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No decorrer dos séculos XVIII e XIX, desenvolveu-se em vários países uma nova sensibilidade sobre a morte. Além de constatar o perigo que os cadáveres representavam para a saúde, a medicina procurou também definir melhor os limites entre a vida e a morte. As denúncias sobre pessoas enterradas ainda com sinais de vida levantavam o problema da morte aparente e a necessidade de os médicos identificarem com maior exatidão os sinais da morte no corpo. Este artigo examina a questão da morte aparente, através dos jornais médicos e de outros documentos, no contexto do Rio de Janeiro (Brasil) do século XIX. Após apresentar os aspectos mais gerais a propósito do debate sobre a morte aparente na medicina da época e suas implicações, destacando o exemplo de Portugal, buscamos contemplar esse debate no caso brasileiro. During the 18th and 19th centuries, a new sensibility toward death developed in several countries. In addition to the danger posed by corpses to health, medicine also sought to better define the boundaries between life and death. Complaints about people buried with signs of life raised the issue of apparent death and highlighted the need for physicians to more accurately identify signs of death in the body. This article uses medical journals and other documents to examine the issue of apparent death in the context of Rio de Janeiro (Brazil) in the 19th century. After presenting general aspects of the debate on apparent death in medicine at the time and its implications, using Portugal as an example, this article examines this debate in the Brazilian case.

Hardly any other folklore subject or motif can offer a more colourful bouquet in genre than apparent death, ranging from fairy tales and romantic legends to rumours, ballads, and jokes. The historical origin of stories of apparent death extends back to antiquity, probably also relying on some true events; however, the formation and spread of folktales on this subject falls into the Enlightenment period in Europe. The emergence and development of this topic relate to medical and religious practices, journalism and literature. The article focuses on the traditional context of apparent death in eighteenth-nineteenth-century Europe, including Estonia.

The article deals with the early career of the literary critic Alberto Asor Rosa, one of the founders of the operaismo movement, a Marxist tendency advocating the management of factories by workers...

The present study deals with apparent death, a multi-layered theme running through European cultural history, cultural and culture-forming phenomenon, which is located on the border of historical eras, various scientific disciplines, serious research, and the area curiosities.

[Resumen] A partir del siglo XVIII se empieza a difundir la opinión sobre la necesidad de establecer una distancia favorable entre los muertos y los vivos, propiciando los enterramientos en lugares alejados de los núcleos habitados. También, en esa época, se suscita un fuerte movimiento crítico contra la excesiva premura en las inhumaciones. No es de extrañar, por tanto, que se generase un gran debate acerca de los signos de la muerte antes de realizar el sepelio. Por otra parte, siempre se consideró al suicidio como contrario a los principios católicos y, por ende, se le negaba al suicida el entierro en lugar sacro. Fue Feijoo quien se anticipó en más de dos siglos al vigente Código de Derecho Canónico de 1983, eliminando la prohibición de inhumar a quien se quita la vida por considerarlo “enfermo mental” y, por consiguiente, inimputable [Abstract] From the 18th century it is started to spread the opinion about the necessity to establish some favourable distance between the dead men and the alive ones, favouring the burials in places far from the populated areas. Also, at that time, a strong critical movement is provoked against the excessive urgency in the inhumations. It is not surprising, therefore, that a great discussion was generated regarding the signs of death before the burial was taken place. On the other hand, suicide is always considered as opposite to the catholic principles and, in consequence, the burial was denied in a sacred place. Feijoo was the person who anticipated in more than two centuries, to the in force Code of Canon Law of 1983, which eliminate the prohibition of funeral rites to those people who take one´s own life for considering as a “mentally-ill person” and, consequently, not guilty

The increasing number of deaths due to the COVID-19 pandemic has raised serious global concerns. Increased testing capacity and ample intensive care availability could explain lower mortality in some countries compared to others. Nevertheless, it is also plausible that the SARS-CoV-2 mutations giving rise to different phylogenetic clades are responsible for the apparent death rate disparities around the world. Current research literature linking the genetic make-up of SARS-CoV-2 with fatalities is lacking. Here, we suggest that this disparity in fatality rates may be attributed to SARS-CoV-2 evolving mutations and urge the international community to begin addressing the phylogenetic clade classification of SARS-CoV-2 in relation to clinical outcomes.

Since the sixteenth century, competition between midwives and surgeons has created a culture of blame around the difficult delivery. In the late seventeenth century, 100 years before oxygen was discovered, researchers associated "apparent death of the newborn" with impaired respiratory function of the placenta. The diagnosis "birth asphyxia" replaced the term "apparent death of the newborn" during the mass phobia of being buried alive in the eighteenth century. This shifted the interpretation from unavoidable fate to a preventable condition. Although the semantic inaccuracy ("pulselessness") was debated, "asphyxia" was not scientifically defined until 1992. From 1792 the diagnosis was based on a lack of oxygen. "Blue" and "white" asphyxia were perceived as different disorders in the eighteenth, and as different grades of the same disorder in the nineteenth century. In 1862, William Little linked birth asphyxia with cerebral palsy, and although never confirmed, his hypothesis was accepted by scientists and the public. Fetal well-being was assessed by auscultating heart beats since 1822, and continuous electronic fetal monitoring was introduced in the 1960s without scientific assessment. It neither diminished the incidence of birth asphyxia nor of cerebral palsy, but rather raised the rate of cesarean sections and litigation against obstetricians and midwives.

One of the main reasons against organ donation is the fear of apparent death due to ignorance of the brain death concept. Our aim was to assess knowledge about and acceptance of the brain death concept among the population of Havana, Cuba.The population screened, stratified by gender and age, included those15 years old and living in Havana, Cuba. The appraisal tool utilized was a questionnaire on attitude toward organ donation ("PCID-DTO Ríos"). A random selection of individuals were surveyed according to the stratification. Cuba's census data were used. The participation was anonymized and self-administered. The verbal consent of participants was provided.There were 920 respondents: 31% (n = 282) knew the concept of brain death and accepted it; 57% (n = 529) did not; and 12% (n = 109) had a misperception, or did not accept brain death as a person's death. Those who knew and accepted the concept had a more favorable attitude toward their own organ donation after death (85% vs 61%; P .001). The psychosocial factors related to the knowledge of brain death concept were: the gender (P = .002), to make up for speaking at a family level about the organ transplant (P .001), the couple's opinion about the organ donation (P .001) and the religion (P .001).The brain death concept is not well understood in the population of Havana, Cuba.

Die Angste vor dem Scheintod und Hufelands Einfuhrung des Weimarer Leichenhauses anno 1792

Jean-Baptiste Vincent Laborde (1830-1903), native of Buzet, in Gascony, undertook his medical studies in Paris and was nominated "externe" (1854) then "interne" (1858) of Paris hospitals. His main "patrons" were Alfred Velpeau (1795-1867), Auguste Nélaton (1807-1873), Jean-Baptiste Bouillaud (1796-1881), Pierre-Olive Rayer (1793-1867), Joseph-François Malgaigne (1806-1865), Pierre Carl Edouard Potain (1825-1901), Ernest Charles Lasègue (1816-1883) and Léon Rostan (1790-1866). In 1864 he defended his thesis on the essential paralysis of childhood. He then worked in the physiology laboratory of Professor Jules Auguste Beclard (1818-1887), and became "chef des travaux" of physiology at the Paris faculty of medicine. In 1890, he was nominated to the chair of Biological anthropology at the Paris school of anthropology. His main works focused on the rhythmic tractions of the tongue in cases of apparent death, the understanding of the etiology of brain softening he attributed to vascular occlusions by atheroma and the discovery of connections between the cranial nuclei of common (III) and external (VI) oculomotor nerves and the struggle against the use of ceruse, against tuberculosis and especially against alcoholism. In addition, he made a career in journalism: since 1874 he had been the founder, director and editor-in-chief of the weekly newspaper The Medical Tribune, whose aim was to "combine to a fair extent, science and progress with the practice of medicine." Finally, Laborde was a convinced Republican, a friend of Léon Gambetta's (1838-1882). For him, democracy was the "ideal of civilized nations" and he showed deep hatred for the "Commune of Paris". Finally, he was a determined free thinker, who ran the Society for mutual autopsy for a while and who was attached to civil funerals and cremation.

The eighteenth-century novels of Henry Fielding show striking resemblances with the ancient romances. This article focuses on one such similarity: the motif of apparant death. it explores instances where not only the motif itself but also a number of narrative details (plot lines, situations, results and/or goals) recall passages from specific Greek romances. Fielding's use of ancient fiction is contextualized by comparison/contrast with his famous rival Samuel Richardson, who uses the motif in a significantly different way. Fielding uses the motif to direct the plot or create a certain atmosphere of a scene. He adapts it to his own style and his theme of the human passions.

Throughout his writing, Keats evinces a double consciousness as a trained medical student, at the top of his class at the Borough Medical School, and as a poet concerned with states of perception. In both cases, he evinces an obsessive concern with the oxymoronic life of non-sensation. In his medical praxis, Keats was confronted with various stages of paralysis as well as what one of his teachers defined as apparent death. As a poet, Keats depicts an entire medical ward of paralytics in the fallen titans of Hyperion, and he begins a lifelong exploration of suspended animation as a mental state in ‘To My Brother George’ and ‘Sleep and Poetry’ in the 1817 volume. The reverie of those poems, however, is increasingly focused, in Endymion, the ‘Hyperion’ poems and ‘La Belle Dame‘, on psychological inanition. With the Odes, finally, Keats explores an oxymoronic universe in which life and death are conceptually intertwined, as they would have been throughout Keats's medical experience.

A story is told here of an investigation into change management's apparent death, provoked by the dubious business novel Who Killed Change [Blanchard, K., J. Britt, P. Zigarmi, and J. Hoekstra. 2009. Who Killed Change? Solving the Mystery of Leading People Through Change. London: Harper Collins Publishers]. The story is told over eight chapters inviting you to investigate competing explanations for the death of change management using the structure of the story arc: stasis, trigger, quest, surprise, critical choice, climax, reversal and resolution. An annoying voice (sometimes interior monologue and at other times dialogue) of another reader keen to inform and frame your understanding of the status of change management remains ever present. The case is solved with the story's resolution providing insights into advantages of investigating over literature reviewing, the problematic/masculine nature of murder metaphors, the academic potential of story arcs and the mystery which characterises organizational c...

For very long medicine has been dealing with the question what death means and when it has occurred. The promotion of this debate is mainly owed to the new medical findings and the concrete requirements of the clinical practice; but other factors like social-historical influences (in particular the dispute over the secure determination of death) as well as the (de-)medicalization of the concept of death have also to be taken into account. In a concise historical overlook this study aims to demonstrate the development of the definition of death: In ancient Greece Aristotle, disregarding the transcendent teleology, describes the natural or non-natural death that occurs when the production of the vegetative warmth in the central organ - the heart - has ceased. In the Enlightenment Johann August Unzer (emulated later by Bichat and Hufeland) worked out the concept of the step-by-step process of death: In the attempt to explain sudden death, apparent death and reanimation the enlightened physiologist differentiated between the cessation of the senses (caused by heart death and brain death) and the vegetative functions. In the second half of the 20th century progress made in transplanting and intensive care generated a broadened medical definition of death that met strong opposition in the discussions on the autonomy of the patient and the worth of human life. Generally considered, the increasing differences in interpreting death between physicians and medical laymen, but also in medical practice and basic research are mainly due to the divergent demands regarding the definition and diagnosis of death.

Introduction. Diagnosing death represents an activity that carries a great deal of public responsibility for medical professionals and is continually exposed to the control of citizens and media. Although this is a taboo subject in medical circles, unfortunately in medical practice there are situations when the physician issues a death diagnosis form without even examining the person or for an already buried person. Such physician?s action is impermissible and it leads to the possibility of professional and criminal law punishment. Case Outline. By giving examples from practice, we wish to point out the need for exceptional caution when confirming and diagnosing death in order to diagnose the true, i.e. rule out apparent death and consequently avoid the mistake of declaring dead someone still alive. Conclusion. When confirming and declaring death, exceptional caution of the physician is necessary so as not to declare dead someone still alive!

In 1891 the Italian psychiatrist Enrico Morselli (1852–1929) described taphophobia, defining it as an extreme condition of claustrophobia due to the fear of being buried alive. This rare psychopathological phenomenon reflects an ancient fear, and its origin is not known. Taphophobia is closely linked to the problem of apparent death and premature burial. In the nineteenth century, scientists and authors paid particular attention to the issue of apparent death, and special devices (safety coffins) were invented to ensure that premature burial was avoided. Nowadays taphophobia is quite a rare psychiatric disorder; different forms of social anxiety disorders are much more widespread. Its modern equivalent could be the fear of organs harvested from a patient who is still alive.

Diagnosing death and issuing a Death Diagnosing Form (DDF) represents an activity that carries a great deal of public responsibility for medical professionals of the Emergency Medical Services (EMS) and is perpetually exposed to the control of the general public. Diagnosing death is necessary so as to confirm true, to exclude apparent death and consequentially to avoid burying a person alive, i.e. apparently dead. These expert-methodological guidelines based on the most up-to-date and medically based evidence have the goal of helping the physicians of the EMS in accurately filling out a medical report on diagnosing death. If the outcome of applied cardiopulmonary resuscitation measures is negative or when the person is found dead, the physician is under obligation to diagnose death and correctly fill out the DDF. It is also recommended to perform electrocardiography (EKG) and record asystole in at least two leads. In the process of diagnostics and treatment, it is a moral obligation of each Belgrade EMS physician to apply all available achievements and knowledge of modern medicine acquired from extensive international studies, which have been indeed the major theoretical basis for the creation of these expert-methodological guidelines. Those acting differently do so in accordance with their conscience and risk professional, and even criminal sanctions.

This article reconstructs the social impact and consequences of Scheintod, literally translated as “apparent death”. The term arose in the German-speaking states at the end of the eighteenth century and served to observe more closely the border between life and death. The article looks at the historical actors, cultural practices and material manifestations involved in a case of Scheintod dating back to the year 1833 in the German province of Westphalia. After witnessing a young man’s three-week state of unconsciousness, a local physician initiated the building of a Leichenhaus as a place to observe the border between life and death. Calling the comatose state Scheintod was embedded in a specific natural philosophy prevalent during the late Enlightenment in the German lands. The case occurred in 1833, on the periphery of academic centres and hubs, where the natural philosophy of the late Enlightenment was still alive. As rare and unusual incidents became crucial for examining the border between life and death, this case illustrates the continuities and discontinuities of the period in determining the time of death, following funeral customs, and caring for the dead. It also serves as a magnifier through which general problems with death in the modern age following the Enlightenment became pronounced: death was highly individualized and its meaning was defined by the feelings and relations of the modern subject.

An external postmortem examination is of significance in three different circumstances: death certification, as part of the autopsy, and for identification purposes. The most important, of course, is the external examination for death certification. In addition to the certification of death, the cause and manner of death have to be determined. The cause of death is of great importance for mortality statistics and epidemiology and the manner of death is important for legal security. According to the international guidelines of the World Health Organization, in the confidential part of the death certificate, the immediate cause of death and the underlying cause of death have to be indicated. To certify the cause of death, knowledge of the patient's history is of utmost importance. Certification of the cause and manner of death will be described in detail in this article and problem areas will be addressed.

Romeo’s response to the news of Juliet’s apparent death at the beginning of the fifth act of Romeo and Juliet has long been considered curious. Balthasar tells Romeo that Juliet’s body “sleeps in Capel’s monument,/And her immortal part with angels lives.” Balthasar adds that he was an eyewitness to her death, noting that he “saw her laid low in her kindred’s vault” (5.1.18-20). Romeo defies the stars, the symbols of his fortune, and asks for ink, paper, and horses, telling Balthasar that he will leave that night. Alone, he states matter-of-factly that he will “lie ” with Juliet “tonight.” “Let’s see for means,” he says to himself, and quickly crafts a plan (5.1.34-35).

One of the more problematical issues in intensive care is not so much what death “is” but instead when death occurs and the operational criteria used to confirm it. This treatise will examine the history of the determination of death from the 18th century until the mid-20th century, focusing on the ways in which death has been diagnosed and misdiagnosed, the problem of premature burial, and the cultural shift that occurred when the brain death criterion was introduced. An interesting dynamic will be shown across these time periods. Physicians in the 18th century were certain that death occurred when the heart and lungs ceased but lacked adequate tests to certify it. In the 20th century, the moment of death became less clear, and for that reason the tests physicians had finally perfected proved insufficient. This chapter lays the foundation for this dissertation and frames the question, “When is dead dead?” by discussing it in an historical sequence. Historically, until the early 20th century, physicians’ inexperience in human anatomy and physiology left them poorly equipped to accurately test for death. Despite the fact that death could not be assessed with precision instruments, the moment when an individual was considered dead was simple and absent substantial disagreement: From the 18th through mid-20th centuries, a person was declared dead when her heart stopped beating and her lungs ceased to function; this was also known as the cardiorespiratory definition of death. A consensus emerged that once the heart and lungs ceased to function the person was dead, although the empirical criteria to test for death were suspect, depending more on folklore, wives’ tales, and superstition than on medical expertise. Because of this critical divide between theory and practice, instances of premature burial occurred. Refined tests with enhanced sensitivity to measure somatic functions would come about later, in the early part of the 20th century. However, in this time period, while the criteria to test death were by now well established, the understanding of when death occurred became the subject of great debate. The fear of premature burial was replaced by the fear of suspended animation regulated

This chapter takes the understanding of the self of the older Israelite literature into account, the affinities of the biblical narrative literature with the later doctrine of the resurrection of the dead are much greater than first appears to be the case. The contrast between the biblical and the modern Western constructions of personal identity is especially sharp when one considers the structure of what Robert Di Vito calls "the patriarchal family". The tales of Abraham, Job, and Ruth and Naomi, though much more developed in narrative artistry than most, are hardly unique within the Hebrew Bible. Jacob's own apparent death and revival encapsulates the underlying movement of the entire tale, a tale of the apparent death of children reversed through the providential restoration of them to their grieving father. Keywords: Abraham; general resurrection; Hebrew Bible; Israelite literature; Job; Ruth

Our results showed more rapid falls in pulse rate and blood pressure in rats euthanized in a chamber precharged with carbon dioxide (CO2), when compared with rats euthanized more slowly, but death still took over 5 min in the former group. There was no behavioural evidence of pain or distress in either group during euthanasia. Initial ataxia and dyspnoea was punctuated by a lag before death, thus separating euthanasia into three clearly defined phases. All visual signs of death preceded complete vascular collapse by about 1 min in both groups, so we recommend that gas flow be maintained for at least 1 min after apparent death.

The evidence obtained for the methods used in verification of death during the Great Plague of Marseilles in 1722 is presented here. This evidence was gathered during the excavation of a mass grave dating from this epidemic, and is based on two adjacent interments. The technique used at that time was the implantation of bronze pins into the toes. This method is precisely described in the medical treatises dating from this period, which list different death verification methods. The fear of "false death" and the burial of still living people characterized the end of the 17th and the 18th centuries. It should be noted that the main cause of apparent death is presented in the same medical treatises as the plague. This observation is the first anthropological evidence of the use of this forensic method to verify the fact of death.

A LAST ATTEMPT AT PREVENTION Having reached the sezione of Porto, cholera first spread as a slow succession of isolated cases. During the twenty-four hours from midnight on Monday 1 September, however, the disease suddenly erupted as a full-scale epidemic. On that day 122 people were stricken and 82 died. Ironically, after the alarms of August, the emergency found Naples unprepared. During the final week of August a wave of panic had swept the city following the first official bills of mortality and seven acknowledged cholera-deaths. The churches filled, votive candles were lit, and the populace prayed to placate the wrath of God. On Saturday the 30th there was the reassuring news that there were no new cases. This report was greeted as a divine sign that the city had been spared. Sunday, 31 August, therefore, witnessed an orgy of excess as Neapolitans celebrated their deliverance with riotous drinking, a binge of eating and noisy processions in the streets. Superstition increased the certainty that disaster had been averted by the will of God. On Friday there was a demonstration at a primary school in the Lower City. During the preceding days rumours concerning the still-mysterious disease and unaccustomed measures to disinfect the school premises had given rise to wicked suspicions in the minds of anxious mothers. They gathered in an angry crowd outside the school to remove their children from authorities they suspected of malevolent intentions. The fact that the municipal health inspectors arrived in force, accompanied by a detachment of armed guards, heightened the atmosphere of distrust. The tumultuous confrontation that ensued ended only after the large-scale deployment of police and carabinieri .

It is not often in real life that a liberal arts education saves a girl from rape, and it must be even rarer in medieval and Renaissance romance. But in the case of the daughter of Apollonius of Tyre, Tarsia called Marina in Pericles education pays off, quite literally. 1 After the apparent death of her mother in childbirth, the infant Tarsia is entrusted by her father to the care of his friends Stranguillio and Dionysias in Tarsus, to be brought up with their daughter, while he goes off to Egypt (chap. 28). At the age of five the two girls are sent to school to study the liberal arts (chap. 29): it seems to be accepted as quite normal that girls should be educated away from home. When Tarsia is abducted by pirates and sold to a brothel-keeper in Mityleně, she manages to preserve her chastity by telling the sad story of her adventures to her would-be clients and to the pimp's servant (chaps. 33-36). The servant is sympathetic to her desire to avoid prostitution, but points out that the pimp is extremely avaricious. This is where Tarsia's

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At the suggestion of Sir Thomas Fraser, H. M. Secretary of State for India very kindly placed me on special duty for Snake Venom research in the Pharmacological Laboratory of the University of Edinburgh. Professor Fraser, under whose superintendence I was directed to work, suggested that I should carefully study the pharmacology of Indian Cobra venom, and the work herein set forth is the outcome of that suggestion. Professor Schäfer also very kindly placed his laboratory at my disposal, and both to him and to Sir Thomas Fraser I owe my most cordial acknowledgments for their unvarying kindness and for their very valuable and always ready assistance. Some of the earliest work done on the pharmacological action of Cobra venom was that by Lauder Brunton and Fayrer, published about thirty years ago. They considered that Cobra venom selected the cerebro-spinal nerve centres for its seat of action; it paralysed these, and in large doses it acted also on the ganglia of the heart, causing arrest of cardiac action. They laid little stress on the rôle played by circulatory failure, and in support of their views they quoted a number of experiments in which cardiac pulsations continued after the apparent death of the animal. In volume 22 they go on to discuss the subject still further. With the facts at their disposal they were unable to come to any definite conclusion as to the exact influence of the venom on the heart, but they thought that the heart’s arrest in systole, which they at times observed was due to “some action on the cardiac ganglia.” They drew attention to the great difference observed in the effect of venom according as it was applied to the surface or to the interior of the heart. In this connection they quote an experiment in which they perfused the frog-heart with a solution of Cobra venom, and obtained arrest of it in a position midway between systole and diastole. The strength of solution used is not stated and details are wanting, but the experiment is of great interest, as it is the only record I can find in any writer’s works of an attempt to perfuse an isolated part with Cobra venom. They thought the action was due to an influence on the cardiac ganglia. They found that in large doses Cobra venom destroyed the inhibitory power of the vagus, which it did not do in small doses. That the inhibitory branches of the vagus were sometimes affected they were confident, but they do not seem to have been able to differentiate clearly between a direct action of the venom on the vagal system, and the indirect effects brought about by means of interference with respiration. In dealing with the last-named subject, they clearly observed the paralysis of the phrenic nerve ends, and divided the responsibility for respiratory failure between this and a direct interference with the centre in the medulla oblongata.

SUMMARY A case is described of hypothermia following barbiturate overdose in a young woman. The conditions which led to the patient being initially thought dead, and then found to be alive, and the subsequent management which led to complete recovery are described and discussed. Induced alkalosis is thought to have contributed to survival by protecting the myocardium against development of severe ventricular arrhythmias.

This report concerns the observations of gross motor movement of the lower right limb of a corpse two hours after apparent death.

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As matter is known only by its properties, so life is known only through its functions and other manifestations. Its state or condition is judged from these. It often happens that by concussion and other forms of shock, by submersion in water or other fluid, by smothering and other modes of suffocation and strangulation, by extreme debility and exhaustion, by exposure to cold or heat, by starvation, by the influence of various narcotics and anesthetics, by sudden influence of grief, surprise, fear or other passion, and very notably, by the failure of a prompt occurrence of breathing of the fetus when it comes from the mother, a state of apparent death (call it obscured or depressed life if you choose) is presented. This state has been variously called drowning, asphyxia, syncope, apnea, etc. On proper examination it will be found that the functions of life which are in abeyance in

After six years as associate director of Cleveland's * Course in Cardiac Resuscitation, I am obliged to repeat that cardiac arrest in the operating room is still an enigma and challenge to the surgeon and the anesthetist. Our experience has also led us to believe that the time has arrived when resuscitative procedures can and must be included in the treatment of the acute coronary problem. By that I mean that there are now a handful of cases on record which have been successfully revived even after suffering apparent death from acute coronary occlusion. No doubt there are many similar persons who, if their hearts were given another chance, might function well for a considerable time in the future. They have good heart muscle except for a tiny area of slight damage. Yater 1 found, in his autopsy series of 950 men who died of coronary artery disease in the Armed