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This document contains a series of reviews of books published in the 1970s., N/A

It is now generally accepted that a rule of customary international law, as also reflected in Article 194(1) of the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS), provides an obligation for States to take, in accordance with their capabilities, ‘all measures (...) that are necessary to prevent, reduce and control pollution of the marine environment from any source’. Indeed, the causes and anthropogenic factors giving rise to marine pollution are varied. However, its main sources can be broadly classified in two categories: land-based sources, which account for approximately 80 per cent of marine pollution, and dumping at sea, which accounts for a further 10 per cent. The present contribution aims to provide an overview of the international regulation, both global and regional, on these two sources of marine pollution.

Analysis of DNA methylation is a valuable tool to understand disease progression and is increasingly being used to create diagnostic and prognostic clinical biomarkers. While conversion of cytosine to 5-methylcytosine (5mC) commonly results in transcriptional repression, further conversion to 5-hydroxymethylcytosine (5hmC) is associated with transcriptional activation. Here we perform the first study integrating whole-genome 5hmC with DNA, 5mC, and transcriptome sequencing in clinical samples of benign, localized, and advanced prostate cancer. 5hmC is shown to mark activation of cancer drivers and downstream targets. Furthermore, 5hmC sequencing revealed profoundly altered cell states throughout the disease course, characterized by increased proliferation, oncogenic signaling, dedifferentiation, and lineage plasticity to neuroendocrine and gastrointestinal lineages. Finally, 5hmC sequencing of cell-free DNA from patients with metastatic disease proved useful as a prognostic biomarker able to identify an aggressive subtype of prostate cancer using the genes TOP2A and EZH2, previously only detectable by transcriptomic analysis of solid tumor biopsies. Overall, these findings reveal that 5hmC marks epigenomic activation in prostate cancer and identify hallmarks of prostate cancer progression with potential as biomarkers of aggressive disease. Significance: In prostate cancer, 5-hydroxymethylcytosine delineates oncogene activation and stage-specific cell states and can be analyzed in liquid biopsies to detect cancer phenotypes. See related article by Wu and Attard, p. 3880

Here we report a new study on the boundary conditions for the flow of a simple liquid in a confined geometry obtained by measuring hydrodynamic drainage forces with colloid probe atomic force microscopy (AFM). In this work, we provide experimental data obtained using a best practice experimental protocol and fitted with a new theoretical calculation (Zhu, L.; Attard, P.; Neto, C. Langmuir 2010, submitted for publication, preceding paper). We investigated the hydrodynamic forces acting on a silica colloid probe approaching a hydrophobized silicon surface in a single-component viscous Newtonian liquid (di-n-octylphthalate), a partially wetting system. The measured average slip lengths were in the range of 24-31 nm at approach velocities of between 10 and 80 μm/s. Using our experimental approach, the presence of nanoparticle contaminants in the system can be indentified, which is important because it has been shown that nanoparticles lead to a large apparent slip length. Under our stringent control of experimental conditions, the measurement of the slip length is reproducible and independent of the spring constant of the cantilever.

Interaction forces between a spherical silica probe and a cross-linked poly(dimethylsiloxane) (PDMS) colloidal droplet have been determined by atomic force microscopy (AFM). On approach of the surfaces, as a result of deformation of the PDMS, the repulsive force increases much less rapidly than expected for electrical double layer interaction of rigid particles. The amount of deformation is dependent on the loading force and the drive velocity and reflects the nanorheological response of the PDMS. On retraction of the surfaces, force curve hysteresis is observed and is dependent on the rate of approach/retraction. Hysteresis is due to the viscoelastic response of the PDMS droplet and can be described by theory (Attard, P. Phys. Rev. E 2001, 63, 061604). The moduli and the characteristic relaxation time of the PDMS colloid have been determined from the force measurements and offer a novel description of the nanorheological properties.

A simple model of glass-forming liquid modeled via Dzugutov's pair potential is studied by means of the triplet hypernetted chain approximation as formulated by Attard [P. Attard, J. Chem. Phys. 93, 7301 (1990)]. This system, which is known to be mostly dominated by microscopic icosahedral ordering, eludes a correct description in terms of classical two-body integral equation theories. However, it is found here that the simple hypernetted chain approximation when applied at the three-particle level can yield a correct semiquantitative description of both the pair and triplet structure of the supercooled state, capturing features which escape more sophisticated closures implemented on the two-particle level.