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1. Understanding species habitat use and factors affecting changes in their distribu-tions are necessary to promote the conservation of any biological community. We evaluated the changes in wetland use of the non- breeding waterbird community. Based on long-term citizen-science data (1988–2020), we tested the hypotheses that wetland use is associated with species diet and potential range-shift drivers (the tendency to occupy the same sites in consecutive years—site affinity—and the species' average temperature across its wintering range—species temperature index).2. We analysed species-specific wetland use of 25 species of waterbirds wintering in Czechia over a period of 33 years. The analyses explained variability in trends in numbers of the studied waterbird species across four inland wetland types: reser-voirs; fishponds; industrial waters created by flooding of former mining sites; and running waters.3. Trends in waterbird abundance positively correlated with species’ diet on fish-ponds, industrial and running waters. Among the diet groups, invertivores showed the largest increase in abundances on industrial waters, closely followed by her-bivores. Herbivores showed the largest increase in abundances in fishponds, and piscivores did so in running waters. Regarding range-shift drivers, species with higher site affinity showed higher abundances on running waters, while species with low species temperature index (i.e. wintering on average in sites with lower temperature) were more abundant on reservoirs. The abundance of both warm- dwelling and species with low site affinity increased on fishponds and industrial waters.4. Our findings suggest that the increased importance of the wetland types consid-ered here for wintering waterbirds is likely to be linked to diet related changes in habitat use and changes in species distributions; and highlight that wintering waterbirds are expected to select sites with higher availability of food, higher en-ergy content, and lower foraging cost.5. Recent and rapid changes in species distributions may lead to a decrease in the effectiveness of national and international conservation efforts. When planning conservation measures, it should be kept in mind that climate change does not only imply large-scale north/north- eastwards shifts of entire waterbird distribu-tions, but can also modify the use of the habitats by waterbird species inside their traditional wintering range. artificial wetlands, long-term monitoring, range-shift drivers, waterbirds, wetland type

[ES] La Unión Europea se ha propuesto convertirse en la primera zona climáticamente neutra del mundo. Este objetivo se ve plasmado en el Pacto Verde Europeo, que tiene como finalidad transformar a la UE en una economía moderna, eficiente en el uso de los recursos y competitiva. Entre las herramientas para conseguir estos objetivos tan ambiciosos se encuentran las soluciones basadas en la naturaleza (SBN). Estas SBN son definidas por la CE como «soluciones inspiradas y respaldadas por la naturaleza, que son rentables, proporcionan simultáneamente beneficios ambientales, sociales y económicos, además de ayudar a crear resiliencia; dichas soluciones aportan más naturaleza, así como características y procesos naturales, y con mayor diversidad, a las ciudades y paisajes terrestres y marinos, mediante intervenciones localmente adaptadas, eficientes en el uso de recursos y sistémicas». La Comisión enfatiza aún más que «las soluciones basadas en la naturaleza deben beneficiar la diversidad y apoyar la prestación de una serie de servicios ecosistémicos». En el amplio abanico de SBN se encuentran los humedales artificiales, que son zonas húmedas diseñadas y construidas con diversos fines, como el de depuración de aguas residuales o contaminadas, la restauración ambiental y/o la mejora de la biodiversidad. El objeto de este Trabajo fin de Máster es el diseño de pequeños humedales artificiales para el tratamiento de las aguas residuales del campus de Vera de la Universidad Politécnica de Valencia (UPV), actualmente las aguas residuales se vierten directamente a los colectores de la Red de la ciudad de Valencia. Disponer de estas infraestructuras en el campus será de gran utilidad como recurso docente, de investigación y transferencia, y para la mejora de la biodiversidad en el propio campus. Se propone instalar estos humedales artificiales en una de las zonas ajardinadas cercanas las pistas de tenis. La localización propuesta está basada en la proximidad al punto por el que discurre un de los tres colectores que vierten las aguas residuales del campus de Vera a la Red de saneamiento, y donde ya existe una galería de muestreo, según información facilitada por la Unidad de Medio Ambiente de la UPV. Para la ejecución de este proyecto, dado que se dispone de un espacio limitado, es necesario definir el caudal a tratar y la caracterización del agua, para posteriormente diseñar un tratamiento primario, dos humedales de flujo subsuperficial, uno vertical y otro horizontal, así como un tercer humedal de flujo superficial, todo ello de acuerdo con la normativa vigente en España. El objetivo es obtener un efluente tratado con una buena calidad, que se pueda emplear para el riego de las zonas verdes de la UPV. Además, se pretende que estos humedales que sirvan para fines académicos pudiéndose emplear para las futuras generaciones de estudiantes y profesorados como ejemplos en vivo de lo que son los humedales artificiales y su funcionamiento, promoviendo el interés por este tipo de tecnología. Además, se puede emplear para analíticas y experimentos del MIHMA y en otras titulaciones de la UPV., [EN] The European Union has set itself the goal of becoming the world's first climate-neutral zone. This goal is embodied in the European Green Pact, which aims to transform the EU into a modern, resource-efficient and competitive economy. Among the tools to achieve these ambitious goals are nature-based solutions (NBS). These SBNs are defined by the EC as "solutions inspired and supported by nature, which are cost-effective, provide simultaneous environmental, social and economic benefits, as well as help build resilience; such solutions bring more nature, as well as natural features and processes, and with greater diversity, to cities and landscapes and seascapes, through locally adapted, resource-efficient and systemic interventions." The Commission further emphasizes that "nature-based solutions should benefit diversity and support the delivery of a range of ecosystem services." Within the broad range of SBNs are human-made wetlands, which are wetlands designed and constructed for a variety of purposes, such as wastewater or polluted water purification, environmental restoration and/or biodiversity enhancement. The purpose of this Master's thesis is the design of small artificial wetlands for the treatment of wastewater from the Vera campus of the Polytechnic University of Valencia (UPV), currently the wastewater is discharged directly into the sewage network of the city of Valencia. Having these infrastructures on the campus will be very useful as a teaching, research and transfer resource, and for the improvement of biodiversity on the campus itself. It is proposed to install these artificial wetlands in one of the landscaped areas near the tennis courts. The proposed location is based on the proximity to the point through which runs one of the three collectors that discharge wastewater from the Vera campus to the sewage network, and where there is already a sampling gallery, according to information provided by the Environmental Unit of the UPV. For the execution of this project, given the limited space available, it is necessary to define the flow to be treated and the characterization of the water, to subsequently design a primary treatment, two subsurface flow wetlands, one vertical and the other horizontal, as well as a third surface flow wetland, all in accordance with the regulations in force in Spain. The objective is to obtain a treated effluent with a good quality, which can be used for the irrigation of the green areas of the UPV. In addition, it is intended that these wetlands serve for academic purposes and can be used for future generations of students and faculty as live examples of what artificial wetlands are and how they work, promoting interest in this type of technology. In addition, it can be used for analytical and experimental purposes at MIHMA and in other UPV degrees.

Una alternativa de fácil operación y de bajo costo utilizada en el tratamiento de aguas residuales son los humedales artificiales, por lo que es una tecnología ideal para aplicar como una opción sustentable y adaptable a diversos entornos y usuarios. Además, se puede combinar con otros tipos de sistemas para su tratamiento, con el fin de optimizar el rendimiento en la disminución de contaminantes. La educación ambiental permite integrar una gran variedad de disciplinas alrededor de diferentes conceptos ambientales los cuales dan paso a desarrollar habilidades que ayudan a la conservación y el cuidado de los recursos naturales desde diversos puntos de vista y capacidades. Este proyecto pretende demostrar la implementación de humedales artificiales en la educación ambiental, y la investigación en ingeniería, mediante la implementación de un prototipo de humedal artificial, adaptable a diferentes dimensiones. Por un lado, se utiliza como herramienta de formación ambiental buscando mediante demostraciones prácticas la posibilidad de apropiación del conocimiento por parte de los estudiantes evaluados, para que sirva para la posterior ejecución de estas tecnologías en el tratamiento de agua y en su formación ambiental. Por otro lado, el prototipo tiene una configuración versátil de tal manera que sea posible su uso en la enseñanza de la ingeniería ambiental en áreas como la microbiología ambiental, técnicas de campo y tratamiento de agua residual; entre otras; que de igual forma sirva en la investigación y generación de nuevo conocimiento al utilizarse en la búsqueda de la solución a problemas ambientales reales o teóricos. La importancia de realizar este tipo de tácticas educativas y de investigación se basa en que la información suministrada debe ser clara en la fase experimental y la aplicación de técnicas y tecnologías por parte de los estudiantes. La metodología para el logro de este fin se dividió en tres etapas: 1. Construcción del prototipo de humedal artificial híbrido a escala piloto, 2. Verificación del funcionamiento y efectividad del prototipo y 3. Formulación de una estrategia de educación ambiental y formación en ingeniería en torno a su utilización y manejo. En el análisis de la investigación se identificó que el prototipo de humedal artificial híbrido presentó gran efectividad en la remoción de contaminantes de control debido a que se obtuvieron porcentajes de remoción de 67% para amoniaco, 86% para nitritos, 87% para nitratos y 75% para fósforo. Adicionalmente el prototipo de humedal artificial construido se convirtió en una herramienta clave para la educación ambiental y la investigación, debido a que gracias a las estructuras que conforman el sistema propuesto los estudiantes pudieron conocer acerca del funcionamiento, operación y mantenimiento de estas y de esta manera ampliaron sus conocimientos en lo que relaciona a esta tecnología que actualmente no es muy implementada en el país. Por otro lado, el prototipo da paso a que en un futuro se desarrollen diversas investigaciones en torno al tratamiento de diferentes tipos de aguas residuales, las cuales generan múltiples impactos a los ecosistemas. Artificial wetlands are an easy-to-operate and low-cost alternative for wastewater treatment, making it an ideal technology to apply as a sustainable and adaptable option for different environments and users. In addition, it can be combined with other types of treatment systems to optimize performance in the reduction of pollutants. Environmental education allows the integration of a wide variety of disciplines around different environmental concepts which give way to the development of skills that help the conservation and care of natural resources from different points of view and capabilities. This project aims to demonstrate the implementation of artificial wetlands in environmental education and engineering research through the implementation of an artificial wetland prototype, adaptable to different dimensions. On the one hand, it is used as a tool for environmental education, seeking through practical demonstrations the possibility of appropriation of knowledge by the students evaluated, to serve for the subsequent implementation of these technologies in water treatment and in their environmental education. On the other hand, the prototype has a versatile configuration so that it can be used in the teaching of environmental engineering in areas such as environmental microbiology, field techniques and wastewater treatment, among others; it can also be used in research and generation of new knowledge when used in the search for solutions to real or theoretical environmental problems. The importance of carrying out this type of educational and research tactics is based on the fact that the information provided must be clear in the experimental phase and the application of techniques and technologies by the students. The methodology for the achievement of this goal was divided into three stages: 1. Construction of the hybrid artificial wetland prototype at pilot scale, 2. Verification of the operation and effectiveness of the prototype, and 3. Formulation of an environmental education and engineering training strategy for its use and management. In the analysis of the research, it was identified that the hybrid artificial wetland prototype was highly effective in the removal of control pollutants due to the fact that removal percentages of 67% for ammonia, 86% for nitrites, 87% for nitrates and 75% for phosphorus were obtained. Additionally, the constructed artificial wetland prototype became a key tool for environmental education and research, because thanks to the structures that make up the proposed system, the students were able to learn about the operation, operation and maintenance of these structures, thus expanding their knowledge of this technology, which is currently not widely implemented in the country. On the other hand, the prototype gives way to the development of future research on the treatment of different types of wastewaters, which generate multiple impacts on ecosystems. Ingeniero Ambiental Pregrado

Debido al crecimiento demográfico actual y al desarrollo de nuevos hábitos de vida, industriales y urbanos hay gran preocupación por la presión que se ejerce hacia los recursos hídricos, siendo los más significativos del planeta. En los últimos años, debido a esta situación, y a la gran importancia de la calidad de las aguas se ha dado el desarrollo de sistemas de tratamiento alternativos de depuración como los humedales artificiales que basan su tecnología en el tratamiento del agua residual de una forma más natural integrándose en el paisaje, con menores requerimientos energéticos y de personal en cuanto a operación y mantenimiento y por tanto siendo una mejor alternativa medioambiental, aunque requieran mayores superficies de terreno. Dentro de estos humedales, se han desarrollado sistemas híbridos de depuración intensiva como los Humedales de Aireación Forzada, que cuentan con menores demandas de terreno, y son muy eficaces en eliminación de materia orgánica, nutrientes y patógenos. Este trabajo tiene como objetivo realizar una recopilación y análisis de los diferentes sistemas de humedales artificiales construidos y de sus posibles aplicaciones y rendimientos de forma genérica y concretamente de los Humedales con Aireación Forzada para la depuración de aguas residuales, haciendo hincapié en los vertidos agroganaderos (purines). También se hará un balance de las ventajas e inconvenientes y de la aplicabilidad de estos sistemas frente a lo sistemas convencionales. Tras el análisis de los diferentes humedales se ha comprobado que los tratamientos extensivos tienen mejores rendimientos que los intensivos para pequeñas aglomeraciones urbanas de menos de 2.000 habitantes equivalentes. Como conclusión principal de este trabajo se destaca la necesaria la implementación de sistemas extensivos para el tratamiento de aguas residuales y la gestión y manejo de técnicas alternativas en nuestro país y alrededor del mundo que cuentan con numerosas ventajas frente a los sistemas intensivos., Due to the current demographic growth and the development of new industrial and urban living habits, there is great concern about the pressure exerted on water resources, which are the most significant on the planet. In recent years, due to this situation and the great importance of water quality, alternative treatment systems have been developed, such as artificial wetlands, whose technology is based on treating wastewater in a more natural way, integrating into the landscape, with lower energy and personnel requirements in terms of operation and maintenance, and therefore being a better environmental alternative, although they require larger areas of land. Within these wetlands, hybrid intensive treatment systems have been developed, such as forced aeration wetlands, which have lower land requirements and are very effective in the elimination of organic matter, nutrients and pathogens. The aim of this work is to compile and analyse the different constructed artificial wetland systems and their possible applications and performance in a generic way and, specifically, forced aeration wetlands for wastewater treatment, with emphasis on agricultural livestock discharges (slurry). An assessment of the advantages and disadvantages and the applicability of these systems compared to conventional systems will also be made. After the analysis of the different wetlands, it has been shown that extensive treatments have better performance than intensive treatments for small urban agglomerations of less than 2,000 equivalent inhabitants. The main conclusion of this work is that it is necessary to implement extensive systems for wastewater treatment and the management and management of alternative techniques in our country and around the world that have numerous advantages over intensive systems., Máster Universitario en Hidrología y Gestión de Recursos Hídricos (M173)

Made available in DSpace on 2021-06-25T18:22:10Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2020-09-01 Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) Fundacao de Apoio a Pesquisa, Ensino e Extensao Artificial wetlands can play an important role in waterbird conservation due to habitat loss and degradation of natural wetlands. Urban reservoirs can harbor waterbird communities, but they usually have lower biological diversity than natural wetlands. However, the value of reservoirs for waterbird conservation in urban areas needs further exploration. Here, we surveyed the waterbird community in a water-level controlled reservoir of an urban area in southeastern Brazil. We evaluate the seasonal variation in species composition, richness, and abundance. Monthly samplings were carried out between July 2017 and February 2018, through a boat line transect. A total of 7762 waterbirds were recorded, belonging to 32 species and 16 families. There were significant differences in species composition and abundance between dry and rainy seasons. The community was dominated by generalist and resident species, whichGallinula galeataandJacana jacanawere the most abundant species. We did not register migratory shorebirds during the surveys. Our results highlight the importance of reservoirs in urban areas, as they harbor feeding areas and breeding sites and may serve as refuges during dry seasons for resident waterbirds. We suggest management strategies to improve the importance of water-level controlled reservoirs as breeding areas for resident species and migratory stopover for shorebirds. Our results may also be considered for urban planning and waterbird conservation in urban areas. Univ Fed Rural Rio de Janeiro, Inst Ciencias Biol & Saude, Dept Biol Anim, Programa Posgrad Biol Anim, Seropedica, RJ, Brazil Univ Brasilia, Programa Posgrad Ecol, Inst Ciencias Biol, BR-70910900 Brasilia, DF, Brazil Light Energia SA, Gerencia Meio Ambiente, Rio De Janeiro, RJ, Brazil Univ Estadual Paulista, Nucleo Estudos & Pesquisas Ambientais Matol, Dept Biol Aplicada & Agr, Fac Ciencias Agr & Vet, Sao Paulo, Brazil Univ Estadual Paulista, Nucleo Estudos & Pesquisas Ambientais Matol, Dept Biol Aplicada & Agr, Fac Ciencias Agr & Vet, Sao Paulo, Brazil CAPES: 001

Sanitation corresponds to a basic need of any individual, which conditions their quality of life, because it has significant environmental, economic and health impacts. Similarly, rural areas are affected by disparities between the coverage of these services, further exacerbating the situation in these territories. Colombia presents a marked difference between these two sectors, which is why carrying out a correlative analysis at the departmental level, in this case for the department of Córdoba that relates the rural population and sanitation (solid waste collection -0.937, sewerage -0.866, inadequate disposal of excreta 0.422 and access to improved water source 0.477) is a necessary action for the contextualization of information as well as presenting alternatives such as artificial wetlands that are nature-based solutions focused on international standards that adjust to the conditions of these areas and lead to the fulfillment of the sustainable development goals. RESUMEN ....................................................................................................................... xii INTRODUCCIÓN ............................................................................................................. 1 1. SANEAMIENTO: ORIGEN E IMPACTO DE LAS AGUAS RESIDUALES ......... 2 1.1 USO DEL AGUA ................................................................................................................ 3 1.2. EL AGUA RESIDUAL DOMÉSTICA EN LOS OBJETIVOS DE DESARROLLO SOSTENIBLE............................................................................................................................ 4 1.2.1. Situación del sexto objetivo de desarrollo sostenible .................................................. 5 1.3. IMPACTO DE LAS AGUAS RESIDUALES DOMÉSTICAS ......................................... 7 2. CONTEXTUALIZACIÓN: UN ANÁLISIS LOCAL SOBRE EL SANEAMIENTO EN LAS ZONAS RURAL DE CÓRDOBA .................................................................... 10 2.1. POBLACIÓN RURAL EN LOS MUNICIPIOS DE CÓRDOBA .............................. 10 2.2. CONDICIONES SOCIOECONÓMICAS EN LAS ZONAS RURALES DEL DEPARTAMENTO DE CÓRDOBA ...................................................................................... 11 2.3. CONDICIONES DE SANEAMIENTO EN LAS ZONAS RURALES DEL DEPARTAMENTO DE CÓRDOBA ...................................................................................... 13 2.3.1. Brecha entre las zonas rurales y urbanas en el acceso al agua y al saneamiento básico 14 2.4. CONSIDERACIONES FINALES Y LIMITACIONES .............................................. 18 3. PRESENTACIÓN DE UNA SOLUCIÓN BASADA EN LA NATURALEZA PARA LA GESTIÓN DE LAS AGUAS RESIDUALES EN LAS ZONAS RURALES DE CÓRDOBA ................................................................................................................ 10 3.1. HUMEDALES ARTIFICIALES ...................................................................................... 19 3.2. CLASIFICACIÓN DE LOS HUMEDALES ARTIFICIALES ....................................... 20 3.3. COMPONENTES DE UN HUMEDAL ARTIFICIAL ................................................... 24 3.3.1. Sustrato ...................................................................................................................... 24 3.3.2. Vegetación ................................................................................................................. 27 3.3.3. Microorganismos ....................................................................................................... 30 3.4. PURIFICACIÓN DEL AGUA RESIDUAL MEDIANTE HUMEDALES ARTIFICIALES ....................................................................................................................... 32 3.4.1. Mecanismo de eliminación de contaminantes ............................................................ 33 3.5. DISEÑO E IMPLEMENTACION DE HUMEDALES ARTIFICIALES ........................ 38 3.5.1. Balance de Masa: Hidráulica e Hidrología en humedales artificiales ........................ 39 3.5.2. Remoción de contaminantes en humedales artificiales .............................................. 42 3.5.3. Parámetros de diseño de humedales artificiales ......................................................... 44 3.5.4. Mantenimiento de humedales artificiales ................................................................... 46 3.6. HUMEDALES ARTIFICIALES EN EL TRATAMIENTO DE AGUAS RESIDUALES DOMESTICAS ........................................................................................................................ 47 3.6.1. Humedales artificiales: una solución basada en la naturaleza para el tratamiento de las aguas residuales en las zonas rurales de Córdoba .................................................................... 48 3.6.2. Ejemplo de dimensionamiento de humedales artificiales .............................................. 49 CONCLUSIÓN ................................................................................................................ 54 BIBLIOGRAFÍA ............................................................................................................. 55 El saneamiento corresponde a una necesidad básica de cualquier individuo que condiciona su calidad de vida, debido a que tiene impactos significativos tanto a nivel ambiental como económico y de salud. De igual forma, las zonas rurales se ven afectadas por disparidades entre la cobertura de estos servicios, agudizando aún más la situación en estos territorios. Colombia presenta una marcada diferencia entre estos dos sectores, es por esto que realizar un análisis correlativo a nivel departamental, en este caso para el departamento de Córdoba, que relacione la población rural y el saneamiento (recolección de residuos sólidos -0,937, alcantarillado -0,866, inadecuada eliminación de excretas 0,422 y acceso a fuente de aguas mejoradas 0,477) es una acción necesaria para la contextualización de la información, así como presentar alternativas como los humedales artificiales que son soluciones basadas en la naturaleza enfocadas en estándares internacionales que se ajustan a las condiciones de estas zonas y encaminan hacia el cumplimiento de los objetivos de desarrollo sostenible. Pregrado Ingeniero(a) Ambiental Monografías

This study aimed to determine if there are any differences in the attributes and composition of the phytoplankton and epiphyton communities between organic (OF) and conventional (CF) rice fields. We also strove to identify if there were any variations in these communities by comparing samples taken from two different periods (12 and 35 days) after the application of the herbicide clomazone and penoxsulam in CF. The farms are located in the Pampa Biome, Southern Brazil. Phytoplankton samples from the subsurface water and epiphyton samples from the rice stems were analyzed using the Utermöhl method. The CF and OF had distinct environmental conditions (pH, conductivity, and turbidity values), and the residual concentration of the herbicides decreased over time. There were no significant differences in epiphyton and phytoplankton density, or in phytoplankton richness, between the rice fields; only the epiphyton richness and taxonomic composition showed differences between the rice fields. Cyanobacteria and Chlorophyceae comprised a large proportion of the epiphytic density in CF and OF, respectively. However, Bacillariophyceae and Chlorophyceae had greater phytoplankton densities in CF and OF, respectively. The taxonomic composition of communities should be considered an effective tool to show the differences between the two cultivation systems.

[ES] Alacao, es una comunidad ubicada en el cantón Guano, provincia Chimborazo con una población de 955 habitantes y una superficie de 672.07 hectáreas; donde la inadecuada gestión de sus aguas residuales de origen doméstico, agrícola e industrial generan un impacto negativo sobre el ambiente y la salud de sus habitantes, esto debido a que no se dispone de un sistema de tratamiento de agua residual y la descarga se realiza directamente a los cuerpos de agua en especial al río Guano, alterando la composición natural del agua, por lo cual, el principal objeto de este trabajo es diseñar un sistema de tratamiento basado en humedales artificiales para depurar las aguas residuales generadas en la comunidad y cumplir con los límites de vertido establecidos por la normativa ecuatoriana y española. La propuesta de tratar las aguas residuales mediante humedales artificiales es una alternativa viable para zonas rurales como es la comunidad de Alacao, debido a que presentan ventajas económicas y gran integración paisajística. El desarrollo del proyecto consistirá en el diseño de tres sistemas diferentes de humedales artificiales: sistema subsuperficial horizontal, sistema subsuperficial vertical y sistema "francés", de los cuales se seleccionará la alternativa más favorable para la zona. La selección final del tratamiento responderá al resultado de la evaluación económica y de la realidad social de la zona. También se realizará una propuesta de tipo cualitativo para la gestión de las aguas pluviales. En el caso de que la eliminación de fósforo sea un requisito importante para la protección del medio receptor, se estudiará la posibilidad de instalar humedales con sustrato activo., [EN] Alacao, is a community located in the Guano canton, Chimborazo province with a population of 955 inhabitants and an area of 672.07 hectares; where the inadequate management of its wastewater of domestic, agricultural and industrial origin generate a negative impact on the environment and the health of its inhabitants, this is due to the fact that a wastewater treatment system is not available and the discharge is made directly to the bodies of water in particular to the Guano River, altering the natural composition of water, which is why, the main object of this work is to design a treatment system based on artificial wetlands to purify wastewater generated in the community and comply with the discharge limits established by Ecuadorian and Spanish regulations. The proposal to treat wastewater through artificial wetlands is a viable alternative for rural areas such as the community of Alacao, because they have economic advantages and great landscape integration. The development of the project will consist of the design of three different artificial wetland systems: horizontal subsurface system, vertical subsurface system and "French" system, from which the most favourable alternative for the area will be selected. The final selection of treatment will respond to the result of the economic assessment and the social reality of the area. A qualitative proposal for rainwater management will also be made. In the event that the removal of phosphorus is an important requirement for the protection of the receiving environment, consideration will be given to installing wetlands with active substrate.

Uno de los principales problemas en minería de carbón es el drenaje de ácido minería de carbón (DAMC), ya que por sus características en el alto nivel de acidez y concentración de metales pesados generan importantes impactos ambientales en Colombia y a nivel mundial. El objetivo de la investigación fue evaluar la remoción de contaminantes en afluentes de la mina didáctica SENA Centro Minero. La metodología fue experimental y se conformó en dos fases: Fase 1. Recolección de datos. Se realizaron aforos de campo en los caudales de la Mina didáctica, Fase 2. Análisis de parámetros de calidad. Se analizan los datos bajo dos variables, objeto y de significancia presentes en las aguas que son el pH y el OD. Una vez obtenidos los resultados se concluyó que, a partir de fitorremediación en esquemas piloto de humedales artificiales para aguas ácidas, se detectó la capacidad de absorción de las especies vegetales. La alternativa propuesta para la solución y aprovechamiento del agua, fue enfocada en la implementación de tratamientos a bajo costo y que facilite tener acceso a los datos a largo plazo, incluso en el proceso de cierre y abandono de la mina sin aplicación de sustancias químicas, mediante el diseño y construcción de cuatro humedales prototipo en contenedores de vidrio con dimensiones según la escala definida para laboratorio; el humedal presenta salida y al mismo tiempo una llave de paso que permitirá la toma de muestras de agua con el fin evaluar la eficiencia de depuración por separado en cada Sistema. One of the main problems in coal mining is the drainage of acid coal mining (DAMC), since due to its characteristics in the high level of acidity and concentration of heavy metals, it generates important environmental impacts in Colombia and worldwide. The objective of the research was to evaluate the removal of pollutants in tributaries of the educational mine SENA Centro Minero. The methodology was experimental and consisted of two phases: Phase 1. Data collection. Field measurements were carried out in the flows of the Didactic Mine, Phase 2. Analysis of quality parameters. The data are analyzed under two variables, object and significance present in the waters, which are pH and DO. Once the results were obtained, it was concluded that, from phytoremediation in pilot schemes of artificial wetlands for acidic waters, the absorption capacity of plant species was detected. The alternative proposed for the solution and use of water was focused on the implementation of low-cost treatments that facilitate access to long-term data, including in the process of closing and abandoning the mine without the application of chemical substances. through the design and construction of four prototype wetlands in glass containers with dimensions according to the scale defined for the laboratory; The wetland has an outlet and at the same time a stopcock that will allow the taking of water samples in order to evaluate the efficiency of purification separately in each System. Magíster en Ingeniería Civil con Énfasis en Hidroambiental Maestría

The treatment of pool water, whether for recreational or sporting purposes, by phytoremediation is widely applied. This work evaluates two artificial vertical flow wetlands, one on a real scale and the other on a laboratory scale, which have been planted with Typha domingensis, for the treatment of pool water in the climatic conditions of the city of Santiago de Cuba. When the hydraulic load applied to the real scale wetland was less than 0.25 m3∙m–2∙d–1, the levels of organic and microbiological contamination in the pool were below the maximum limits allowed by Cuban standards. At a laboratory scale, the presence of vegetation favoured the elimination of nitrogen compounds (nitrates and ammonium) and organic materials (BOD and COD). This behaviour is explained by the presence of processes of assimilation of organic compounds, or by the action of microorganisms associated with the rhizome of plants, which establish a symbiotic mechanism favourable to phytodepuration. The minimum concentration of ammonium obtained in outflow from the laboratory-scale reactor without vegetation reached a value of 2.15 mg∙m–3, which is within the limits allowed by the sanitary regulations.

[ES] El presente trabajo se fundamenta en la depuración de agua residual domestica del municipio Busbanza ubicado en el departamento de Boyacá (Colombia), mediante el diseño de un sistema básico de humedal artificial. El municipio cuenta con una superficie de 22.5 Km2, tiene una temperatura de 14.3 Celsius y una población de 875 habitantes. Las viviendas cuentan con cultivos a baja escala que les permiten sustentar los alimentos diarios. El recurso hídrico es escaso y las microcuencas son de extensión extremadamente pequeña, el drenaje del municipio es aportado por dos pequeñas arterias fluviales, el valle Busbanza y el valle Buntia, que confluyen en el río Chicamocha. El vertimiento de las aguas residuales del municipio se realiza directamente en los valles y en el río sin previo tratamiento, perjudicando las poblaciones ubicadas aguas abajo, que a su vez abastecen los cultivos con este río. Una opción favorable con el medio ambiente sería emplear un sistema más económico como un humedal artificial, con un menor impacto ambiental ya que debido a la baja población y los escasos recursos sería inviable la implementación de una depuradora. El proyecto se inicia mediante la recolección de datos poblacionales, geográficos, de precipitación, caudales, masas de agua superficiales y subterráneas, fauna y flora típica de la región y estado actual del río, obtenidos mediante datos SIG, estadísticas e información, en entidades ambientales de Colombia (SIAC, IGAC, SIG-OT, SGA, SIAT-AC, SIAM, DANE, IDEAM, CORPOBOYACA). Para el diseño del humedal se selecciona el más viable económicamente tanto en construcción como en operación y de fácil mantenimiento. Con este trabajo de fin de máster se pretende dar a conocer el dimensionamiento de un humedal, la depuración del agua residual doméstica del municipio, la mejora de la calidad del agua del río Chicamocha y los beneficios al ecosistema, además de los beneficios a la comunidad con la mejora paisajística., [EN] The present work is based on the treatment of domestic waste water from the Busbanza municipality located in the department of Boyacá (Colombia), through the design of a basic artificial wetland system. The municipality has a surface of 22.5 Km2, a temperature of 14.3 Celsius and a population of 875 inhabitants. The houses have low/small-scale crops that allow them to support their daily food. The hydric resource is scarce and the micro-basins are extremely small, the drainage of the municipality is contributed by two small river arteries, the Busbanza and Buntia valleys, which converge the Chicamocha river. The dumping of the municipal wastewater is carried out directly into the valleys and the river without prior treatment, damaging the populations located downstream, which in turn supply the crops with this river. A favorable option with the environment would be to use a more economical system such as an artificial wetland, with less environmental impact since due to the low population and scarce resources it would be unfeasible to implement a treatment plant. The project begins by collecting population, geographic, precipitation,rainfall flow, surface and underground water bodies, typical fauna and flora of the region and current state of the river, obtained using GIS data, statistics and information, in environmental entities. of Colombia (SIAC, IGAC, SIG-OT, SGA, SIAT-AC, SIAM, DANE, IDEAM, CORPOBOYACA). For the design of the wetland, the most economically viable one is selected, both in construction and in operation and of easy to maintain. The aim of this master's thesis is to publicize the dimensioning of a wetland, the purification of municipality¿s domestic wastewater, the improvement of the quality of the river's waterthe benefits to the ecosystem and the improvement of humidity in the terrain, in addition of the benefits to the community though the improvement of the landscape.

Water sowing and harvesting (WS&H), a term adopted from Latin America, is an ancestral process that involves gathering and infiltration (sowing) of rainwater, surface runoff, and groundwater to recover it (harvesting) later and/or elsewhere. The WS&H systems follow the approaches of integrated water resource management, nature-based solutions and the recovery of ancestral knowledge for water management. In this paper, we present some representative types of WS&H in Latin America, Spain, and Portugal, and then, we focus on the Paltas Catacocha Ecohydrology Demonstration Site in southern Ecuador as a study case. The recovery of such local ecohydrological knowledge in the study case has made enabled the regulation and retention of water in the aquifers through the restoration of artificial wetlands (cochas) and stream dams ( tapes or tajamares). Also, this ancestral way of water management has recently supported and reactivated several biological aspects and human activities. The experience of the Paltas Catacocha site shows that there are more appropriate and sustainable alternatives to gray infrastructure projects for water resources management and denotes the need to study ancestral water and soil management systems. info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion

[ES] El fango deshidratado y el carbón activado agotado son dos residuos inertes generados en el proceso de potabilización de las aguas captadas de fuentes superficiales. El fango deshidratado suele gestionarse como enmienda agrícola al ser mezclado con lodos procedentes de estaciones depuradoras de aguas residuales urbanas (EDAR) adecuados para este fin. El carbón activado agotado es dispuesto en vertederos de inertes. Desde el año 2016 se están realizando en el IIAMA de la UPV diversos estudios para el empleo del fango deshidratado como sustrato activo en los humedales artificiales de flujo subsuperficial, con el fin de aprovechar la capacidad adsorbente que aún disponen estos fangos. El material una vez deshidratado se tritura en gravas de pequeño tamaño (alrededor de 0,1-0,5 cm) que son empleadas como sustrato; el residuo de la molienda es una fracción muy fina que se dispone a vertedero. Los resultados en humedales a escala planta piloto están siendo positivos en lo que se refiere a la eliminación de fósforo y nitrógeno, cuando estos humedales se emplean como tratamientos de afino para efluentes de EDAR tras un tratamiento secundario o terciario. Con respecto al carbón activado granular agotado, cabe decir que este agotamiento es relativo, ya que su disposición a vertedero no se realiza cuando está realmente agotado, sino cuando es económicamente más rentable comprar nuevo material antes de regenerar el actual. Esto es debido a que tras cada ciclo de regeneración se van perdiendo propiedades adsorbentes, por lo que llega un momento en el que el coste de la regeneración ya no compensa frente a la adquisición de nuevo material. Se ha comprobado que este carbón "agotado" es capaz de adsorber compuestos orgánicos pero es muy limitada su capacidad para retener fósforo. La hipótesis de partida del presente TFM es que una mezcla de carbón activado granular y fango deshidratado puede aprovechar de manera más eficiente las propiedades de ambos materiales, eliminando simultáneamente nutrientes y compuestos orgánicos persistentes como pesticidas y contaminantes emergentes. El objetivo final, conseguir una mezcla eficiente de ambos residuos, tiene un objetivo secundario muy importante: el aprovechamiento del residuo pulverulento del triturado del fango deshidratado. Los ensayos de mezcla no se van a realizar con los gránulos de 0,1-0,5 cm de fango, ya que estos serán empleados de forma estándar en humedales verticales sin mezclas de carbón activado, sino con el polvo residual para así poder dar un uso a este residuo y que no tenga que ser llevado a vertedero. En este estudio, el concepto de "mezcla eficiente" está muy relacionado con la permeabilidad del material resultante. Esta permeabilidad es clave a la hora de establecer la carga hidráulica superficial que se va a poder introducir. El carbón activado tiene muy buena permeabilidad ya que es un material filtrante clásico en el ámbito de las aguas, pero el polvo de fango deshidratado tiene una muy baja permeabilidad. De ahí el objetivo de obtener una mezcla que permita tratar un caudal significativo y se aprovechen las capacidades adsorbentes de ambos materiales. El procedimiento experimental será el siguiente: 1.- Elaborar isotermas de adsorción de fósforo para una masa de polvo ya existente, procedente de molturaciones previas del material, con el fin de conocer la capacidad máxima de adsorción. 2.- Elaborar mezclas con el 1%, 2%, 5%, 10% , 20% y 50% de polvo de fango completadas con carbón activado. 2.1.- Ensayos en columnas de laboratorio para determinar la permeabilidad. 2.2.- Ensayos de adsorción en columna. 3. Análisis de la información y obtención de la mezcla idónea. El resultado del trabajo permitirá aprovechar el residuo del fango molturado de una forma eficiente al combinarlo con carbón activado., [EN] Dehydrated sludge and depleted activated carbon are two inert wastes generated in the purification process of water captured from surface sources. Dehydrated sludge is usually managed as an agricultural amendment as it is mixed with sludge from urban wastewater treatment plants (WWTP) suitable for this purpose. The spent activated carbon is disposed of in inert landfills. Since 2016, various studies have been carried out at the IIAMA of the UPV for the use of dehydrated sludge as an active substrate in artificial subsurface flow wetlands, in order to take advantage of the adsorbent capacity that these sludge still have. Once dehydrated, the material is crushed into small gravels (about 0.1-0.5 cm) that are used as a substrate; the grinding residue is a very fine fraction that is disposed of in a landfill. The results in wetlands at pilot plant scale are being positive with regard to the elimination of phosphorus and nitrogen, when these wetlands are used as refining treatments for WWTP effluents after secondary or tertiary treatment. With regard to spent granular activated carbon, it should be said that this depletion is relative, since its disposal to landfill does not take place when it is really depleted, but when it is economically more profitable to buy new material to regenerate the current one. This is due to the fact that after each regeneration cycle, adsorbent properties are lost, so there comes a time when the cost of regeneration no longer compensates for the acquisition of new material. This "spent" carbon has been shown to be capable of adsorbing organic compounds but its ability to retain phosphorus is very limited. The starting hypothesis of this TFM is that a mixture of granular activated carbon and dehydrated sludge can more efficiently take advantage of the properties of both materials, simultaneously eliminating nutrients and persistent organic compounds such as pesticides and emerging pollutants. The final objective, to achieve an efficient mixture of both residues, has a very important secondary objective: the use of the pulverulent residue from the crushed dehydrated sludge. The mixing tests will not be carried out with the granules of 0.1-0.5 cm of mud, since these will be used as a standard in vertical wetlands without activated carbon mixtures, but with the residual dust in order to give a use to this waste and that it does not have to be taken to a landfill. In this study, the concept of "efficient mixing" is closely related to the permeability of the resulting material. This permeability is key when establishing the surface hydraulic load that can be introduced. Activated carbon has very good permeability since it is a classic filter material in the field of water, but dehydrated sludge dust has a very low permeability. Hence the objective of obtaining a mixture that allows treating a significant flow rate and taking advantage of the adsorbent capacities of both materials.

[ES] Debido al cambio de hábitos de movilidad, al turismo rural y a la crisis provocada por la pandemia del virus SARS-CoV-2, el aumento de visitantes a localidades aisladas con un entorno paisajístico llamativo, ha provocado que municipios como el situado en el Parque de la Serranía de Cuenca, Uña (Cuenca), sufran una presión turística elevada. Este cambio de costumbres hacen que la población del municipio fluctúe desde los habitantes 80 habitantes residentes hasta superar los 350 habitantes las épocas vacacionales, fines de semana y/o festivos. El hecho provoca que esta tipología de municipios no esté diseñada para soportar tantos visitantes y además la gran mayoría no disponen de sistema de tratamiento de aguas residuales, por lo que este trabajo plantea dar solución al tratamiento de las aguas residuales mediante tres alternativas de humedales artificiales para su depuración. - Las opciones de tratamiento se basan en humedales artificiales, los cuales reproducen las condiciones ambientales de un ecosistema, y esto permite que los procesos físicos y químicos sean capaces de depurar el agua residual. - Los humedales artificiales ofrecen una depuración de bajo coste, tanto de mantenimiento como de explotación; así mismo, se plantea para aquellos puntos de elevación de aguas residuales sistemas de bombeo de las mismas accionados por bombas alimentadas mediante placas solares. - Para la eliminación parcial del fósforo se emplea una técnica novedosa, que reutiliza parte del deshecho del carbón activo saturado de la planta de tratamiento de agua potable de Cuenca, cubriendo de esa manera un modelo de producción de economía circular. Se realiza una comparación entre las distintas tipologías de humedales y se escoge aquella tecnología que cumpla con el alcance de los valores límite de emisión, dimensiones, dificultad de mantenimiento, posibilidad de ampliación y costes., [EN] Due to the change of mobility habits, rural tourism and the crisis caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus pandemic, the increase of visitors to isolated localities with a striking landscape environment, has caused municipalities such as the one located in the Serrania de Cuenca Park, Uña (Cuenca), to suffer a high tourist pressure. This change of habits makes the population of the municipality fluctuate from 80 inhabitants to more than 350 inhabitants during holidays, weekends and / or holidays. This causes that this type of municipalities are not designed to support so many visitors, and in addition the vast majority do not have wastewater treatment system, which is why this work proposes to provide a solution to wastewater treatment through three alternatives of artificial wetlands for wastewater treatment. - The treatment options are based on artificial wetlands, these wetlands which reproduce the environmental conditions of an ecosystem, and allows the physical and chemical processes to be able to purify the wastewater. - Artificial wetlands offer low-cost purification, both in terms of maintenance and operation, as well as wastewater pumping systems driven by pumps powered by solar panels. - For the partial elimination of phosphorus, a novel technique is used, which reuses part of the saturated activated carbon waste from the Cuenca drinking water treatment plant, thus covering a circular economy production model. A comparison between the different types of wetlands is made and the technology that complies with the emission limit values, dimensions, difficulty of maintenance, possibility of expansion and costs is chosen.

Extreme heat threatens desert city residents throughout the hot summer months and inhibits outdoor recreation and activity. Ecosystem services provide various benefits for urban environments. For desert cities, few are more critical than microclimate regulation and water treatment and conservation. This study evaluates the degree to which artificial wetlands support cooler microclimates and reduce the local urban heat island effect. The authors use (a) remotely sensed temperature data for Avondale, Arizona, to measure temperature differences between neighborhoods with and without water features and (b) resident surveys to evaluate perceptions of potential cooling effects. Results show substantial differences in the daytime surface temperatures for the wetland neighborhood compared to those without water features. More than a third of residents perceived a cooling effect throughout the year. The authors conclude that artificial wetlands within a desert city increase human comfort by reducing surface and air temperature and should be considered an urban heat island mitigation strategy.

Many artificial wetland constructions are currently underway worldwide to compensate for the degradation of natural wetland systems. Researchers face the responsibility of proposing wetland management and species protection strategies to ensure that constructed wetlands positively impact waterbird diversity. Nestedness is a commonly occurring pattern for biotas in fragmented habitats with important implications for conservation; however, only a few studies have focused on seasonal waterbird communities in current artificial wetlands. In this study, we used the nestedness theory for analyzing the annual and seasonal community structures of waterbirds in artificial wetlands at Lake Dianchi (China) to suggest artificial wetland management and waterbird conservation strategies. We carried out three waterbird surveys per month for one year to observe the annual, spring, summer, autumn, and winter waterbird assemblages in 27 lakeside artificial wetland fragments. We used the NeD program to quantify nestedness patterns of waterbirds at the annual and seasonal levels. We also determined Spearman partial correlations to examine the associations of nestedness rank and habitat variables to explore the factors underlying nestedness patterns. We found that annual and all four seasonal waterbird compositions were nested, and selective extinction and habitat nestedness were the main factors governing nestedness. Further, selective colonization was the key driver of nestedness in autumn and winter waterbirds. We suggest that the area of wetland fragments should be as large as possible and that habitat heterogeneity should be maximized to fulfill the conservation needs of different seasonal waterbirds. Furthermore, we suggest that future studies should focus on the least area criterion and that vegetation management of artificial wetland construction should be based on the notion of sustainable development for humans and wildlife., We use the nestedness theory to analyze the community structures across different seasonal waterbirds in artificial wetlands at Lake Dianchi and explore their underlying mechanisms in order to suggest artificial wetland management and waterbird conservation strategies. We found that annual and all four seasonal waterbird compositions were nested, and selective extinction and habitat nestedness were the main factors governing the nestedness. We suggest that the area of fragmented wetlands should be as large as possible and that habitat heterogeneity should be as great as possible to fulfill the conservation needs of different seasonal waterbirds.

La construcción de humedales artificiales para el tratamiento de aguas provenientes de cuerpos hídricos como el Río Rumiyacu, tiene como propósito disminuir la cantidad de contaminantes orgánicos e inorgánicos de ecosistemas lóticos mediante procesos primarios, tales como la sedimentación, degradación enzimática, absorción y volatilización de compuestos. En este proceso de biorremediación se emplearon especies vegetales (gramíneas) de la zona como: Echynochloa polystachya, Pennisetum purpureum, Panicum máximum, y Arvenses sp. Se determinó el caudal hídrico (0,58 m3/s) por el método del flotador, y mediante un muestreo compuesto (alícuotas) se diseñaron los humedales. Se aplicó la prueba estadística de análisis de varianzas (ANOVA) para determinar las especies de mayor remoción de contaminantes como: níquel, hierro, demanda química de oxígeno, demanda bioquímica de oxígeno, coliformes totales e hidrocarburos totales de petróleo. En su conjunto, la remoción de cargas contaminantes representa el 44,53%, en dependencia de las diferentes eficiencias de cada especie en cada parámetro, por lo que, se recomienda monitorear y evaluar ambientalmente a los tributarios del río. The construction of artificial wetlands for the water treatment from water bodies such as the “Ru- miyacu” River, has the purpose of reducing organic and inorganic pollutants from lotic ecosystems through primary processes, such as sedimentation, enzymatic degradation, absorption and volati- lization of compounds. For this, in this bioremediation process, plant species (grasses) of the area were used, such as: Echynochloa polystachya, Pennisetum purpureum, Panicum máximum, and Arvenses sp. The water f low (0.58 m3/s) was determined by the f loat method, and using composite sampling (aliquots) the wetlands were designed. The statistical test of analysis of variances was applied to determine the species with the highest removal of pollutants such as: nickel, iron, chemi- cal oxygen demand, biochemical oxygen demand, total coliforms and total oil hydrocarbons. As a whole, the removal of contaminating loads represents 44.53%, depending on the different efficien- cies of each species in each parameter. Therefore, the tributaries of the river should be monitored and environmentally evaluated.

La construcción de humedales artificiales para el tratamiento de aguas provenientes de cuerpos hídricos como el Río Rumiyacu, tiene como propósito disminuir la cantidad de contaminantes orgánicos e inorgánicos de ecosistemas lóticos mediante procesos primarios, tales como la sedimentación, degradación enzimática, absorción y volatilización de compuestos. En este proceso de biorremediación se emplearon especies vegetales (gramíneas) de la zona como: Echynochloa polystachya, Pennisetum purpureum, Panicum máximum, y Arvenses sp. Se determinó el caudal hídrico (0,58 m3/s) por el método del f lotador, y mediante un muestreo compuesto (alícuotas) se diseñaron los humedales. Se aplicó la prueba estadística de análisis de varianzas (ANOVA) para determinar las especies de mayor remoción de contaminantes como: níquel, hierro, demanda química de oxígeno, demanda bioquímica de oxígeno, coliformes totales e hidrocarburos totales de petróleo. En su conjunto, la remoción de cargas contaminantes representa el 44,53%, en dependencia de las diferentes eficiencias de cada especie en cada parámetro, por lo que, se recomienda monitorear y evaluar ambientalmente a los tributarios del río. The construction of artificial wetlands for the water treatment from water bodies such as the “Rumiyacu” River, has the purpose of reducing organic and inorganic pollutants from lotic ecosystems through primary processes, such as sedimentation, enzymatic degradation, absorption and volatilization of compounds. For this, in this bioremediation process, plant species (grasses) of the area were used, such as: Echynochloa polystachya, Pennisetum purpureum, Panicum máximum, and Arvenses sp. The water f low (0.58 m3/s) was determined by the f loat method, and using composite sampling (aliquots) the wetlands were designed. The statistical test of analysis of variances was applied to determine the species with the highest removal of pollutants such as: nickel, iron, chemical oxygen demand, biochemical oxygen demand, total coliforms and total oil hydrocarbons. As a whole, the removal of contaminating loads represents 44.53%, depending on the different efficiencies of ach species ineach parameter. Therefore, the tributaries of the river should be monitored and environmentally evaluated.

Constructed Wetlands are low cost and sustainable engineered best practice to reduce stormwater pollution.

RESUMEN: Concepción posee cinco lagunas urbanas que cumplen diversos servicios ambientales (recreación, eventuales suministros de agua para fines variados, estanques de acumulación de aguas lluvias) pero muy particularmente constituyen espacios de biodiversidad, y es ahí donde radica su aporte sustancial y singular para la ciudad. El objetivo de la investigación aquí presentada es demostrar cómo a partir del diseño y el uso de humedales artificiales, como tecnologías de tratamiento a las aguas que ingresan a las lagunas urbanas de Concepción, se genera un mejoramiento ambiental de estas lagunas y un incremento de la biodiversidad en el entorno. El análisis del cuerpo de agua se basa principalmente en un análisis planimétrico, a través de la observación y el registro fotográfico, y en un estudio de los indicadores de calidad físico-química -tales como nitrógeno total (NT) y fósforo (P)- y ambiental, que se evaluará con la presencia de macrófitas. Dentro de los principales aportes constatados, destaca que la instalación de los humedales artificiales antes de la entrada a la laguna disminuye considerablemente el poder contaminante de las aguas ingresantes y, con ello, la cadena de deterioro termina, mejorando el ecosistema urbano. De esta forma, la propuesta deviene un eficiente instrumento para aumentar la biodiversidad y la calidad de vida de las personas. ABSTRACT: In Concepción, Chile there are five urban lakes that provide different environmental services (recreation, occasional water supplies for various purposes, rainwater accumulation ponds), but very specifically they constitute biodiversity spaces and this is where their substantial and unique contribution lies for the city. The objective of the research presented here is to demonstrate how, based on the design and use of artificial wetlands as technologies to treat the waters entering Concepción´s urban lakes, an environmental improvement is made to theses lakes and the biodiversity of the surrounding environment increases. The analysis of the bodies of water was mainly based on a planimetric analysis, through observation and a photographic record, and a study of physicochemical quality indicators - such as total nitrogen (TN) and phosphorus (P) - and environmental quality, which was evaluated with the presence of macrophytes. Among the main contributions established, it is noteworthy to mention that the installation of artificial wetlands before lake entrances significantly reduces the polluting power of incoming waters and the chain of deterioration ends, thereby improving the urban ecosystem. In this way, the proposal becomes an efficient instrument to increase biodiversity and people´s quality of life.

El presente trabajo de grado, evaluó la capacidad de remediación, de humedales artificiales de flujo subsuperficial horizontal con la especie vegetal Heliconia psittacorum, a escala piloto y con tres réplicas, en el tratamiento de aguas residuales domésticas de bajo caudal generadas por pequeños cascos urbanos, con el fin de recomendar este sistema depurador para zonas apartadas del piedemonte llanero. Se usó la metodología de diseño factorial mixto 3X2, donde se manipuló las variables de Tiempo de Retención Hidráulico (TRH) y la concentración inicial de carga orgánica definida en Demanda Biológica de Oxígeno (DBO), con el fin de determinar el porcentaje de remoción de contaminantes en los parámetros DBO, Demanda Química de Oxígeno (DQO) y Sólidos Suspendidos Totales (SST) para cada uno de los 6 tratamientos o experimentos generados por el diseño, cuyos resultados fueron expuestos a un tratamiento y análisis estadístico con las herramientas IBM SPSS statistics y Microsoft Excel. Los resultados permitieron confirmar que este sistema no convencional efectivamente elimina la contaminación de manera considerable del líquido afectado, obteniendo resultados de remoción para DBO de 86,5%, para DQO de 76,1% y de 76,4% para SST, en promedio de los seis tratamientos. Asimismo, los TRH en los cuales se obtuvieron mejores resultados fueron 2 días para 170 mg/l y 8 días para 340 mg/l. Además, se determinó una eficiencia mayor de cerca del 14% en remoción para DBO, frente a otras investigaciones similares. Por consiguiente, se recomendó que para el uso de este tipo de técnica en tratamiento de aguas residuales domésticas en otras zonas del piedemonte llanero, en total 20 municipios, utilizar un tiempo de retención hidráulico de 2 días para una concentración máxima de 170 mg/l y de 8 días para 340 mg/l. Por otra parte, se evaluaron las tres hipótesis del diseño experimental, donde los análisis estadísticos permitieron aprobar la hipótesis tres, la cual especifica la influencia dominante de la interacción TRH-DBO inicial, en el desempeño de los humedales artificiales. The present work of degree, evaluated the capacity of remediation, of artificial wetlands of horizontal subsurface flow with the vegetal species Heliconia psittacorum, at pilot scale and with three replicas, in the treatment of domestic wastewater of low flow generated by small urban centers, in order to recommend this scrubber system for remote areas of the foothills of the plains. The mixed factorial design methodology 3X2 was used, where the variables of Hydraulic Retention Time (HRT) and the initial concentration of organic load defined in Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD) were manipulated, in order to determine the percentage of removal of contaminants in the parameters BOD, Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) and Total Suspended Solids (TSS) for each of the 6 treatments or experiments generated by the design, whose results were exposed to a treatment and statistical analysis with IBM SPSS statistics tools and Microsoft Excel. The results confirmed that this unconventional system effectively eliminates the contamination of the affected liquid considerably, obtaining removal results for BOD of 86.5%, for COD of 76.1% and of 76.4% for TSS, on average of the six treatments. Likewise, the HRT in which better results were obtained were 2 days for 170 mg / l and 8 days for 340 mg / l. In addition, a greater efficiency of about 14% in removal for BOD was determined, compared to other similar investigations. Therefore, it was recommended that for the use of this type of technique in domestic wastewater treatment in other areas of the foothills, in total 20 municipalities, use a hydraulic retention time of 2 days for a maximum concentration of 170 mg / l of 8 days for 340 mg / l. On the other hand, the three hypotheses of the experimental design were evaluated, where the statistical analyzes allowed to approve the hypothesis three, which specifies the dominant influence of the initial TRH-BOD interaction, in the performance of the constructed wetlands Ingeniero Ambiental http://www.ustavillavicencio.edu.co/home/index.php/unidades/extension-y-proyeccion/investigacion Pregrado

Environmentally sound solutions such as engineered ponds have primarily been established for waste water treatment and flood control in urban areas. However, there is a lack of comprehensive understanding of the factors that influence the aquatic biodiversity of these artificial water bodies, and it has been questioned whether ponds that are designed for water treatment are also able to enhance or support regional biodiversity. The present study (1) examined the water management function of two constructed wetland systems in the urban water cycle: flood prevention ponds (FP) and waste water treatment ponds (WT); (2) analysed their role to enhance local and regional biodiversity (macrophytes and invertebrates); and (3) assessed the functioning of a waste water treatment plant (WTP) in view of regional regulations. As expected, strong differences were found in water quality conditions between FPs and WTs, mostly in terms of nutrients, conductivity, suspended solids and oxygen levels. FPs created optimal environments harboring several species of macrophytes and supporting diverse invertebrate assemblages, comparable to those recorded at natural ponds. On the contrary, WTs sustained three times less taxa, with Psychoda sp. and Chironomus sp., (dipterans indicators of poor ecological conditions) dominating the assemblage. The waste water treatment plant was partially successful with regards to domestic effluent processing. Nutrient values for treated effluents exceeded the permissible standards for receiving surface waters in the region. Constructed ponds offer an opportunity for managers and environmental regulators to conserve and enhance aquatic biodiversity in ecologically poor environments. In addition to other ecosystem services (sociocultural), FPs also promoted biotic biodiversity. WTs functioned as nutrient sinks rather than as biodiversity spots, but their biodiversity and functioning could be enhanced through proper design and management. Some feasible solutions to improve WTP functioning are itemized and discussed. Fil: Manzo, Luz Maria. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Patagonia Norte. Centro de Investigación Esquel de Montaña y Estepa Patagóica. Universidad Nacional de la Patagonia "San Juan Bosco". Facultad de Ciencias Naturales - Sede Esquel. Centro de Investigación Esquel de Montaña y Estepa Patagónica; Argentina Fil: Epele, Luis Beltran. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Patagonia Norte. Centro de Investigación Esquel de Montaña y Estepa Patagóica. Universidad Nacional de la Patagonia "San Juan Bosco". Facultad de Ciencias Naturales - Sede Esquel. Centro de Investigación Esquel de Montaña y Estepa Patagónica; Argentina Fil: Horak, Cristina Natalia. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Patagonia Norte. Centro de Investigación Esquel de Montaña y Estepa Patagóica. Universidad Nacional de la Patagonia "San Juan Bosco". Facultad de Ciencias Naturales - Sede Esquel. Centro de Investigación Esquel de Montaña y Estepa Patagónica; Argentina Fil: Kutschker, Adriana Mabel. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Patagonia Norte. Centro de Investigación Esquel de Montaña y Estepa Patagóica. Universidad Nacional de la Patagonia "San Juan Bosco". Facultad de Ciencias Naturales - Sede Esquel. Centro de Investigación Esquel de Montaña y Estepa Patagónica; Argentina Fil: Miserendino, Maria Laura. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Patagonia Norte. Centro de Investigación Esquel de Montaña y Estepa Patagóica. Universidad Nacional de la Patagonia "San Juan Bosco". Facultad de Ciencias Naturales - Sede Esquel. Centro de Investigación Esquel de Montaña y Estepa Patagónica; Argentina

International audience; Chemical and biological functioning of artificial wetlands and lakes in alluvial plains is investigated based on the example of small artificial ponds located within dike fields along the Rhône River (France). The objective is to identify the diversity of metabolism in these artificial aquatic ecosystems and to propose a functional classification linked to the connectivity with the river. A comprehensive characterization of chemical and biological parameters in six shallow ponds was conducted, along with 4-month continuous monitoring of temperature and dissolved oxygen concentration, both in the sub-surface and at depth. Metabolism intensity is quantified using the diel oxygen method. Multivariate analysis of chemical and biological characteristics is performed to identify the functional heterogeneity between the ponds, which is shown to be consistent with the intensity of primary production (GPP) and ecosystem respiration (ER). Some ponds are permanently connected to the river, like backwater, and are very turbid, because of suspended matter and the presence of phytoplankton. The oxyge-nation is limited to the surface layer with anoxia rapidly building up at the bottom due to an intense ER. Ponds that are rarely connected become eutrophic with large concentration of phytoplankton and large GPP and ER values. Anoxia and even denitrification occur close to the bottom sediment. Finally, in the ponds with intermediate degree of connection with the river, macrophytes grow in clear water with limited amount of phyto-plankton, resulting in a gradient of GPP and ER values, controlled by nutrient availability. Rehabilitation of various connection patterns with the river is thus crucial to maintain a functional diversity in large river alluvial plains.

"The authors had an academic meeting to face the challenge to provide clean water and to dispose of wastewaters once treated to reduce pollution impacts and to recycle the treated effluent. Chemistry plays a substantial role to the solution of removing pollutants since chemical reactions are crucial to increase the final quality of the treated effluents. A viable option might be the installation of units using the artificial wetlands technology. There microbial consortia carry these chemical reactions. Two case studies were considered, Mexico and Cuba. An example of the use of artificial wetlands to solve the lack of sanitation facilities for Mexico City’s Tlalpan section is given using as example two prototype plants located near this neighbourhood so that climate conditions will not interfere in the chemical reactions. The equivalent is given for a zone Havana City considering the Almendares river and the environmental impact on it."

Los humedales artificiales, también conocidos como construidos o de tratamiento, se presentan, en la actualidad, como una de las grandes alternativas verdes para el tratamiento de lixiviados, en aquellos rellenos sanitarios donde solo se cuenta con un proceso simple, convencional y/o su capacidad actual no permite el manejo adecuado del total de los mismos; es el caso del Relleno Sanitario “Parque Ecológico Reciclante” de la ciudad de Villavicencio. Este artículo se enfoca en una investigación de Estudio de Caso; en la metodología se realiza una búsqueda bibliográfica que permita determinar la necesidad del tratamiento adecuado de lixiviados en el relleno sanitario en mención y se proponen las especies vegetales viables para el tratamiento de estos residuos líquidos. Con la información obtenida se consolida la propuesta de diseño, y sus criterios, de este tipo de humedales en el relleno sanitario “Parque Ecológico Reciclante”, así como se ratifica la viabilidad y simplicidad de esta alternativa para depurar estas aguas y devolverlas a los afluentes que recorren la ciudad de manera limpia, favoreciendo la integración en el entorno y la naturalización del espacio. The artificial wetlands, also known like constructed or of treatment, appear, at present, as one of the big green alternatives for the treatment of lixiviados, in those sanitary landfills alone where one possesses a simple, conventional process and / or his current capacity does not allow the suitable managing of the total of the same ones; it is the case of the Sanitary Landfill "Ecological Park Reciclante" of Villavicencio's city. This article focuses in an investigation of Study of Case; in the methodology there is realized a bibliographical search that allows to determine the need of the suitable treatment of lixiviados in the sanitary landfill in mention and they propose the vegetable viable species for the treatment of these liquid residues. With the obtained information the offer of design is consolidated, and his criteria, of this type of wetlands in the sanitary landfill "Ecological Park Reciclante", as well as there is ratified the viability and simplicity of this alternative to purify these waters and to return them to the tributaries that cross the city of a clean way, favoring the integration in the environment and the naturalization of the space.

Ecosystem services provided by wetland systems presently play a pivotal role in intensive cropland as water purification from agricultural pollution. A field trial was conducted in 2014 to evaluate herbicide runoff reduction and retention using a 0.32 ha constructed surface flow wetland (CSFW) at the outlet of a 6 ha agricultural basin. To simulate an extreme pulse contamination, the CSFW was flooded with a runoff contaminated with metolachlor, and terbuthylazine and two other subsequent floods with pure water were applied 21 and 65 days later. Results show that the CSFW can reduce runoff concentration of metolachlor and terbuthylazine by a factor of 45–80 even in extreme flooding conditions. Herbicides retention in the CSFW was reversible, and the second and third floods mobilized 14–31 and 3.5–7.0% respectively, of the amount detected in the first flood. The CSFW performs a high buffer capacity for herbicides, capable to provide water purification service, protecting downstream surface water. Moreover, mitigation capacity of a CSFW for a heavy runoff from a 10 ha basin is 90% for every 50 m in length of a 15 m wide wetland. This confirms that the implementation of CSFWs in agro-systems can improve the sustainability of agricultural production.

ResumenUna de las principales causas de la situación deficitaria en la que se encuentra el tratamiento de las aguas residuales a nivel mundial, es el alto costo que implica la construcción de un sistema de tratamiento convencional de depuración de aguas. En el contexto rural, la dispersión de la población y, a menudo, su limitada capacidad económica, complejizan, encarecen y dificultan la implementación de sistemas de depuración comunitaria. Los sistemas tradicionales de depuración intensiva a menudo resultan inviables desde una perspectiva técnico-económica.Este es el caso del Municipio de Mizque, en Bolivia, donde las aguas residuales de la población urbana, no reciben el tratamiento adecuado y acaban siendo vertidas a los cauces de agua, que suponen la principal fuente de consumo de gran parte de la población rural. Con el objeto de contribuir a paliar esta situación, a continuación se proponen y describen los Humedales Artificiales como una tecnología alternativa para el tratamiento de aguas residuales de las viviendas conectadas a la red de alcantarillado.AbstractOne of the main causes behind the deficient state of sewage provision worldwide, is the high cost of building conventional waste wáter treatment facilities. In rural contexts, the implementation of comunal sewage plants is more complex, expensive and difficult due to the scattered population and it is frequently limited economic capacity. Traditional intensive waste wáter treatment systems are often unfeasible from a technical and financial perspective.This is the case of the Municipality of Mizque, in Bolivia, where the waste water of the urban population does not receive adequate treatment and ends up thrown into the wáter channels, which represent the main source of consumption for a large part of the rural population. Therefore, to help alleviate this situation, the implementation of Artificial Wetlands is proposed and described, as analternative technology for the treatment of waste water from homes connected to these wage network.ResumoUma das principais causas da situação de déficit em que o tratamento de águasresiduais é encontrada em todo o mundo é o alto custoenvolvidonaconstrução de um sistema de tratamento convencional para tratamento de água. No contexto rural, a dispersão da população e, muitasvezes, a sua limitada capacidadeeconômica, complica e dificulta a implementação de sistemas de purificação da comunidade. Os sistemas tradicionais de purificação intensiva sãomuitasvezesinviáveis a partir de uma perspectiva técnico-econômica.Este é o caso do município de Mizque, naBolívia, onde as águasresiduais da população urbana nãorecebemtratamentoadequado e acabamsendo desalojadas nos canais de água, que representam a principal fonte de consumo para uma grande parte da população rural. Assim, para ajudar a aliviar esta situação, os Zonas HúmidasArtificiaissãopropostos e descritos abaixo como uma alternativa para o tratamento de águasresiduais de lares conectados à rede de esgotos

We investigated temporal changes in waterbird communities within and between protected wetlands. We considered species richness and multiple components of the communities? functional structure and examined whether there are any discernable rules determining the assembly of communities at local and/or regional scales, and whether these rules change in time. We found that our waterbird communities are gaining species by filling ecological niches that were empty before. At the same time, differences in the trait space between wetlands are decreasing, showing that the gained species occupy similar niches in each wetland. This process may be possible due to an increase in the protection of the habitat and the availability of food resources. Thus, even though the environmental quality of the wetlands has not been fully restored, it seems that site protection is contributing to the recovery of functions performed by local communities of waterbirds. We also evaluated the functional structure and specific trait values of waterbird communities of natural, restored, and artificial wetlands in a same wetland complex. We found that wetland types do not form a simple gradient, so that there is not a decrease in indices from natural to artificial, with intermediate values for restored wetlands. Instead, the direction of difference varies according to the index and wetland type. In general, artificial wetlands support lower levels for most waterbird functional traits, as well as for functional dispersion, compared with natural and/or restored wetlands. We suggest that efforts to protect natural and restored wetlands are more effective to maintain the original diversity of waterbird functional traits than the compensatory construction of artificial ecosystems. Investigou-se mudanças temporais nas comunidades de aves aquáticas dentro e entre áreas úmidas protegidas. Considerou-se a riqueza de espécies e múltiplos componentes da estrutura funcional das comunidades, e examinou-se se existem regras discerníveis determinando a assembleia das comunidades em escala local e regional, e se essas regras sofrem alterações no tempo. Resultados apontam que as comunidades de aves aquáticas estão sofrendo incremento de espécies através da exploração de novos recursos tróficos. As diferenças na ocupação do espaço funcional entre as comunidades têm decrescido, mostrando que as espécies adicionadas ocupam nichos similares em cada área úmida. Esse processo pode ser possível devido a um aumento na proteção do habitat e disponibilidade de recursos alimentares. Assim, apesar de a qualidade ambiental das áreas úmidas ainda não ter sido completamente restaurada, parece que a proteção local está contribuindo para a recuperação das funções executadas pelas comunidades de aves aquáticas. Avaliou-se a estrutura funcional e valores específicos de atributos funcionais de comunidades de aves aquáticas em áreas úmidas naturais, restauradas e artificiais em um mesmo complexo alagado. Resultados apontam que os tipos de áreas úmidas não formam um gradiente simples, não havendo uma diminuição nos índices de diversidade funcional do natural para o artificial, com valores intermediários sendo encontrados nos ambientes restaurados. Em vez disso, a direção da diferença varia de acordo com o índice e o tipo de área úmida. No geral, as áreas artificiais sustentam níveis mais baixos de diversidade de atributos funcionais e de dispersão funcional, quando comparadas a áreas naturais e restauradas. Sugere-se que esforços para proteger áreas úmidas naturais e restauradas são mais efetivos para manter a diversidade original de atributos de aves aquáticas que a construção compensatória de ecossistemas artificiais. 66 f

[ES] En definitiva, se puede afirmar que se ha conseguido el objetivo principal, es decir, conseguir un mayor ahorro de agua a los municipios en sequía. Además, se ha conseguido reutilizar las aguas residuales de una urbanización zona del municipio de Moncada, lo que supone un mejor aprovechamiento del agua y una reducción de la carga de aguas fecales que llegan a la Cuenca del Carraixet. Esta oxigenación es debida a la descentralización o desconexión de una zona de la red de saneamiento, con lo que se reduce el caudal a tratar por la EDAR. Todo esto se consigue gracias al sistema de depuración y regulación planteado, el cual, permite desconectar una parte de del municipio tratando las aguas y reutilizándolas en las diferentes demandas de agua no potable existentes en el municipio. En la realización de este estudio, finalmente se ha optado por la alternativa que nos aporta un volumen de agua tratada de 530 m^3/d día y su posterior aprovechamiento principalmente para servicios urbanos (Riego de parques y jardines y baldeo de viales). En caso de que se recogiese otro volumen mayor (en periodos de lluvia o cuando la lámina de agua del depósito supere la cota del aliviadero de desborde), el agua sobrante será conducida hasta el barranco del carraixet situado al situado al oeste de la zona de estudio. Por lo que tendremos un aporte de agua al barranco en cantidad durante los periodos de lluvia, posibilitando así la aparición de una zona naturalizada con especies variadas de fauna y flora. De esta forma se consigue aumentar el valor ambiental de la zona. Además, en los periodos de tiempo secos, en los que no se produzcan casi precipitaciones, el sistema de humedales artificiales y el posterior almacenamiento del agua tratada, permite el aprovechamiento de las aguas residuales de la barriada de masías lo que supondrá para el municipio, un ahorro de 530000 litros de agua cada día, utilizada para servicios urbanos. El coste del sistema será aproximadamente de 1 millon con lo que se conseguirá descontaminar las aguas residuales de la barriada de Masías, reutilizar el volumen de agua tratada y a su vez se conseguirá reducir la carga de aguas fecales que recibe la depuradora. A todo esto, se suma el notable hecho de que con estas mejoras se abre una tendencia a la descentralización de la red de saneamiento, creando pequeños sectores independientes y auto sostenibles que permitan el aprovechamiento máximo y óptimo de un recurso básico tan indispensable como lo es el agua., [CA] En definitiva, es pot afirmar que s'ha aconseguit l'objectiu principal, és a dir, aconseguir un major estalvi d'aigua als municipis en sequera. A més, s'ha aconseguit reutilitzar les aigües residuals d'una urbanització zona del municipi de Montcada, fet que suposa un millor aprofitament de l'aigua i una reducció de la càrrega d'aigües fecals que arriben a la Conca del Carraixet. Aquesta oxigenació és deguda a la descentralització o desconnexió d'una zona de la xarxa de sanejament, de manera que es redueix el cabal a tractar per l'EDAR. Tot això s'aconsegueix gràcies al sistema de depuració i regulació plantejat, el qual, permet desconnectar una part de del municipi tractant les aigües i reutilitzant en les diferents demandes d'aigua no potable existents al municipi. En la realització d'aquest estudi, finalment s'ha optat per l'alternativa que aporta un volum d'aigua tractada de 530 m ^ 3 / d dia i el seu posterior aprofitament principalment per a serveis urbans (Reg de parcs i jardins i neteja de vials). En cas que es recollís un altre volum més gran (en períodes de pluja o quan la làmina d'aigua del dipòsit superi la cota del sobreeixidor de desbordament), l'aigua sobrant serà conduïda fins al barranc del Carraixet situat situat a l'oest de la zona d'estudi. En tindrem una aportació d'aigua al barranc en quantitat durant els períodes de pluja, possibilitant així l'aparició d'una zona naturalitzada amb espècies variades de fauna i flora. D'aquesta manera s'aconsegueix augmentar el valor ambiental de la zona. A més, en els períodes de temps secs, en què no es produeixin gairebé precipitacions, el sistema d'aiguamolls artificials i el posterior emmagatzematge de l'aigua tractada, permet l'aprofitament de les aigües residuals de la barriada de masies del que suposarà per al municipi, un estalvi de 530.000 litres d'aigua cada dia, utilitzada per a serveis urbans. El cost del sistema serà aproximadament d'1 milió amb el que s'aconseguirà descontaminar les aigües residuals del barri de Masies, reutilitzar el volum d'aigua tractada i al seu torn s'aconseguirà reduir la càrrega d'aigües fecals que rep la depuradora. A tot això, s'hi suma el notable fet que amb aquestes millores s'obre una tendència a la descentralització de la xarxa de sanejament, creant petits sectors independents i auto sostenibles que permetin l'aprofitament màxim i òptim d'un recurs bàsic tan indispensable com ho és l'aigua., [EN] In short, it can be affirmed that the main objective has been achieved, that is to say, to obtain a greater saving of water to the municipalities in drought. In addition, it has been possible to reuse the wastewater of an urbanization area of the municipality of Moncada, which means a better use of water and a reduction of the load of fecal waters that reach the Carraixet Basin. This oxygenation is due to the decentralization or disconnection of an area of the sanitation network, which reduces the flow to be treated by the WWTP. All this is achieved thanks to the system of purification and regulation raised, which allows to disconnect a part of the municipality treating the water and reusing them in the different demands of non-drinking water existing in the municipality. In the realization of this study, we finally opted for the alternative that gives us a volume of treated water of 530 m3 / day and its subsequent use mainly for urban services (irrigation of parks and gardens and flushing of vials). If a larger volume is collected (during periods of rain or when the water sheet of the tank exceeds the level of the overflow spillway), the remaining water will be taken to the ravine of the carraixet located to the west of the zone of study. So we will have a contribution of water to the ravine in quantity during the rainy periods, thus allowing the appearance of a naturalized area with varied species of fauna and flora. In this way it is possible to increase the environmental value of the area. In addition, in dry periods, where there is no near-rainfall, the artificial wetland system and the subsequent storage of the treated water allows the use of waste water from the masía neighborhood, which will mean for the municipality, a saving of 530000 liters of water every day, used for urban services. The cost of the system will be approximately 1 million, which will be able to decontaminate the wastewater of the Masías neighborhood, reuse the volume of treated water and in turn reduce the sewage load that the treatment plant receives. Added to this is the remarkable fact that with these improvements there is a trend towards the decentralization of the sanitation network, creating small independent and self-sustaining sectors that allow maximum and optimal use of a basic resource as indispensable as it is Water.

A constructed wetland (CW) is an integrated and enhanced version of natural ecosystem for fate and transport of pharmaceutically active compounds (PhAC). This thesis demonstrates removal mechanisms of PhACs in CWs and their application as post-treatment processes to eliminate PhACs from wastewater effluent. Four main subjects were investigated in this thesis: 1) mechanisms of PhAC removal in individual processes in CWs, including photodegradation, sorption, biodegradation, and phytoremediation and their interactions; 2) effect of important environmental factors (i.e. dissolved organic matter, redox conditions) on the removal processes; 3) enhancement of photodegradation and biodegradation capacity in CWs; 4) fate and distribution of PhACs in CWs by using chemical and toxicological analytical tools.

Ülkemizde küçük yerleşim yerlerinin evsel atıksularının arıtılması amacıyla yaygın olarak inşa edilen yapay sulak alanlar, gerek projelendirme gerek inşaat gerekse işletme aşamalarında yapılan hatalar nedeni ile verimli bir şekilde işletilememekte veya atıl duruma gelmektedir. Bu tez çalışmasında, Konya İlinde bulunan 48 adet yapay sulak alan yerinde incelenmiş, revizyon ihtiyacı olan yapay sulak alanlarda gerekli bakım onarım ihtiyaçları belirlenmiş, yapay sulak alanlarda karşılaşılan işletme sorunları tespit edilmiştir. Konya'da bulunan yapay sulak alan arıtma tesisleri, Türkiye genelinde yaygın olarak kullanılan yüzeyaltı yatay akışlı yapay sulak alanlardır. Bakım onarım ihtiyacı olmayan ve düzenli olarak giriş çıkış numunesi alınabilen Çobankaya Atıksu Arıtma Tesisi (AAT), Meydanlı AAT ve Zincirlikuyu AAT seçilerek yapay sulak alanlarda arıtma verimleri belirlenmiştir. Giriş çıkış numunesi alınan yapay sulak alanlarda pH, Biyolojik Oksijen İhtiyacı (BOİ5), Kimyasal Oksijen İhtiyacı (KOİ) ve Askıda Katı Madde (AKM) parametrelerine yanında Toplam Azot (TN) ve Toplam Fosfor (TP) analizleri de yapılarak yapay sulak alanlarda nütrient giderimi de incelenmiştir. Seçilen yapay sulak alanlarda 2016 yılı içerisinde farklı tarihlerde alınan numunelerin analiz sonuçlarına göre yapay sulak alanlarda BOİ için %56 - %83, KOİ için %44 - %73, AKM için %51 - %88, TN için %29- %41 ve TP için % 40 - %74 aralığında giderim verimi hesaplanmıştır., Constructed wetlands, which are widely constructed for the treatment of domestic wastewaters of small settlements in our country, can not be operated efficiently or are idle due to mistakes made in both construction and operation stages. In this thesis study, 48 constructed wetlands in KONYA were viewed, necessary maintenance and repair needs were determined in constructed wetlands which requiring revision and operational problems encountered in constructed wetlands were located. Konya's constructed wetlands are subsurface flow constructed wetlands that are use common in TÜRKİYE. Çobankaya Wastewater Treatment Plant (WWTP), Meydanlı WWTP and Zincirlikuyu WWTP were selected where maintenance and repair are not necessary and regular inlet and outlet samples can be obtained for determine to treatment efficiency in constructed wetlands. In the constructed wetlands where inlet and outlet samples were analyzed for total nitrogen (TN) and total phosphorus (TP) in addition to pH, Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD5), Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD), Total Suspended Solid (TSS) for determine nutrient removal in constructed wetlands. Removal efficiency was determined that %56 between %83 BOD5, %44 between %73 COD,%51 between %88 TSS, %29 between %41 TN and % 40 between %74 TP in chosen constructed wetlands.

Removal of phosphorus in four packed biological reactors simulating the root zone of an artificial wetlands was performed. Reactors packing was volcanic slag (tezontle in the Aztec language). The experimental design included the effect of the macrophytes (reactors RA1 with plant, and RA2 without plant), and its replicas (RB1 with plant, and RB2 without plant), as well as the initial concentration of pollutants measured as chemical oxygen demand (one with a C:N:P ratio of 30:1:0.04 equivalent to 450 mg COD/L, and the other one with a ratio 15:1:0.04 equivalent to 225 mg COD/L) in the phosphorus assimilation. Synthetic wastewater was made using sucrose as carbon source, C12H22O11; ammonium sulfate as nitrogen source, (NH4)2SO4, and dodecahydrated sodium phosphate as phosphorus source, Na3PO4.12H2O. Light was obtained from 8 lamps of 30 W fluorescent tubes automatically controlled to simulate light periods of 16 h and 8 h darkness. Three commercial electrodes (Ag/ AgCl-Pt) to measure oxidation-reduction potentials, pOR, at different depths were placed to evaluate the redox potential differences (2, 10, 30 cm from the upper reactor surface). Shoots of a Phragmites australis macrophyte were planted in the reactors RA1 and RB1. Once stability was reached total phosphorus, COD, redox potentials,pH, and temperature. Results show that all reactors had phosphorus removed, and the removal was significantly higher in the reactors with plant (RA1 and RB1, 93% in average for both reactors) (p

ResumenEl lago del Bosque de San Juan de Aragón (LBSJA), ocupa una superficie de 12 hectáreas. El lago está eutrofizado debido a que el sistema de lodos activados, conocido como “Tlacos”, descarga parcialmente agua tratada dentro del lago y ésta contiene concentraciones de nitrógeno y fósforo que propician el crecimiento de microalgas. En este estudio, se describen los aspectos relevantes sobre el diseño, construcción y arranque operativo de un sistema de tratamiento a base de humedales artificiales (STHA) construido en el LBSJA. El STHA ocupa aproximadamente 1 hectárea de superficie, fue diseñado para depurar un promedio de 250m3d−1 de agua. El sistema consiste de un filtro de agregados calcáreos, un sedimentador, un humedal artificial de flujo subsuperficial (HAFSS), un humedal artificial de flujo superficial (HAFS) y un muro gavión filtrante. El agua con la que se alimenta al sistema proviene tanto del efluente de la planta de tratamiento convencional de “Tlacos” (PTAR-Tlacos), como de la contenida en el propio lago. Los resultados muestran 80% de reducción en el contenido de contaminantes. Esto representa una calidad de agua tratada superior a la establecida en la normatividad ambiental para cuerpos acuáticos usados con fines recreativos.AbstractThe lake of Bosque de San Juan de Aragón (LBSJA, for its Spanish acronym), occupies a 12 hectare area. The lake is eutrophicated due to an activated sludge system, known as “Tlacos”, that carries partially treated water into the lake and contains nitrogen and phosphorus concentrations that trigger the growth of microalgae. In this study, we describe relevant aspects of the design, construction and operational start of a treatment system based on artificial wetlands (AWs) built in the LBSJA. The AWs occupies an area of about one hectare; it was designed to purify an average of 250m3d−1 of water. The system consists of a limestone aggregate filter, a settler, a subsurface flow artificial wetland (SSFAW), a surface flow artificial wetland (SFAW), and a gabion wall filter. Water that feeds the system comes from both the conventional treatment plant of “Tlacos” (WWTP-Tlacos) and that contained in the lake itself. Our results show an 80% reduction of contaminant content. The later represents a superior quality than that established in the environmental standards for treated water from water bodies used for recreational purposes.

The objective of this work is to evaluate the impact of innovative modifications made to conventional effluent capture and discharge devices used in subsurface flow wetlands (SSFW). The main modifications that have been developed extend the influence of the capture and discharge device in such a way that the SSFW width and height are fully covered. This improved innovative device was applied and evaluated in two subsurface flow wetlands, one on a pilot scale and one on a real scale. To evaluate the impact of the innovative device with respect to the conventional one in the operational functioning of subsurface flow wetlands, the elimination of chemical oxygen demand (COD) was measured and compared. The results show that for the innovative device, the COD removal was 10% higher than for the conventional device, confirming the validity and effectiveness of the modifications implemented in the effluent capture and discharge devices used in SSFW.

Les zones tampons sont des zones inter-parcellaires, qui peuvent atténuer les transferts hydriques de contaminants d’origine agricole vers les milieux aquatiques, en complément d’une réduction des intrants et de bonnes pratiques agricoles. Elles peuvent être de différents types : zones tampons végétalisées, zones tampons humides artificielles, fossés, fascines, talus et haies. On présente ici les processus et facteurs déterminant l’efficacité des trois premiers types des zones tampons pour limiter les transferts de pesticides vers la ressource aquatique, ainsi que les outils, guides et méthodes élaborés pour optimiser leur implantation et leur dimensionnement. L’implantation de zones tampons sur une AAC ou un bassin versant s’inscrit dans une démarche plus générale, s’appuyant notamment sur un diagnostic de vulnérabilité du milieu aux écoulements, et une concertation entre les acteurs concernés, qui permettent d’assurer son efficacité. En effet, chaque type de zone tampon est plus ou moins efficace selon le type d’écoulement (ruissellement, drainage, écoulement diffus ou hydrauliquement concentré) et les pesticides considérés., Buffer zones are inter-plot areas that can mitigate hydric agricultural contaminants transfers to freshwater, in addition to reduced inputs and good agricultural practices. Different kinds of buffer zones exist: vegetated buffer zones, artificial wetlands, ditches, fascines, embankments and hedges. Processes and factors determining the buffer zone effectiveness to limit pesticides transfers are sumarized for the first three types of buffer zones. The available tools, guides and methods developed to optimize their implantation and sizing are presented. Buffer zones implementation on a catchment area is part of a more general approach. In particular, a diagnosis of the vulnerability of the environment to flows is needed, as well as a consultation between the involved, in order to assure the action plan global efficiency. As a matter of fact, each type of buffer zone is more or less effective depending on the considered type of flow (surface runoff, drainage, diffuse or hydraulically concentrated flow) and pesticides.

Licence; The system-experiment Transi’marsh, set up on the Saint-Laurent de la Prée research farm, aims at operating a conciliation between agricultural production and preservation of the environment. One of the main goals of this experiment is to improve water quality. On the basis of knowledge synthesis from different phytoremediation processes and a diagnosis from the experimental farm, two distinct projects are described: the “Filter planted with reeds” project, to manage water coming from the manure pit and the washing area, and the “Artificial wetland buffer” project for a remediation of pollution from the drained waters on crops. For each project, a location plan and a scaling of the system have been suggested. Moreover, a protocol has been established to monitor overtime the purifying performances of both set ups.; L’expérimentation-système Transi’marsh mise en place sur la ferme expérimentale INRA de Saint-Laurent de la Prée conduit des activités agricoles visant à concilier une production agricole et la préservation de l’environnement. Un des enjeux liés à cette expérimentation concerne l’amélioration de la qualité de l’eau. À partir d’une synthèse des connaissances réalisée sur les différents dispositifs basés sur le procédé de phyto-épuration et d’un diagnostic de la ferme expérimentale, deux projets sont proposés : un projet « Filtre planté de roseaux » pour épurer les eaux issus de la fumière et de la station de lavage, ainsi qu’un projet de « Zone tampon humide artificielle » pour remédier à la pollution issue du drainage de la sole cultivée. Chaque projet fait l’objet d’un schéma de localisation, d’un dimensionnement et d’éventuels aménagements à réaliser. Un protocole d’évaluation de la qualité de l’eau est également proposé de façon à suivre les performances épuratoires dans le temps de ces deux dispositifs.

Purpose of the study is the determination of the water treatment potentials of some plant species used in waste water treatment with artificial wetland systems, which is a natural alternative to physical and chemical treatment methods. For this purpose, the performances of Salvinia natans and Lemna minor aquatic plants which are alternatives to known species such as reeds and water hyacinth which are mainly used in systems have been investigated. Changes in wastewater pollution rates of plants treated with wastewater from the ITOB (Izmir Trade Organized Industrial Zone) Organized Industrial Zone for six weeks were monitored by spectrophotometric analysis and measurements using Hach Lange analysis instruments. As a result, plants were found to be effective in removing total nitrogen and phosphorus from wastewaters, and the results showed that Lemna minor plant increased the amount of dissolved oxygen in water more than Salvinia natans.

Ce numéro comprend les articles correspondant aux présentations du Colloque CIAg "Captages d’eau potable : accompagner les transitions dans les territoires agricoles" organisé à Montpellier le 11 mai 2017.; Buffer zones are inter-plot areas that can mitigate hydric agricultural contaminants transfers tofreshwater, in addition to reduced inputs and good agricultural practices. Different kinds of buffer zonesexist: vegetated buffer zones, artificial wetlands, ditches, fascines, embankments and hedges.Processes and factors determining the buffer zone effectiveness to limit pesticides transfers aresumarized for the first three types of buffer zones. The available tools, guides and methods developedto optimize their implantation and sizing are presented. Buffer zones implementation on a catchmentarea is part of a more general approach. In particular, a diagnosis of the vulnerability of the environmentto flows is needed, as well as a consultation between the involved, in order to assure the action planglobal efficiency. As a matter of fact, each type of buffer zone is more or less effective depending on theconsidered type of flow (surface runoff, drainage, diffuse or hydraulically concentrated flow) andpesticides.; Les zones tampons sont des zones inter-parcellaires, qui peuvent atténuer les transferts hydriques decontaminants d’origine agricole vers les milieux aquatiques, en complément d’une réduction des intrantset de bonnes pratiques agricoles. Elles peuvent être de différents types : zones tampons végétalisées,zones tampons humides artificielles, fossés, fascines, talus et haies. On présente ici les processus etfacteurs déterminant l’efficacité des trois premiers types des zones tampons pour limiter les transfertsde pesticides vers la ressource aquatique, ainsi que les outils, guides et méthodes élaborés pouroptimiser leur implantation et leur dimensionnement. L’implantation de zones tampons sur une AAC ouun bassin versant s’inscrit dans une démarche plus générale, s’appuyant notamment sur un diagnosticde vulnérabilité du milieu aux écoulements, et une concertation entre les acteurs concernés, quipermettent d’assurer son efficacité. En effet, chaque type de zone tampon est plus ou moins efficaceselon le type d’écoulement (ruissellement, drainage, écoulement diffus ou hydrauliquement concentré)et les pesticides considérés.

L’expérimentation-système Transi’marsh mise en place sur la ferme expérimentale INRA de Saint-Laurent de la Prée conduit des activités agricoles visant à concilier une production agricole et la préservation de l’environnement. Un des enjeux liés à cette expérimentation concerne l’amélioration de la qualité de l’eau. À partir d’une synthèse des connaissances réalisée sur les différents dispositifs basés sur le procédé de phyto-épuration et d’un diagnostic de la ferme expérimentale, deux projets sont proposés : un projet « Filtre planté de roseaux » pour épurer les eaux issus de la fumière et de la station de lavage, ainsi qu’un projet de « Zone tampon humide artificielle » pour remédier à la pollution issue du drainage de la sole cultivée. Chaque projet fait l’objet d’un schéma de localisation, d’un dimensionnement et d’éventuels aménagements à réaliser. Un protocole d’évaluation de la qualité de l’eau est également proposé de façon à suivre les performances épuratoires dans le temps de ces deux dispositifs., The system-experiment Transi’marsh, set up on the Saint-Laurent de la Prée research farm, aims at operating a conciliation between agricultural production and preservation of the environment. One of the main goals of this experiment is to improve water quality. On the basis of knowledge synthesis from different phytoremediation processes and a diagnosis from the experimental farm, two distinct projects are described: the “Filter planted with reeds” project, to manage water coming from the manure pit and the washing area, and the “Artificial wetland buffer” project for a remediation of pollution from the drained waters on crops. For each project, a location plan and a scaling of the system have been suggested. Moreover, a protocol has been established to monitor overtime the purifying performances of both set ups.

[EN] The "Albufera" is the lake of Valencia and the most emblematic natural space in the valencian territory. Now, it suffers from hipereutrofication, a widespread problem with adverse effects for irrigation and drinking, as for the biodiversity in wetlands nearby industrial or with high population pressure areas. The lagoon is protected by different regulations figures, within them european regulations, which require the administration to reestablish favorable conservation status. In this way, in order to decrease the eutrophication level, we find the use of artificial wetlands as depuration systems this allows to lower the paremeters level that cause this problem, mainly nutrients. Artificial wetlands are areas where reproduces, in a controlled manner, the purifying processes of a natural wetland. Water flows between macrophyte vegetation which, among other functions, assimilates nutrients for growth and reproduction, so that, if the plant biomass is harvested, these components are removed from the enviroment. Also leads to increase sedimentation of suspended solids, and limits the growth of algae because attenuates sunlight, facts that contribute to reduce eutrophication. In addition, constructed wetlands encourage biodiversity and have a high environmental and landscape value, assuming in many cases the restoration of a lost ecosystem. In the Albufera Natural Park several projects of artificial wetlands implementation are being carried out nowadays . Among them, the " Tancat de la Pipa", a surface flow wetland, allows to study measures to improve water quality in the lake. In the " Tancat de la Pipa" , three different environments have been created that provide renaturation to the area, and also promote the development of biodiversity. At the same time, it pretends to give an answer to the eutrophication problem of the lagoon, within the multiple factors involved in eutrophication of the system. In the present study, framed within a larger project Life , benthic macroinvertebrate community and epibenthonic are determined in the "Tancat de la Pipa" during the winter of 2014, and this information is used to try to seek relations with changes in water quality during the purifying process of wetland and water regulation of the cells of " tancat ". The aquatic macroinvertebrates are a group of organisms that due to their biological and ecological characteristics, are widely used as bio-indicators of the state of water quality. They allow to detect specific effects of past disturbances that do not reflect the physicochemical parameters. On the other hand, macroinvertebrate represents a key community in aquatic ecosystems they mean the food base for many species, among others, fish and birds. In this sense, in a Natural Park, its presence is particularly important in places such as artificial wetlands, because they are a reservoir of food when rice may not provide adequate trophic offer to the birds, due to the water management of the crop. Therefore, the macroinvertebrate community attaches importance to artificial wetlands of the Albufera of Valencia in the annual cycle of birds, because promotes the biodiversity of the park. During this study, the community of invertebrates, obtained in order to look for patterns that explain the functioning of the Tancat the la Pipa system, is analyzed from different points of view. In this way, this study works with abundances, taxonomic groups, trophic groups and different levels of quality and ecological status along each of the cells in which is divided the "tancat". The subdivision into cells, and the analisys following the hydraulic lines, allow us to observe the evolution and help to understand the processes produced. After that, the bionomic data is related with environmental parameters to observe their effect on macroinvertebrates and establish relationships. Finally, as a way of comparison, the macroinvertebrate community is obtained from a rice field in the Natural Park in order to see if the atmosphere created in the "tancat" favors or not an improvement in diversity and population. The results, with the statistical analysis of the data, do not allow clear patterns of evolution, but give clues that help to explain the processes taking place and open the door to new research to be able to clarify the behaviour of this particular places, the artificial wetlands in the Mediterranean. The understanding of how it works will allow progress towards improvement in water quality, objective needed in the lagoon of the Albufera, and relevant to reach the accomplishment of the Water Framework Directive , the Habitats Directive and the Birds Directive., [ES] El lago de la Albufera de Valencia, uno de los espacios naturales más emblemáticos del territorio valenciano, sufre de hipereutrofia, problema muy extendido en las zonas húmedas cercanas a áreas industrializadas o con fuerte presión demográfica y con efectos adversos tanto para el riego y consumo humano, como para la biodiversidad del sistema. La Albufera está protegida por diferentes figuras normativas, entre ellas a nivel europeo, que obligan a la administración a reestablecer su estado de conservación favorable. Con esta finalidad, y en la búsqueda de actuaciones que minimicen el nivel de eutrofización, encontramos la utilización de humedales artificiales como sistemas de depuración que permiten bajar los niveles de los parámetros que causan este problema, los nutrientes principalmente. Los humedales artificiales son zonas donde se reproducen, de forma controlada, los procesos depurativos de un humedal natural. El agua fluye entre la vegetación macrófita la cual, entre otras funciones, asimila los nutrientes para su crecimiento y reproducción, de modo que si se recolecta la biomasa vegetal, se eliminan estos componentes del medio. También provoca un aumento de la sedimentación de sólidos suspendidos y limita el crecimiento de las algas puesto que atenúa la radiación solar, hechos que contribuyen a disminuir la eutrofización. Además, los humedales artificiales fomentan la biodiversidad y poseen un alto valor ambiental y paisajístico, suponiendo en muchos casos la restauración de un ecosistema perdido. En el Parque Natural de la Albufera de Valencia se están llevando a cabo actualmente varios proyectos de puesta en marcha de humedales artificiales. Entre ellos, el Tancat de la Pipa, humedal de flujo superficial, que permite estudiar medidas de gestión para mejorar la calidad del agua del lago. En él se han creado tres ambientes diferentes que aportan renaturalización al área y favorecen así el desarrollo de la biodiversidad, a la vez que pretende dar una respuesta al problema de la eutrofización existente en el lago, dentro de los múltiples factores que intervienen en la eutrofización del sistema. En el presente estudio, enmarcado dentro de un proyecto Life de mayor envergadura, se determina la comunidad de macroinvertebrados bentónicos y epibentónicos en el Tancat de la Pipa durante el invierno de 2014, y se utiliza esta información para tratar de buscar relaciones con los cambios en la calidad del agua durante el proceso depurados del humedal y con la regulación hídrica de las celdas del “tancat”. Los macroinvertebrados acuáticos son un grupo de organismos que, debido a sus características biológicas y ecológicas, son muy usados como bioindicadores del estado de la calidad del agua. Éstos permiten detectar efectos de perturbaciones puntuales pasadas que los parámetros fisicoquímicos no reflejan. Por otro lado, los macroinvertebrados suponen una comunidad clave en los ecosistemas acuáticos puesto que significan la base trófica de muchas especies, entre otras, de peces y aves. En este sentido, dentro del Parque Natural, su presencia cobra especial importancia en lugares como los humedales artificiales, ya que suponen un reservorio de alimento cuando los arrozales no pueden proporcionar una adecuada oferta trófica a las aves, debido a la gestión hídrica de dicho cultivo. Por tanto, la comunidad de macroinvertebrados otorga importancia a los humedales artificiales de la Albufera de Valencia en el ciclo anual de las aves, viéndose favorecida así la biodiversidad del parque. A lo largo del trabajo se analiza, desde diferentes puntos de vista, la comunidad de macroinvertebrados obtenida con el objetivo de buscar patrones que expliquen y ayuden a establecer el funcionamiento del sistema establecido en el Tancat de la Pipa. Así, se trabaja con abundancias, grupos taxonómicos, grupos tróficos y diferentes índices de calidad y de estado ecológico a lo largo de cada una de las celdas en que se divide el “tancat”. La subdivisión en celdas y su análisis siguiendo las líneas hidráulicas permiten observar la evolución y ayudan a comprender los procesos producidos. A continuación, los datos bionómicos se relacionan con parámetros ambientales para observar el efecto de éstos sobre los macroinvertebrados y establecer así relaciones. Finalmente, a modo de comparación, se obtiene la comunidad de macroinvertebrados en un arrozal del Parque Natural, con la finalidad de observar si el ambiente creado en el “tancat” favorece o no una mejora en la diversidad y población. Los resultados, con el estudio estadístico de los datos, no permiten establecer patrones claros de la evolución, pero dan claves que ayudan a explicar los procesos que se dan lugar y abren las puertas a nuevas líneas de investigación que posibiliten esclarecer el funcionamiento de lugares tan particulares como son los humedales artificiales en el mediterráneo. La comprensión de su funcionamiento permitirá avanzar hacia la mejora en la calidad del agua, objetivo necesario en la laguna de la Albufera y relevante para alcanzar el cumplimiento de la Directiva Marco del Agua, la Directiva Hábitats y la Directiva Aves.

Etland is one of the natural treatment methods used for municipal wastewater treatment, which could transfer the effluents to the ecosystem, safely or being used for agricultural purposes and etc. this study investigates a pilot in the form subsurface flow wetland efficiency in rural sewage result of septic tank. The constructed Wetlandwas built in Morad Tapeh Village, Karaj County, Alborz Province.The pilot project was executed from galvanized plates with the dimensions of (length 20 m - Depth 1m - width 30 cm). 0.5 m from each side of the Pilot Project was covered by rubble-stones to the depth of 0.5m and the interval was filled by screened sand, porosity degree (α=0.39), maximum 10% of them measuring 2mm, with the hydraulic conductivity Ks=1575 F3, covered by 10cm peat. The study took one year, from Sept. 2009 to Sept. 2010. The plant used in this constructed Wetland, was the common straw, scientifically named as Pharagmites Australis and role of the pilot constructed Wetland was considered refining pollution, using this type of plant. It was supposed that the said project decreases the items P, N and some other parameters including TSS, COD and BOD and brings them within limits of the ecological standards. Tests were carried out according to the method, showing following results:(1)BOD input & output averages is 57± 31 and 8 ± 4 mg/l respectively, while its average elimination percentage is %79 ±15.(2)COD input & output averages is 97 ± 47 and 24 ±12 mg/l respectively, while its average elimination percentage is %70 ±16.(3)TSS input & output averages is 40 ± 47 and 5 ± 4 mg/l respectively, while its average elimination percentage is %76 ±16.(4)TN input & output averages is 13 ± 6 and 4 ± 3 mg/l respectively, while its average elimination percentage is %59 ± 26.(5)TP input & output averages is 7 ±7 and 8 ± 9 mg/l respectively, while its average elimination percentage is %86 ± 12.

We present 9 recent records of rare waterfowls in Baja California Sur, all of them in artificial wetlands: 3 freshwater sites and 1 concentration area for a saltworks. We present the first records of the Ross's Goose in the state. The remaining 8 species are: Black-bellied Whistling-Duck (breeding), Fulvous Whistling-Duck, Greater White-fronted Goose, Snow Goose, Cackling Goose, Tundra Swan, Mallard and Hooded Merganser. To this list we added an historical compilation of the records of these species in artificial sites of the state. The artificial wetlands are no replacement for their natural counterparts, they are nevertheless an important part of the region's landscape mosaic. As the records of the present work exemplify, this man-made habitat increases the regional species richness, and should be considered as important areas that need to be protected.Presentamos registros recientes de 9 especies de anátidos raros en Baja California Sur, todos ellos realizados en humedales creados por el hombre: 3 sitios dulceacuícolas y 1 área de concentración para la producción de sal. Se incluyen los primeros registros del ganso de Ross (Chen rossii) para el estado. Las 8 especies restantes son: Dendrocygna autumnalis (anidación), D. bicolor, Anser albifrons, Chen caerulesens, Branta hutchinsii, Cygnus columbianus, Anas platyrhynchos y Lophodytes cucullatus. A la lista, agregamos una recopilación histórica de los registros de estas especies en humedales artificiales del estado. Aunque estos sitios no deben sustituir a sus contrapartes naturales, actualmente forman parte del mosaico paisajístico que ofrece la región; adicionalmente, incrementan la riqueza de especies de la región, por lo que es necesario brindarles protección.

In het Lankheet gebied onderzoeken Alterra en KIWA al enkele jaren of bevloeiing kan helpen de kwaliteit van beekbegeleidende, natte bossen te verhogen. In de eerste jaren werd er bevloeid met basenrijk oppervlaktewater, maar in droge jaren was er hiervoor niet genoeg water beschikbaar. Sinds de aanleg van zuiveringsmoerassen kan water voortaan via stuwen gereguleerd naar de natte bossen geleid worden. Helaas zijn de bossen zelfs in de zomer te nat, door kwel van de rietvelden, dus er zullen nog wel aanpassingen in de lokale waterhuishouding nodig zijn. Toch zijn de eerste resultaten bemoedigend

Urban rainfall runoff pollution has become a major reason for water eutrophication problem in the process of urbanization in China, while phosphorus is a significant restrictive factor that influences primary productivity of freshwater system. It's rather significant to conduct phosphorus control in waste water with engineering measures. This research, based on material balance research of phosphorus in artificial wetlands, HRT (hydraulic retention time) and analysis of wetland plant photosynthesis and removal rate of phosphorus, simulates purification of phosphorus in urban runoff sewage by artificial wetland system. Experiment shows that removal rate of total phosphorus in urban runoff sewage by artificial wetland system reaches 42.23%-60.89%, and contribution rate in removal of phosphorus which is assimilated and absorbed by plants is 14.74%; contribution rate in removal of phosphorus which is accumulated and absorbed by substrates is 43.22%; contribution rate in removal of phosphorus which is absorbed by means like microorganisms is 2.93%. Pollutant absorption by substrates is a process of dynamic equilibrium. With extension of HRT, phosphorus removing effect of wetlands present an increasing and then decreasing tendency; Net photosynthetic rate and TP removal rate of canna and reed have significant positive correlation, and correlation coefficients are respectively 0.941(P

The very wet conditions of recent years in Europe have made it clear that measures will have to be taken in this century to prevent flooding. The question is how to manage groundwater in order to reduce the anticipated increased hydrological risk. Furthermore the surface water quality in the Netherlands is insufficient to meet the standards of the Water Framework Directive. The required improvements are difficult to reach, because the diffuse loads of nutrients from agricultural land can not be easily reduced. An experimental evidence on a practical scale is lacking and therefore in the woodland area of Lankheet in the eastern part of the Netherlands, 3 ha has been planted with reeds to purify the river water.

International audience

In recent years, in response to the increased need of water resources for different uses, construction of artificial lakes has created many problems, causing an irreversible modification in the natural environment: the possibility of flooding over adjacent areas increases, new local climatic conditions are created, and there is a loss in water and sediment that should be given back to the river downstream. Moreover, the mean lifetime of artificial lakes is greatly shortened by the accumulation of sediments coming from the rivers feeding into them. Thus, maintenance of these particular habitats by means of periodical sediment removal is necessary in order to keep a satisfactory level of functionality. To resolve this problem, and in the meantime improve the quality of the surrounding environment, we propose a system, based on the integration of both classical and ecological engineering techniques, which is able to: (1) refurnish satisfactory reservoir volumes by removing sediments from the bottom; (2) provide the possibility of reusing these sediments; and (3) increase local biodiversity. The case study is located in Southern Italy, in the Basilicata Region, and involves the Camastra Reservoir.

Belasting van brakke watergangen en estuaria met nutriënten en gewasbeschermingsmiddelen uit de agrarische sector is een belangrijke oorzaak voor het nog niet halen van ecologische doelen voor deze wateren. Naar analogie van de zoetwatergevoede helofytenfi lters is het aannemelijk dat zilte zuiverende moerassen schoon brak water kunnen leveren voor (her)gebruik benedenstrooms. Daarmee zou dit concept waterschappen kunnen helpen om de doelstellingen voor een betere waterkwaliteit in de haarvaten van het watersysteem en in de aanpalende buitenwateren te behalen. Ook behoort koppeling met kustveiligheidsconcepten en met ecologische doelstellingen voor natuurlijker vormgegeven zoet-zoutovergangen tot de mogelijkheden.

Speciaal aangelegde moerassen met rietplanten kunnen bij een gecontroleerde watertoevoer ruim 60 procent van de stikstof of 40 procent van het fosfaat verwijderen uit drain- en slootwater. Dat blijkt uit proeven in Limburg door de universiteit van Wageningen. Aanleg van dit soort zuiveringsmoerassen kan voor de landbouw een belangrijke maatregel zijn om aan de Kaderrichtlijn Water te voldoen. Het is een goedkope methode om stikstof of fosfaat uit het water te halen. De kosteneffectiviteit ligt in de orde van vijf tot 40 euro per kilo verwijderd stikstof, afhankelijk van de keuze van schaalgrootte. De kosten-effectiviteit van fosfaat is 115 euro per kilo verwijderd fosfor. Nadeel is de benodigde ruimte. Het koppelen aan andere functies, zoals waterberging, recreatie of biomassaproductie, kan natuurlijke zuiveringssystemen aantrekkelijker maken