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El presente informe, se evidencia a detalle el proceso de práctica internacional que se llevó a cabo para obtener el título de profesional en Negocios Internacionales, el cual se realizó en la empresa Carrocerías Corpus Christi SA de CV que se dedica a la fabricación de remolques y semirremolques; empresa que brindó un espacio para aplicar los conocimientos adquiridos durante los años de estudio, aplicándolos en el área de ventas como auxiliar comercial, cumpliendo con diferentes tareas de manera responsable y profesional. Este informe también se evidencia a detalle las actividades realizadas en el transcurso de la estadía, siendo parte de la estructura del departamento de ventas y mano derecha de la jefatura comercial, generando aportes dentro de la empresa. In this report, the international practice process that was carried out to obtain the title of professional in International Business, which was carried out in the company Carrocerías Corpus Christi SA de CV, which is dedicated to the manufacture of trailers, is evidenced in detail. and semi-trailers; company that provided a space to apply the knowledge acquired during the years of study, applying it in the sales area as a commercial assistant, fulfilling different tasks in a responsible and professional manner. This report also shows in detail the activities carried out during the stay, being part of the structure of the sales department and right hand of the commercial headquarters, generating contributions within the company. Profesional en Negocios Internacionales http://www.ustavillavicencio.edu.co/home/index.php/unidades/extension-y-proyeccion/investigacion Pregrado

Veselinova (2013) provides two sources for negative existential constructions: (a) the univerbation of a negative and a part of the existential construction, which needs not be verbal, and (b) the reanalysis of a lexical item with an appropriate, negative sense. I argue that this definition is both too narrow and too broad when examining the Negative Existential Cycle (NEC). Regarding (a), copulas and auxiliaries provide input to the NEC in addition to existentials, in e.g. Croft (1991), and regarding (b), verbs with a negative meaning are better seen as a separate development, as in Givón (1978). I will contend that copulas, auxiliaries, and existential verbs can all fuse with the negative and then disappear into the negative whereas negative verbs,such as fail, trade their semantic negative features into grammatical ones without fusion or loss. This paper will address three specific questions relevant to the NEC. The first is what are the source verbs in this cycle. A second question is whether or not the NEC is essentially a verbal cycle, in contrast to the nominal nature of the Jespersen Cycle (JC; Jespersen 1917). The third question involves the possible doubling of the negative, which is relevant to showing the NEC is different from the Jespersen Cycle. The role of verbal agreement and inflection sets apart the verbal cycles (NEC and the Givón Cycle) from the nominal one (JC) and the two verbal cycles are different in their renewal. The differences will be shown in their reanalyses in the last section.

En el presente documento se evidencia el desarrollo de la practica empresarial que se llevó a cabo en la empresa pl. ingeniería por medio de actividades realizadas como auxiliar de ingeniería en obra describiendo de manera clara las actividades realizadas y los procesos constructivos llevados a cabo diariamente en la obra dichas actividades fueron asignadas por el tutor a cargo en la empresa he ingenieros profesionales los cuales dirigían la obra, esto permitió el contacto directo con la ejecución de la obra permitiendo cumplir con lo requerido como pasante para optar por el titilo de ingeniero civil desarrollándome como profesional en campo y afianzando los conocimientos adquiridos durante mi proceso de formación académica. This document shows the development of the business practice that was carried out in the company pl. engineering through activities carried out as an engineering assistant on site, clearly describing the activities carried out and the construction processes carried out daily on the site, said activities were assigned by the tutor in charge of the company and professional engineers who directed the work This allowed direct contact with the execution of the work, allowing me to fulfill what was required as an intern to opt for the title of civil engineer, developing myself as a professional in the field and consolidating the knowledge acquired during my academic training process. http://www.ustavillavicencio.edu.co/home/index.php/unidades/extension-y-proyeccion/investigacion Pregrado

The objective of biological control is to reduce chemical treatments on crops. To reduce aphid attacks with the use lady beetles is a positive, respectful alternative since it can maintain an ecological balance. In order to achieve this objective, the Algerian seven-spotted lady beetle (Coccinella algerica) was bred under laboratory conditions, and biological parameters of this species were studied. The study, conducted from April to May, showed that temperature and relative humidity greatly affected the incubation time of C. algerica eggs. Egg fertility was very high and reached up to 100%. The present work highlighted that the developmental cycle of this lady beetle from the Beni-Douala area (Tizi-Ouzou) passes through five larval stages. The fifth instar larva was recorded for the first time. Indeed, all studies carried out to date have identified only four larval stages in this

La investigación universitaria basada en el aprendizaje y la formación, actualmente ocupa el uso de herramientas de las TIC, en los procesos de obtención de información, en conjunto con su divulgación, a partir de la generación de competencias y participación activa de la comunidad académica (Hernández, 2003; Jiménez, 2006; Molina-Ordóñez et al., 2008; Parra, 2009). Dentro del trabajo como auxiliar de investigación apoyando a la facultad de ingeniería ambiental en los procesos que se llevan a cabo de investigación, organización y estrategias de divulgación como auxiliar de investigación de la misma, se obtuvieron productos como congresos y webinars, además de la creación de bases de datos, el brochure de servicios del programa y un artículo de investigación cuyo caso de estudio fue el PNRSQ. University research based on learning and training, currently occupies the use of ICT tools in the processes of obtaining information, together with its dissemination, from the generation of skills and active participation of the academic community (Hernández, 2003; Jiménez, 2006; Molina-Ordóñez et al., 2008; Parra, 2009). Within the work as a research assistant supporting the environmental engineering faculty in the processes of research, organization and dissemination strategies, products such as congresses and webinars were obtained, in addition to the creation of databases, the program services brochure and a research article whose case study was the PNRSQ. Ingeniero Ambiental Pregrado

The MELD score is used in the Eurotransplant (ET) region to allocate liver grafts. Hyponatremia in cirrhotic patients is an important predictor of death but is not incorporated in MELD. This study investigated the performance of the MELD‐Na score for the ET region. All adult patients with chronic liver disease on the ET liver transplantation waiting list (WL) allocated through lab MELD scores were included. The MELD‐corrected effect of serum sodium (Na) concentration at listing on the 90‐day WL mortality was calculated using Cox regression. The MELD‐Na performance was assessed with c‐indices, calibration per decile and Brier scores. The reclassification from MELD to MELD‐Na score was calculated to estimate the impact of MELD‐Na‐based allocation in the ET region. For the 5223 included patients, the risk of 90‐day WL death was 2.9 times higher for hyponatremic patients. The MELD‐Na had a significantly higher c‐index of 0.847 (SE 0.007) and more accurate 90‐day mortality prediction compared to MELD (Brier score of 0.059 vs 0.061). It was estimated that using MELD‐Na would reduce WL mortality by 4.9%. The MELD‐Na score yielded improved prediction of 90‐day WL mortality in the ET region and using MELD‐Na for liver allocation will very likely reduce WL mortality., This study validates the MELD‐Na for the Eurotransplant region, showing that its implementation could reduce waitlist mortality.

English verb phrase ellipsis (VPE) is among the constructions posing learnability problems for Persian learners of English. Just like English, v-stranding VPE in Persian requires (a) the presence of an overt, tense inflecting head, and (b) the satisfaction of an antecedence condition that enforces identity of the target and phrases. Regarding auxiliary stranding in English, the auxiliary be, unlike have, is not allowed to strand, because -ing carrying an aspectual interpretable feature cannot be deleted unless the progressive interpretation is recoverable. This study investigated whether Persian EFL learners could acquire the verb phrase ellipsis in general and the difference between be and have stranding constructions in particular. To this end, 60 intermediate and advanced English as a foreign language (EFL) participants and 10 native speakers of English completed an acceptability judgment task and a translation task. The results proved the Persian EFL learners' ability in the acquisition of the syntactic and discoursal properties of VPE constructions, confirming the role of first language (L1) cross-linguistic influence. On the other hand, the intermediate EFL learners' comprehension and production of the auxiliary stranding constructions were inconsistent, confirming the Interpretability Hypothesis. The theoretical and practical implications are discussed.

A selective Pd-catalyzed C(3)–H cis-functionalization of piperidine and tetrahydropyran carboxylic acids is achieved using a C(4) aminoquinoline amide auxiliary. High mono- and cis-selectivity is attained by using mesityl carboxylic acid as an additive. Conditions are developed with significantly lower reaction temperatures (≤50 °C) than other reported heterocycle C(sp3)–H functionalization reactions, which is facilitated by a DoE optimization. A one-pot C–H functionalization-epimerization procedure provides the trans-3,4-disubstituted isomers directly. Divergent aminoquinoline removal is accomplished with the installation of carboxylic acid, alcohol, amide and nitrile functional groups. Overall fragment compounds suitable for screening are generated in 3–4 steps from readily-available heterocyclic carboxylic acids.

Automation and electrification are changing vehicles and mobility. Whereas electrification is mainly changing the powertrain, automation enables the rethinking of the vehicle and its applications. The actual driving range is an important requirement for the design of automated and electric vehicles, especially if they are part of a fleet. To size the battery accordingly, not only the consumption of the powertrain has to be estimated, but also that of the auxiliary users. Heating Ventilation and Air Conditioning (HVAC) is one of the biggest auxiliary consumers. Thus, a variable HVAC model for vehicles with electric powertrain was developed to estimate the consumption depending on vehicle size and weather scenario. After integrating the model into a tool for autonomous and electric vehicle concept development, various vehicle concepts were simulated in different weather scenarios and driving cycles with the HVAC consumption considered for battery sizing. The results indicate that the battery must be resized significantly depending on the weather scenario to achieve the same driving ranges. Furthermore, the percentage of HVAC consumption is in some cases higher than that of the powertrain for urban driving cycles, due to lower average speeds. Thus, the HVAC and its energy demand should especially be considered in the development of autonomous and electric vehicles that are primarily used in cities.

This paper focuses on Istro-Romanian and argues that the TAM auxiliaries of this variety are not morphophonological clitics. This analysis is supported by the existence of several empirical phenomena (auxiliary-licensed VP-ellipsis, scrambling, and interpolation), some not found in modern Romance, others very rare in modern Romance. This property of Istro-Romanian auxiliary verbs accounts, in conjunction with other features of this variety (e.g., the availability of C-oriented and I-oriented pronominal clitics), for the massive variation in the word order of pronominal clitics, auxiliaries, and the lexical verb found in the Istro-Romanian sentential core. An endangered Romance variety spoken in Istria and in the diaspora, historically related to (Daco-)Romanian, Istro-Romanian has been in contact with Croatian since the settlement of Istro-Romanians in the Istrian peninsula. As some of the Istro-Romanian features and phenomena are found both in Croatian and in old Romanian, it appears that contact with Croatian acts as a catalyst of structural convergence engendering the retention of an archaic property of Istro-Romanian auxiliaries: a lower position on the grammaticalization cline, closer to the full word status of their etyma.

This chapter uses grammaticalization theory to describe the relation between various uses of the particle ga/ka in Zarma Chiine (Songhay). Although ga functions most frequently as an infinitive marker, it very likely derives from a purposive marker ga, following a pattern of change found cross-linguistically. The particle however also marks more grammatical functions marking auxiliary verb constructions, and serial-like resultative constructions. The paper shows that in the less grammaticalized purposive and infinitive constructions, the particle appears in syntactically flexible ga + VP structure, whereas in the more grammaticalized auxiliary and resultative constructions the particle appears in a more syntactically rigid V + ga + V structure.; Cette contribution utilise la théorie de la grammaticalisation pour décrire la relation entre les différentes utilisations de la particule ga/ka en zarma (songhay). Bien que ga fonctionne le plus souvent comme un marqueur infinitif, il dérive très probablement d'un marqueur de propositions circonstancielles de but bien moins fréquentes, suivant un modèle de changement qu’on trouve dans beaucoup de langues. Cependant, la particule ga marque également des fonctions plus grammaticales telles que les constructions à verbes auxiliaires et les constructions résultatives. La contribution montre que dans les propositions de but et les infinitives moins grammaticalisées, la particule apparaît dans une structure « ga + Groupe Verbal » syntaxiquement flexible, tandis que dans les constructions auxiliaires et résultatives plus grammaticalisées la particule apparaît dans une structure « Verbe + ga + Verbe » syntaxiquement plus rigide.

Liver function is measured regularly in liver transplantation (LT) candidates. Currently, these previous disease development data are not used for survival prediction. By constructing and validating joint models (JMs), we aimed to predict the outcome based on all available data, using both disease severity and its rate of change over time. Adult LT candidates listed in Eurotransplant between 2007 and 2018 (n = 16 283) and UNOS between 2016 and 2019 (n = 30 533) were included. Patients with acute liver failure, exception points, or priority status were excluded. Longitudinal MELD(-Na) data were modeled using spline-based mixed effects. Waiting list survival was modeled with Cox proportional hazards models. The JMs combined the longitudinal and survival analysis. JM 90-day mortality prediction performance was compared to MELD(-Na) in the validation cohorts. MELD(-Na) score and its rate of change over time significantly influenced patient survival. The JMs significantly outperformed the MELD(-Na) score at baseline and during follow-up. At baseline, MELD-JM AUC and MELD AUC were 0.94 (0.92-0.95) and 0.87 (0.85-0.89), respectively. MELDNa-JM AUC was 0.91 (0.89-0.93) and MELD-Na AUC was 0.84 (0.81-0.87). The JMs were significantly (p

Liver function is measured regularly in liver transplantation (LT) candidates. Currently, these previous disease development data are not used for survival prediction. By constructing and validating joint models (JMs), we aimed to predict the outcome based on all available data, using both disease severity and its rate of change over time. Adult LT candidates listed in Eurotransplant between 2007 and 2018 (n = 16 283) and UNOS between 2016 and 2019 (n = 30 533) were included. Patients with acute liver failure, exception points, or priority status were excluded. Longitudinal MELD(-Na) data were modeled using spline-based mixed effects. Waiting list survival was modeled with Cox proportional hazards models. The JMs combined the longitudinal and survival analysis. JM 90-day mortality prediction performance was compared to MELD(-Na) in the validation cohorts. MELD(-Na) score and its rate of change over time significantly influenced patient survival. The JMs significantly outperformed the MELD(-Na) score at baseline and during follow-up. At baseline, MELD-JM AUC and MELD AUC were 0.94 (0.92-0.95) and 0.87 (0.85-0.89), respectively. MELDNa-JM AUC was 0.91 (0.89-0.93) and MELD-Na AUC was 0.84 (0.81-0.87). The JMs were significantly (p < .001) more accurate than MELD(-Na). After 90 days, we ranked patients for LT based on their MELD-Na and MELDNa-JM survival rates, showing that MELDNa-JM-prioritized patients had three times higher waiting list mortality.

The need to detect outliers or otherwise unusual data, which can be formalized as the estimation a particular quantile of a distribution, is an important problem that frequently arises in a variety of applications of pattern recognition, computer vision and signal processing. For example, our work was most proximally motivated by the practical limitations and requirements of many semi-automatic surveillance analytics systems that detect abnormalities in closed-circuit television (CCTV) footage using statistical models of low-level motion features. In this paper, we specifically address the problem of estimating the running quantile of a data stream with non-stationary stochasticity when the absolute (rather than asymptotic) memory for storing observations is severely limited. We make several major contributions: (i) we derive an important theoretical result that shows that the change in the quantile of a stream is constrained regardless of the stochastic properties of data, (ii) we describe a set of high-level design goals for an effective estimation algorithm that emerge as a consequence of our theoretical findings, (iii) we introduce a novel algorithm that implements the aforementioned design goals by retaining a sample of data values in a manner adaptive to changes in the distribution of data and progressively narrowing down its focus in the periods of quasi-stationary stochasticity, and (iv) we present a comprehensive evaluation of the proposed algorithm and compare it with the existing methods in the literature on both synthetic datasets and three large &ldquo, real-world&rdquo, streams acquired in the course of operation of an existing commercial surveillance system. Our results and their detailed analysis convincingly and comprehensively demonstrate that the proposed method is highly successful and vastly outperforms the existing alternatives, especially when the target quantile is high-valued and the available buffer capacity severely limited.

The particle filter was popularized in the early 1990s and has been used for solving estimation problems ever since. The standard algorithm can be understood and implemented with limited effort due to the widespread availability of tutorial material and code examples. Extensive research has advanced the standard particle filter algorithm to improve its performance and applicability in various ways in the years after. As a result, selecting and implementing an advanced version of the particle filter that goes beyond the standard algorithm and fits a specific estimation problem requires either a thorough understanding or reviewing large amounts of the literature. The latter can be heavily time consuming especially for those with limited hands-on experience. Lack of implementation details in theory-oriented papers complicates this task even further. The goal of this tutorial is facilitating the reader to familiarize themselves with the key concepts of advanced particle filter algorithms and to select and implement the right particle filter for the estimation problem at hand. It acts as a single entry point that provides a theoretical overview of the filter, its assumptions and solutions for various challenges encountered when applying particle filters. Besides that, it includes a running example that demonstrates and implements many of the challenges and solutions.

In this paper we study the mathematical model of auxiliary (or coupled) reactions, a mechanism which describes several chemical reactions. In order to apply singular perturbation techniques, we determine an appropriate perturbation parameter $$\epsilon $$ (which is related to the kinetic constants and initial conditions of the model), the inner and outer solutions and the matched expansions of the solutions, up to the first order in $$\epsilon $$ , in the total quasi-steady-state approximation (tQSSA) framework. The contribution of these expansions can be useful for the estimation of the kinetic parameters of the reaction by means of the interpolation of experimental data with the explicit approximations of the solutions. Some numerical results are discussed, showing the high reliability of the tQSSA with respect to the standard QSSA.

Объектом исследования является электрическая часть АЭС с реакторами ВВЭР−1000 мощностью 3·1000 МВт. Целью исследования является выбор наиболее оптимальной ÑÑ ÐµÐ¼Ñ‹ проектируемой станции и Ð¿Ð¾Ð´Ñ Ð¾Ð´ÑÑ‰ÐµÐ³Ð¾ оборудования, удовлетворяющего условиям эффективности, надёжности и экономичности работы. Методы исследования: аналитический, расчётный, графический, экономико−математический., The object observed and designed is the electrical part of the nuclear power plant with three reactors of one thousand megawatts («VVER−1000» type) being installed. The aim of researching project is to define a specific the NPP’s components (equipment, facility, auxiliary) arrangement as mostly suitable and meeting all the requirements, that is the efficiency, reliability and economical benefit. Researching approaches: analytical; plots, economics and math calculations and analysis.

La investigación es parte fundamental del desarrollo de las sociedades, ya que da una visión más amplia de lo que no se conoce y de lo que ha futuro se quiere encontrar, mientras un individuo no se plantea más necesidades porque considera que cuenta con lo “necesario”, los investigadores científicos van más allá, planeando a futuro posibles elementos, creaciones, desarrollos e inventos que sirvan para mejorar la vida humana y facilitar su paso por el mundo mientras se dé su existencia. Es de aquí de donde nace la importancia de investigar a diario, Colombia cuenta con un déficit de investigadores, respecto a países como México, Brasil y Argentina, tan solo 7 universidades se encuentran involucradas en áreas de investigación (Semana, 2018). En este contexto, una de las razones es que Colombia aún no posee el impulso necesario para lograr ventajas competitivas en la sociedad, por lo que se hace necesario contar con un gran número de investigadores de alto nivel. Con este informe se da a conocer como desde la Universidad Santo Tomas se han aumentado los esfuerzos para nutrir este proceso investigativo en Colombia desde la facultad de ingeniería ambiental, junto con el acompañamiento como auxiliar de investigación, fomentando y poyando la generación de productos investigativos, que permitan el crecimiento de proyectos, que faciliten la generación de propuestas para la solución de problemas con los que se cuenta en la actualidad. Como resultados desde el apoyo como auxiliar de investigación se obtuvo el acompañamiento de 19 artículos científicos de diferentes disciplinas y 3 libros, los cuales algunos se encuentran en proceso de revisión, edición o publicados respectivamente. Research is a fundamental part of the development of societies, since it gives a broader vision of what is not known and what we want to find in the future. While an individual does not consider himself to have more needs because he considers that he has what is "necessary", scientific researchers go further, planning for the future possible elements, creations, developments and inventions that will serve to improve human life and facilitate its passage through the world while it exists. This is where the importance of daily research comes from, Colombia has a deficit of researchers, compared to countries like Mexico, Brazil and Argentina, only 7 universities are involved in areas of research (Semana, 2018). In this context, one of the reasons is that Colombia does not yet have the necessary drive to achieve competitive advantages in society, so it is necessary to have a large number of high-level researchers. This report shows how the Universidad Santo Tomas has increased its efforts to nurture this research process in Colombia from the environmental engineering faculty, together with the accompaniment as a research assistant, promoting and supporting the generation of research products, which allow the growth of projects, which facilitate the generation of proposals for the solution of problems that are currently available. As a result of the support as a research assistant, 19 scientific articles from different disciplines and 3 books were obtained, some of which are in the process of revision, edition or publication, respectively. Ingeniero Ambiental Pregrado

More or less simultaneous with Greenberg’s seminal work on SVO, SOV and VSO typology, Bernd Heine published his typology of African languages suggesting four types, adding his type B, S Aux O V (Other). In this group B we find Mande languages but also Kru. The Cushitic languages of the Tanzanian Rift are under his SOV type. The “Aux” of Mande and Kru languages is very similar to the selector in Tanzanian Rift Cushitic and yet indeed the syntax is different in important ways. I present these commonalities and differences. And then I proceed with a comparison of selectors and similar clitic complexes in the rest of (East) Cushitic., Note: This talk has not gone through a process of peer review, and findings should therefore be treated as preliminary and subject to change. Acknowledgement and citation: Mous, Maarten. 2020. Clitic Complexes in an African Typological Perspective. Talk given at the Rift Valley Network Webinar Series. 13/05/2020.

International audience; Reconstructible grammaticalization processes in Cushitic (Afroasiatic) concern mainly the pronominal and verbal domains, markers of subordination, adpositions, question words and discourse particles. Starting with the sole representative of its Northern branch, Beja, this chapter investigates the various sources, targets and paths of 70 grammaticalization processes, seeks for comparable phenomena in three other branches of Cushitic-Central, Highland East and Lowland East-and compares them with the list provided in Heine and Kuteva's (2002) lexicon of the languages of the world, or with other literature about the languages of the Horn of Africa where Cushitic languages are spoken. Four main features of grammaticalization in Cushitic emerge from this investigation: (i) the nominal domain can be a source of grammaticalization, but this not (or hardly) the case for targets; (ii) auxiliaries, in particular the quotative verb which shows a vast array of functions, are often the source of the renewal and enrichment of the verbal system, but this is far less the case for verbless clauses as opposed to other Afroasiatic families, namely Semitic and Egyptian (Cohen 1984); (iii) quotative verbs have a strong tendency to grammaticalize at different levels of the language structure, verbs, complex sentences, discourse, including functions unattested in other genetic stocks; (iv) Cushitic languages show a pervasive semantic link between 'say' and 'purpose' at large.

The register of state institutions is formed by the classification of management buildings, which provide the basic conditions for the formation of types of management buildings. A typology is a prerequisite in organizing uniform and specific requirements, containing the main characteristics for this direction of public buildings. The classification features reveal typological differences and optimal opportunities in the design for the formation of the architecture of management buildings: from central government to administrative bodies at the regional and municipal levels. Public administration institutions cover all legal institutions of power, production, cultural and social activities. The internal structural organization of management institutions is based on providing a management function.

This paper aims to observe and to question the role of the “futuro do presente” auxiliary in periphrasis, in the temporal syntax of Brazilian Portuguese. This study makes considerations about Giorgi and Pianesi (1997), according to their proposition of IP extent in AGRs (AGR1 and AGR2) and TPs (TP1 and TP2). Considering Chomsky (1995), the authors state that verbs in the Present Tense are only interpreted in the LF, because this tense has a non-marked form, and, due to this fact, T1 is not lexicalized. With a present tense reading, only AGR1 and VP are projected. However, we could verify that the auxiliary in the Future Tense needs to be lexicalized, once it is the pivotal structure of the temporal notion that denotes Future Tense when added to the infinitive. Thus, the aim of this paper is to put Giorgi and Pianesi’s purpose in doubt and make considerations to expand on the analysis about the temporal syntax in Brazilian Portuguese., Este trabalho tem como objetivo refletir e questionar o papel do auxiliar de futuro do presente, em perífrases, na sintaxe temporal do português brasileiro. A proposta que se analisa é a de Giorgi e Pianesi (1997) na medida em que propõem a extensão do IP em AGR’s (AGR1 e AGR2) e TP’s (TP1 e TP2). Os autores, fundamentados pelas considerações sobre auxiliar em Chomsky (1995), afirmam que verbos no Tempo presente são interpretados somente em LF, pois tal Tempo tem forma não marcada, e, por isso, T1 não deve ser é lexicalizado. Nesse Tempo, somente AGR1 e VP são projetados. Porém, pôde-se verificar que o auxiliar de futuro precisa ser lexicalizado, uma vez que ele é a estrutura pivô da noção temporal que somado ao infinitivo denota futuro. Dessa maneira, o objetivo deste trabalho é problematizar e trazer considerações para ampliar análises acerca da sintaxe temporal em PB.

This paper sheds light on the properties of perfect(ive) and (eventive) passive participles on the basis of a discussion of the issue of past participial (non-)identity. In fact, as there is no evidence for the substantial non-identity of the two forms, a principled case is made for the identity of past participles in passive and perfect periphrases based on diachronic as well as synchronic considerations. While the historical predecessors of past participles boil down to deverbal adjectives that combine argument structural effects (the absence of an external argument) as well as aspectual properties (resultativity), synchronic data indicates that the contribution of the reanalysed eventive past participles is still two-fold: (i) the (syntactic) suppression of an external argument (if present), and (ii) aspectual properties that render a given situation perfective iff the underlying predicate denotes a simple change of state. This accounts for the interpretations of past participles when combined with semantically vacuous auxiliaries (be and become): passive properties arise if (i) applies and (ii) thus cannot impose perfectivity (the eventive passive), and perfect properties ensue if (ii) applies but (i) does not (the be-perfect in languages showing auxiliary alternation). The perfect auxiliary have, on the other hand, may overtly license an argument that would otherwise remain suppressed and contributes relevant perfect properties (posteriority) so that combinations with have elicit active perfect interpretations (where perfectivity may but need not come about via implication).

This article proposes the classification of farms of natural persons according to the level of farm income per unit of work of a farmer and farmer’s family members. One hour of family labour was adopted as such unit. According to this criterion, farms were divided into three classes. In the first one, the unit income is lower than the average payment for employed labour in agriculture. In the second one, this income is higher than the average payment for employed labour in agriculture but lower than the average payment for labour in the national economy. Farms of the third class allow earning income higher than the average payment for labour in the national economy. Those from the first class are called auxiliary farms, from the second – transitional, and from the third – developmental. The research included a panel of 5471 farms with economic size above EUR 4 thousand SO and covered by the monitoring of the Polish FADN in 2009-2017. The average share of auxiliary, transitional and developmental farms in the analysed period amounted to 31.2%, 12.1% and 56.5%, respectively. Auxiliary and transitional farms did not show the ability to develop. Developmental farms showed this ability. It was estimated on this basis that in 2016 there were 147.2 thousand of them in Poland, which means that the share of this group in the national population of farms owned by natural persons was 10.6%. Keywords: ., DOI: 10.30858/zer/109927

O presente trabalho centra-se na análise de sequências linguísticas em que ocorrem as construções < V prep Vinf >, designadas, tradicionalmente, perífrases verbais com valor aspetual. O objetivo central desta tese é, assim, a explicação do funcionamento das perífrases verbais do português europeu contemporâneo. Com base nos pressupostos da Teoria Formal Enunciativa, proposta por, e.o., Culioli (1990; 1999), a análise semântica destas construções assenta numa perspetiva transcategorial, isto é, na interrelação e na interdependência de diferentes categorias gramaticais, como o Tempo, o Aspeto, a Modalidade e a Determinação. A perspetiva de investigação que se assume nesta tese articula-se com propostas desenvolvidas no âmbito de outros quadros teóricos. O recurso a diferentes perspetivas de análise permite explicar de forma mais abrangente o funcionamento das perífrases e distinguir os valores por elas marcados em diversos contextos linguísticos. A partir da classificação tipológica dos predicadores, defende-se, globalmente, que as perífrases são marcadores aspetuais e que o valor final das situações é ativado pela composição dos vários elementos que integram estas construções. Visa-se, contudo, mostrar, neste trabalho, que o valor aspetual de uma perífrase não é estável e que os diferentes valores associados a estas construções resultam de interdependências que se processam ao nível das operações predicativas e enunciativas. Mostra-se, ainda, que a natureza semântica heterogénea das perífrases decorre da interdependência e deformabilidade das formas que as integram, em interação, bem como da deformabilidade das próprias construções desencadeada pelas configurações em que ocorrem. O trabalho aqui realizado sobre as perífrases verbais põe, também, em evidência que estas construções se caracterizam por propriedades topológicas, atuando como marcadores de operações, o que permite associar uma ocorrência a uma zona do domínio de uma noção. Por sua vez, ao interagir com configurações mais latas, desencadeiam localizações e determinações de natureza categorial diversa. Por essa razão, defende-se que as perífrases são construções duplamente complexas, com um estatuto híbrido, já que são, simultaneamente, marcadores de noções lexicais e gramaticais.Enquanto predicação complexa, uma perífrase é afetada pelas propriedades ativadas pelo esquema relacional das formas que integram a construção [X Rprep Y], interagindo com as propriedades ativadas pelo esquema relacional que se estabelece entre a construção, no seu todo, e a Determinação dos argumentos C0 e C1. Esta perspetiva de análise permite defender que as perífrases são marcadores transcategoriais, ao desencadearem localizações e determinações de natureza categorial diversa. A natureza heterogénea destas construções decorre, então, de uma rede de operações complexas que poderá corresponder à seguinte representação: a [= C0] r [= X (= V) R (= prep) Y (= Vinf))] b [= C1]. Com a proposta de análise que se desenvolve ao longo deste trabalho, pretende-se pôr em evidência que as relações que se estabelecem entre a determinação verbal e a determinação nominal são intrinsecamente necessárias para a explicação do funcionamento destas construções. The present work focuses on the analysis of linguistic sequences in which the constructions occur, traditionally called verbal periphrases with aspectual value. Therefore the central aim of this thesis is to explain the functioning of verbal periphrases in contemporary European Portuguese. Based on the assumptions of the Theory of Enunciative Operations, proposed byCulioli (1990; 1999), among others, the semantic analysis of these constructions is laid on a cross-categorial perspective, which corresponds to the interaction and interdependence of different grammatical categories, such as tense, aspect, modality and determination. The research perspective in which this thesis is based is articulated with proposals developed within the framework of other theories. The use of different perspectives of analysis allows a more extended explanation of the periphrases and a better distinction of their semantic values in different linguistic contexts. From the point of view of the typological classification of the predicates, it is generally argued that periphrases are aspectual markers and that the final value of situations is activated by the composition of the various elements which make up these constructions. However, the purpose of this work is to show that the aspectual value of a periphrasis is not stable and that the different values associated to these constructions are the result of interdependencies that are processed at a predicative and enunciative operations level. It is also shown that the heterogeneous semantic nature of periphrases derives from the interdependence and deformability of the forms that interactively integrate them, as well as the deformability of the constructions themselves, triggered by the configurations in which they may occur. The work hereby developed on the verbal periphrases also shows that these constructions are characterized by topological properties, acting as markers of operations, which allows associating an occurrence with a fraction of a notional domain. In turn, when interacting with wider configurations, the periphrases trigger locations and determinations of varied categorial nature. Thus, it is argued that periphrases are constructions of double complexity, having a hybrid status, since they are markers of both lexical and grammatical notions. As a complex predication, a periphrasis is affected by the properties activated by the relational scheme of the construction forms [X Rprep Y], which interacts with the properties activated by the relational scheme established between the construction, as a whole, and the Determination of the arguments C0 and C1. This perspective of analysis allows defending that the periphrases are cross-categorial markers, by activating locations and determinations of diverse categorial nature. The heterogeneous nature of these constructions derives from a network of complex operations that may correspond to the following representation: a [= C0] r [= X (= V) R (= prep) Y (= Vinf))] b [= C1]. As a consequence of this approach, the proposal presented throughout this work aims at emphasizing that the relations established between the verbal determination and the nominal determination are intrinsically necessary to the explanation of the behaviour of these constructions.

Actes du colloque « La construcción del Imperio : transformación e integración de las comunidades indígenas » organisé par Maria Dolores Dopico Caínzos et Manuel Villanueva Acuña à Lugo (Espagne) du 22 au 24 novembre 2017; International audience; n France, the historiography linked to the triumph of the nation-state in the 19th and 20th centuries contributed to the spreading of the idea that there was a continuity of the elites of Gaul from before the Roman Conquest to after it. Undoubt-edly, there are epigraphic and literary sources that reveal that some families man-aged to make it through the upheavals of the 1st century BC, preserving their social and political standing over several generations. However, since the 1970s, historical research has questioned this idea, examining the periods when a change might have occurred (Julius Caesar’s conquest, Augustus or Claudius’ princedoms, the civil war of 68-69/70, Flavians or first Antonines). No definite conclusion has been drawn as yet but there are numerous and diverse indications that suggest that these changes should be considered in a different manner with a focus on the long-term and with a multi-scale perspective.; L’historiographie liée au triomphe de l’État-Nation aux XIXe et XXe siècles a favorisé en France l’idée qu’il aurait existé une continuité des élites de la Gaule entre l’avant et l’après conquête romaine. Il est certain qu’il existe une documentation épigraphique et littéraire qui fait connaître des familles qui ont su traverser les bouleversements du Ier siècle av. J.-C. et se maintenir au premier rang social et politique sur plusieurs générations. Cependant, à partir des années 1970, la recherche historique a connu une remise en cause de ce postulat et des essais de détermination du (ou des) moment(s) de la rupture (conquête césarienne, principats d’Auguste, de Claude, guerre civile de 68-69/70, Flaviens ou premiers Antonins ?). L’enquête ne permet pas de trancher nettement, mais ses résultats nombreux et divers indiquent que les mutations sont à penser autrement, sur le long terme et de façon multiscalaire.

Starting from the semantic description of aller and venir as motion verbs, this paper accounts for the general grammaticalization process that has turned them into auxiliaries. It then provides an overview of the structures in which the two verbs work as auxiliaries: first, the aspectuo-temporal structures of imminence-ulteriority, proximal anteriority, illustrative, narrative, durative, passive and temporal sequence; secondly, the modal constructions of extraordinary, extreme and mitigation.Grammaticalization, auxiliary, come, go, anteriority, ulteriority, extraordinary, mitigation, Partant de la description sémantique de aller et de venir en tant que verbes de déplacement, l’article rend compte du processus général de grammaticalisation qui les auxiliarise. Il fournit ensuite un panorama des constructions dans lesquelles ces deux formes sont impliquées en tant qu’auxiliaires en français: dans un premier temps, les constructions aspectuo-temporelles d’imminence-ultériorité, d’antériorité proximale, illustrative, narrative, durative, passive, et d’enchaînement temporel ; dans un second temps, les constructions modales de l’allure extraordinaire, de l’extrême, et de la mitigation du dire.

Today, and in the future, unconventional solutions will present U.S. policymakers with options for dealing with threats to U.S. interests while retaining public support. As a result, United States Army Special Operation Command (USASOC) can expect an increased demand for unconventional warfare (UW) in the coming years and is refocusing its priorities accordingly. As United States Special Operation Command (USSOCOM) trains, equips, and restructures to meet future UW requirements, a classroom-based practical exercise educational tool may prove critical to reinforcing UW readiness. USASOC does not currently use a standardized UW wargame to teach and reinforce UW theory and doctrine. This thesis presents a UW wargame specially designed to reinforce UW theory and doctrine, both quantitatively and qualitatively. This wargame aims to improve preparation of UW exercises in all training environments including the qualification courses, JADE HELM, and the Combined Training Center (CTC) rotations. The data collected from the seven iterations of playing this wargame indicate that this UW wargame provides a practical exercise that reinforces UW training objectives and will complement existing training exercises. http://archive.org/details/insurgentuprisin1094556773 Major, United States Army Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited.

The paper deals with the development of word order of the conditional auxiliary in Old and Middle Czech which has changed into a permanent enclitic form. The paper is based on data gained from the Old and Middle Czech Bible translations (The Gospel of Matthew). The aim of the paper is to detect all possible word-order positions of these auxiliary forms in Old and Middle Czech. The analysis shows that the conditional auxiliary behaves as a ′stable′ enclitic in the explored older Czech Bibles, except when it is an auxiliary in the function of a subjunctor. According to the explored data it seems that the post-initial (2P) word-ordering of the Czech enclitic became established in Old Czech and that verb-adjacent (VA) word- -ordering was retreating at that time.

This dissertation offers a grammatical description and analysis of Manda (N.11), a Bantu language spoken along Lake Nyasa (Lake Malawi) in southern Tanzania. The study focuses on the “wider” TAM domain, i.e. on how tense, aspect, mood but also modality and negation are expressed in the language, offering a description of the form and function of the various markers employed. In addition, this work sets out to unravel the historical background of these markers and the diachronic processes of change - particularly grammaticalization - through which they have evolved. As Manda is a basically undescribed language, the thesis also includes a brief socio-historical account - focusing on the issues of contact - as well as a grammar sketch describing the fundamentals of the language. This study draws on a combination of methods consisting of both more prototypical field work as well as methods facilitating grammatical reconstruction. The vast bulk of the Manda data have been collected in the field. Hypotheses of change – but also of retention – are based on the synchronic variation found in this data, in comparison to the data of existing older sources as well as from neighboring languages. Furthermore, the Manda data has been compared to Proto-Bantu reconstructions and cross-Bantu as well as cross-linguistic generalizations on functional and formal change. The study shows that Manda in many ways adheres to the general traits of an (Eastern) Bantu language. Fundamentally, the language is highly agglutinative, with e.g. an elaborate noun class system and a rich set of both prefixes and affixes on the verbal word, marking nominal indexation, derivations as well as TAM. With regard to TAM, the study argues that much of the synthetic linguistic material found in Manda can be traced to Proto-Bantu and thus most likely is inherited. In contrast, many innovations and indications of ongoing change are displayed in the periphrastic constructions of the language. These include a set of auxiliary constructions used for expressing aspect, modality but also (non-standard) negation, a borrowed persistive marker and two particles being employed as standard negators.

Dissertation, RWTH Aachen University, 2017; Aachen, 1 Online-Ressource (164 Seiten) : Illustrationen (2017). = Dissertation, RWTH Aachen University, 2017, Herein, new fundamental principles of the formation of hierarchical lithium-bridged titanium(IV)helicates are described as well as their usage as templates for asymmetric reactions and catalysis. The helicates consist of catechol ligands bearing an ester functionality in the 3‑position. An equilibrium between the helicate (dimer) and its monomeric state (triscatecholat complex) is present in solution and easily observed via NMR spectroscopy.The kinetics of the equilibrium and the influence of the electron density at the ester unit in the 3-position is investigated. Beside this, the system allows an evaluation of dispersive forces in solution based on the equilibrium. An increasing donor capacity for dispersive forces of the ester substituents results in a stabilization of the dimeric species. Because of this, the dimer is favored in the equilibrium. Successive increased chain length of n-alkyl substituents, enlarged rings of cyclic esters as well as several branched systems were investigated for this purpose.A more detailed look in the thermodynamics via Van‘t-Hoff plots shows the enthalpic nature of the enhancing stabilization. Furthermore the longest systems show a significant negative influence of the entropy due to folding effects which is neglectible for the cyclic derivatives.By the usage as templates, a maximum enantiomerical excess of 77 % ee is achieved in a stoichiometric Diels-Alder reaction. The system is switchable due to the equilibrium. While the enantioselectivity is turned off at the monomer (in dimethylformamide), it is turned on at the dimer (in tetrahydrofuran or chloroform). Moreover, the induction mechanism is investigated.Catalysis using the same principle is successful reffering to the catalytic activity of the system and the diastereoselectivity. However, no enantioselectivity could be achieved until now., Published by Aachen

L'exèrcit romà i els seus soldats (legionaris i/o auxiliars) van ser el millor exemple de disciplina i eficàcia en combat durant l’Antiguitat. Van integrar un exèrcit patriòtic, no mercenari, i amb profund sentit del deure. Molts soldats indígenes, reclutats per tot l'lmperi i abundants en el NW d'Hispània, van formar part de les seves forces com a tropes auxiliars (auxilia) en ales de cavalleria i cohorts d'infanteria, o bé en grups mixtes (cohortes equitatoe). Tals forces auxiliars van servir allí on foren necessàries (límits fronterers) i van patir tras llats (dislocacions) en funció de les necessitats militars romanes., El ejército romano y sus soldados (legionarios y/o auxiliares) fueron el mejor ejemplo de disciplina y eficacia en combate durante la Antigüedad. Integraron un ejército patriótico, no mercenario, y con profundo sentido del deber. Muchos soldados indígenas, reclutados por todo el Imperio y abundantes en el NW de Hispania, formaron parte de sus fuerzas como tropas auxiliares (auxilia) en alas de caballería y cohortes de infantería, o bien en grupos mixtos (cohortes equifafae) . Tales fuerzas auxiliares sirvieron allí donde eran necesarias (límites fronterizos) y sufrieron traslados (dislocaciones) en función de las necesidades militares romanas., The Roman army and his soldiers (legionary or auxiliary) were the best example during the antiquity of discipline and efficiency in combat. They integrated a patriotic, albeit not mercenary, army with deep sense of duty. Many indigenous soldiers recruited across the whole Empire, and abundant in the northwest of Roman Spain, served as auxiliary troops (auxilia) in wings of cavalry and cohorts of infantry or mixed groups (cohortes equitatae) . Such auxiliary forces served where they were necessary (frontier limits) and they suffered movements (dislocations) depending on such military needs.

Ce numéro comprend les articles issus du colloque de restitution Ecophyto Recherche « Des outils et des dispositifs pour éclairer les décisions, explorer les possibles et accompagner la transition vers des systèmes économes et multi-performants », qui s’est tenu à Saint-Malo, du 22 au 24 mars 2017.; The objective of the CASIMIR project is to propose protocols to characterise the evolution of pests, their damage and the intensity of biological regulation in agricultural plots in order to evaluate the effect of cropping systems. In collaboration with the DEPHY network, the CASIMIR project proposes simplified protocols for monitoring weeds, diseases and pests in several agricultural sectors, as well as a tool to help design sampling strategies and a prototype guideline to realise an agronomic diagnosis of biotic pressures by simple and rapid procedures to be implemented. The project also aimed to study the establishment and intensity of biological regulations in field crop systems with little or no pesticides. New methods of trapping and sampling have been tested on Rés0Pest sites in order to link functional biodiversity to the intensity of biological regulation.; L’objectif du projet CASIMIR est de proposer des protocoles de caractérisation de l’évolution desbioagresseurs, de leurs dégâts et de l’intensité de la régulation biologique dans les parcelles agricolesafin d’évaluer l’effet des systèmes de culture. En collaboration avec le réseau DEPHY, le projetCASIMIR propose des protocoles simplifiés de suivi des adventices, maladies et ravageurs dansplusieurs filières agricoles ainsi qu’un outil d’aide à la conception de stratégies d’échantillonnage et unprototype de guide permettant de réaliser un diagnostic agronomique des pressions biotiques grâce àdes modes opératoires simples et rapides à mettre en oeuvre. Le projet avait aussi pour objectif,d’étudier la mise en place et l’intensité des régulations biologiques dans des systèmes de grandescultures avec peu ou pas de pesticides. De nouvelles méthodes de piégeage et d’échantillonnage ontété testées sur les sites Rés0Pest afin de faire le lien entre biodiversité fonctionnelle et intensité desrégulations biologiques.

El ejército romano y sus soldados (legionarios y/o auxiliares) fueron el mejor ejemplo de disciplina y eficacia en combate durante la Antigüedad. Integraron un ejército patriótico, no mercenario, y con profundo sentido del deber. Muchos soldados indígenas, reclutados por todo el Imperio y abundantes en el NW de Hispania, formaron parte de sus fuerzas como tropas auxiliares (auxilia) en alas de caballería y cohortes de infantería, o bien en grupos mixtos (cohortes equifafae) . Tales fuerzas auxiliares sirvieron allí donde eran necesarias (límites fronterizos) y sufrieron traslados (dislocaciones) en función de las necesidades militares romanas. The Roman army and his soldiers (legionary or auxiliary) were the best example during the antiquity of discipline and efficiency in combat. They integrated a patriotic, albeit not mercenary, army with deep sense of duty. Many indigenous soldiers recruited across the whole Empire, and abundant in the northwest of Roman Spain, served as auxiliary troops (auxilia) in wings of cavalry and cohorts of infantry or mixed groups (cohortes equitatae) . Such auxiliary forces served where they were necessary (frontier limits) and they suffered movements (dislocations) depending on such military needs.. L'exèrcit romà i els seus soldats (legionaris i/o auxiliars) van ser el millor exemple de disciplina i eficàcia en combat durant l’Antiguitat. Van integrar un exèrcit patriòtic, no mercenari, i amb profund sentit del deure. Molts soldats indígenes, reclutats per tot l'lmperi i abundants en el NW d'Hispània, van formar part de les seves forces com a tropes auxiliars (auxilia) en ales de cavalleria i cohorts d'infanteria, o bé en grups mixtes (cohortes equitatoe). Tals forces auxiliars van servir allí on foren necessàries (límits fronterers) i van patir tras llats (dislocacions) en funció de les necessitats militars romanes.

This paper offers an overview of the history of medial NP-adjuncts from Old English to Present-Day English. In Present-Day English, adverbs are perfectly grammatical in a position between the subject and the main verb ('He recently left for London') whereas NP-adjuncts are at best stylistically marked in this position ('(*)He tomorrow leaves for London'). The paper shows that while medial placement of NP-adjuncts has been considerably less frequent as compared to adverbs ever since around 1500, the contrast was initially much stronger in clauses with finite main verbs than in clauses with finite auxiliaries. It is only in the 19th century that medial placement becomes equally marked in both contexts. These developments are accounted for in terms of processing constraints disfavouring the use of medial NP-adjuncts and a structural reanalysis of NP-medial adjuncts in Late Modern English.

While sentences are classified according to the modality, not the purpose of expression but the style of expression is taken as a basis. In this case, the attention I paid on how the idea is expressed in the sentence – possibility, necessity, to show the reality and real, necessary and possible forms of the modality are differentiated. This feature is also noted in Turkology. For example, the modality forms in Uzbek language as: 1) ekan modality; 2) bulmak modality; 3) mokci modality; 4) diqan modality; 5) the kilmok verbal modality is formed with + gu suffix + singular of a third person. Obviously, the researcher had considered each form of modality expressed with verb forms as separate type of modality and named these verbs with the name of these verbs. Shows expression of various modal meanings of verb in Yakut language in three types: 1) with mane verb forms, 2) with many auxiliary words; 3) with change of consonant in personal form of verb. The views and opinions of two well-known scientists on Turkic languages show that first of them defines the modality types only with forms of verb and second one with both verb and with aid of other means. Treating the issue on both ways, allows distinguishing many types of modality. To generalize modal meanings in a limited number of modal groups classified with certain criteria is more appropriate. It should be noted that the indicative modality reveals in different forms in Azerbaijani and Turkic languages. The reason for this is the wide variety of expressing time in the Turkish language. These forms have close relations to the indefinite future of Azerbaijani language. A study conducted shows that either in relative languages or in languages of various systems the similar and different features show itself in modality expression.

The use of chemical ligation within the realm of peptide chemistry has opened various opportunities to expand the applications of peptides/proteins in biological sciences. Expansion and refinement of ligation chemistry has made it possible for the entry of peptides into the world of viable oral therapeutic drugs through peptide backbone cyclization. This progression has been a journey of chemical exploration and transition, leading to the dominance of native chemical ligation in the present advances of peptide/protein applications. Here we illustrate and explore the historical and current nature of peptide ligation, providing a clear indication to the possibilities and use of these novel methods to take peptides outside their typically defined boundaries.

After a description of how motion verbs aller and venir work, we develop an hypothesis according to which their grammaticalisation into auxiliaries relies on the spatial element that structures their shared semantics - movement towards a destination - as well as their distinctive feature : a deictic (venir) or non deictic (aller) orientation of the movement. We test that hypothesis against an analysis of the main uses of periphrases in the [aller / venir (+ prep.) + V(infinitive, gerund)] pattern., Aller et venir : des verbes de déplacement aux auxiliaires aspectuels-temporels-modaux Après avoir décrit le fonctionnement des verbes aller et venir, nous développons l'hypothèse selon laquelle leur grammaticalisation en auxiliaires s'effectue sur la base de l'élément spatial qui structure tant leur sémantisme commun - le déplacement vers une destination - que leur différence : l'orientation déictique (venir) / non déictique (aller) du déplacement. Nous testons cette hypothèse en analysant les principaux emplois des périphrases de structure [aller / venir (+ prép.) + V(infinitif, gérondif)].

National audience; La conjugaison du wolof est essentiellement analytique. Ainsi, contrairement à ce que l'on observe dans un très grand nombre de langues, en wolof la majeure partie des catégories verbales (TAM) est exprimée par des constructions périphrastiques. La majorité de ces constructions périphrastiques s'articule autour d'un mot spécifique que nous appelons « marqueur prédicatif » (MP). Il s'agit d'un élément prédicatif dénué de sens lexical, mais portant la majorité des informations grammaticales. Si la question du statut lexical ou syntaxique de certaines constructions à MP du wolof a été évoquée par plusieurs auteurs, le statut de l'ensemble de ces constructions n'a presque jamais été explicitement traité.Nous commencerons par étudier les propriétés syntaxiques, morphologiques et sémantiques des MP en wolof. Nous montrerons que ces constructions doivent être analysées comme des constructions périphrastiques et non comme des constructions synthétiques. Pour ce faire, nous utiliserons plusieurs types de critères (Haspelmath 2011 ; Zwicky & Pullum 1983) : phonologiques, morphologiques et sémantiques.Dans un second temps, nous proposerons une typologie générale des marqueurs prédicatifs, en nous appuyant sur la typologie proposée par Mous (2005) pour les langues couchitiques. Les marqueurs prédicatifs ne sont pas attestés uniquement en wolof. En effet, ils sont attestés dans un assez grand nombre de langues, notamment africaines. Malgré cet état de fait, il n'existe pas, à notre connaissance, de typologie générale pour ce type de marqueurs. Nous présentons une ébauche de typologie basée sur un nombre restreint de langues : wolof (atlantique-nord), joola banjal (atlantique-centre), mandinka (mandingue, mandé-ouest), mano (mandé-sud), yorùbá (défoïde), koyra chiini (songhay, nilo-saharien), somali (couchitique), tahitien (malayo-polynésien), cap-verdien et casamançais (créoles afroportugais), haïtien (créole français) et aku (créole anglais). D'une langue à l'autre, les marqueurs prédicatifs ont des formes, fonctions et origines assez variables. La comparaison des marqueurs prédicatifs de ces langues nous permet de proposer une typologie permettant de rendre compte de cette diversité.

This paper presents a semantic analysis of a periphrastic construction which has not been studied at this time in Spanish: soler + stative (Un poeta suele ser un hombre normal, “A poet usually is a normal man”). Whereas the habitual construction has been largely studied (Juan suele cantar “Juan usually sings”), it seems that the first one does not carry the same interpretation. We will claim that we need to distinguish between two readings: the habitual reading on the one hand and the generic reading on the other hand. According to Menéndez-Benito (2013), Krifka et al. (1995) and Shubert & Pelletier (1989), among others, we will argue that soler contains a frequentative adverb of quantification Q. In the habitual reading, the Q adverb quantifies over an individual participating in an event at a time t (Juan está cantando, “Juan is singing”), whereas in the generic reading, Q adverb quantifies over a characterizing predicate (un poeta es un hombre normal, “A poet is a normal man”). In the habitual reading, the NP must refer to an individual and the VP to a dynamic event anchored in space and time. In the generic reading, the NP must refer to a class of objects and the VP to a stative predicate.

Keywords: bioorganic chemistry ; desulfurization ; peptides ; protein modification ; ubiquitin ; Native Chemical Ligation ; Expressed Protein Ligation ; Alpha-Synuclein ; System ; Ubiquitination ; Auxiliary ; Desulfurization ; Cysteine ; Valine Reference LMNN-ARTICLE-2009-001doi:10.1002/anie.200902936View record in PubMedView record in Web of Science Record created on 2009-10-28, modified on 2017-05-12

Currently, liver transplantation (LT) is an accepted method of treatment of end-stage liver disease, metabolic diseases with their primary defect in the liver and unresectable primary liver tumors. Surgical techniques in LT have evolved considerably over the past 40 yr. The developments have led to a safer procedure for the recipient reflected by continuously improving survival figures after LT. Also the new techniques offer the possibility of tailoring the operation to the needs and condition of the recipient as in partial grafting or in different revascularization techniques, or in techniques of biliary reconstructions. In addition, the new techniques such as split LT, domino transplantation and living donor LT have brought about an increase in the available grafts. In this review the evolution of surgical techniques in LT over the past 40 yr and their contribution to the current results are discussed.

Lwitaxo, one of the Luhya languages of Kenya, has an auxiliary verb of the form -many'a that occurs in compound constructions that express either a generic reading ("normally do V") or a culminative reading ("ended up Ving"). This verb is identical in form to the lexical verb -many'a '(come to) know'. However, while there are attested cases of KNOW verbs grammaticalizing as habitual/generic auxiliaries, there are no such attestations of KNOW verbs grammaticalizing as indicators of culmination. The author proposes that auxiliary -many'a is the unique result of a convergence of factors-sound change, morphophonological analogy, and semantic reinterpretation-that led an original auxiliary, -mala 'finish', to shift in form to resemble lexical -many'a. (ProQuest: ... denotes formulae omitted.) 1. Introduction In Lwitaxo1 (JE.411 [ida]2), one of the languages of the Luhya macrocluster of southwest Kenya, there occur two complex periphrastic auxiliary verb constructions, both incorporating the auxiliary verb -many'a. One construction has the form SP-many'-a SP-BASE-a3 with a GENERIC reading, "normally/ ordinarily/typically V", as in (1). The second has the form SP-Tmany'- a ni-SP-BASE-a and has a CULMINATIVE reading, often suggesting a consequence: "end up Ving", "ultimately V", or "in the end", as in (2).4 (1) a. ... 'My husband and children normally help get vegetables.' b. ... 'Many women ordinarily make bushuma, or cook bananas, sweet potatoes, or yams to eat in the afternoon.' c. ... 'Cattle typically go to the river to drink.' (2) a. ... 'Lion ended up dying.' [recent past] b. ... 'From that time, consequently they began to feel pain, sickness, and also death.' c. ... 'It [ogre] ultimately got hold of that old woman, wanting to eat her.' The culminative constructions in (2) differ from the generic constructions in (1) in that they always (seem to) require the focus marker ni-.5 All fifteen of the culminative examples in the data occur with ni-, while none of the six generic examples do. This is not surprising as the culminative use focuses on the event as the culmination of a series of events, while the generic does not refer to any specific event. This distinction is crucial, ultimately, for the difference in analysis of the two homophonic auxiliaries. What is curious about this case is not the constructions per se, but rather the form and use of the auxiliary verb itself. It has the same form as the verb '(come to) know' -many'a, yet there appear to be no cases attested in the literature of KNOW verbs grammaticalizing in other languages with a sense of culmination 'consequently, ultimately, in the end' noted here. Significantly, however, Appleby (1943) notes a comparable auxiliary verb construction for central Luhya languages having the same culminative sense found above for Lwitaxo, but incoporating instead the auxiliary -mala 'finish'. The verb -mala 'finish' is found in Lwitaxo as well, but it expresses a completive function, not the culminative function noted for this particular auxiliary verb construction. Intriguingly, a cognate form of -mala (from Proto-Bantu *-mad- (Bastin et al. 2003))-*-man- 'finish'- is attested in western Bantu zones, but there are no reflexes of it attested in either zones E or J where Lwitaxo is located. So, does this -many'a case represent a new and unique grammatical evolution of KNOW, an extension to the range of *-man-, or something else? There is no published linguistic literature specifically on Lwitaxo. There do exist a grammar and a dictionary of Luhya by Appleby (1961, 1943, respectively) that may have been based in part on Lwitaxo data. Data for this study come primarily from Phoebe Wakhungu, a native speaker from Kakamega district, through direct elicitation and both recorded and written texts, supplemented by texts from other sources (e-mail messages, facebook messages, the Good News Program). …

Currently, liver transplantation (LT) is an accepted method of treatment of end-stage liver disease, metabolic diseases with their primary defect in the liver and unresectable primary liver tumors. Surgical techniques in LT have evolved considerably over the past 40 yr. The developments have led to a safer procedure for the recipient reflected by continuously improving survival figures after LT. Also the new techniques offer the possibility of tailoring the operation to the needs and condition of the recipient as in partial grafting or in different revascularization techniques, or in techniques of biliary reconstructions. In addition, the new techniques such as split LT, domino transplantation and living donor LT have brought about an increase in the available grafts. In this review the evolution of surgical techniques in LT over the past 40 yr and their contribution to the current results are discussed.

There is an urgent need to develop reliable strategies for the rapid assembly of complex oligosaccharides. This paper presents a set of strategically selected orthogonal protecting groups, glycosyl donors modified by a (S)-phenylthiomethylbenzyl ether at C-2, and a glycosyl acceptor containing a fluorous tag, which makes it possible to rapidly prepare complex branched oligosaccharides of biological importance. The C-2 auxiliary controlled the 1,2-cis anomeric selectivity of the various galactosylations. The orthogonal protecting groups, 2-naphthylmethyl ether (Nap) and levulinic ester (Lev), made it possible to generate glycosyl acceptors and allowed the installation of a crowded branching point. After the glycosylations, the chiral auxiliary could be removed using acidic conditions, which was compatible with the presence of the orthogonal protecting groups Lev and Nap, thereby allowing the efficient installation of 1,2-linked glycosides. The light fluorous tag made it possible to purify the compounds by a simple filtration method using silica gel modified by fluorocarbons. The set of building blocks was successfully employed for the preparation of the carbohydrate moiety of the GPI anchor of Trypanosoma brucei, which is a parasite that causes sleeping sickness in humans and similar diseases in domestic animals.

This dissertation focuses on the overt marking of φ features encoded on perfective active auxiliaries in a group of Southern Italian dialects. In the geolinguistic area that stretches from central Apulia-Campania to northern Calabria, present perfect and pluperfect auxiliaries generally exhibit different strategies as far as the overt marking of φ features is concerned. In these dialects, 1st and 3rd person present perfect auxiliaries are morpho-phonologically more marked than those expressing 2nd person. Conversely, pluperfect auxiliaries expressing 2nd person are morpho-phonologically more marked than those endowed with 1st and 3rd person. Our assumption is that these types of φ marking strategies depend on the application of a post-syntactic mechanism called Default Marking, according to which φ features encoded on perfective active auxiliaries get overtly marked only if their grade of markedness is the same as that expressed by the feature Tense. We propose that the Default Marking operation is at play also with definite determiners and demonstratives, as well as with modals. This is due to the fact that Default Marking is active only with (a subset of) functional heads that license periphrastic constructions.

Cet article propose une analyse du créole réunionnais sur les points suivants : la flexion verbale, l’auxiliation, les particules préverbales, avec un intérêt particulier pour la particule /i/. Il tente de répondre à quelques questions cruciales :- Est-il fondé de postuler une flexion verbale ?- Quels sont les marqueurs flexionnels verbaux ?- Quelles sont les catégories flexionnelles verbales ?- Sur la base de quels critères distingue-t-on auxiliaires et particules préverbales ?Je défends l’idée que la particule /i/ ne véhicule pas de valeur sémantique, mais joue le rôle de marqueur prédicatif signalant que la forme verbale qu’elle précède est tensée. In this paper, I put forward an analysis of Reunion Creole on the following topics: verb inflection, auxiliaries, preverbal particles, with especial consideration of preverbal /i/. I aim at answering some crucial questions:- Is it legitimate to postulate verb inflection?- If so, what are the verbal inflectional markers and categories?- What criteria may be used for distinguishing auxiliaries and preverbal particles?I advocate the idea that the preverbal particle /i/ does not convey any semantic value, but is a predicate marker signalling that the verb form which it precedes is tensed.