CTD. Majority of them were female (86.67%) and nonsmokers. The mean age was 52.5 ± 14.5 years. The most common clinical symptom was inflammatory arthritis in 20 (66.67%) patients, followed by Raynaud's phenomenon in 5 (16%) patients. Nonspecific interstitial pneumonia was the most common radiological pattern seen in 20 (66.67%) patients, while antinuclear antibody (1:320) was the most common autoantibody positive in 18 (60.0%) patients, followed by rheumatoid arthritis factor in 15 (50%) patients. Conclusions: High female predominance along with distinct imaging, histologic and serological characteristic features are seen in patients with IPAF as compared to those with IIP. Further studies in patients with IPAF are needed to understand the natural history and its management.

Application of scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM) to in situ observation will be essential in the current and emerging data-driven materials science by taking STEM's high affinity with various analytical options into account. As is well known, STEM's image acquisition time needs to be further shortened to capture a targeted phenomenon in real-time as STEM's current temporal resolution is far below the conventional TEM's. However, rapid image acquisition in the millisecond per frame or faster generally causes image distortion, poor electron signals, and unidirectional blurring, which are obstacles for realizing video-rate STEM observation. Here we show an image correction framework integrating deep learning (DL)-based denoising and image distortion correction schemes optimized for STEM rapid image acquisition. By comparing a series of distortion corrected rapid scan images with corresponding regular scan speed images, the trained DL network is shown to remove not only the statistical noise but also the unidirectional blurring. This result demonstrates that rapid as well as high-quality image acquisition by STEM without hardware modification can be established by the DL. The DL-based noise filter could be applied to in-situ observation, such as dislocation activities under external stimuli, with high spatio-temporal resolution. R3QR Program (Qdai-jump Research Program) [01271]; JSPS KAKENHI [JP21K20491, JP20K21093, JP19H02029, JP20H02479]; Iketani science and technology foundation; Pan Omics Data-Driven Research Innovation Center; Five star Alliance; JST CREST [JPMJCR1994]; Virginia Tech National Center for Earth and Environmental Nanotechnology Infrastructure by NSF [ECCS 1542100, 2025151] Published version This work was supported by R3QR Program (Qdai-jump Research Program) 01271 and JSPS KAKENHI Grant Number (JP21K20491, JP20K21093), Iketani science and technology foundation, Pan Omics Data-Driven Research Innovation Center and Five star Alliance. M.M. greatly appreciates the financial support by the JST CREST (JPMJCR1994), JSPS KAKENHI Grant Numbers (JP19H02029, JP20H02479), Virginia Tech National Center for Earth and Environmental Nanotechnology Infrastructure (NanoEarth), a member of the National Nanotechnology Coordinated Infrastructure (NNCI), supported by NSF (ECCS 1542100 and 2025151).

Coxsackievirus group B (CVB) is a member of the genus Enterovirus in the family Picornaviridae. CVB infection has been implicated as a major etiologic agent of viral myocarditis, dilated cardiomyopathy, meningitis, and pancreatitis among children and young adults. Until date, no antiviral agent has been licensed for the treatment of Coxsackievirus infection. In an effort to identify antiviral agents against diseases caused by the CVB, we found that ethyl 3-hydroxyhexanoate (EHX), a volatile compound present in fruits and food additives, is a potent antiviral compound. In this study, we demonstrated that EHX treatment significantly inhibits CVB replication both in vivo and in vitro. Furthermore, EHX possesses antiviral activity at 50% effective concentration (EC50) of 1.2 μM and 50% cytotoxicity (CC50) of 25.6 μM, yielding a selective index (SI) value as high as 20.8. Insights into the mechanism of antiviral activity of EHX showed that it acts at the step of viral RNA replication. Since EHX has received approval as food additives, treatment of CVB-related infections with EHX might be a safe therapeutic option and may be a promising strategy for the development of semi-synthetic antiviral drugs for viral diseases.

An antenna which is used for multipurpose like WiMAX, RADAR altimeter and X-band applications proposed. A tri-band multiple-input–multiple-output antenna resonates at 2.9 GHz, 4.3 GHz and 7.7 GHz is proposed. The uniqueness of the antenna is mutual coupling, − 53.44 dB at 2.9 GHz, − 28 dB at 4.3 GHz and − 26.55 dB at 7.7 GHz. It is evaluated in terms of mutual coupling in two ways (1) DGS (2) DGS with Vias. It is observed that mutual coupling using DGS with Vias is reduced further by 12 dB. The ECC of antenna is less than 0.0001 The simulated and measured results are compared in terms of S-parameters, Co-pol, X-pol and ECC.

Current study deals with the microstructural characterization of five different plates of steel with carbon concentration ranging from ultra-low to moderately high. Phase analysis was carried out using XRD technique. The XRD results were analyzed through Rietveld refinement and Williamson Hall plots. Rietveld refinement was carried out to understand the effect of carbon concentration on the lattice parameters of the above steel samples in as-received condition and also after deformation under uni-axial tensile loading. Lattice parameters obtained from refinement showed the strong dependence on carbon concentration of the given steels. But the failed specimens showed somewhat complex results as Spheroidized high carbon steel, Low carbon steel and IF steel showed an increase in lattice parameter whereas Medium carbon steel and Microalloyed steel showed a contraction in lattice parameter. Williamson Hall plot gave the crystallite size, microstrain and dislocation density in the steels. For IF and Microalloyed steels the dislocation density in the material is found to be higher after deformation whereas dislocation density decreased in Spheroidized high carbon steel, Medium carbon steel and Low carbon steel.

Many attempts to predict sports using historical data have been made, but people continue to outperform computers in predicting sports outcomes. There are various trading firms that specialize in sports research and forecasting. They track their data with sophisticated software and statistics algorithms, but they still have experts reviewing games by hand in some cases. In this paper, we recommend that the package have a transition time for live cricket and football scores. For cricbuzz school cricket and ESPN football games, we use the API. The programme displays live scores for all games, including T20, test matches, IPL, one-day international tournaments, and all football matches. The software is written in python.

For this research, a 5 KW standalone wind and solar power combined system is developed, manufactured and ground tested. The dimension of this transportable device is width= 8 ft, 5 in, depth =∼ 8 in, 4 in, and height = ∼ 38 ft. This device comprises of four solar panels (120 watts), a wind turbine (1.5 KW), a solar charge controller, remote power storage, battery and battery control. Without the need for a grid, this hybrid device can be used in highways, and various other applications. A summary and characterizations of this device and the photovoltaic data collected in the month of April (Mangalore) are provided. To further increase the performance of solar panel technology, this device can be used. The plan of construction the hybrid energy tower is simple. The hybrid energy tower is a combination of vertical wind axis turbine to obtain wind energy and solar panel to obtain solar energy. The tower is placed in between the divider and the automobile on the roadway, which, owing to its velocity, creates a significant amount of air. The solar panel is utilized for producing energy and is also mounted in a manner which deflects the air from the automobile to the turbine. To produce power, the generator and the gear systems are attached to the shaft of the wind turbines. So it is possible to get a portable solution to energy issues.

The original version of this article containes a mistake. In the second line of Comment 2, it should read: “It is necessary to note that Schwarzschild metric is static while the rotating metric (which is the subject of discussion) is stationary.”

This article deliberates the finite element formulation as applied to the conjugate heat transfer in a porous domain fixed in an annular geometry. The porous domain is such that a solid wall is attached to the iner surface of annulus. The article is aimed to discuss the application of finite element method to problem under investigation and elaborate the solution strategy as applied to porous annulus. The governing equations are taken in the form of non-dimensional equations. A simple triangular element is used to simulate the problem under investigation. The solution is presented in terms of convergence behavior of temperature and stream function. The convergence is faster at low Rayleigh numberThis article deliberates the finite element formulation as applied to the conjugate heat transfer in a porous domain fixed in an annular geometry. The porous domain is such that a solid wall is attached to the iner surface of annulus. The article is aimed to discuss the application of finite element method to problem under investigation and elaborate the solution strategy as applied to porous annulus. The governing equations are taken in the form of non-dimensional equations. A simple triangular element is used to simulate the problem under investigation. The solution is presented in terms of convergence behavior of temperature and stream function. The convergence is faster at low Rayleigh number

The tribological behavior of the different structural steels with carbon concentration ranging from 0.002 to 0.7% was evaluated through ball on disk wear testing method. Testing was carried out at three different loads, i.e., 30, 40, and 50 N to understand the wear behavior at different loading conditions. The wear resistance of the spheroidized high carbon steel (0.7%) is found to be lesser than that of steels containing pearlite in their microstructures, i.e., low carbon (0.19%) steel and medium carbon (0.32%) steel. Enhanced strain hardening of the pearlite structure was held responsible for the increased wear resistance. As expected if steel showed least wear resistance due to its softer ferrite content. The SEM images of the worn structures are correlated with the macroscopic wear resistance data.

Recycling has been the fascinating topic among the researchers for all times. The present study shows the recycling of steel plant's solid wastes as blast furnace flue dust and sludge towards agglomeration and their use in the production of sinter. These wastes consist of metal oxides and coke fines as a valuable material with some alkali oxides. Using these wastes as it is in the form of fines exacerbate the further processing. Pellets of these wastes are prepared with three types of binders as molasses, dextrin and bentonite. The result reveals that properties as compressive strength, shatter strength, are better in the case of bentonite binder having the productivity of the disc pelletizer machine as 75. After that, these macro pellets used for sintering with iron ore and other ingredients in pot type, down draft laboratory grade sintering machine, which shows very high productivity and good mechanical properties of the sinter as well. The microstructural analysis reveals the presence of re-oxidized hematite and a little bit of a magnetite phase with some slag phases, which confirmed later by XRD analysis. Results also show the decrease in coke rate, i.e. coke consumption to produce sinter and at the same time, this process is highly eco-friendly.

In the present scenario, the requirement for energy has been increasing in a distressing rate and the availability of the energy resources are not abundant for sustainable development and the need of the hour is to establish an economical pollution free inexhaustible energy resources to compensate the increasing demands. Since, walking is the most common activity in human day to day life, whenever a person walks he exhausts energy to the ground which goes as a waste. In order to preserve and make use of this energy we are converting it into electrical energy using piezoelectric effect. Piezoelectric effect is utilized by piezoelectric sensor producing output energy in the form of AC voltage. To produce energy in a large extent, in this model implementation of the piezoelectric sensor network along the footpath is carried out which is given to the lane of streetlights along with it the smart shoe is implemented for a small production that consists GPS tracking. In this proposed work model, GPS tracking has been added and also streetlights switching technique comparing with existing model.

Opposing flow arises when two forces are acting in opposite direction. The present work investigates the opposing flow mixed convection in an annulus having porous medium fixed within its boundaries. The equations are considered in non-dimensional form which is further treated with the help of finite element method to facilitate the solution of governing parameters. The heating of the inner surface is considered in 3 steps such as 20%, 35% and 50% of the annulus height at top section of inner radius. The results are presented with respect to Peclet number, thermal conductivity ratio and heater length, in terms of Nusselt number along the heated section.Opposing flow arises when two forces are acting in opposite direction. The present work investigates the opposing flow mixed convection in an annulus having porous medium fixed within its boundaries. The equations are considered in non-dimensional form which is further treated with the help of finite element method to facilitate the solution of governing parameters. The heating of the inner surface is considered in 3 steps such as 20%, 35% and 50% of the annulus height at top section of inner radius. The results are presented with respect to Peclet number, thermal conductivity ratio and heater length, in terms of Nusselt number along the heated section.

Opposing flow mixed convection occurs due to the fluid being forced to flow in opposing direction as that of rising fluid due to thermal buoyancy. This paper undertakes the investigation of heat transfer in an annular porous medium because of mixed convection opposing flow from top of the cylinder. The fluid velocity designated as Vo is applied from top of the cylinder in negative gravitational direction. The governing equations are converted into dimensional form having the Peclet number. The inner radius of the annulus is heated in three segments as 20%, 35% and 50% of the annulus height in such a way that the heater always coincides with the bottom of cylinder.Opposing flow mixed convection occurs due to the fluid being forced to flow in opposing direction as that of rising fluid due to thermal buoyancy. This paper undertakes the investigation of heat transfer in an annular porous medium because of mixed convection opposing flow from top of the cylinder. The fluid velocity designated as Vo is applied from top of the cylinder in negative gravitational direction. The governing equations are converted into dimensional form having the Peclet number. The inner radius of the annulus is heated in three segments as 20%, 35% and 50% of the annulus height in such a way that the heater always coincides with the bottom of cylinder.

This paper discusses the heat transfer characteristics of mixed convection in a porous medium for aiding flow. The aiding flow refers to a condition when the applied velocity and the buoyancy help each other making it a assisting flow. The annulus is subjected to discrete heating of 20%, 35% and 50% at bottom of the annulus being heated with hot temperature and whole of the outer surface being cooled to cooler temperature. The whole phenomenon of mixed convection is simulated with respect to above said heating condition by using finite element method as solution tool. The results are predominantly discussed with respect to the mixed convection parameter such as Peclet number.This paper discusses the heat transfer characteristics of mixed convection in a porous medium for aiding flow. The aiding flow refers to a condition when the applied velocity and the buoyancy help each other making it a assisting flow. The annulus is subjected to discrete heating of 20%, 35% and 50% at bottom of the annulus being heated with hot temperature and whole of the outer surface being cooled to cooler temperature. The whole phenomenon of mixed convection is simulated with respect to above said heating condition by using finite element method as solution tool. The results are predominantly discussed with respect to the mixed convection parameter such as Peclet number.

Base pressure is a crucial factor in evaluating flow parameters. The effect of the flow regulation mechanism is through an experiment examined for the convergent-divergent (C-D) nozzle with abrupt enlargement in an axisymmetric duct. The microjet control is extended along the nozzle's exit diameter at a 90-degree interval having a circular cross-section in the shape of an orifice of 0.5 mm radius. This research's primary aim is to evaluate the flow quality near the wall in the absence and presence of control. The experimental investigation aims to record the data for area ratio 6.25 of the flow field at the separate flow zone's rear end. At ninety degrees apart, four tiny jets are situated at 6.5 mm from the axis of the primary shear layer emanating from the nozzle. The small control jets attain critical conditions. The real Mach values for the main jets were 1.1 and 1.5, respectively, in the present study. The experiments were done at different expansions in the range from 11 to 3. The duct length was in the range of 10 to 1. This research primarily aims to study the quality of the duct's flow and its influence on the pressure and the pressure level along the duct. It is realized that the duct pressure is not harshly affected by the control jets in the pipe founded on the current findings.

The strain hardening behavior of five different steels of varying carbon content, ranging between 0.007 and 0.71%, such as an Interstitial free (IF), a microalloyed, and a low, medium and high carbon steels, have been critically examined using tensile loading. The test results for the IF and the microalloyed steels having only ferritic structure, exhibit a two-stage strain hardening behavior. On the other hand, the low, medium, and high carbon steels having a two-phase microstructure (ferrite-pearlite/cementite) exhibit three-stage strain hardening. A number of existing and frequently used empirical equations, such as the Hollomon, Ludwik, Ludwigson and Voce were used to explain the strain-hardening characteristics of these steels; however, none of the above could fully and satisfactorily explain the flow behavior especially at high strain region. In order to remedy this deficiency, a modification to Ludwigson equation has been suggested by the authors by introducing an extra exponential term to the existing Ludwigson equation. The modelled flow curves, on the basis of this proposed new equation, could explain the strain hardening behavior of these steels very satisfactorily over the entire strain range. In addition, the excellent matching of the flow curves, based on the proposed equation with the experimental flow curves of a number of metallic materials, as diverse as multiphase steel, TRIP-assisted steel, dual-phase steel, stainless steel (316L), Mg-alloy, Ti-alloy and a high entropy (Cantor) alloy, indicates its wider applicability.