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Autorice u radu analiziraju institucionalizaciju discipline međunarodnih odnosa i sigurnosnih studija na Fakultetu političkih znanosti vodeći se kriterijima stabilnosti, identiteta i autonomije, koji se testiraju na osnovi specifičnih pokazatelja njihove manifestacije. Pritom je naglasak na razvoju u posljednjih tridesetak godina, s kraćim osvrtom na ranija razdoblja kada se ponajprije međunarodni odnosi ugrađuju kao jedna od konstitutivnih disciplina na tada novoj sveučilišnoj instituciji, koja je emancipirala politologiju u odnosu na ostala, starija znanstvena polja iz kojih vuče korijene. Pored toga, kako bi se stekao uvid u paralelni razvoj međunarodnih odnosa i sigurnosnih studija od sredine dvadesetog stoljeća, u radu se propituje moguća emancipacija sigurnosnih studija kao zasebne znanstvene discipline i pokušava se odgovoriti na pitanje je li moguće ili pak korisno razdvajati ih s obzirom na međusobnu isprepletenost i preklapanje pojmovno-kategorijalnog aparata, teorija i fenomena koje istražuju. Posebno se komparira razvoj discipline međunarodnih odnosa i sigurnosnih studija u Hrvatskoj s državama u okruženju (Srbija i Slovenija) te se izvode zaključci o međuodnosu sigurnosnih studija i međunarodnih odnosa. U radu se polazi od tvrdnje da je disciplina međunarodnih odnosa i sigurnosnih studija, koja se od druge polovice 1990-ih intenzivnije razvija u pogledu znanstvene produkcije i nastavnih planova i programa, snažno institucionalizirana., In the paper, the authors analyse the institutionalization of the discipline of international relations and security studies at the Faculty of Political Sciences, guided by the criteria of stability, identity and autonomy, which are tested through specific indicators of their manifestation. In doing so, the emphasis is on the development during the last thirty years, with a brief review of the earlier periods when international relations were primarily incorporated as one of the constitutive disciplines at the then new university institution, which emancipated political science in relation to the other, older scientific fields which it is rooted in. In addition, in order to gain insight into the parallel development of international relations and security studies since the mid-twentieth century, the paper examines the possible emancipation of security studies as a separate scientific discipline and tries to answer the question of whether it is possible or useful to separate them, considering the intertwining and overlapping of the conceptual-categorical apparatus, theories and phenomena they investigate. In particular, the development of the discipline of international relations and security studies in Croatia is compared with neighbouring countries (Serbia and Slovenia), which leads to conclusions about the relationship between security studies and international relations. The paper argues that international relations and security studies, which have been developing more intensely since the second half of the 1990s in terms of scientific production and curricula, represent a strongly institutionalized discipline.

Some events that occurred after the Christian movement became the state religion of the Roman Empire can be regarded as one sort of historical revisionism. Theodosius had sanctioned the state persecution of all those who did not uphold the Nicene version of Christianity. This resulted in the loss of many works by those who were deemed unorthodox Christians. For many, the Christian movement bifurcated, then permutated only after the Protestant Reformation. Had it not been for the discovery of some of these so-called unorthodox texts in the twentieth century, we would not have known that alternate views existed even in the distant past. This paper does not argue about Christian doctrines but rather focuses on the deliberate attempt to obliviate some early believers because they had a different interpretation of Christ and his teachings. Perhaps this is comparable to how powerful leaders today use mainstream media to promote their version of the truth and create a diversion from ground reality. Another issue is whether such censorship is justifiable. Had it not been for the unifying endeavours of the early church leaders, there might not have been a Christian community as we know of now. In the same way, if a leader of state does not present a grander-than-life narrative, perhaps there would be more chaos than order. When we weigh in such factors, do they make the effacement of some parts of reality necessary? After all, we are not talking about personal or even social morality, but institutional morality, if there is such a thing. Perhaps promoting a version of truth over another is not condemnable in the larger scheme of things but we need to admit our complicity when this happens., Neki događaji koji su se dogodili nakon što je kršćanski pokret postao državna religija Rimskog Carstva mogu se smatrati jednom vrstom povijesnog revizionizma. Teodozije je sankcionirao državni progon svih onih koji nisu podržavali nicejsku verziju kršćanstva. To je rezultiralo gubitkom mnogih djela od strane onih koji su se smatrali neortodoksnim kršćanima. Za mnoge, kršćanski pokret se razdvaja, zatim se mijenja tek nakon protestantske reformacije. Da nije bilo otkrića tih takozvanih neortodoksnih tekstova u dvadesetom stoljeću, ne bismo znali da postoje alternativni pogledi čak i u dalekoj prošlosti. Ovaj rad ne raspravlja o kršćanskim doktrinama, već se usredotočuje na namjerni pokušaj da se se bace u zaborav rani vjernici jer su imali drugačije tumačenje Krista i njegova učenja. Možda je to usporedivo s tim kako moćni vođe danas koriste glavne medije za promicanje svoje verzije istine i stvaranje odvraćanja pozornosti od stvarnosti. Drugo je pitanje je li takva cenzura opravdana. Da nije bilo ujedinjenih nastojanja ranih crkvenih vođa, možda ne bi bilo kršćanske zajednice kakvu poznajemo sada. Isto tako, ako vođa države ne predstavi narativ veći od života, bude više kaosa nego reda. Kada odvagnemo takve čimbenike, opravdavaju li oni eliminaciju nekih dijelova stvarnosti? Uostalom, ne govorimo o osobnom ili čak društvenom moralu, već o institucionalnom moralu, ako takvo što postoji. Možda promicanje jedne verzije istine nad drugom nije osuđujuće u većoj shemi stvari, ali moramo priznati svoje sudioništvo kada se to dogodi.

The article discusses the fundamental differences between an orientation towards individual health and the concept of health on which public health systems are built. It is shown that health in its original sense, as the “virtue of the body” (Aristotle), has to be understood as the ability to realize purposes in the actions of individuals. In public healthcare on the other hand, “health” has always been conceived as a public good and as an expression of certain public interests, a conception which does not have to be consistent with the interests of the individual in any way. “Public health” is normally designed in a utilitarian way and can be highly susceptible to ideology. In extreme cases the individual becomes subject to a “health obligation” which is to be rejected on legal, philosophical and ethical grounds. In place of a “scientific” medicine that reduces people to a statistical magnitude, a self-understanding of medicine should be restored which defines “health” from the point of view of the task of enabling real interpersonality in the space of the empirical existence of individuals self-determined as free., Članak se bavi temeljnim razlikama između orijentiranosti k zdravlju pojedinca i konceptu zdravlja na kojem se sustavi javnog zdravstva temelje. Prikazuje se da se zdravlje u svom izvornom značenju, kao „vrlina tijela” (Aristotel), mora poimati kao sposobnost da se ostvaresvrhe u postupcima pojedinaca. S druge strane, u javnom se zdravstvu zdravlje oduvijekshvaćalo kao javno dobro i izraz određenih javnih interesa, što je ideja koja se ni malo ne mora preklapati s interesima pojedinaca. „Javno zdravstvo” inače je uređeno utilitaristički i može biti iznimno podložno ideologiji. U ekstremnim slučajevima pojedinac postane podložan„zdravstvenoj obavezi” koju treba odbiti pravno, filozofski i etički. Umjesto „znanstvene”medicine koja svodi ljude na statističke podatke, trebalo bi obnoviti samopoimanje medicinekoje definira „zdravlje“ s gledišta omogućavanja prave interpersonalnosti u prostoru empirijskog postojanja pojedinaca koji su sami sebe odredili slobodnima.

The thesis examines the ways in which Winterson depicts and eventually unveils the mechanism behind most modern feminist issues. Using repetition as a literary device, but also as a major motif, Winterson builds The Stone Gods into a multi-layered exploration of the challenges of womanhood, history and fate. This metatextual novel contains multitudes, tightly interwoven and virtually inextricable, centering the human condition as a driving force of the perpetuum mobile that is our universe. This reading is focused mainly on what is, in this dystopian utopia, considered to be Other – be it women, queer people, or robots – and their fight to rip away from the centrifugal force that keeps the world turning in an endless cycle of forgetting history and repeating it. The novel itself posits that the world these characters live in is “a repeating world” – the entire course of human history happens again and again, and humans keep repeating the same mistakes. It paints a rather bleak picture of humanity and, on the surface, makes it look like it is simply human nature not to learn anything from past mistakes and to eventually self-destruct. Through her carefully constructed narrative, however, Winterson reveals that fate might not be what it seems, and that there is a way to break the chain of suffering. Entropy presented in the novel can be broken by forming the bonds that are the ultimate core of the story, the only thing capable of breaking the pattern of self-destruction - human love. Ovaj diplomski rad istražuje načine na koje Winterson opisuje i konačno otkriva mehanizam iza većine modernih feminističkih pitanja. Koristeći ponavljanje kao stilsko sredstvo, ali i kao glavni motiv, Winterson stvara roman The Stone Gods kao višeslojno istraživanje izazova ženskog iskustva, povijesti i sudbine. Ovaj metatekstualni roman sadrži mnoge slojeve, usko isprepletene i gotovo nerazdvojive, centrirane oko ljudskog stanja kao pokretačke sile svemira. Ova interpretacija usredotočena je uglavnom na ono što se u ovoj distopijskoj utopiji smatra Drugim - bilo da se radi o ženama, queer ljudima ili robotima - i njihovoj borbi da se odupru centrifugalnoj sili koja drži svijet u beskrajnom ciklusu zaboravljanja i ponavljanja povijesti. Sam roman postavlja tezu da je svijet u kojem njegovi likovi žive "ponavljajući svijet" - čitava povijest ljudskog roda odvija se ciklično, a ljudi stalno ponavljaju iste pogreške. Takav prikaz ljudskog roda prilično je sumoran - na površini izgleda kao da je jednostavno u ljudskoj prirodi ne naučiti ništa iz vlastitih grešaka. Međutim, kroz pažljivo konstruiranu naraciju, Winterson otkriva da sudbina možda nije kakvom se čini i da postoji način da se prekine lanac patnje. Entropija prikazana u romanu može se pobijediti formiranjem odnosa koji su krajnja jezgra ove priče, te jedino što može prekinuti ciklus samouništenja - ljudska ljubav.

Tiesību zinātne Tiesību zinātne Law Science Law Science Bakalaura darba tēma ir “Tiesības uz cieņpilnu nāvi: tiesiskie un ētiskie aspekti”. Darba mērķis ir padziļināti izpētīt tiesību uz cieņpilnu nāvi tvērumu, kā arī cieņpilnas nāves ētiskos un tiesiskos aspektus. Tiesības uz cieņpilnu nāvi attiecas uz lielāko daļu iedzīvotāju, turklāt, tās paredz tiesības uz hospisa aprūpi, kas dotajā brīdi tiek nodrošināta ar brīvprātīgo organizāciju iesaisti. Pētnieciskā darba gaitā identificētas vairākas problēmas, kas daļēji var ierobežot pacienta tiesības uz cieņpilnu nāvi, proti lemstpējas institūta un mehānisma, kas nodrošina pacienta iepriekšējas gribas ievērošanu, neesamība. Pētnieciskajā darbā noskaidroti pacienta autonomijas pamatprincipi un to īstenošana tiesībās uz cieņpilnu nāvi, kā arī apkopts cieņpilnas nāves tiesiskais un ētiskais tvērums. Pētnieciskā darba kopējais apjoms ir 61 lpp. Atslēgas vārdi: cieņpilna nāve, autonomija, lemtspēja, hospisa aprūpe, pašnoteikšanās. The topic of my bachelor thesis is "The right to a dignified death: legal and ethical aspects". The aim of the thesis is to explore in depth the scope of the right to die with dignity, as well as the ethical and legal aspects of death with dignity. The right to die with dignity applies to the majority of the population and includes the right to hospice care, which is currently provided through the involvement of voluntary organizations. The research work has identified a number of problems that may partially limit the patient's right to die with dignity, namely the absence of a decision-making institution and a mechanism to ensure that the patient's prior wishes are respected. The research work clarifies the basic principles of patient autonomy and their implementation in the right to a dignified death and summarizes the legal and ethical scope of a dignified death. The total length of the research work is 61 p. Key words: death with dignity, autonomy, predestination, hospice care, self-determination.

Promocijas darbs izstrādāts Rīgas Stradiņa universitātē, Latvijā. Aizstāvēšana: Veselības un sporta zinātņu promocijas padomes atklātā sēdē 2023. gada 1. martā plkst. 14:00 Hipokrāta auditorijā, Dzirciema ielā 16 un attālināti, tiešsaistes platformā Zoom. Cerebrālā trieka ir visbiežāk sastopamais fiziskās nespējas iemesls bērniem, lielākajai daļai piedzīvojot arī pieaugušo vecumposmu. Jauniešiem ar cerebrālo trieku pārejas process uz pieaugušo dzīvi, skarot dalības un veselības aprūpes aspektus, ir sarežģīts posms, kas neveiksmīgas norises rezultātā rada samazinātas autonomijas un veselības riskus. Pētījuma mērķi bija noskaidrot autonomijas pakāpi pārejas vecuma jauniešiem bez vai ar iespējamiem kognitīviem traucējumiem dalībā un veselības aprūpē, gatavību pārejai uz pieaugušo veselības aprūpi, identificēt ar pārejas procesu saistītos un ietekmējošos faktorus, kā arī noskaidrot, cik nozīmīgas ir atšķirības veselības un nespējas līmenī jauniešiem ar cerebrālo trieku un tāda paša vecuma kontroles grupai. Pētījuma literatūras apskats ietver zinātnisko bāzi par dalības ierobežojumiem un veselības problēmu riskiem cerebrālās triekas pieaugušo populācijā, raksturo pārejas procesu uz pieaugušo dzīvi, dod ieskatu Latvijas valsts tiesību aktos, kas attiecināmi uz jauniešiem ar cerebrālo trieku gan dalības, gan veselības aprūpes kontekstā, un min piemērus izglītības un nodarbinātības iespējām Latvijā personām ar invaliditāti. Metodoloģija izveidota, lai sniegtu pārejas procesa aktuālās situācijas aprakstu un lai izvirzītu ar procesu saistītos un to ietekmējošos faktorus, kas tiek interpretēti kā veicinoši vai kavējoši, kā arī lai salīdzinātu ar dzīves sfēru aprakstošo funkcionēšanu jauniešiem ar cerebrālo trieku un kontroles grupai. Pētījuma rezultāti norāda, ka lielākais īpatsvars pētījumā iesaistīto pārejas vecuma jauniešu ar cerebrālo trieku ir atkarīgi no vecākiem dalības domēnos “Izglītība un nodarbinātība”, “Finanses”, “Mājsaimniecība” un “Transports”. Dalības domēns “Atpūtas un sociālās aktivitātes” ir vienīgais, kurā lielākais īpatsvars jauniešu ar cerebrālo trieku ir sasnieguši pilnīgu autonomiju, savukārt dalības domēnos “Intīmās attiecības” un “Seksualitāte” lielākajai daļai jauniešu ar cerebrālo trieku nav pieredzes. Veselības aprūpes domēnos “Aprūpes prasības” un “Rehabilitācijas pakalpojumi” lielākais īpatsvars jauniešu ar cerebrālo trieku atrodas otrajā autonomijas fāzē, proti, aprūpes prasības tiek formulētas kopā ar vecākiem, bet konsultācijas netiek saņemtas ne pediatrijas, ne pieaugušo rehabilitācijā, savukārt domēnā “Pakalpojumi un palīdzība” lielākā daļa jauniešu joprojām ir pilnībā atkarīgi no vecākiem. Salīdzinot ar kontroles grupas jauniešiem, cerebrālās triekas jauniešu grūtību līmenis sabiedrisko dalību raksturojošos jautājumos lielākoties ir nozīmīgi augstāks, bet kopējais jauniešu ar cerebrālo trieku funkcionēšanu un nespēju raksturojošais grūtību līmenis ir nozīmīgi augstāks nekā kontroles grupas jauniešiem, turklāt jaunieši ar cerebrālo trieku, veicot dažādus uzdevumus un darbības, daudz biežāk saskaras ar grūtībām. Visbiežākās un spēcīgākās saistības ar kādu no autonomiju dalībā un veselības aprūpē raksturojošiem domēniem konstatē grūtību līmenim pašaprūpē un kognitīvajās funkcijās. Pašaprūpes spējas biežāk ietekmē dalības domēnus, bet kognitīvās funkcijas – veselības aprūpes. Kā nozīmīgs dalību un veselības aprūpes autonomiju atsevišķos domēnos ietekmējošs faktors tika konstatēts arī grūtību līmenis mobilitātē un ikdienas rutīnas aktivitātēs; jaunieša vecums; lielās motorās funkcijas; manuālās prasmes un asistenta nepieciešamības pakāpe. Pārejas gatavībā uz pieaugušo veselības aprūpi pētījumā iesaistīto jauniešu ar cerebrālo trieku vidējais rādītājs atrodas starp sagatavošanās un rīcības fāzi. Pētījuma rezultāti liecina, ka nozīmīgi ietekmējošie faktori jauniešu ar cerebrālo trieku pārejas gatavībai uz pieaugušo veselības aprūpi ir lielo motoro funkciju līmenis, kognitīvās funkcijas, asistenta nepieciešamības pakāpe, autonomijas pakāpe domēnos “Atpūtas un sociālās aktivitātes” un “Transports”, kā arī grūtību līmenis pašaprūpes darbībās, nozīmīgākajiem esot kognitīvo funkciju līmenim un pašaprūpes spējām.

Pravo na život ili pravo na smrt. Kako se nositi sa pacijentima u terminalnim fazama bolesti te imaju li oni pravo na izbor je pitanje na koje se još danas ne može odgovoriti. Etička načela, religijska uvjerenja, zakoni država i ostale stavke bitne su u odlučivanja o nastavku liječenja ili prekidu nečijeg života. Eutanazija, potpomognuto samoubojstvo uz prisustvo liječnika nude rješenja za prekid nečije patnje, boli i spasa za dostojanstvo, ali je još u većini zemalja ilegalno. Autonomija, cjelokupna skrb, očuvanje dostojanstva i smanjenje boli glavni su razlozi za mogući prekid nečijeg života. Eutanazija može biti aktivna i pasivna. Razlika između te dvije eutanazije je u samom pristupu pacijentu i načinu ophođenja. Aktivna eutanazija je u većini država ilegalna, a pasivna eutanazija se pojavljuje svuda u svijetu, pogotovo u palijativnoj skrbi, kada se umirućem pacijentu ne spašava život, već ga se pušta da umre uz smanjenje simptoma. Osim aktivne i pasivne eutanazije, javljaju se pojmovi eugeničke eutanazije, socijalne eutanazije, kriminalističke eutanazije i svaka od njih povlači etička i moralna pitanja. Amerika je jedna od država u svijetu u kojoj je legalna kriminalistička eutanazija i u kojoj je medijski popraćena ista. Najveću ulogu u brizi za pacijenta u terminalnoj fazi bolesti ima upravo medicinska sestra, odnosno medicinski tehničar. Medicinske sestre i medicinski tehničari su osobe koje o pacijentima skrbe svakodnevno i prate njihovu patnju i bol, upućeni su i svojim prisustvom pacijentu daju osjećaj sigurnosti i povjerenja. Ukoliko se jednog dana eutanazija legalizira u cijelom svijetu, moglo bi doći do zlouporabe iste, palijativna skrb više ne bi imala smisao te bi se morao oformiti stručan tim za odobrenje eutanazije, koji bi uključivao i medicinske sestre i tehničare što bi predstavljalo veliki problem za njih same. Pravo na život ili pravo na smrt, tko ima pravo suditi o tome? Ovim radom prikazat će se svi nedostaci, ali i moguće pozitivne stvari eutanazije. The right to live or the right to die. How to deal with patients in the terminal stages of the disease and whether they have the right to choose is a question that still cannot be answered. Ethical principles, religious beliefs, state laws and other issues are important in deciding whether to cointinue treatment or end someone's life. Euthanasia, assisted suicide with the presence of a doctor offer solutions to end someone's suffering, pain and save dignity, but it is still illegal in most countries. Autonomy, total care, preservation of dignity and reduction of pain are the main reasons for possible termination of someone's life. Euthanasia can be active or passive. The difference between the two euthanasias lies in the very approach to the patient and the way they are treated. Active euthanasia is illegal in most countries, and passive euthanasia appears all over the world, especially in palliative care, when a dying patient is not saved, but is allowe to die with reduced symptoms. In addition to active and passive euthanasia, the concepts of eugenic euthanasia, social euthanasia, and criminal euthanasia appear, and each of the countries in the world where criminal euthanasia is legal and where it is covered by the media. The biggest role in the care of a patient in the terminal phase of the disease is played by the nurse, that is, the medical technician. Nurses and medical technicians are people who take care of patients every day and monitor their suffering and pain, they are knowledgeable and with their presence they give the patient a sense of security and trust. If one day authanasia is legalized all over the world, it could be misused, palliative care would no longer make sense, and a professional team for euthanasia approval would have to be formed, which would include nurses and technicians, which would be a big problem for them alone. Right to live or right to die, who has the right to judge that? This work will show all the shortcomings, but also the possible positive aspects of euthanasia.

Ovim preglednim radom iznosi se problematika dobrobiti djeteta i razvoja njegove autonomije. U relevantnom nacionalnom dokumentu u Republici Hrvatskoj dobrobit djeteta navedeno je kao jedan od ciljeva institucionalnog odgoja i obrazovanja, a razvoj njegove autonomije kao jedna od temeljnih vrijednosti. Ovaj rad nastoji prikazati odnos dobrobiti djeteta i razvoja djetetove autonomije u sustavu ranog i predškolskog odgoja i obrazovanja. Kao ključna osoba koja treba imati razvijeno duboko razumijevanje značenja dobrobiti djeteta, autonomije i hihova međusobnog odnosa svakako je odgojitelj. Položaj i razumijevanje autonomije u vrijednosnom sustavu odgojitelja utjecat će na njegovu implicitnu pedagogiju, a time i na njegovu odgojno-obrazovnu praksu. Osvještavanje vlastite uloge u procesu razvoja dječje autonomije može se postići kroz samorefleksiju za koju možemo reći da je važan alat u razvoju i razumijevanju vlastite prakse. U radu se iznose tumačenja dobrobiti, autonomije i njihova međusobnog odnosa iz perspektive suvremene pedagogije ranog i predškolskog odgoja i obrazovanja. This review presents the issue of child well-being and the development of his autonomy. In the relevant national document in the Republic of Croatia, the well-being of the child is stated as one of the goals of institutional upbringing and education, and the development of his autonomy as one of the fundamental values. This paper tries to show the relationship between the well-being of the child and the development of the child's autonomy in the system of early and preschool education. As a key person who should have developed a deep understanding of the meaning of a child's well-being, autonomy and their mutual relationship, is certainly an educator. The position and understanding of autonomy in the educator's value system will influence his implicit pedagogy, and thus his educational practice. Awareness of one's own role in the process of developing children's autonomy can be achieved through self-reflection, which we can say is an important tool in developing and understanding one's own practice. The paper presents interpretations of well-being, autonomy and their mutual relationship from the perspective of contemporary pedagogy of early and preschool education.

Ovaj diplomski rad obuhvaća i kroz njega je obrađen kontejnerski prijevoz i navedena je definicija kontejnerizacije, kao i prednosti i nedostaci kontejnerizacije. Kroz rad kontejnerski prijevoz prikazan je kao jedan od najvažnijih oblika intermodalne tehnologije. Definirana je i opisana povijest kontejnerizacije, podjela kontejnera, označavanje kontejnera. Drugi dio diplomskog rada obuhvaća razvitak modernih kontejnerskih brodova. Kontejnerski brodovi prikazani su i opisani kroz generacije razvoja i definiran je značaj koji su oni imali na kompletni razvoj transporta i logistike. Globalna priroda kontejnerskog transporta tjera budućnost na razmišljanje i dodatna poboljšanja. Autonomija i automatizacija budućnost je koja nam kuca na vrata. U tom smislu u zadnjem dijelu rada pažnja je usmjerena na budućnost i autonomne brodove i njihov razvitak.

Immanuel Kant se bavio mnogim moralnim problemima, a među njima se nalazi i oduzimanje ljudskog života u obliku ubojstva, smrtne kazne, samoubojstva i eutanazije. Kant smatra da država može dodijeliti i provesti smrtnu kaznu, a taj stav se temelji na načelu odmazde ili principu jednakosti, odnosno ius talionis. Načelo odmazde zahtjeva da onaj koji ubije bude kažnjen smrću jer je smrtna kazna jedina koja se može mjeriti s takvim zločinom. Prema njemu, smrtna kazna je posljedica kršenja zakona, odnosno ubojstva, te rezultat dobrovoljnih činova zlobe. Kant se smatra protivnikom samoubojstva. Samoubojstvo se protivi dužnosti samoodržanja i proturječi prirodnoj tendenciji samoljublja.. Kategorički imperativ ne dopušta samoubojstvo jer njegova maksima ne može postati univerzalna te zato što je to čin u kojem ljudi sebe tretiraju samo kao sredstvo. Kanta se često interpretira kao zagovornika eutanazije u slučaju gubitka racionalnosti, odnosno demencije. On veliki naglasak stavlja na autonomiju, dostojanstvo, čast i racionalnost, koje osobe gube napretkom demencije, pa se zbog toga smatra da dementne osobe trebaju pristati na eutanaziju.

In this paper, I intend to offer a new explanation of the self both from the biological and dynamical systems theory perspectives. This means that I support the idea that the self is a consequence of biological control mechanisms, either of the internal processes or resulting from the interaction of an organism with the environment. From the perspective of the dynamical systems theory, the self will be approached as a bundle of patterns resulting from adapting of a living system to the conditions of the environment. In the first part of the paper, the self is understood starting from three characteristics of the living systems, resulting from the self-organisation of the organic matter: identity, unity and self-maintenance. In the second part, I discuss one of the most important characteristics of the self: agency. The sense of agency is approached as being made of three components: coupling of the organism with the world, the control of the internal and external processes, and prediction. In conclusion, I discuss the issue of the relation between the self and autonomy, considering the self as a consequence of the degrees of freedom of a living system., U ovom je radu moja namjera ponuditi novo objašnjenje sebstva iz teorijskih perspektiva biologije i dinamičkih sustava. To znači da podržavam ideju da je sebstvo posljedica bioloških kontrolnih mehanizama, bilo unutarnjih procesa ili kao ishod međudjelovanja organizma i okoliša. Iz perspektive teorije dinamičkih sistema, sebstvo se može razumjeti kao svežanj uzoraka proizlazećih iz prilagodbe živućeg sustava na uvjete okoliša. U prvom dijelu rada, sebstvo se razumijeva polazeći od tri obilježja živućih sustava koji su rezultat samoorganizacije organske materije: identitet, jedinstvo i samoodržavanje. U drugom dijelu, raspravljam o jednom od najvažnijih obilježja sebstva: svjesnom djelovanju. Značenju svjesnog djelovanja pristupa se kao da se sastoji od tri dijela: sprega organizma sa svijetom, upravljanje unutarnjim i vanjskim procesima te predviđanje. Zaključno, raspravljam o problemu veze između sebstva i autonomije, pri čemu razmatram sebstvo kao posljedicu stupnjeva slobode živućeg sustava., Mit diesem Artikel beabsichtige ich, eine neuartige Erklärung des Selbst aus theoretischen Perspektiven der Biologie und dynamischen Systeme vorzulegen. Dies bedeutet, dass ich die Idee bekräftige, das Selbst sei die Konsequenz biologischer Kontrollmechanismen, seien es interne Prozesse oder als Ausgang der Interaktion von Organismus und Umwelt. Aus der Perspektive der Theorie dynamischer Systeme kann das Selbst als ein Bündel von Mustern aufgefasst werden, welche der Anpassung eines lebenden Systems an die Umweltbedingungen entsprießen. Im ersten Teil der Arbeit wird das Selbst ausgehend von drei Merkmalen lebender Systeme erfasst, die das Ergebnis der Selbstorganisation organischer Materie sind: Identität, Einheit und Selbsterhaltung. Im zweiten Teil bespreche ich eine der bedeutsamsten Eigenschaften des Selbst: Handlungsfähigkeit. Die Bedeutung der Handlungsfähigkeit wird in der Art angegangen, als bestünde sie aus drei Teilen: der Kopplung des Organismus an die Welt, der Leitung interner und externer Prozesse und der Antizipation. Abschließend diskutiere ich das Problem der Verknüpfung zwischen Selbst und Autonomie, wobei ich das Selbst als Ausfluss der Freiheitsstufen eines lebenden Systems erachte., Dans ce travail, mon intention est de proposer une nouvelle explication du soi issue des théories en biologie et des systèmes dynamiques. Cela signifie que je soutiens l’idée selon laquelle le soi est la conséquence des mécanismes de contrôles biologiques, autant des processus internes, qu’en tant que résultat de l’interaction entre l’organisme et l’environnement. Selon la perspective de la théorie des systèmes dynamiques, le soi peut être compris comme un faisceau de causes qui découlent de l’adaptation des systèmes vivants aux conditions de l’environnement. Dans la première partie de ce travail, le soi est considéré sur la base de trois caractéristiques des systèmes vivants qui sont le résultat de l’auto-organisation de la matière vivante : l’identité, l’unité et l’auto-conservation. Dans la deuxième partie, je discute de l’une des plus importantes caractéristiques du soi : l’action consciente. La signification de l’approche de l’action consciente est composée de trois parties : la relation de l’organisme avec le monde, l’organisation des processus internes et externes et la prévision. En conclusion, je discute du problème de la relation entre le soi et l’autonomie, en considérant le soi comme une conséquence du degré de liberté du système vivant.

U radu se razmatra pitanje jesu li na umjetnoj inteligenciji utemeljeni dijagnostički sustavi (AIBDS) prijetnja autonomiji pacijenata kao jednom od središnjih načela biomedicinske etike. U prvom dijelu rada objašnjava se što su AIBDS i kako funkcioniraju, s naglaskom na tehnologiji strojnog učenja i na njegovu svojstvu netransparentnosti. U drugom dijelu rada prikazuje se više paradigmatskih stavova o AIBDS-u kao prijetnji autonomiji pacijenata, uz osvrt na standardnu analizu prema kojoj ta autonomija uključuje (minimalno) tri komponente: intencionalnost, slobodu od ograničenjâ i razumijevanje. U trećem se dijelu rada argumente pro et contra teze o AIBDS-u kao prijetnji autonomiji razmatra iz perspektive pacijenata, dok ih se u četvrtom dijelu rada razmatra iz perspektive liječnika. U radu se pokazuje koliko rasprava o ovom pitanju može biti složena i koja oruđa argumentacije suprotstavljenim stranama pritom mogu stajati na raspolaganju., The paper considers the question whether artificial intelligence-based diagnostic systems (AIBDS) pose a threat to patient autonomy as one of the central principles of biomedical ethics. The first part of the paper explains what AIBDS are and how they work, with an emphasis on machine learning technology and its property of non-transparency. The second part of the paper presents several paradigmatic views on AIBDS as a threat to patient autonomy, with reference to the standard analysis according to which this autonomy includes (at least) three components: intentionality, freedom from constraints and understanding. In the third part of the paper, the arguments pro et contra of the thesis about AIBDS as a threat to autonomy are considered from the perspective of patients, while in the fourth part of the paper they are considered from the perspective of physicians. The paper shows how complex the discussion of these issues can be and what argumentative tools can be made available to opposing parties.

Čovjekovo nastojanje da si predoči Boga obilježeno je mnoštvom iskrivljenih slika o Bogu. Temeljna teza članka sastoji se u polazištu da je biblijskom, a i modernom čovjeku iskrivljena slika o Bogu nametnuta izvana unatoč tomu što je slika o Bogu upisana duboko u ljudsko srce. Nakon uvodnoga dijela članak na tragu promišljanja Paula Tillicha upozorava na autonomni, heteronomni i teonomni zakon. Cilj je članka pokazati da je svaki od njih vlastit čovjeku te da ti zakoni predstavljaju resurse iz kojih izviru slike o Bogu. Spram mnoštva iskrivljenih slika o Bogu nudimo promišljanje o milosrđu koje vodi čišćenju iskrivljenih slika o Bogu dovodeći nas do slike milosrdnoga Boga koja svoj vrhunac ima u utjelovljenju i križu Isusa Krista kao Novoga Bitka, ako imamo u vidu kako si je Bog u Raspetome dao sliku te kako upravo Raspeti predstavlja negaciju svih pogrješnih slika o Bogu., Man’s effort to imagine God is marked by a multitude of distorted images of God. The thesis of the article is that the biblical man’s and modern man’s distorted image of God is imposed from the outside, even though the image of God is inscribed deep in the human heart. After the introductory part, following the thought of Paul Tillich, the article reminds us of autonomous, heteronomous, and theonomous law. The goal of the article is to show that each of them is unique to man and that these laws represent resources that bring forth the images of God. Against the multitude of distorted images of God, we offer a reflection on mercy that clears them up and brings us to the image of a merciful God that culminates in the incarnation and the cross of Jesus Christ as the New Being; if we keep in mind how God made an image for Himself in the Crucified, and how it is precisely the Crucified who represents the negation of all erroneous images of God.

Rad nastoji integrirati zapažanja Theodora W. Adorna o odgoju i obrazovanju, koja su rasuta gotovo po čitavome njegovom opusu. Namjera međutim nije doktrinarna: izdala bi se lojalnost autoru i podbacilo ispod njegove kritike kada bi takva integracija nastojala rekonstruirati neku neokupljenu ili neizrečenu Adornovu »prosvjetnu doktrinu«. Kod zakletog antisistematičara ni vizije prosvjetne teorije i prakse ne smiju prerasti u sistem. Riječ je prije o stavu ili držanju koje insistira na pokušaju da se antinomija obrazovanja – neslobodnim sredstvima do cilja slobode, manipulacijom do nemogućnosti da se bude izmanipuliran – unese u školske, i ne samo školske, zadatke, kao cilj koji će onemogućiti ponavljanje Auschwitza, omogućiti autonomiju i osposobiti za autorefleksiju., The paper seeks to integrate Theodor W. Adorno’s observations about upbringing and education, scattered throughout his almost entire opus. The intention, however, is not doctrinal: loyalty to the author would be betrayed and it would fall short of his criticism if such integration would sought to reconstruct some uncollected or unspoken Adorno’s “educational doctrine”. With a sworn antisystematist, even visions of educational theory and practice must not grow into a system. It is rather about an attitude that insists on trying to bring the antinomy of education – by non-free means to the goal of freedom, by manipulation to the point of impossibility to be manipulated – into school and not only school tasks, as a goal that will prevent Auschwitz’s repetition, enable autonomy and empower for self-reflection.

Healthcare documentation or nursing documentation as often used in practice is the name of an indispensable part of a patient’s medical documentation, and documentation is an integral part of a nurse’s daily work. Documenting health care in the hospital means recording data on all procedures performed, during the entire health care process for the individual, all for the purpose of systematic monitoring, planning and evaluation of the quality of health care. Nursing documentation serves as a means of communication between the team and is of great importance for the quality and continuity of health care. AIMS: 1 - To determine the existence of health care documentation in hospital health care institutions; 2 - Examine the importance and purpose of documenting health care among nurses-medical technicians; 3 - Examine the practice of nurses-medical technicians in the process of administering health care; 4 - Present quality indicators that are monitored and analyzed through health care documentation; 5 - Compare the obtained results in two examined areas. METHODS: This research was conducted in two geographically separate areas of Sarajevo and Travnik. The study involved 210 respondents, 147 nurses-technicians employed at the Clinical Center of the University of Sarajevo and 63 nurses-technicians employed at the General Hospital in Travnik. Data collection for research was carried out by exploratory and descriptive method. An original authorized questionnaire was used for the descriptive research. The questionnaire was made available to respondents in the electronic form trough Google Forms. The anonymity of the respondents was fully guaranteed. The survey was conducted in the period from July 15- August 15, 2019. RESULTS: At the Clinical Center of the University of Sarajevo (CCU), 98% of respondents use health care documentation forms on a daily basis, and at the General Hospital Travnik 77.8% of respondents. In CCU Sarajevo, respondents use more standardized forms of health care documentation, 97.6%, compared to respondents in the General Hospital Travnik, where the documenting is carries out in nursing records, 74.6%. 68% of respondents at CCU Sarajevo believe that documentation contributes to the evaluation of nursing services, while only 19% of re-spondents at General Hospital Travnik believe the same. As the most common shortcomings, the respondents state the lack of computer technology in the department in 74.3%, then adequate premises for document administration in 37.6%, the lack of forms in printed form in 32.1% and 6 or 2.3% respondents did not answer this question. In both institutions, the biggest shortcoming is the problem of computer equipment in the department, in 70.7% in CCU Sarajevo and 82.5% in General Hospital Travnik. CONCLUSIONS: The research found that over 95% of respondents use standardized health care processes in their daily practice, document health care, know the basic purpose and monitor health care indicators. More than 90% of respondents in both study groups use health care documentation to plan health care and monitor its outcomes. More than half of respondents in both study groups stated that documenting health care is a problem because it consumes a lot of time. A larger number of respondents from both groups, as many as 30%, state that they do not use the data from the health care documentation for any purpose. The lack of workers in the health care process, insufficient knowledge of information technologies, and the lack of an information system represent an aggravating circumstance in documenting the health care process., Dokumentacija zdravstvene njege ili sestrinska dokumentacija, kako se često naziva u praksi, neizostavan je dio medicinske dokumentacije pacijenta, a dokumentiranje je sastavni dio svakodnevnoga sestrinskog posla. Dokumentiranje zdravstvene njege u bolnici podrazumijeva zapisivanje podataka o svim provedenim postupcima tijekom cjelokupnog procesa zdravstvene njege za pojedinca, a sve u svrhu sustavnog praćenja stanja te planiranja i vrednovanja kvaliteta zdravstvene njege. Sestrinska dokumentacija služi kao sredstvo komunikacije između tima i od velike je važnosti za kvalitetu i kontinuitet zdravstvene njege. CILJEVI RADA: 1. Utvrditi postojanje dokumentacije zdravstvene njege u bolničkim zdravstvenim ustanovama. 2. Ispitati praksu medicinskih sestara/tehničara u procesu administriranja zdravstvene njege. 3. Prikazati indikatore kvalitete koji se prate i analiziraju putem dokumentacije zdravstvene njege. 4. Komparirati dobivene rezultate u dva ispitivana područja. METODE RADA: Ovo istraživanje provedeno je na dva geografski odvojena područja, u Sarajevu i Travniku. U istraživanju je sudjelovalo 210 ispitanika, i to 147 medicinskih sestara/tehničara zaposlenih u Kliničkom centru Univerziteta u Sarajevu i 63 medicinske sestre / medicinska tehničara zaposlena u Općoj bolnici u Travniku. Prikupljanje podataka za istraživanje provedeno je deskriptivnom metodom. Za deskriptivno istraživanje primijenjen je originalni autorski upitnik. Upitnik je ispitanicima bio dostupan u elektroničkom obliku u internetskoj aplikaciji Google Forms. Anonimnost ispitanika bila je u potpunosti zajamčena. Istraživanje je provedeno u periodu od 15. srpnja do 15. kolovoza 2019. REZULTATI ISTRAŽIVANJA:U Kliničkom centru Univerziteta u Sarajevu 98 % ispitanika svakodnevno upotrebljava obrasce dokumentacije zdravstvene njege, a u Općoj bolnici Travnik 77,8 % ispitanika. U KCU-u Sarajevo ispitanici više upotrebljavaju standardizirane obrasce dokumentacije zdravstvene njege, i to 97,6 %, u odnosu na ispitanike u Općoj bolnici u Travniku, gdje se dokumentiranje vrši u sestrinske evidencijske bilježnice, i to 74,6 %. 68 % ispitanika u KCU-u Sarajevo smatra da dokumentiranje pridonosi vrednovanju sestrinskih usluga, dok to smatra samo 19 % ispitanika iz Opće bolnice Travnik. Kao najčešće nedostatke ispitanici navode nedostatak računalne tehnike na odjelu (74,3 %), zatim neadekvatne prostorije za administriranje dokumentacije (37,6 %) te nedostatak obrazaca u tiskanom obliku (32,1 %), a na ovo pitanje nije odgovorilo šest ili 2,3 % ispitanika.U obje ustanove kao najveći nedostatak navode problem računalne opreme na odjelu, i to 70,7 % u KCU-u Sarajevo i 82,5 % u OB-u Travnik. ZAKLJUČCI: Istraživanjem je utvrđeno da više od 95 % ispitanika u svakodnevnoj praksi primjenjuje standardizirane procese zdravstvene njege, dokumentira zdravstvenu njegu, poznaje osnovnu svrhu i prati indikatore zdravstvene njege. Više od 90 % ispitanika u obje ispitivane skupine dokumentacijom zdravstvene njege kori-sti se za planiranje zdravstvene njege i praćenje njezinih ishoda.Više od polovine ispitanika u obje ispitivane skupine navelo je da im dokumentiranje zdravstvene njege predstavlja problem jer im oduzima mnogo vremena u radu. Veći broj ispitanika obje ispitivane skupine, čak 30 %, navodi da se podacima iz dokumentacije zdravstvene njege ne koriste ni u kakve svrhe. Nedostatak izvršitelja procesa zdravstvene njege, nedovoljno znanje o informacijskim tehnologijama te nepostojanje informacijskog sustava predstavlja otežavajuću okolnost u dokumentiranju procesa zdravstvene njege.

The scientific problem addressed by the article is the lack of the ways for identification and solution of the issues of financial autonomy in rural municipalities. The aim of the article is to identify the problem areas of financial autonomy in Lithuanian rural municipalities. The problem areas of financial autonomy in rural municipalities have been identified under the methods of scientific literature analysis, document analysis, and statistical data analysis, and comparative analysis. The problematics of definition of the phenomenon of financial autonomy of rural municipalities has been noticed; problem areas of expenditure, revenue, financial transfers and borrowing in the municipalities have been identified. The empirical study of the data on 50 Lithuanian rural municipalities reflecting their respective financial autonomy in the period 2014-2018 (municipality revenue structure, revenue per capita, the dynamics of the share of the personal income tax (PIT)) revealed that the major share of the revenues of rural municipalities is collected by means of the PIT. There are four donor municipalities in Lithuania – Vilnius city, Kaunas city, Klaipėda city and Neringa municipalities – with their PITs used to support rural municipalities. The central authorities of Lithuania apply inter-budgetary reallocation of funds in order to introduce the financial equalization measures to adjust for the unequal allocation of potential financial resources between the municipalities with the ultimate objective of eliminating the territorial, social and economic disparities between the municipalities. However, the revenue and expenditure remain unequalized between the municipalities.

If the disabled person wants to plan, guarantee and design a patrimonial strategy to safeguard future needs, how does the Law respond? Which are the legal instruments one can resort to in order to anticipate or organize mechanisms able to meet the special requirements of a disabled person? This paper aims to analyse this problem, making a connection with the Rule of Law., Kaip reaguotų įstatymas neįgaliajam panorėjus planuoti, garantuoti ir sukurti patrimonialinę strategiją siekiant apsaugoti būsimus poreikius? Kokiomis teisinėmis priemonėmis galima naudotis, norint numatyti ar organizuoti mechanizmus, kurie patenkintų specialiuosius neįgaliųjų poreikius? Straipsnyje siekiama išanalizuoti šią problemą, siejant su teisine valstybe.

Pristanak obaviještenog pacijenta na liječenje nije samo potpisivanje pravno obvezujućeg dokumenta suglasnosti o liječenju, već i proces u kojem se pacijent osnažuje i postaje aktivni saveznik u liječenju. Valjani informirani pristanak podrazumijeva adekvatnost informacija, njihovo priopćavanje na primjeren način, dobrovoljnost pristanka i sposobnost pacijenta za donošenje odluke o liječenju. Kod osoba koje se liječe zbog psihičkih poremećaja ispunjavanje ovih uvjeta često predstavlja izazov. Psihički poremećaji mogu ugroziti sposobnost osobe za razumijevanje relevantnih informacija o prirodi svoje bolesti te kompromitirati njenu sposobnost odlučivanja o liječenju. No, psihijatrijska dijagnoza ne podrazumijeva da osoba nije u stanju odlučivati o svome liječenju, niti je isključuje kao ravnopravnog partnera iz terapijskog procesa. Prikazom 39 godišnjeg pacijenta koji razvija akutni psihotični poremećaj tijekom liječenja koronavirusne upale pluća istražujemo etičke dileme koje se javljaju u pristupu pacijentu prilikom liječenja psihotične dekompenzacije., The consent of an informed patient is not merely a signature on a legally binding document, but rather a process in which the patient is empowered and becomes an active ally in a treatment. Valid informed consent includes adequate information that is given to the patient in an appropriate manner, the voluntariness of consent, and the patient’s ability to make a decision regarding treatment. Meeting these conditions when treating patients with mental health disorders can be challenging. Mental disorders can compromise a person’s ability to understand relevant information about the nature of their illness as well as their ability to make decisions regarding treatment. However, a psychiatric diagnosis does not imply that a person is unable to make a decision regarding their treatment, nor does it exclude them as an equal partner in the therapeutic process. By reviewing the case of a 39-year-old patient who developed an acute psychotic disorder during the treatment of COVID pneumonia, we dive into the ethical dilemmas that arise when approaching a patient who is experiencing psychotic decompensation.

Pediatric medical decision making has been a matter of discussion for the last few decades. Generally, the currently prevailing viewpoints are that the children’s wishes should be heard and that children should be allowed to participate in medical decision-making according to their development. Those discussions do not only touch on ethical, legal and political matters, but are also based on empirical research. There are no simple answers to those large issues, especially the age limit at which children can be considered capable of giving informed consent. In that context, a balance needs to be struck between the protection of children’s interests and the respect for their “developing autonomy”. The first part of this article outlines the principle of autonomy that informed consent is based on, whereas the second part focuses on two concepts: that of parental permission and of assent of the child, both of which are well-known in the contemporary medico-legal realm. The term “assent” is commonly used in cases when individuals are not legally allowed to give informed consent but are capable of taking part in the process of medical decision-making. In the third part of the paper, three Croatian legal acts were analyzed in a context of the informed consent of the child: the Protection of Patient’s Rights Act, the Family Act and the Civil Obligations Act. The fact that several legal regulations, in particular the Protection of Patient’s Rights Act, the Family Act and the Civil Obligations Act, must be used in parallel when it comes to the issue of informed consent of a child, can be, legally speaking, quite confusing. Thus, such regulation may leave some doubts and difficulties in the immediate application, especially with regard to emergency medical interventions. In this regard, perhaps the fact of adopting a special law on the consent of children to medical procedures could be considered, or at least the provision within the Family Act or the Protection of Patient’s Rights Act, which uniformly summarizes all the above regulations., Posljednjih nekoliko desetljeća vode se opsežne rasprave o problematici donošenja medicinskih odluka koja se tiču djece. Općenito, trenutno prevladava gledište da se djetetove želje treba poslušati i da se djeci treba omogućiti sudjelovanje u donošenju medicinskih odluka u skladu s njihovim razvojem. Te rasprave ne dotiču se samo etičkih, pravnih i političkih pitanja, već se temelje i na empirijskim istraživanjima. Nema jednostavnih odgovora na ta bitna pitanja, osobito na ona koja se tiču dobne granice u kojoj se djeca mogu smatrati sposobnima dati informirani pristanak. U tom kontekstu potrebno je uspostaviti ravnotežu između zaštite interesa djece i poštivanja njihove “autonomije u razvoju”. Prvi dio ovog članka prikazuje načelo autonomije na kojem se temelji informirani pristanak, dok se drugi dio usredotočuje na dva koncepta: roditeljsko dopuštenje i pristanak djeteta, koja su oba dobro poznata u suvremenoj medicinskoj praksi. Izraz „pristanak“ (assent) obično se koristi u slučajevima kada pojedincima nije zakonski dopušteno davanje informiranog pristanka, ali se smatraju sposobnima sudjelovati u procesu donošenja medicinskih odluka. U trećem dijelu rada analizirana su tri hrvatska pravna akta u kontekstu informiranog pristanka djeteta: Zakon o zaštiti prava pacijenata, Obiteljski zakon i Zakon o obveznim odnosima. Činjenica da se nekoliko zakonskih propisa, a posebno Zakon o zaštiti prava pacijenata, Obiteljski zakon i Zakon o obveznim odnosima, moraju koristiti paralelno kada je u pitanju pristanak djeteta, može biti, pravno gledano, prilično zbunjujuće. Stoga takva regulativa može ostaviti određene nedoumice i poteškoće u neposrednoj primjeni, posebno u pogledu hitnih medicinskih intervencija. S tim u vezi, mogla bi se razmotriti mogućnost donošenja posebnog zakona o pristanku djece na medicinske zahvate koji bi ujednačeno sažimao sve navedene propise.

Ovaj rad predstavlja rekonstrukciju mađarske dimenzije vojvođanskih autonomaških projekata u XX veku: 1. između dva svetska rata; 2. između 1938. i 1988. godine; 3. tokom devedesetih godina prošlog veka. Pokazaće se kako su se Mađari u Srbiji identifikovali sa svojim novim regionalnim identitetom, kako na političkom tako i na kulturnom planu. S druge strane, posebna pažnja će biti posvećena dilemama i napetosti političkog vojvođanstva kod Mađara, sa posebnim osvrtom na samopozicioniranje u odnosu na unutarsrpske konflikte, dinamiku straha od separatizma, zatim napetosti federalizma i unitarizma. Poslednji deo ovog rada će se fokusirati na različite strategije u pogledu političkog vojvođanstva koje su se pojavile tokom devedesetih godina. Pokazaće se da model kulturne autonomije i političkog vojvođanstva mogu biti međusobno isključivi, ali je moguće i njihovo pomirenje.

Tīmekļa un vietējās mobilās lietotnes ir programmatūras produkti, kas īpaši izstrādāti mobilajām ierīcēm, lai optimizētu konkrētas problēmas risinājumu. Mobilās lietotnes tiek aktīvi izmantotas, taču joprojām nav pietiekami izskaidrotas to izmantošanas iespējas izglītības nolūkos. Šī darba mērķis ir analizēt iespējamos mobilo aplikāciju izmantošanas veidus, lai uzlabotu angļu valodas gramatikas apguvi 10. klasē. Darbā tika izmantota šāda pētījuma metode: gadījuma izpēte. Dati pētījumam tika savākti, izmantojot literatūras apskatu un anketēšanu. Iegūtie rezultāti liecināja par pieaugošu interesi par angļu valodas apguvi. Pēc gadījuma izpētes studentiem un skolotājiem tika uzdoti daži jautājumi. Skolotāji priecājās par gadījuma izpēti, jo bija studentu rezultāti, kurus varēja redzēt caur skolēnu interesi un skolēnu sniegtajām atsauksmēm. No otras puses, studenti arī priecājas par gadījuma izpēti un studenti ar atsauksmēm apliecina, ka mobilās aplikācijas ir labs papildu līdzeklis angļu valodas apguvē. Tādējādi mobilās aplikācijas ir efektīvs papildinājums galvenajam angļu valodas apguves procesam, un tās nevar izmantot kā vienīgo rīku angļu valodas mācīšanai., Web and native mobile apps are software products designed specifically for mobile devices to optimize a particular problem solution. Mobile apps are actively used but the potential of their use for educational purposes remains inadequately explained. This work aims to analyze the possible ways of using mobile applications to improve acquisition of English grammar in Grade 10. In the paper, the following research method was used: case study. Data for the study were collected through, literature review and questionnaire. The results obtained showed knowledge to become increased and stronger in learning English grammar. Students and teachers were asked some questions after the case study. Teachers were glad about the case study because of the students results, which they could see through the students interest and feedback which students gave. On the other hand, students are also glad about the case study and students confirm with their feedback that mobile applications are a good additional tool in learning English language. Thus, mobile applications are an effective addition to the main learning process of English and cannot be used as the only tool to teach English language.

U ovom radu pokušavam naznačiti određene elemente Sokratove filozofije kojima bi se odgojna praksa trebala voditi, kao i neke štetne implikacije sofističkog pristupa odgoju. Pri analizi Sokratove pozicije osobito se oslanjam na Vlastosove interpretacije, a posebice se osvrćem na Sokratovu tezu da se vrlina ne može poučavati. Pored ostaloga, ona upućuje na nedoktrinarni pristup moralno-odgojnoj praksi, kakav ne može proizaći iz suprotnih Protagorinih uvjerenja. Partikularno i utilitarno usmjeren odgoj kod sofista danas se osobito javlja u odgojnom (ili bolje: manipulatorskom) prijenosu nacionalnih, poslovnih i sličnih tobožnjih etika, nemoćnih po pitanju prepoznavanja i prevladavanja postojećih društveno-ekonomskih okvira, a za što Sokratova moralno-odgojna filozofija sadrži kritičku snagu koja prvenstveno proizlazi iz implicitnog naglaska na autonomiji., In this paper I try to indicate particular elements of Socrates’ philosophy by which educational practice should be guided, as well as certain harmful implications of Sophistic approach to education. In analysis of Socrates’ position, I especially rely on Vlastos’ interpretations, and particularly I refer to Socrates’ thesis that virtue cannot be taught. Among other things, it suggests a non-doctrinal approach to moral-educational practice, which cannot result from Protagoras’ opposite beliefs. Nowadays Sophistic particular- and utilitarian-oriented education occurs especially in the educational (or better: manipulative) transmission of national, business and similar so-called ethics, which are not able for recognizing and overcoming of the existing socio-economic framework, and for which Socrates’ moral-educational philosophy contains critical force, arising primarily out of the emphasis on autonomy.

Within the framework of applied ethics, this paper considers the implications of a new interpretation of the UN Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities. It is based solely on the inviolability of autonomy, thus neglecting a key aspect of the compromised ability to make relevant decisions about the treatment of people with mental disorders. This tendency implies that the patients’ health is no longer a priority but rather their autonomy, regardless of their actual condition. Leaving the decision about the treatment to someone with serious mental disorders jeopardizes the values that concern both the patient and others. This paper examines the concept of autonomy and paternalism in psychiatry, their moral bases, limitations, and circumstances in which paternalism in the context of compulsory treatment can be justified and considered safer and more appropriate when it comes to the interests of the patients themselves, compared to the proposed model. Caution is essential in overcoming controversies related to the involuntary hospitalization procedure. The analysis of basic moral principles and the argument for different approaches to this problem is motivated by the fact that this extremely restrictive and controversial measure requires constant attention and consideration from the medical, ethical, and legal aspect because it significantly contributes to both - the self-stigmatization of one of the most vulnerable groups of patients and the stigmatization of psychiatry as a means of social control., U okvirima primijenjene etike rad razmatra implikacije aktualnog tumačenja Konvencije UN-ao pravima osoba s invaliditetom. Ono se temelji isključivo na nepovredivosti autonomije, zanemarujući ključan aspekt kompromitirane sposobnosti relevantnog odlučivanja o liječenju osoba s mentalnim poremećajem. Ovakva tendencija implicira da zdravlje pojedinca više nije prioritet već njegova autonomija, neovisno od faktičkog stanja pacijenta, a prepuštanje odlukeo liječenju osobi s ozbiljnim mentalnim smetnjama povlači ugrožavanje onih vrijednostikoje se tiču kako samog pacijenta, tako i drugih. U radu se ispituje koncept autonomijei paternalizma u psihijatriji, njihove moralne osnove, ograničenja i okolnosti pod kojima se paternalizam u kontekstu obaveznog liječenja može opravdati i smatrati sigurnijim i učinkovitijim, kada je riječ o interesima samog pacijenta, u odnosu na predložen model. Ističe se opreznost u ovakvim pokušajima prevladavanja kontroverzi vezanih za postupak prinudne hospitalizacije. Analiziranje osnovnih moralnih načela i argumentacije različitih pristupa ovom problemu motivirano je činjenicom da ova krajnje restriktivna i kontroverzna mjera zahtijeva stalnu pažnju i razmatranje s medicinskog, etičkog i pravnog aspekta, jer bitnoutječe, kako na samostigmatizaciju jedne od najvulnerabilnijih grupa pacijenata, tako i na stigmatizaciju psihijatrije kao sredstva društvene kontrole.

Kantova središnja etička studija razmatra mogućnost uspostave deontologijske etike prema kojoj subjekt autonomijom volje sebi propisuje moralni zakon s ciljem da može važiti univerzalno.

Socio-emocionalna dobrobit djeteta razvija se unutar odnosa s bitnim osobama u njegovoj okolini, prvenstveno roditeljima. Najčešće istraživan aspekt roditeljstva su roditeljska ponašanja, odnosno namjerne radnje koje roditelji poduzimaju u svrhu zaštite djetetova života i poticanja razvoja. Cilj ovog istraživanja bio je ispitati odnos procijenjene socio-emocionalne dobrobiti predškolske djece s nekim aspektima roditeljskog ponašanja. U istraživanju je sudjelovalo 104 roditelja te je procijenjena socio-emocionalna dobrobit 104 djeteta. Odgojitelji su ukupnu dobrobit procjenjivali višom kod starije djece, kao i sve sastavnice dobrobiti, osim Uživanja u istraživanju koje je pokazalo tendenciju pada s porastom dobi. Utvrđena je viša dobrobit kod djece čiji roditelji pokazuju više podrške. Podrška autonomiji koju pokazuju roditelji značajno je pozitivno povezana s procjenama ukupne dobrobiti, kao i dimenzijama Samokontrola i promišljenost te Emocionalna stabilnost i suočavanje sa stresom. Također, roditeljska podrška značajno je pozitivno povezana s ukupnom dobrobiti. Rezultati su raspravljeni u kontekstu doprinosa povećanju dobrobiti predškolske djece.

Od stvaranja do današnjeg dana našu okolinu, sadašnjost i budućnost oblikovali su ljudi iz prošlosti. Osobe visokih standarda, nepokolebljivog duha, velikog znanja i iznimno kreativnih ideja i inovacija. Teško bi bilo zamisliti život u kojem nema Tesle, DaVincija, Mozarta.... Njihov oslobađajući um stvorila je simbioza osobnih potencijala, stvaranja dodatne vrijednosti znanju kroz rad, trud i ustrajnost i okoline koja je bila oslobađajuća, a ne ograničavajuća. Lako su nam dostupna štiva kroz koja možemo spoznati u kakvoj okolini su rasli poznati nam gore spomenuti likovi iz stvarnih života. Njihova okolina razumjela je vrijednost u kreativnosti, pomogla u oblikovanju stvaralačkih potencijala svojim postojanim usmjeravanjem i prilagodljivim sadržajem koji ih je okruživao. Njihov stvaralački zanos do te mjere je utjecao na planet da je njihov način života i poimanje materijalnog i nematerijalnog svijeta zaista bilo potrebno shvatiti i implementirati u društveno okruženje. Stvoriti vrijednosti koje će kreativnost potaknuti i dotaknuti po Hrvatskom kurikulumu je prioritet. No da bi se on u potpunosti ostvario potrebno je zalaganje svakog pojedinca. Ovaj rad nastoji dati pregled koncepta vrijednosti i kreativnosti u kontekstu ranog i predškolskog odgoja i obrazovanja. Nastoji sagledati i sumirati razmišljanja vezana uz rast i razvoj kreativnosti i približavanje kreativnosti kao vrijednosti u svakodnevnom životu u simbiozi između djeteta, skrbnika i zajednice. Nastoji priskribiti dovoljno alata kao početni kapital u znanju na koji se može oslanjati daljnje proučavanje i spoznaja. Upućuje na oblike djelovanja pomoću kojih se može pomoći djetetu u oblikovanju njegovog bivstva i kreativnosti kao njegovog sastavnog dijela, a koji se podudara s temeljima razvoja kvalitetnijeg društa. From creation to the present day, our environment, present and future have been shaped by people from the past. People who have high standards, unwavering spirit, great knowledge and extremely creative ideas and innovations. It would be difficult to imagine a life without Tesla, DaVinci, Mozart ... Their liberating mind was created by a symbiosis of personal potentials, creating added value to knowledge through work, effort and perseverance and an environment that was liberating rather than limiting. Readings are easily available to us through which we can find out in what environment the above-mentioned real-life characters grew up. Their environment understood the value in creativity, helped to shape the creative potentials with their constant guidance and adaptable content that surrounded them. Their creative enthusiasm influenced the planet to such an extent that their way of life and understanding of the material and immaterial world really needed to be understood and implemented in the social environment. Creating values that will encourage and touch creativity according to the Croatian curriculum is a priority. But in order for it to be fully realized, the commitment of each individual is required. This work seeks to provide an overview of the concept of value and creativity in the context of early and preschool education. It seeks to consider and summarize reflections related to the growth and development of creativity and the approach of creativity as a value in everyday life in symbiosis between the child, caregiver and the community. It seeks to provide enough tools as initial capital in knowledge on which further study and cognition can rely. It refers to the forms of action that can be used to help the child in shaping his being and creativity as an integral part of it, which coincides with the foundations of the development of a better society.

Rijeka je svoj gospodarski uspjeh razvijala zahvaljujući mađarskoj vlasti. Složenost političkih prilika u gradu pod mađarskom vlašću razvija autonomnu i iredentističku struju među Talijanima, uz snažno buđenje nacionalne svijesti među Hrvatima. Sve se to odrazilo na nacionalni sastav grada, a pogotovo na govorni jezik njegovog stanovništva. Proces denacionalizacije nastavit će se nakon Prvog svjetskog rata. Složenost riječkog pitanja očituje se na mirovnoj konferenciji u Parizu. Rijeka je osvojena D’Annunzijevom odlučnom akcijom. U nešto više od godine dana vladavine D’Annunzio je primijenio sve metode nastajućeg fašizma. Svoj politički vrhunac D’Annunzio doživljava uspostavom Reggenza Italiana. Talijanska je vlada silom morala oduzeti vlast D’Annunziju, ali je iskoristila njegove napore da Rijeku zadrži za Italiju. U nemogućnosti nalaženja prihvatljivog rješenja riječkog pitanja, najprije se stvara samostalna Država Rijeka. Međutim, neprekidni politički sukobi između tri struje, čine Državu Rijeku nestabilnom, a granice između kraljevina Italije i SHS vrlo osjetljivim. Država Rijeka je 1924. likvidirana Rimskim ugovorom Kraljevine Italije i Kraljevine SHS, a grad je predan Italiji. Rijeka developed its economic success thanks to the Hungarian government. The complexity of political circumstances in Hungarian-ruled Rijeka develops an autonomous and irredentist current among Italians, with a strong awakening of national consciousness among Croats. All this was reflected in the national composition of the city, and especially the spoken language of its population. The denationalization process will continue after the First World War. The complexity of the Rijeka issue is reflected at the Paris Peace Conference. Rijeka was conquered by D'Annunzio's decisive action. In just over a year of rule, D'Annunzio applied all methods of emerging fascism. D'Annunzio reaches its political climax with the establishment of Reggenza Italiana. The Italian government forcefully seized D'Annunzio's power, but used his efforts to keep Rijeka for Italy. Unable to find an acceptable solution to the Rijeka question, an independent State of Rijeka is first created. However, the continuing political conflicts between the three currents make the State of Rijeka unstable and the borders between the kingdoms of Italy and the SHS very sensitive. In 1924, the state of Rijeka was liquidated by the Treaty of Rome and Rijeka was handed over to Italy.

Kasnomoderna koncepcija moralnosti, kao i sam koncept ljudske osobe, dvoznačan je. S jedne strane suvremeno se poimanje osobe regulira atributima koji ističu osobnu autonomiju i distanciranost od sklonosti ranjivosti; s druge strane povećava se zanimanje za razumijevanje ranjivosti kao sve aktualnije teme. Ranjivost se pokušava razumjeti kao stanje koje čovjeka vraća njegovoj ljudskosti, odnosno sebi samom. Istodobno, u širem se kontekstu koristi kao termin za objašnjenje situacija, stanja ili koncepata koji čak i ne pripadaju poimanju ranjivosti, te se i etimološki razlikuju od samog pojma ranjivosti, poput primjerice grijeha, ljudske patnje ili stanja invalidnosti. Iako je ranjivost neizbježna, jer u čovjekov život ulazi bez njegova pristanka, suvremeni je etičko-moralni sustav s jedne strane poima kao protutežu autonomiji; a s druge strane, zbog toga što su je »iskusili« svi ljudi, često se ranjivost smatra nečim što je samo po sebi evidentno, sve dok se čovjek ne zapita što ona jest. Jer nije uvijek jasno što čovjekovo iskustvo ranjivosti uključuje ili što se razumije pod pojmom ranjivost., The modern conception of morality, as well as, the concept of human person is twofold. On the one hand it is regulated by attributes that emphasizes personal autonomy regardless of human vulnerability; on the other hand, there is a growing interest towards understanding the notion of vulnerability as a contextual and conceptual issue. Vulnerability is tried to be understood as a state that returns a person to his humanity, that is, to himself. At the same time, in a broader context, it is used as a term to explain situations, conditions or concepts that do not even belong to the domain of vulnerability, and are etymologically different from the concept of vulnerability, such as sin, human suffering or disability. Despite all the efforts of the contemporary culture to eliminate it, vulnerability not merely counterbalances the notion of autonomy, but as an inevitable existential category enters our lives without our consent. Because everyone has »experienced« it, vulnerability is considered as a selfevident phenomenon until we are asked to define it. For this reason, it is not always clear what the experience of vulnerability involves or what we mean by the notion vulnerability.

Cilj istraživanja bio je ispitati stavove adolescenata i njihovih majki o tome što roditelji imaju pravo znati o svojoj djeci te razlike u stavovima roditelja i djece u odno-su na spol i dob adolescenata. Uzorak je obuhvaćao 188 srednjoškolaca (94 djevojke i 94 mladića) prosječne dobi od 16,6 godina i njihove majke (N = 188). Primijenjena je hrvatska verzija Upitnika roditeljskog prava na informacije o djeci (Right to Know In-ventory, Krein i Brown, 2004), kojim se mjere stavovi prema legitimnosti roditeljskog autoriteta u odnosu na četiri domene vršnjačkih odnosa adolescenata: aktivnosti s pri-jateljima, značajke odnosa, negativne karakteristike vršnjaka i pozitivne karakteristike vršnjaka. Rezultati su pokazali da majke općenito procjenjuju svoje pravo na znanje o djeci i njihovim aktivnostima većim nego što im to pravo daju adolescenti. Dobivene su značajne razlike između rezultata majki i djece na svim skalama Upitnika roditelj-skog prava na informacije o djeci, osim za pozitivne karakteristike vršnjaka. Složene analize varijance pokazale su značajan efekt spola adolescenata na njihove stavove o roditeljskom pravu na informacije o djeci, kao i značajan efekt spola djeteta na stavove majki. U obje analize učinci dobi djeteta te interakcije spola i dobi nisu značajni. Dje-vojke, u usporedbi s mladićima, procjenjuju značajno većim roditeljsko pravo na in-formacije o djeci u svim područjima, osim za pozitivne karakteristike vršnjaka. Majke koje imaju kćer smatraju da imaju značajno veće pravo na informacije o aktivnostima djece s prijateljima i značajkama njihovih odnosa s vršnjacima nego majke sinova. Rezultati se razmatraju u odnosu na istraživanja o legitimnosti roditeljskog autoriteta različitim socijalnim domenama i istraživanja o adolescentskom samootkrivanju. Ključne riječi: adolescenti, autonomija, odnosi s vršnjacima, roditeljsko pravo na informacije

Vecmāte Veselības aprūpe Midwifery Health Care Vecmātes loma veselības aprūpē lielā mērā ir saistīta ar tai piešķirtajām tiesībām un vecmātes profesionālajām kompetencēm un profesijas standartu. Bakalaura darbs izstrādāts, lai vērstu uzmanību uz vecmāšu spēju būt autonomiem profesionāļiem savā profesijā Latvijā. Šobrīd plaši tiek pētīta vecmātes profesionālā līdzatbildība dzemdību palīdzības sniegšanā – vecmātes atbildība un sadarbība ar citiem speciālistiem. Vecmātes aprūpe pēc Pasaules Veselības organizācijas pamatnostādnēm tiek rekomendēta kā primārā veselības aprūpe fizioloģiski noritošas grūtniecības, dzemdību un pēcdzemdību gadījumā, paplašinot tās nozīmi arī bērna ieņemšanas, kontracepcijas jautājumos, kā arī vecmāte tiek uzskatīta par vienu no tiem speciālistiem, kas sniedz psihoemocionālo atbalstu visai ģimenei no bērna plānošanas līdz maza bērna periodam, sniedzot atbalstu un palīdzību arī ar sievietes reproduktīvo veselību saistītos jautājumos. Pētījuma mērķis ir noskaidrot vecmāšu viedokli par autonomiju vecmātes praksē, to veicinošos un kavējošos faktorus. Pētījumā vecmātes sniedz savu viedokli par autonomijas konceptu un savu redzējumu par pašnoteikšanās iespējām savā profesionālajā darba vidē. Bakalaura darbs izstrādāts kā kvalitatīvs, fenomenoloģisks pētījums. Tajā izmantotas daļēji strukturētas intervijas, kas sniedz ieskatu vecmāšu priekštatos par savu lomu veselības aprūpes sistēmā un kompetencēm, kas veicina autonomiju. Vecmātes norāda, ka viņu autonomiju lielā mērā ietekmē citu speciālistu atzinība un respekts pret pašu vecmāti un viņas veiktajiem darba pienākumiem. Vecmātes norāda un konfliktsituācijām, kas rodas neveiksmīgā sadarbībā ar ārstiem, un ietekmē viņu personīgo pašapziņu. Kā viens no faktoriem, kas kavē vecmāšu spēju autonomi strādāt savā profesijā, ir ierobežotās iespējas sniegt pilnu veselības aprūpi esošajā valsts veselības aprūpes sistēmā. Dzemdību palīdzības sniegšanā ir nepieciešams piesaistīt citus speciālistus tādās organizatoriskās lietās, kas pēc profesijas standarta būtu vecmātes kompetencē, bet ko ierobežo nesakārtotā birokrātija. Kopumā var secināt, ka vecmātes ir gatavas strādāt autonomi, uzņemties atbildību pār savu darbu, ja to atbalsta darba vide, kolēģi un valsts sistēma. Kaut gan viens no autonomijas pamatprincipiem ir pilnīga pašnoteikšanās, tomēr tā nav iespējama bez citus pušu atzīšanas. Tādā veidā vecmāšu autonomijai ir svarīga ne tikai vecmāšu iekšējā pārliecība, bet arī kolēģu atbalsts un cieņa, sadarbība ar pacientiem. The role of midwives in health care is largely linked to the rights granted to them and to the professional competencies and professional standards of midwifery. The bachelor's thesis is designed to draw attention to the ability of midwives to be autonomous professionals in their profession in Latvia. At present, the professional co-responsibility of a midwife in providing maternity care is widely studied - the responsibility of a midwife and cooperation with other specialists. According to the guidelines of the World Health Organization, midwifery care is recommended as primary health care in case of physiological pregnancy, childbirth and postpartum, expanding its role in conception, contraception, as well as the midwife is considered one of the specialists providing psycho-emotional support to the whole family, from child planning until the early childhood period, providing support and assistance also in matters related to women's reproductive health. The aim of the research is to find out the opinion of midwives about autonomy in midwifery practice, the factors that promote and hinder it. In the study, midwives provide their views on the concept of autonomy and their vision of self-determination in their professional work environment.The bachelor's research is developed as a qualitative, femenological research. It uses semi-structured interviews that provide insights into midwives' perceptions of their role in the health care system and their competencies that promote autonomy. Midwives point out that their autonomy is greatly influenced by the recognition of other professionals and respect for the midwife and her job responsibilities. Midwives also point to conflict situations that arise when they fail to work with doctors and affect their personal self-esteem. One of the factors that affects midwives to work autonomously is the limited opportunities to provide full health care in the existing public health care system. In the provision of maternity care, it is necessary to involve other specialists in such organizational matters, which, according to the professional standard, would be the competence of a midwife, but which is limited by a disorderly bureaucracy. In general, it can be concluded that midwives are ready to work autonomously, to take responsibility for their work, if supported by the work environment, colleagues and the state system. Not only the inner confidence of midwives is important for the autonomy of midwives, but also the support and respect of colleagues, cooperation with patients.

Bakalaura darba tēma ir „Patstāvības sekmēšanas iespējas pirmsskolā 3 - 4 gadīgiem bērniem”, kura autore ir Iveta Priede. Pētījuma mērķis ir pētīt un analizēt bērnu patstāvību un patstāvības sekmēšanas iespējas pirmsskolas izglītības iestādē. Izstrādājot darbu tika izvirzīta hipotēze: bērni ir patstāvīgi, ja pieaugušie zina patstāvības attīstības ietekmējošos nosacījumus un nodrošina iespēju bērnam būt patstāvīgam. Darbs sastāv no teorētiskās un praktiskās daļas. Teorētiskajā daļā analizēta patstāvība, patstāvības attīstības ietekmējošie pamatnosacījumi, patstāvību ietekmējoši faktori 3 – 4 gadīgiem bērniem un iestādes vides raksturojums bērnu patstāvības sekmēšanai, kas balstās uz Ē. Ēriksona, Z. Freida, R. Fišera, I. Puškareva, A. Vecgrāves, S. Omarovas, D. Dzinteres, R. Purmales, D. Vigules, S. Miezītes u.c autoru atziņām. Praktiskajā daļā tika veikts pētījums Ķekavas novada X pirmsskolas izglītības iestādē, 3 līdz 4 gadu vecuma bērnu grupā. Pētījumā piedalījās 24 bērni, 12 zēni, 12 meitenes un viņu vecāki. Pētījums balstās uz pedagoģisko darbību pastāvības sekmēšanai un vecāku anketēšanai pētījuma sākumā un beigās. Pētījuma izvirzītā hipotēze apstiprinājās - bērni ir patstāvīgi, ja pieaugušie zina patstāvības attīstības ietekmējošos nosacījumus un nodrošina iespēju bērnam būt patstāvīgam. Bakalaura darbs sastāv no 55 lapām, 1 tabulas, 21 attēliem, 3 pielikumiem, 38 literatūras avotiem. Atslēgas vārdi: Patstāvība, pašvērtējums, autonomija, 3-4 gadīgi bērni, pirmsskola, The theme of the Bachelor work: “Opportunities to promote independence in preschool for 3-4 year old children” by Iveta Priede. The aim of the research is to study and analyze children's ability being independent and opportunities to promote children being independent in a pre-school educational environment. When developing the work, a hypothesis was put forward: children in their actions are independent if adutls around them know the conditions of independence and provide an opportunitys for the children to be independent. The work consists of theoretical and practical part. The theoretical part analyzes independence, the basic conditions influencing the development of independence, factors influencing independence for 3-4 year old children and the characteristics of the institution's environment for promoting children's independence, which is based on: E. Erikson, Z. Freid, R. Fischer, I. Pushkarev, A. Vecgrave, S. Omarova, D. Dzinterest, R. Purmale, D. Vigule, S. Miezite and others. In the practical part, a research was carried out in Ķekava region X pre-school educational institution, in a group of children aged 3 to 4. The study involved 24 children, 12 boys, 12 girls and their parents. The research is based on pedagogical activities to promote children`s independence and to survey parents at the beginning and end of the research. The hypothesis put forward in the research was confirmed - children in their actions are independent if adults around them know the conditions of independence and provide an opportunitys for the children to be independent. The Bachelor work consists of 55 pages, 1 table, 21 images, 3 appendices, 38 literature sources. Keywords: Independence, self-assessment, autonomy, 3-4 year old children, preschool

U ovom radu autorice propituju autonomiju lutkarske predstave i videoigre u odnosu na literarni predložak. U prvom dijelu rada bave se autonomijom oblika umjetnosti kojima pripadaju, u lutkarstvu izdvajajući kao razlikovna obilježja likovnost i odnos živog glumca prema lutki, a u videoigrama igru te poklapanje pokretača i recipijenta. U drugom dijelu rada govore o dramaturškim tehnikama u adaptaciji literarnog predloška, posebno ističući »bijele prostore« u kojima redatelji pronalaze prostor za prevođenje iz jednog medija u drugi. U trećem dijelu rada autonomiju lutkarske predstave i videoigre razmatraju na primjeru romana Vlak u snijegu Mate Lovraka, analizirajući istoimenu lutkarsku predstavu u izvedbi Kazališta lutaka Zadar te zamišljenu videoigru kao misaoni eksperiment. Skreću pozornost na pogodnosti adaptacije videoigre koja je posredovana lutkarskom predstavom, posebice u pogledu selekcije sadržaja iz literarnog predloška te prevođenju nekih njegovih elemenata u videoigrama kompatibilan oblik.

Bakalaura darba tēma “Medicīnas ētikas principi intensīvās terapijas nodaļā pacientu skatījumā”. Tēmas aktualitāti nosaka tas, ka mūsdienu veselības aprūpē jāuztur augsts ētikas standarts, it īpaši, lai palīdzētu veselības aprūpes speciālistiem un organizācijām virzīties uz šiem standartiem, kā arī pacientu aizsardzību, kuru var ietekmēt veselības aprūpes speciālistu uzvedība. Tādējādi, medicīnas ētikas principu ievērošana, nosakot uzvedības standartus, saizsargā ne tikai pacientus, bet arī veselības aprūpes sniedzējus un iestādes, kā arī veicina pacientu, profesionālo kolēģu un visas sabiedrības uzticību. Darba mērķis ir noskaidrot pacientu skatījumu par medicīnas ētikas principiem intensīvās terapijas nodaļā. Pētniecības metode ir kvalitatīvā un darba instruments - strukturētā intervija. Pētījumā izvirzītā jautājuma par to, kāds ir pacientu skatījums par medicīnas ētikas principiem intensīvās terapijas nodaļā analīze norāda, ka ar intervijas jautājumu palīdzību, kas veidoti par medicīnas ētikas principiem, respondenti ir snieguši katrs savu skatījumu par tiem. Respondenti sniedz savu viedokli atkarībā no savas pieredzes un skatījuma par medicīnas ētikas principu realizāciju intensīvajā terapijas nodaļā. Kā būtiskākos var minēt pašnoteikšanās trūkumu, kā arī daļēju, nepilnīgu informācijas saņemšanu ordinētai medikamentozai terapijai, kas atbilst medicīnas ētikas autonomijas principam. ITN pacientiem māsas velta uzmanību pacientu vēlmēm, komfortam un labsajūtai, tādā veidā nodrošinot psihoemocionālo atbalstu. Taču, mēdz būt situācijas, kur šis atbalsts ir nepietiekams. Katram respondentam ir savs skatījums par laba darīšanu un nekaitēšanu. Dominējošie faktori ir atbildība, ko atzīmēja 4 respondenti un uzmanība, ko atzīmēja 2 respondenti. Atslēgas vārdi: ētikas principi, intensīvā terapija, autonomija, nekaitēšana, laba darīšana, taisnīgums, The theme of the Bachelor’s Paper “Principles of Medical Ethics at the Department of Intensive Care from the Point of View of Patients”. The topicality of the theme is determined by the obligation to maintain high ethical standards in contemporary healthcare, especially, in order to help healthcare specialists and organisations on their way towards reaching these standards, as well as the protection of patients, which can be affected by the behaviour of healthcare specialists. Thus, compliance with the principles of medical ethics, when determining health standards, protects not only patients, but also the providers of healthcare services and medical institutions, as well as promotes the trust of patients, professional colleagues and the entire public. The objective of the paper is to determine the opinion of patients regarding the principles of medical ethics at the department of intensive care. The method of research is the qualitative method and the instrument of work - structured interview. The analysis of the research question regarding the opinion of the patients on the principles of medical ethics at the intensive care department demonstrates that interview questions that have been designed to collect information about the principles of medical ethics have resulted in each of the respondents providing their own opinion on the principles of medical ethics. The respondents have provided their opinion depending on their experience and opinion on the implementation of ethical principles at the department of intensive care. Among the most important issues, the lack of self-determination and the receipt of partial - incomplete information on the prescribed medication therapy could be mentioned, which are related to the principle of autonomy of medical ethics. Nurses pay attention to the desires, comfort and well-being of intensive care department patients, thus ensuring psycho-emotional support. However, situations may occur, where this support is insufficient. Each respondent has their own opinion on the provision of benefit and avoiding harm. The dominant factors include responsibility, which was noted by 4 respondents and attention, which was mentioned by 2 respondents. Key words: principles of ethics, intensive care, autonomy, non-infliction of harm, provision of benefit, fairness

The present study demonstrates the possibilities for assessment of the financial autonomy of rural municipalities using the TOPSIS method. The study aimed to design and empirically verify the model for assessment of the financial autonomy of rural municipalities. As a result of the empirical study, an integrated system for assessment of the financial autonomy of rural municipalities was designed. The applicability of the TOPSIS method is demonstrated by the assessment of the financial autonomy of rural municipalities performed for two regions of Lithuania in the period 2009–2019. The empirical study showed that medium-low level of financial autonomy was characteristic of all the rural municipalities in the selected regions. On one hand, the findings suggested the presence of “convenient dependence” of the rural municipalities on the centralised allocation. On the other hand, they signalled the lack of the incentives for the rural municipalities to make use of the capacities and create sustainable, stable economic and social prospects.

U članku ispitujemo učinke negativnih automatskih misli na autonomiju osoba koje pate od depresije. U prva dva dijela pokazujemo da učinci upućuju ili na manjak kompetencije kod pacijenata s depresijom za pružanje informiranog pristanka ili na manjkavost samog testa kompetencije. Ovo potkrepljujemo štetnim učincima negativnih automatskih misli na autonomiju pacijenta. Pod njihovim utjecajem, pacijenti su iracionalno skloni negativnim predviđanjima koja ih odvraćaju od dostupnih i njima poželjnih opcija. U trećem dijelu tvrdimo da je dopustivo navoditi odlučivanje pacijenata ka započinjanju terapije i razmatramo koje su metode za to moralno najprikladnije. Konkretno, ispitujemo sljedeće metode: izravne preporuke, pozivanje na pacijentove vrijednosti, pozivanje na društvene norme, uokvirivanje sadržaja (tzv. “framing”), poticaje, prijetnje i obmane. Također raspravljamo o tome koliko je moralno poželjno da pacijenti s depresijom prepuste odlučivanje liječniku ili da donose odluke zajedno s njime.

Straipsnyje nagrinėjamas teisingumo santykis su vaiko teisėmis ir siekis jas visapusiškai ir efektyviai užtikrinti vykdant teisingumą. Analizuojamos vaiko interesus atitinkančio teisingumo konstitucinės prielaidos, samprata. Taip pat vertinamos nacionaliniuose teisės aktuose ir jų taikymo praktikoje sudaromos prielaidos užtikrinti vaiko interesus atitinkantį teisingumą bei išskiriami jo įgyvendinimo civiliniame procese probleminiai aspektai. Be to, apžvelgiamas vaikui nustatyto teisinio statuso veiksmingumas. Konstatuojama, kad reikšminga ne tik teisės aktuose įtvirtinti vaiko, kaip savarankiško materialiųjų teisių subjekto, teisinę apsaugą, bet ir užtikrinti, nepaisant jo amžiaus, vaiko teisę dalyvauti su juo susijusiuose procesuose: ikiteisminiuose, teisminiuose, vykdymo. Pabrėžiama, kad teisė būti išklausytam turi būti su- prantama ne vien kaip priemonė sužinoti vaiko nuomonę, nesuteikiant jam aiškaus ir įstatyme įtvirtinto procesinio statuso. Vaikui turėtų būti užtikrinta teisė savarankiškai kreiptis į teismą, jis turėtų būti atstovaujamas nepriklausomo atstovo. Daroma išvada, kad jau vien vaiko teisės kreiptis į teismą, neatsižvelgiant į jo amžių, užtikrinimas iš esmės prisidėtų prie vaiko teisių apsaugos ir vaiko interesus atitinkančio teisingumo užtikrinimo. This article contributes to the discourse on the relationship between justice and the rights of the child by emphasizing the need to guarantee them fully and effectively in the process of administration of justice. It presents an analysis of the current legal framework of child-friendly justice laid down in Lithuanian national law, including its constitutional basis and its application in practice, and distinguishes relevant problematic aspects, thereby analyzing the effectiveness of the legal status of a child. It is concluded that is important not only to enshrine in law the legal protection of the child as of an independent holder of substantive rights, but also to ensure the child’s right to participate in all child-related pre-trial, judicial, and enforcement proceedings regardless of their age. It is emphasized that the right to be heard has to be understood not as an instrument to establish the views of the child without providing them with a precise procedural status in the law. The child should be guaranteed the right to access to court independently, and they should be represented by an independent representative. Finally, the conclusion is made that resolving the problems of the child’s right to access to court, regardless of their age, could lead to a change in the protection of the rights of the child and a more child-friendly notion of justice.

Ova studija nudi obuhvatnu interpretaciju Kantovih stavova o uslovima mogućnosti moralnog napretka i moralizacije čovečanstva, kao ostvarenja krajnje svrhe stvaranja prirode. Iako je vaspitanje pojedinaca i nacija uslov koji najviše doprinosi moralizaciji čovečanstva, njen jedini nužan uslov mogućnosti je transcendentalno zasnovano javno pravo. Takvo pravo zadovoljava uslove opšteg i nužnog važenja, jer se zasniva isključivo na slobodi. U tom smislu moralni napredak čovečanstva zahteva strogo ograničavanje samovolje ljudi putem apriornih juridičkih principa i učestaliju determinaciju njihove volje samom predstavom moralnog zakona. Osnovna teza studije jeste da juridička sloboda čovečanstva može u potpunosti biti garantovana ukoliko se uspostavi svetska federativna republika, dok se etička sloboda čovečanstva osvaja kroz stalnu borbu sa radikalnim zlom, koja ima više izgleda na uspeh ako ljudi osnuju carstvo vrline, pa je ostvarenje krajnje svrhe stvaranja prirode zamislivo tek pod pretpostavkom konstitucije svetske juridičke i etičke države. Povrh toga, studija pruža detaljan prikaz najvažnijih ideja Kantove filozofije javnog prava, kako transcendentalnih, tako i empirijskih principa. Uloga empirijske pravne i političke teorije je da pokaže na koji je način moguće u što većoj meri realizovati metafizičke principe prava, dok Kantove antropološke teorije i refleksije o istorijskom razvoju čovečanstva treba da pokažu na koji način ljudska priroda ide u prilog ostvarivanju najviših principa javnog prava, ponekad čak i protiv namera ljudi. Ove teorije, zajedno sa njegovom filozofijom vaspitanja, pokazuju koje smernice ljudi treba da prate na putu ka transcendentalnom javnom pravu, ne bi li čovečanstvo moglo u moralnom (juridičkom i etičkom) smislu efikasnije i lakše napredovati. This dissertation provides a comprehensive interpretation of Kant’s views on the conditions of possibility of moral progress and moralization, understood as the achievement of the final purpose of nature. Although education of people and nations is the condition that contributes the most to the achievement of moralization, its only necessary condition of possibility is transcendentally grounded public right. This form of law meets the conditions of universality and necessity, because it is based solely on freedom. In this sense, moral progress of humanity requires strict restrictions on every person’s freedom of choice in accordance with a priori juridical principles and a more frequent determination of their will merely by the representation of the moral law. The main thesis of this dissertation is that juridical freedom of humanity could only be fully guaranteed if the world federal republic is established, while the ethical freedom of humanity could be attained only through constant struggle against the radical evil, which is more likely to succeed if people establish the ethical community; thus, the achievement of the final purpose of nature is conceivable only under the presumption of the constitution of the legal world state and the ethical world state. Additionally, this dissertation provides a detailed analysis of the most important ideas of Kant's philosophy of public right, both its transcendental and empirical side. The role of the empirical legal and political theory is to explain how metaphysical principles of right could be realized to the greatest possible extent, while Kant's anthropological theories and his reflections on the historical development of humanity should show the way human nature works in favour of the implementation of the pure principles of public right, sometimes even against people's intentions. These theories, together with his philosophy of education, show what guidelines people should follow on the way towards transcendental public right, so that humanity’s moral (legal and ethical) progress would be more efficient and less difficult.

U radu se analiziraju dominantni rečnici kritike pandemijske politikeu Srbiji, koji se posmatraju kao reprezentativni za ocenu emancipatornogpotencijala pandemije uopšte, u smislu njenog potencijala zadelegitimizaciju neoliberalne demokratije. Rad razmatra dva rečnikakoji poseduju izvesni kritički potencijal u ovom pogledu – tzv. proceduralističkiliberalno-demokratski i rečnik „života ispred ekonomije“– da bi zatim ukazao na nemogućnost ovih rečnika da pandemijskupolitiku shvate kao formu društvene dominacije kojom se nastoji otklonitipretnja po legitimnost poretka. Autor analizira prirodu dominacijekoja se može iščitati iz glavnog narativa pandemijske politike– narativa o „nedisciplinovanim građanima“, i zaključuje da je posredimanifestacija „kompleksne dominacije“ (Lik Boltanski) koja posedujestrukturu „normativnog paradoksa“ (Aksel Honet i Martin Hartman). Naposletku, rad predstavlja nacrt alternativne leve kritikepandemijske politike koja razvija preliminarni model „intersubjektivnogkonstituisanja“ lične autonomije unutar demokratske javne sferekao bazičnog preduslova za osećanje građanske solidarnosti.

Trsat je brdo iznad kanjona Rječine na kojemu se razvilo prvo važno liburnsko/keltsko utvrđeno naselje na prostoru današnjeg grada Rijeke. Podno njega Rimljani su na drugoj strani rijeke osnovali municipij Tarsatica na čijim temeljima leži današnji strogi centar Rijeke. Kroz razdoblje srednjeg vijeka,Rijeka Svetoga Vida bila je utvrđena zidinama na kojima je raspoređeno nekoliko kula. Pred gradskim se vratima u blizini nalazilo more, a na ušću Rječine se razvilo prvo pristanište za dolazak brodova. Najpoznatiji srednjovjekovni vladari Rijeke su plemićke obitelji Devin i Walsee koje 1466. zamjenjuju Habsburgovci. Na Trsatu su pak vlast predstavljali hrvatski plemićki rod Krčkih knezova – Frankopana koji u 15. stoljeću kreću s gradnjom danas poznatog hrvatskog marijanskog svetišta. Dolaskom Habsburgovaca, Rijeka se povezuje s drugim dijelovima njihova carstva te započinje razvoj trgovine. U 17. stoljeću Rijeka od habsburškog cara Leopolda dobiva gradski grb, a u istom stoljeću gradsko vijeće usvaja povijesnu riječku trobojnicu kao službenu zastavu grada. 18. je stoljeće označilo brži i efikasniji razvoj grada ponajviše zahvaljujući odredbama i privilegijama habsburških vladara. 1719. car Karlo VI. je riječku luku proglasio slobodnom kraljevskom lukom, čime trgovci lakše plasiraju svoje proizvode na tržište. Uskoro se otvara i prva važna prometnica, Karolinška cesta koja Rijeku preko Bakra povezuje s Karlovcem. 1779. carica Marija Terezija grad proglašava „slobodnim tijelom“ ugarskoga kraljevstva na čijem je čelu guverner, čime je grad postao glavna luka mađarskih zemalja. Od 1809. do 1813. Rijeka je bila sastavni dio francuskih Ilirskih provincija, a to je razdoblje u povijesti grada ostalo upamćeno kao nesređeno i nazadno, iako se upravo tada otvorila najmodernija europska cesta toga doba- Lujzinska cesta. Do 1870. kada je Rijeka službeno opet „gubernij“ promijenile su se mnoge vlade, ali Rijeka je ostala vjerna sebi i svojoj gradskoj vlasti koja je nastojala održati autonomnost grada. U 19. stoljeću sporim tempom započinje razvoj trgovačke i industrijske aktivnosti u gradu koji se ubrzava kada Mađari definitivno svoj kapital ubrizgavaju u Rijeku kako bi od nje učinili moćnu carsku luku. Od 1870. do raspada Monarhije razdoblje je najtješnje veze Rijeke i Pešte, u kojemu se Rijeka transformirala u moderno trgovačko i industrijsko središte. 1873. u Rijeku je iz smjera Karlovca stigla i željeznička pruga.Iako su Mađari nastojali širiti svoje zakone i na Rijeku, autonomija grada je i dalje bila netaknuta. Njihov predstavnik u gradu je bio guverner, dok je riječki identitet i „Fiumane“ predstavljao izabrani gradonačelnik. Najpoznatiji riječki gradonačelnik bio je Giovanni Ciotta koji je izradio novi urbanistički plan grada koji je djelomično ostvaren. Najpoznatiji izum riječke industrije toga doba je oružje torpedo koje je promijenilo ratna zbivanja na moru. Riječki su autonomaši početkom 20. stoljeća promijenili političku strategiju. Prethodnih ih je stoljeća privlačio mađarski kapital, a kad su Mađari pretjerali s mađarizacijom Rijeke, nalaze novog saveznika u Kraljevini Italiji. Taj je potez dobrim dijelom odredio turbulentnu povijest grada u 20. stoljeću. Završetkom Velikog rata i raspadom monarhije, Rijeka se našla u središtu polemika na Mirovnoj konferenciji u Parizu. Tajnim Londonskim ugovorom grad nije bio obećan Italiji, ali su oni nakon rata ipak zahtijevali pripojenje Rijeke. Takvu je situaciju iskoristio talijanski pjesnik i političar Gabriele D'Annunzio koji je okupirao grad 1919. Zatim je osnovao svoju riječku državu koja je u povijest ušla kao protofašistička tvorevina. 1921. je istjeran iz grada, a na temelju Rapalskog ugovora Rijeka postaje Slobodnom državom između Italije i Jugoslavije. Takvo stanje ipak nije bilo dugoga vijeka jer već sljedeće godina riječki predsjednik vlade Riccardo Zanella biva protjeran iz grada, a vlast preuzimaju fašističke organizacije. 1924. Rijeka je i službeno pripojena Kraljevini Italiji na čijem je čelu bio Benito Mussolini. Rimskim ugovorima iz iste godine Rijeka i Sušak razdvojeni su granicom na Rječini. Trsat, the first significant Liburnian/Celtic settlement, was found at the hill above the canyon of "Rječina". At the other side of the river and underneath the hills, Romans established Trsatica, located it in the city centre of Rijeka.In the middle ages, "Rijeka Svetog Vida"was fortified with several walls and towers.Sea was in front of the city gates, and the first shipping port was developed at the mouth of Rječina. The most well-known rulers of Rijeka were two nobleman families, Devin and Walsee, later replaced by the Habsburgs in 1466. On the contrary, Trsat was represented by the nobelman family of Frankopans, whichstartedbuildingthefamouscroatianmarianshrine. WiththearrivalofHabsburgs, Rijeka isbeingconnectedwiththeotherpartsoftheempireandisstarting to developetrade. In the 17th century, Rijeka receivedthecitycoatofarmsfromthe Habsburg Emperor Leopold andmeanwhile, thecitycounciladoptedthehistoric Rijeka tricolor as theofficialflagofthecity.The 18th centurymarkedthefasterand more efficient development ofthecity, mostlythanks to theprovisionsandprivilegesofthe Habsburg rulers. In 1719, Emperor Charles VI. declaredthe port of Rijeka a free royal port andmadeiteasier for traders to place theirproducts on the market. Thefirstimportantroadcalled Karolinška Cesta willsoonopenandconnect Rijeka with Karlovac via Bakar. In 1779, Empress Maria Theresa proclaimedthecity a "free body" oftheKingdomofHungary (headedby a governor), makingthecitythemain port oftheHungarianlands.From 1809 to 1813, Rijeka wasan integral partoftheFrenchIllyrianProvinces, andthis period inthehistoryofthecitywasremembered as disorderlyandbackward. However, the most modern European roadwasopened - the Louisiana Road. By 1870, Rijeka wasofficiallythe"governor"again, andmanygovernmentshavechanged. However, Rijeka remainedloyal to itselfanditscitygovernment, whichsought to maintainthecity'sautonomy. In the 19th century, the development oftradeandindustrialactivitywas at theslowpaceandacceleratedwhentheHungariansinvestedtheircapitalinto Rijeka to make it a powerfulimperial port. Thecloseconnectionbetween Rijeka and Pest wasestablishedin 1870 anduntilthecollapseoftheMonarchy. In that period, Rijeka wastransformedinto a modern, commercialandindustrial centre. A railwaythatconnects Rijeka andKarlovac wasopenedin 1873. AlthoughtheHungarianswanted to imposetheirlaws on Rijeka, thecity'sautonomyremainedintact. Theirrepresentativewasthegovernor, whiletheelectedmayorrepresentedtheidentityof "Fiumana". The most famousmayorof Rijeka was Giovanni Ciotta, whodrafted a new urban plan ofthecity, whichwaspartiallyrealised. At that time, the most famousinventionofRijeka'sindustrywasthe torpedo weapon, whichrevolutionisedthewarinthesea. At thebeginningofthe 20th century, Rijeka'sautonomistschangeditspoliticalstrategy. In previouscenturies, theywereattracted to theHungariancapital, andwhentheHungariansexaggeratedwiththehungarianizationof Rijeka, theyfound a newallyintheKingdomofItaly. Thismovelargelydeterminedtheturbulenthistoryofthecityinthe 20th century. Theendofthe Great WarandcollapseoftheMonarchyplaced Rijeka inthe centre ofcontroversy at thePeaceConferencein Paris. Thecitywasnotpromised to Italyby a secret London agreement. However, theystilldemandedtheannexationof Rijeka afterthewar. Such a situationwasexploitedbytheItalian poet andpolitician Gabriele D'Annunzio, whooccupiedthecityin 1919. He thenfoundedhisstateof Rijeka, whichwentdowninhistory as a proto-fascistcreation. In 1921, he wasexpelledfromthecityand,based on theTreatyofRapallo, Rijeka became a free statebetweenItalyandYugoslavia. However, such a situationdidnotlastlong as thefollowingyear, the Prime Ministerof Rijeka, Ricardo Zanella, wasexpelledfromthecityandfascistorganisationstookover. In 1924, Rijeka wasofficiallyannexed to theKingdomofItaly, headedby Benito Mussolini. Bythe Roman treatiesfromthe same year, Rijeka and Sušak wereseparatedby a border on the Rječina.

Na profesionalni identitet odgojitelja utječe cjelokupni sustav i zajednica, ali i samo viđenje odgojitelja o sebi i svojoj profesiji. Dio profesionalnih kompetencija odgojitelja je njegova autonomija. Ona je utemeljena na znanju i razvija se preuzimanjem inicijative i zauzimanjem uloge istraživača u odgojno-obrazovnoj praksi. Autonoman odgojitelj je odgovaran za mijenjanje odgojno-obrazovne prakse zajedno sa sustručnjacima, roditeljima i lokalnom zajednicom. Dobrobiti od kvalitetnog partnerstva imaju svi sudionici odgojno-obrazovnog procesa. Kompetentni odgojitelji znaju spremno odgovoriti na izazove u gradnji partnerstva odgojitelja i roditelja. Cilj diplomskog rada je bio utvrditi kako odgojitelji razvijaju svoju profesionalnu autonomiju te partnerske odnose s roditeljima. Za potrebe istraživanja korišten je upitnik koji se sastoji od dva dijela. U prvom dijelu nalazi se 14 pitanja koja se odnose na opće podatke o ispitanicima (spol, dob, dužina staža, visina obrazovanja, učestalost stručnog usavršavanja, zadovoljstvo stručnim usavršavanjem od stane ustanove i nadležnih institucija, te izbora tema koje bi pomogle odgojiteljima u njihovom radu), dok se drugi dio upitnika odnosi na samoprocjenu partnerstva odgojitelja i roditelja., The professional identity of educators is influenced by the entire system and community, but also by the educator's view of himself and his profession. Part of the professional competencies of an educator is his autonomy. It is based on knowledge and is developed by taking the initiative and taking the role of researchers in educational practice. An autonomous educator is responsible for changing educational practices together with co-workers, parents and the local community. All participants in the educational process benefit from a quality partnership. Competent educators know how to readily respond to challenges in building a partnership between educators and parents. The main purpose of the master thesis was to determine how educators develop their professional autonomy and partnerships with parents. For the purposes of the research, a questionnaire consisting of two parts was used. The first part contains 14 questions related to general data on respondents (gender, age, length of service, level of education, frequency of professional development, satisfaction with professional development by the institution and competent institutions, and the choice of topics that would help educators in their work ), while the second part of the questionnaire refers to the self-assessment of the partnership between educators and parents. The obtained results showed that educators achieve their professional autonomy within their institution, but that the partnership should continue to be built and developed.

Nekoliko je projekata autonomnih brodova završeno i započeto i svi se slažu oko istog, a to je da je tehnologija potrebna za autonomnu navigaciju broda dostupna. Ipak, pretvaranje ove tehnologije u stvarne sustave i algoritme i dalje zahtijeva značajan razvoj. Da bi se omogućio takav razvoj pomorska industrija treba nadići svoju konzervativnu prirodu sporog prilagođavanja na promjene. Kada govorimo o autonomnim vozilima na lučkim terminalima najčešće govorimo o kontejnerskim terminalima. Kontejnerski terminali se sastoje od skladišnog prostora, prostora za prekrcaj brodova i prostora za horizontalni transport. Dizalice za slaganje kontejnera u skladišnom prostoru kao i horizontalni transport su dosegli visoke razine autonomije dok se obalne dizalice zadužene za prekrcaj brodova još uvijek razvijaju. Several projects on autonomous ships have been completed and started and they all agree on the same and that is that the technology needed for autonomous navigation of ships is available. However, turning this technology into real systems and algorithms still requires significant development. To enable such development, the maritime industry must overcome its conservative nature of slow adaptation to change. When we talk about autonomous vehicles at port facilities, we usually talk about container terminals. Container terminals consist of a storage space, a space for transshipment of ships and a space for horizontal transport. Stacking cranes used in storage spaces and horizontal transport have reached high levels of autonomy while quay cranes used for transshipment of ships are still being developed.

Glavni cilj disertacije sastoji se u odbrani Berlinove teze o postojanju distinkcije između pojmova pozitivne i negativne slobode. U tom pogledu, nastojaćemo da pokažemo zašto svi smisleni iskazi o slobodi ne mogu biti obuhvaćeni jedinstvenom formalnom shemom, odnosno zašto smatramo neadekvatnom tezu o postojanju samo jednog pojma slobode. Nadovezujući se na analizu samih pojmova pozitivne i negativne slobode, nastojaćemo da pružimo argumente u prilog Berlinovoj tezi o negativnoj slobodi kao bazičnom značenju slobode. Takođe, nastojaćemo da pokažemo da konceptualna distinkcija između pojmova pozitivne i negativne slobode ima normativne implikacije - u vidu distinkcije između vrednosnog monizma i pluralizma. Polazeći od stava da je značenje negativne slobode sadržano u odgovoru na pitanje: ,,Koliko se vlast meša u moj život?”, a značenje pozitivne slobode u odgovoru na pitanje: ,,Ko mnome vlada?”, naš zaključak jeste da pozitivna i negativna sloboda predstavljaju odgovore na dva logički različita pitanja: negativna sloboda se odnosi na područje kontrole, dok se pozitivna sloboda odnosi na izvor kontrole. Polazeći, dakle, od određenja pozitivne slobode kao želje da sami upravljamo svojim životom, a negativne kao želje za slobodnim područjem delovanja, naš zaključak se sastoji u stavu da postoji suštinska i nesvodljiva razlika između slobode za i slobode od, odnosno da postoje dva različita i nesamerljiva pojma slobode The main purpose of this dissertation is to defend Berlin’s thesis on the distinction between the concepts of positive and negative liberty. In that respect, we will attempt to demonstrate why all meaningful statements on liberty are impossible to capture by a single formal scheme, or why we deem inadequate the thesis on the existence of a single concept of liberty. Drawing on the analysis of the concepts of positive and negative liberty as such, we will attempt to offer arguments in favour of Berlin’s thesis of negative liberty as the basic meaning of liberty. We will also try to show that a conceptual distinction between the notions of positive and negative liberty has normative implications - as a distinction between value monism and pluralism. Starting from the premise that the meaning of negative liberty is involved in answering the question: “How much does the government interfere in my life?“, while the meaning of positive liberty answers the question: “Who rules over me?“, our conclusion is that the positive and negative liberty address two logically disparate questions: negative liberty refers to the area of control, while positive liberty refers to the source of control. Thus, drawing on the definition of positive liberty as the desire to manage our own lives and of negative liberty as the desire for a free domain of action, our concluding position is that there is a fundamental and irreducible difference between liberty for and liberty from, or, that there are two distinct and incommensurable concepts of liberty

Ova disertacija pruža detaljnu analizu Kantovog shvatanja slobode u kritičkom periodu. Polazeći od Kritike čistog uma i analize treće antinomije i transcendentalnog pojma slobode, dolazimo do zaključka da je nemoguće pružiti dokaz postojanja transcendentalne slobode, ali da je moguće pokazati da je ona logički zamisliva i da nije suprotstavljena prirodnim zakonima. Dokazivanje zamislivosti transcendentalne slobode i opravdanosti njenog pretpostavljanja uprkos neupitnom postojanju prirodne uzročnosti, ostavilo je Kantu dovoljno prostora da sedam godina kasnije, u svojoj Kritici praktičkog uma, iznese dokaz realnosti slobode, shvaćene u praktičnom smislu. Kant izvodi postojanje praktične slobode iz moralnog zakona kao činjenice uma. Međutim, Kant se nije zaustavio na ovome, nego je u svojoj Metafizici morala i kraćim spisima iz filozofije istorije otišao i korak dalje, pokušavajući da pokaže da nam ovaj dokaz realnosti praktične slobode nameće zadatak da uspostavimo društveni sistem koji će svakom pojedincu omogućiti njeno neometano ispoljavanje. Glavna teza koju ćemo zastupati u ovom radu jeste da su transcendentalni, praktični i pravno-politički pojam slobode međusobno konzistentni i da proizlaze jedan iz drugog. Pokazaćemo da dokazivanje logičke zamislivosti transcendentalnog pojma slobode omogućava Kantu da kasnije pripiše realno postojanje praktičnoj slobodi, a na kraju i da tvrdi da je sloboda, shvaćena u pravno-političkom smislu, osnovno pravo koje pripada svakom pojedincu kao građaninu jedne države. Kant je razvijao svoje shvatanje slobode uporedno sa razvojem svoje doktrine transcendentalnog idealizma, a videćemo da su ova dva procesa međusobno usko isprepletena. Pored argumentativnog, doprinos ove teze sastoji se i u činjenici da ona nudi jednu sistematičnu studiju o Kantovom shvatanju slobode iz kritičkog perioda This dissertation provides a detailed analysis of Kant's understanding of freedom in the critical period. Starting from the Critique of Pure Reason and the analysis of the third antinomy and the transcendental notion of freedom, we come to the conclusion that it is impossible to provide proof of the existence of transcendental freedom, but that it is possible to show that this concept is logically conceivable and is not opposed to natural laws. Demonstrating the conceivability of transcendental freedom and the justification of its presumption despite the indisputable existence of natural causality, left Kant ample room to present, seven years later, in his Critique of Practical Reason, proof of the reality of freedom, understood in practical terms. Kant derives the existence of practical freedom from moral law as a fact of reason. Kant did not dwell on this, but in his Metaphysics of Morals and in short writings on the philosophy of history, he went a step further, trying to show that this proof of the reality of practical freedom imposes the task of establishing a social system that will allow each individual to have an undisturbed expression of freedom. The main thesis we will defend in this dissertation is that the transcendental, practical, and legal-political notions of freedom are mutually consistent and derive from one another. We will show that proving the logical conceivability of the transcendental notion of freedom allows Kant to later ascribe a real existence to practical freedom, and finally to claim that freedom, understood in legal and political terms, is a fundamental right that belongs to every individual as a citizen of a state. Kant developed his understanding of freedom in parallel with the development of his doctrine of transcendental idealism, and we will see that these two processes are closely intertwined. In addition to argumentative, the contribution of this thesis also lies in the fact that it offers a systematic study of Kant's conception of freedom from the critical period

Obrazovne politike teško je jedinstveno definirati, češće se opisuju čimbenici i sudionici koji utječu na stvaranje politika, sam proces stvaranja te stavke u kojima se politike očituju. Obrazovne politike imaju za cilj rast i razvoj odgojno-obrazovnog sustava. Odgojitelji su važni sudionici u procesu implementacije politika, a u zadnje vrijeme ističe se važnost njihove uloge sukreatora politika. Stvaralaštvo i razvoj odgojno-obrazovnog procesa povezani su s autonomijom učitelja/odgojitelja. Istraživanjem se htjelo ispitati koliko odgojitelji poznaju zakonske odrednice, kakvi su njihovi stavovi o ulozi obrazovnih politika na promjene u radu te samoprocjenu razine autonomije. Istraživanje je pokazalo da se ne razlikuju navedene stavke s obzirom na radni staž, stručnu spremu odgojitelja, vrstu odgojne skupine i vrstu vrtića., It is difficult to provide a single definition for the term of educational policies. More commonly, factors and participants that affect the process of creation of policies are described, together with the process of creation itself and the items that reflect the policies implemented. Educational policies serve to establish growth and development for educational systems. Preschool teachers are important participants in the process of policy implementation. Lately, the role of preschool teachers as co-creators of educational policies has been gaining in importance. Creation and development of educational process positively relate to teacher autonomy. This research was dedicated to discovering how well preschool teachers are familiar with education-related laws, what their attitudes toward the role of educational policies and changes in their work are, and what their self-perceived level of autonomy is. The research has shown that there is no statistically significant difference in the items described, between preschool teachers based on their work experience, level of degree, types of preschool classes they teach in and types of preschools they work in based on funding.

Indivīdu spēja funkcionēt autonomi pozitīvi ietekmē gan individuālo labklājību, gan attiecības, gan profesionālo jomu. 21. gadsimta darba vide prasa no darbiniekiem vairāk iesaistīties savā darbā un parādīt vairāk kreativitātes pildot savus darba uzdevumus. Uzdevumu autonomiju, ilgi uzskatīja par vienu no svarīgākajiem veidiem, kā uzlabot darba motivāciju, apmierinātību ar darbu un veiktspēju. Augstas uzdevuma autonomijas konteksts atviegloja kreatīvu ideju radīšanu. Ir vairāki pētījumi, kas parāda sakarības starp autonomiju un kreativitāti. Pašnoteikšanās teorija apliecina, ka autonomija veicina kreativitāti. Šī maģistra darba ietvarā tiek veikts kvazieksperimentāls pētījums, lai pārbaudītu autonomijas un to saistīto rādītāju izmaiņas pēc Kreatīvās mākslas programmas. Pētījumā piedalās (N=40) dalībnieki, (N=14) eksperimentālās grupas un (N=26) kontrolgrupas dalībnieki. Vidējais vecums 35,38 gadi. Eksperimentālajā grupā tika īstenota programma. Iekļaušanas kritērijs nodarbinātība, dalībnieku vēlme un piekrišana. Neiekļaušanas kritēriji dalībnieki, kas vecāki par 65 gadiem nenodarbināti un dalībnieki ar speciālām vajadzībām. Pētījuma jautājums: Vai pastāv statistiski nozīmīgas izmaiņas autonomijas rādītājos pirms un pēc Kreatīvās mākslas programmas? Pēc iegūtajiem rezultātiem var secināt, ka īslaicīga programma autonomijas rādītāju veicināšanai nav bijusi statistiski efektīva. Ir nepieciešami tālāki eksperimentāli un kvantitatīvi pētījumi šajā jomā., Individuals ability to function autonomously positively influences both individual well-being, relationships and the professional sphere. The 21st century work environment requires employees to become more involved and show more creativity in their work tasks. Task autonomy has long been considered one of the most important ways to improve job motivation, job satisfaction and performance. The context of high task autonomy facilitated the creation of creative ideas. There are several studies that show the relationship between autonomy and creativity. Self-determination theory confirms that autonomy promotes creativity. Within this Master’s thesis, a quasi-experimental study is being conducted to test for changes in autonomy and related parameters following the Creative Arts program. The study included (N = 40) participants, (N = 14) experimental group, and (N = 26) control group. The average age is 35.38 years, women in middle and early age. A program was realized in the experimental group. Inclusion criteria employment, willingness and consent of participants. Exclusion criteria participants over 65 years of age and participants with special needs. Research Question: Are there any statistically significant changes in autonomy scores before and after the Creative Arts program? The results suggest that a short-term program to increase autonomy indicators has not been statistically effective. Further experimental and quantitative research in this area is needed.

Straipsnyje susitelkiama į religijos ir šiuolaikinio meno santykį, kurio konfigūracijos aptariamos iš dviejų skirtingų – sekuliarizacijos ir postsekuliaraus būvio – perspektyvų. Teigiama, kad sekuliarizacijos požiūriu religijos ir meno sritys matomos kaip autonomiškos ir nesusisiekiančios, o slinktis link postsekuliaraus diskurso implikuoja principinę autonomijos (tiek religijos, tiek meno srityse) sąlygos destrukciją, šiuo būdu atverdama galimybę grįžti prie religijos ir meno laukų persiklojimo. Pažymima, kad postsekuliarybės kontekste religijos ir šiuolaikinio meno santykis tampa įmanomas tik priimant šiuolaikiniam menui būdingą tiesioginės reprezentacijos principo atsisakymą, o tai reikštų, kad religinės implikacijos tampa atpažįstamos ne kaip religinių turinių reprezentacijos, bet veikiau kaip religiškumo pėdsakas, neretai įgaunantis profanacijos ir refleksijos apie sekuliarizacijos patirtį formas. The article deals with the relationship between religion and contemporary art, discussing their configurations from two different perspectives – the one of secularization and the postsecular one. The author mantains that in the perspective of secularization the fields of religion and art are treated as autonomous and separate, therefore the passage to postsecular condition implicates the destruction of principle law of autonomy, by this opening the possibility of the interlaying of the contexts of religion and art. The article comes to the conclusion that postsecular approach supposes that the relationship between religion and contemporary art becomes possible only by accepting the refusal of the direct representation and this means that religious implications can be recognised not as the representations of religious contents, but rather as the track of them, which can assume the forms of profanation or reflection on the experience of secularization.

Termin “dostojanstvo” nije jasan ni nedvosmislen. Autorica prikazuje dvije varijante tipologije toga termina prema prijedlozima Daniela P. Sulmasyja i Adama Rodzińskoga. Problem je u tom što različiti filozofi pridaju različita značenja (tipologije) tomu terminu. Autorica nastoji analizirati definicije koje su oblikovane tijekom povijesti zapadne filozofije, te pružati kratki pregled o razvoju njezine najučestalije moderne interpretacije, koja izjednačava dostojanstvo s postojanjem autonomije., The concept “dignity” is neither clear nor unambiguous. The author presents two ways in which to typologise this concept as proposed by Daniel P. Sulmasy and Adam Rodziński. The problem is that different philosophers attach different meanings (types) to the term. The author tries to analyse these meanings, which have taken shape in the course of the history of Western philosophy, and also to provide a short review on the development of its most common contemporary interpretation which equates dignity with the presence of autonomy.

U literaturi se navodi da studenti koji uče u visoko kontrolisanom okruženju od strane nastavnika i u kome ne učestvuju u procesu kreiranja i evaluacije učenja, uče manje efikasno, posebno kada je učenje složeno i zahteva kreativne procese. Istraživanja pokazuju da je samo manji broj studenata upisanih na visokoškolske institucije intrinzično motivisan, odnosno da u učenju pokazuju istrajnost, posvećenost i visoke rezultate. Za veliku većinu studenata smatra se da su podstaknuti spoljašnjim motivima i zahtevima spoljašnje sredine. U radu polazimo od pretpostavki teorije samodeterminacije i analiziramo rezultate istraživanja o mogućnostima podsticanja autonomije učenika univerzitetske nastave. Može se zaključiti da podržavanje autonomije studenata u učenju doprinosi održavanju i pojačavanju unutrašnje motivacije, podsticanju konceptualnog učenja, kreativnosti, kao i samoinicijativnog ponašanja tokom školovanja, što predstavlja bolju pripremu za ulazak u svet rada i razvoj profesionalne karijere. U skladu s tim, osmišljavanje strategija i modela pružanja podrške studentima u razvijanju autonomije i intrizične motivacije u učenju trebalo bi da postane jedan od važnih ciljeva politike visokog obrazovanja. The literature states that students who learn in a environment highly controlled by teachers, and which they do not participate in the process of creating and evaluating learning, learn less efficiently, especially when learning is complex and requires creative processes. Research shows that only a small number of students enrolled in higher education institutions are intrinsically motivated, ie. they show perseverance, commitment to learning and high achievement. The vast majority of students are considered to be motivated by external motives and by the demands of the social environment. The paper starts from the assumptions of the self-determination theory and we presents the results of recent research on opportunities to encourage university student autonomy in learning. It can be concluded that supporting student autonomy in learning contributes to maintaining and strengthening internal motivation, improves conceptual learning, creativity, as well as self-initiative behavior during schooling, which is a better preparation for entering the world of work and professional career development. Accordingly, designing strategies and models to encourage students’ autonomy and intrinsic motivation in learning should become one of the important goals of higher education policy. Knjiga rezimea: Međunarodni naučni skup 26. Okrugli sto Daroviti: lična i socijalna perspektiva, decembar 2020.

This paper contains a chronological summary and analyzes the process of beginning of the Breakup of Yugoslavia in relation to the events in Kosovo during the period 1981-1989. Its aim is to present through an objective approach the main causes that led to the beginning of the Breakup of Yugoslavia, with Kosovo as starting point. The methodology of this paper includes the reflection of the main events in form of a comparative analysis, by comparing the attitudes of a considerable number of international and local authors (Albanian, Croatian, Serbian) including here historians, diplomats, politicians, journalists, and so forth, with some of them having been direct followers of this period. Sources: a selection of special literature has been made, such as: scientific articles, monograph publications, documentaries, and so forth., Ovaj rad sadrži kronološki rezime i analizira proces početka raspada Jugoslavije u vezi s događajima na Kosovu u razdoblju 1981. – 1989. Njegova svrha je predstaviti, kroz objektivan pristup, glavne uzroke koji su doveli do početka raspada Jugoslavije s Kosovom kao početnom točkom. Metodologija toga rada uključuje reflektiranje glavnih događaja u obliku usporedne analize, uspoređivanjem stavova većega broja međunarodnih i lokalnih autora (Albanaca, Hrvata, Srba) uključujući povjesničare, diplomate, političare, novinare i ostale - a neki od njih su bili neposredni pratitelji ovoga razdoblja. Analiza je provedena na znanstvenim radovima, monografijama i dokumentarnim filmovima.

12. un 13. gadsimtā Eiropa piedzīvoja jaunas sociālas izmaiņas, kad sāka parādīties pirmās viduslaiku pilsētas, kurās tika dibinātas arī pirmās viduslaiku universitātes. Gan viduslaiku pilsētas, gan universitātes bija līdz noteiktai pakāpei autonomas, tādēļ attiecīgi rodas jautājums – kā tās līdzpastāvēja vienā telpā, jo, lai gan universitātes atradās pilsētās, uz tām neattiecās pilsētas likumi. Juridiskā nevienlīdzība starp universitātēm un pilsētu komūnām bija vairāku ievērojamu konfliktu cēlonis viscaur viduslaikiem, tādēļ, lai saprastu abu pušu sociālās attiecības, ir nepieciešams aplūkot, kādas privilēģijas tām piešķīra garīdzniecība un laicīgie valdnieki. Noskaidrojot abu pušu juridisko ietvaru robežas, ir iespējams saprast, kā tie izraisīja konfliktus starp universitāti un pilsētu, kuri brīžiem eskalēja bruņotos nemieros. Darba mērķis ir noskaidrot, kā viduslaiku Eiropas universitāšu un pilsētu juridisko ietvari ietekmēja to savstarpējās attiecības laika posmā no 13.-15. gadsimtam. Darba fokusā būs tieši četras viduslaiku universitātes, kuru pastāvēšanas laikā bija vērojamas vairākas nesaskaņas ar to komūnām: Boloņas Universitāte Itālijā, Parīzes Universitāte Francijā, Oksfordas Universitāte un Kembridžas Universitāte Anglijā., In the 12th and 13th centuries medieval Europe experienced new social changes with the rise of towns and alongside this process the first medieval universities were created. Both medieval towns and universities were autonomous to a certain extent, therefore begging the question on how they both managed to coexist in the same place. The universities were located in towns, but the rules of the townspeople did not apply to them. The inequality of legal frameworks between the universities and the town commune was the root of conflicts between the two, both infringing on each other’s autonomy. Thus, to understand the social relations between the medieval university and the town it was located in, it is necessary to understand what kind of privileges were bestowed to both sides either by papal bull or royal charters and how the inequal situation escalated the conflicts between them. The goal of the work is to research how the legal frameworks of universities and towns affected the social relations between the two from the 13th to 15th century. In this work the focus will be on exactly four medieval universities, which have a rich history of clashes with their respective communes: University of Bologna in Italy, University of Paris in France, University of Oxford and University of Cambridge in England.