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Seven species of Rhodymenia have been recorded for the coast of Peru, where six of them grow on the central coast: R. corallina, R. howeana, R. multidigitata, R. flabellifolia, R. skottsbergii and R. californica. The most controversial taxonomically is R. corallina, from which R. howeana and R. multidigitata have been separated, only on the basis of external morphological characters (stipe form and frond habit). Recent and intensive collections of this species complex in the central coast of Peru (9°S to 15°S) have allowed gathering several morphotypes, evidencing high morphological variability, which makes difficult to differentiate each of the taxa involved. The aim of this work was to clarify the taxonomy of this complex by combining morphological data, both vegetative and reproductive, and genetic sequences through the use of rbcL and COI-5P markers. Specimens from Callao, type locality of R. howeana and R. multidigitata, were molecularly analyzed together with material from the central (Casma to Marcona, 9-15°S) and northern coast of Peru (Piura, 6°S), as well as northern Chile (Coquimbo, 30°S), solving two Rhodymenia groups. A first phylogenetic group, associated to R. corallina from Chile (Coquimbo, 30°S), is distributed along the entire Peruvian central coast (Casma to Marcona, 9-15°S), and a second group is restricted to the northern coast of Peru (Piura to Casma, 6-9°S). These groups differ in characters of external and reproductive morphology. Based on features of the tetrasporangial sori, R. howeana is recognized for northern Peru. © 2019, University of Valparaiso. All rights reserved.

RESUMEN Los pacientes con adenomas hipofisarios constituyen una población heterogénea y requieren un enfoque individualizado. El objetivo de nuestro trabajo fue analizar nuestra población con adenomas hipofisarios no funcionantes (ACNF) y evaluar factores pronóstico de crecimiento (como el Ki-67) que ayuden en la toma de decisiones. Se realizó un análisis retrospectivo de 202 pacientes, incluyendo evaluación basal, enfoque terapéutico y evolución tumoral en 2 grupos: pacientes con conducta expectante (n = 69) y pacientes con cirugía (n = 133). La serie tuvo 55% de pacientes mujeres y la edad media al diagnóstico fue de 49 años. Los motivos de consulta más frecuentes fueron incidentaloma hipofisario y alteraciones visuales. Radiológicamente, 83% fueron macroadenomas, 77% invasivos y 55% mostraron compromiso visual. Entre los adenomas invasores, el 53% tenían disfunción hipofisaria, siendo el hipogonadismo el hallazgo más frecuente. El tratamiento inicial fue la cirugía en el 65,8% realizándose por vía transnasal en el 79% de los casos. Las complicaciones más frecuentes fueron diabetes insípida transitoria e hiponatremia, con mayor incidencia de diabetes insípida permanente en la cirugía transcraneal. La inmunohistoquímica mostró gonatropinomas en el 43,4% de los casos y fue negativa en el 37,7%. Doce adenomas tuvieron índice de proliferación Ki-67 ≥3%. Luego de la cirugía 56,8% de los pacientes mejoraron el campo visual, 22,6% recuperó alguna función endocrina y 18,8% agregó un nuevo déficit. En pacientes no operados, se observó crecimiento tumoral en 5,6% de los adenomas Hardy 1-2 y en el 21% de los Hardy 3-4. Entre los adenomas operados, aquellos sin resto tumoral postoperatorio no presentaron recurrencia. De los tumores con remanente postoperatorio (78,6%) no irradiados, el 41,5% mostró recrecimiento lesional al seguimiento. Este porcentaje se eleva a 66,6% en aquellos con Ki-67 ≥3% y disminuye a 12% en los que recibieron radioterapia. ABSTRACT Patients with pituitary adenomas are a heterogeneous population and require an individualized approach. The aim of our study was to analyze our population of patients with nonfunctioning pituitary adenomas (NFA) and to evaluate prognostic growth factors (such as Ki-67) that help in decision making. A retrospective analysis of 202 patients, including baseline assessment, therapeutic approach and tumor evolution was performed in 2 groups: expectant management (n = 69) and surgery (n = 133). The mean age at diagnosis was 49 years, 55% women. The most frequent reasons for consultation were pituitary incidentaloma and visual impairment. Eighty three percent were macroadenomas, 77% invasive, and 55% with visual impairment. Among the invasive adenomas, 53% had pituitary dysfunction, with hypogonadism being the most frequent finding. The initial treatment was surgery in 65.8%, 79% of them through transnasal approach. The most frequent complications were transient diabetes insipidus and hyponatremia, with a higher incidence of permanent diabetes insipidus in transcranial surgery. The immunohistochemistry showed: 43.4% gonadotropinomas, 37.7% negative. Twelve adenomas had proliferation index Ki-67 ≥3%. After surgery, 56.8% improved the visual fields, 22.6% recovered some endocrine function and 18.8% added a new deficit. In non-operated patients, tumor growth was observed in 5.6% of the Hardy 1-2 adenomas and 21% of the Hardy 3-4 adenomas. Among the operated adenomas, those without postoperative tumor residue did not present recurrence. In tumors with non-irradiated postoperative remnant (78.6%), 41.5% increased. This percentage rises to 66.6% in those with Ki-67 ≥3%, and decreases to 12% in those who received radiotherapy.