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Polystichum lonchitis L. is a fern belonging to the family Dryopteridaceae. The present study was conducted to evaluate its pharmacological, antioxidant, and phytochemical properties, and to conduct GC–MS screening of P. lonchitis. The acetic acid-induced writhing test, yeast-induced hyperpyrexia method, carrageenan-induced rat paw edema model, and charcoal meal test model were carried out to assess analgesic, antipyretic, anti-inflammatory, and antispasmodic activity, respectively. DPPH was used as an antioxidant, while the phytochemical screening was conducted using standard scientific methods. Among the pharmacological activities, the most significant effects were observed in the analgesic and anti-inflammatory activities, followed by the antipyretic and antispasmodic activities, at a dose of 450 mg/kg after the 4th hour, compared with 150 mg/kg and 300 mg/kg. For the evaluation of antioxidant activities, the most significant results were detected in the methanolic and aqueous extracts. The detection of flavonoids and phenol occurred most significantly in the methanolic extract, and then in the ethanolic and aqueous extracts. The main compounds detected using GC–MS analysis with a high metabolic rate was 𝛼-D-Galactopyranoside, which had a metabolic rate of 0.851, and methyl and n-hexadecanoic, which had a metabolic rate of 0.972. Overall, the results suggested that P. lonchitis had a strong potential for pharmacological activities. The suggested assessment provided a way to isolate the bioactive constituents and will help to provide new medicines with fewer side effects. Due to the fern’s effectiveness against various diseases, the results provide clear evidence that they also have the potential to cure various diseases.

Schinus lentiscifolius (Anacardiaceae) is widely used in folk medicine for treating gastrointestinal and emotional complaints but there are no scientific studies that support these uses. This work aims at evaluating the antispasmodic and central effects of S. lentiscifolius as well as the flavonoids presence in the tincture (SchT) and the composition of the essential oil (SchO). SchT inhibited the concentration-response curves (CRC) of carbachol and calcium in a non-competitive way in isolated rat intestine, bladder and uterus. SchT also non-competitively inhibited the CRC of histamine in guinea-pig intestine and the CRCs of serotonin and oxytocin in rat uterus. Isoquercetin and rutin were identified in SchT. The behavioral effects of SchT, SchO and infusion of S. lentiscifolius leaves (SchW) were tested in mice. These extracts showed an anxiolytic-like effect in the novelty-suppressed feeding test, which was reversed by flumazenil except in SchO-treated mice. Only SchO reduced the spontaneous locomotor function in the open field test. Also, SchT and SchW decreased immobility time in both, the tail suspension (TST) and forced swimming tests, while SchO produced the same effect in the TST. D-limonene and α-santalol were the main components found in SchO. The results demonstrated that extracts obtained from S. lentiscifolius leaves were effective as intestinal, urinary and uterine antispasmodics. SchT and SchW exhibited anxiolytic and antidepressant properties without sedation, whereas SchO showed also sedative properties. Therefore, the present study gives preclinical support to the traditional use of this plant for gastrointestinal and depressive or emotional symptoms. Fil: Vanegas, Carolina. Universidad Nacional de La Plata. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas. Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas. Cátedra de Farmacología; Argentina Fil: Matera, Soledad Inés. Universidad Nacional de La Plata. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas. Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas. Cátedra de Farmacología; Argentina Fil: Bayley, Matias. Universidad Nacional de La Plata. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas. Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas. Cátedra de Farmacología; Argentina Fil: Colareda, German Andres. Universidad Nacional de La Plata. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas. Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas. Cátedra de Farmacología; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - La Plata; Argentina Fil: Ruiz, María Esperanza. Universidad Nacional de La Plata. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas. Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas. Cátedra de Control de Calidad de Medicamentos; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - La Plata; Argentina Fil: Prieto, Julián José. Universidad Nacional de La Plata. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas. Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas. Cátedra de Control de Calidad de Medicamentos; Argentina Fil: Retta, Daiana Sabrina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Houssay. Instituto de Química y Metabolismo del Fármaco. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica. Instituto de Química y Metabolismo del Fármaco; Argentina Fil: Van Baren, Catalina Maria. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Houssay. Instituto de Química y Metabolismo del Fármaco. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica. Instituto de Química y Metabolismo del Fármaco; Argentina Fil: Consolini, Alicia Elvira. Universidad Nacional de La Plata. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas. Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas. Cátedra de Farmacología; Argentina Fil: Ragone, María Inés. Universidad Nacional de La Plata. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas. Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas. Cátedra de Farmacología; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - La Plata; Argentina

Various fatal diseases such as cancer, candidiasis, hepatic coma, gastritis, etc. have critically affected human health all over the world. Exploring nature for the treatment of such devastating diseases remains an area of immense interest to the scientific community. In this context, the genus Aspergillus was selected to explore its hidden therapeutic potential as a continuation of our research. As reported, the genus Aspergillus produces several new biologically-active compounds. Therefore, the current study was conducted to assess the biological and pharmacological potency of the less-studied Aspergillus ficuum (FCBP-DNA-1266) (A. ficuum). An in vitro assay was used to investigate the antifungal, anticancer, and urease inhibitory potential of n-hexane and ethyl acetate extracts of A. ficuum. Similarly, antispasmodic activity was assessed in an in vivo model. In silico model was applied to support the results obtained from the antifungal, anticancer, and urease inhibition. The antifungal studies indicated that both n-hexane and ethyl acetate extracts were significantly effective against Candida albicans with their zone of inhibitions (ZOI) of 19 ±1.06 mm and 25 ±0.55 mm, respectively at a dose of 30 µgmL-1. The in vivo pharmacological study of A. ficuum demonstrated significant antispasmodic activity at 150 mgkg-1. In vitro cytotoxicity versus different cancer cell lines for example HeLa, fibroblast 3T3, prostrate PC3, and breast MCF-7 was performed. The ethyl acetate extract of A. ficuum was found to be significantly active versus MCF-7 with its IC50 value of 40.29 µgmL-1. No substantial effect on the percent cell death of HeLa cancer cell lines was observed. In addition, the A. ficuum extracts also inhibited the urease enzyme compared to standard thiourea. Molecular docking results also supported the antifungal, anticancer, and antiurease potency of A. ficuum. The results display the promising aspects of A. ficuum as a future pharmacological source.

Moringa oleifera, popularly known as a miracle tree or tree of life, has been extensively used as a functional food and nutritional asset worldwide. Ethnomedicinal and traditional uses of M. oleifera indicate that this plant might have a pleiotropic therapeutic efficacy against most human ailments. In fact, M. oleifera is reported to have several pharmacological activities, including antioxidant, antibacterial, antifungal, antidiabetic, antipyretic, antiulcer, antispasmodic, antihypertensive, antitumor, hepatoprotective, and cardiac stimulant properties. Recently, a few experimental studies reported the neuroprotective effects of M. oleifera against Alzheimer's disease, dementia, Parkinson's disease, stroke, and neurotoxicity-related symptoms. In addition, several neuroprotective phytochemicals have been isolated from M. oleifera, which signifies that it can have promising neuroprotective effects. Therefore, this review aimed to explore the current updates and future prospective of neuroprotective efficacies of M. oleifera.

The antidiarrheal effect of methanolic extract of Trillium govanianum Wall. ex D. Don (Melanthiaceae alt. Trilliaceae) was studied at doses of 12.5, 25, and 50 mg/kg in different animal models of diarrhea including castor oil (6 mL/kg), magnesium sulfate (2 gm/kg), sodium picosulfate (2 mL/kg) and lactitol (0.25 mL/kg). The antispasmodic effect of T. govanianum was studied on isolated rabbit's jejunum, using acetylcholine as tissue stabiliser and verapamil as calcium channel blocker. T. govanianum attenuated the diarrhea by producing a significant decrease in the number and weight of stool, and an increase in stool latency time. T. govanianum completely inhibited both spontaneous as well as high potassium induced contractions of isolated rabbit's jejunum, which was analogous to verapamil. Moreover, T. govanianum produced a right shift in calcium concentration response curve, confirming its calcium channel blocking activity. These findings provide scientific ground to its medicinal use in diarrhea and gut spasms.

Introduction Irritable bowel syndrome is a common functional gastrointestinal disorder in children, characterized by recurrent abdominal pain associated with altered bowel habits in terms of both frequency and consistency. According to change in stool consistency it is categorized into 4 subtypes. From the etiological perspective, it is a multifactorial functional disorder with both central (psychosocial) and peripheral factors (altered bowel sensitivity, motility and microbiota) implied in the genesis of the symptoms. Several treatment options, addressing each underlying pathophysiological mechanism have been proposed. However, since in most cases a combination of factors takes part in symptoms' generation, the overall treatment response rate is often unsatisfactory if a multidisciplinary is not pursued. Areas covered The aim of this manuscript is to summarize the current pharmacotherapy in paediatric irritable bowel syndrome in order to aid clinicians in treating this challenging disorder. Expert opinion Most evidence involving paediatric populations rely on open label or retrospective studies and/or are not specifically designed for irritable bowel syndrome but tend to generalise their results to mixed populations of children with functional gastrointestinal disorders. A high placebo response rate combined with poor patients' selection could account for the overall weak evidence supporting the use of pharmacological agents in paediatric irritable bowel syndrome. Given the multifaceted nature of the disorder, multidisciplinary approaches combining pharmacotherapy with alternative treatments is highly recommendable.

Abdominal pain is one of the most common children’s complaints in the practice of a pediatrician and a family doctor. In most cases, the cause of chronic abdominal pain is non-organic, functional abdominal pain syndrome (FAPS) without objective signs of an underlying organic disorder. At present, among various groups of antispasmodics, selective myotropic antispasmo­dics, namely myocyte cell membrane fast sodium channel blockers (mebeverine), are chosen for the treatment of functional gastrointestinal disorders. In clinical practice, mebeverine hydrochloride (SPARK®, JSC Farmak) is of interest for the treatment of patients with abdominal pain. SPARK® is available in capsules; one capsule contains 200 mg of mebeverine hydrochloride. The pathogenetically justified indication of mebeverine is a relief of chronic abdominal pain in adults and children over 10 years. The drug has no systemic effects. The efficacy of SPARK® (mebeverine) for FAPS in children was studied in the gastroenterological department of the Children’s Clinical Hospital No. 19 in Kharkiv. Forty-four children aged 10 to 18 years with FAPS were examined. The functional pathologies included: functional dyspepsia (FD) — 54.1 %, irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) — 20.8 %, functional biliary disorders (FBD) — 79.2 %; FD + FBD — 34.1 %, FD + IBS — 16 %, FBD + IBS — 8.3 %. The diagnosis was verified according to unified treatment protocols. The patients received a comprehensive pathogenetic therapy and a selective antispasmodic, SPARK®, 1 capsule twice daily for seven days. The pain syndrome was evaluated at admission and every day during the observation period [17]. A numerical pain rating scale was used to assess pain intensity. A tendency towards abdominal pain relief was observed in all patients from the study group; children with mild pain did not report abdominal pain from day 5 of therapy and patients with moderate pain — from day 6. The pain persisted longer, up to 7 days, in children with severe pain. Therefore, abdominal pain is one of the most common and complex problems in medical practice. It mostly occurs in functional gastrointestinal disorders. The use of selective myotropic antispasmodics (mebeverine) to relieve abdominal pain is pathogenetically justified. The results obtained showed the efficacy of SPARK® in the treatment of functional abdominal pain in children. Side effects and allergic reactions to the drug were not observed. Mebeverine (SPARK®) can be the drug of choice and is recommended for abdominal pain in adults and children over 10 years.

Context: Warionia saharae Benthem ex Benth. & Coss has been widely used for gastrointestinal problems in Morocco and Algeria. Aims: To explore the possible mechanism for its use to such ailments in order to rationalize some of these folkloric uses. We investigated the aqueous extract of this plant (AqWs) for antispasmodic activity on isolated rat and rabbit jejunums. Methods: To investigate the contractile activity of isolated jejunum preparations of rat and rabbit we had used in vitro techniques. Jejunums were suspended in tissue baths filled with KHB culture medium (37°C) and connected to force transducers. AqWs (0.1–3 mg/mL) was used with or without carbachol (10-6 M), KCl (25 mM), yohimbine (10-5 M), prazosin (10-5 M), propranolol (10-5 M), hexamethonium (10-4 M), atropine (10-6 M), methylene blue (10-5 M), L-NAME (10-4 M) and nifedipine (10-6 M). Results: AqWs at 0.1–3 mg/mL produced a relaxation on basal rabbit contractions with an IC50 = 1.55 ± 0.06 mg/mL. This effect was reversible and was not affected by pretreatment with the inhibitors of α and β adrenergic receptors yohimbine, prazosin and propranolol. The extract had an antispasmodic activity with an IC50 = 1.25 ± 0.02 mg/mL on rat jejunum precontracted with KCl rich medium (25 mM). This result suggests that the extract had a Ca2+ antagonist effect. This was fortified when pretreatment of the intestine with the extract induced a rightward shift in the Ca2+ concentration-response curves. AqWs exhibited also antispasmodic effect on carbachol (10-6 M)-induced contractions of rat jejunums with an IC50 = 1.53 ± 0.04 mg/mL. The extract at 3 mg/mL on rat jejunums pre-incubated with hexamethonium (10-4 M), atropine (10-6 M), and methylene blue (10-5 M), then contracted by KCl, decreased the maximum contraction but not totally like KCL alone without these inhibitors. For the jejunum pre-incubated with L-NAME (10-4 M), the spasmolytic effect of AqWs was comparable with KCL. Conclusions: These results suggest that the myorelaxant and antispasmodic effects are mediated possibly via Ca2+ antagonist, anticholinergic, and guanylate cyclase mechanisms but not by adrenergic and nitric oxide pathway.

Intestinal spasms are violent contractions that occur in the intestine, which cause discomfort to people who have them. Medicinal plants are widely used in traditional Moroccan medicine to treat these problems, among these being Artemisia campestris L. This study aims to evaluate the relaxant and antispasmodic effects of an aqueous extract of this plant (ACAE). It was performed in vitro on isolated segments of both isolated rat and rabbit jejunum mounted in an organ bath and tension recordings made via an isotonic transducer. ACAE caused a myorelaxant effect on baseline rabbit jejunum contractions in a dose-dependent and reversible manner with an IC50 of 1.52 ± 0.12 mg/ml. This extract would not act via adrenergic receptors pathway. On the other hand, the extract caused a dose-dependent relaxation of the jejunum tone in rat jejenum segments pre-contracted with either Carbachol (CCh; 10−6 M) or high K+ (KCl 75 mM) with an IC50 = 0.49 ± 0.02 mg/ml and 0.36 ± 0.02 mg/ml respectively. In the presence of different doses of the extract, the maximum response to CCh and CaCl2 was significantly reduced. This demonstrates that ACAE acts on both muscarinic receptors and voltage-dependent calcium channels. Thus, the plant extract acted on both muscarinic and nicotinic receptors and acts on the guanylate cyclase pathway, but not the nitric oxide pathway. These results indicate the mechanism by which Artemisia campestris L. acts as an effective antispasmodic agent in traditional Moroccan medicine.

The aim is to study the effect and safety of using the antispasmodic and synbiotic (Lactobacillus paracasei CNCM I-1572 in combination with fructooligosaccharides) in patients with irritable bowel syndrome with constipation.Materials and methods — prospective randomized controlled trial of 80 patients with irritable bowel syndrome with constipation. Patients in the main group (40 people) took mebeverine hydrochloride 200 mg 2 times a day and synbiotic (5x109 CFU Lactobacillus paracasei CNCM I-1572 and 5.2 g fructooligosaccharides) during 28 days. Patients in the control group (40 people) received mebeverine hydrochloride 200 mg 2 times a day during 28 days. Before and after treatment, patients underwent the GSPS questionnaire.Results — in control group clinical remission was achieved in 52.6% of patients. In the main group clinical remission was established in 92.3%, the increase was 39.7% (p Conclusion — the results of study demonstrate a significant increase in the effectiveness of therapy in patients with irritable bowel syndrome with constipation with the combined use of antispasmodic and synbiotic.

Catunaregam tomentosa (Blume ex DC) Tirveng is commonly known as Khet in Thailand and Bisa Ular or Badang in Malaysia. The tree is widely distributed in the north-east region of Thailand while in Malaysia the tree usually grows in the open waterfront area at Terengganu. This plant belongs to the Rubiaceae family, and the genus catunaregam has interesting pharmacological activities such as anti-inflammatory, antispasmodic, antidysenteric, antifertility and immunomodulatory. In this study, the leaves were extracted using dichloromethane, ethyl acetate and ethanol. Total phenolic was determined by Folin-Ciocalteau method while total flavonoid was determined by the aluminium chloride calorimetric method. Meanwhile, its antioxidant activity was evaluated by the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) assay. The ethanolic extract was found to have the highest percentages of phenolic and flavonoid content. Interestingly, ethanolic extract also demonstrated strong DPPH scavenging activity with IC50 at 20.07 ± 0.51µg/mL.

Extracts from Drosera rotundifolia are traditionally used to treat cough symptoms during a common cold. The present study aimed to investigate the impact of extracts from D. rotundifolia and active compounds on the respiratory tract. Tracheal slices of C57BL/6N mice were used ex vivo to examine effects on airway smooth muscle (ASM) and ciliary beat frequency (CBF). Phosphodiesterase (PDE) inhibition assays were carried out to test whether PDE1 or PDE4 are targeted by the active compounds. An ethanol–water extract, as well as an aqueous fraction of this extract, exerted antispasmodic properties against acetylcholine-induced contractions. In addition, contractions induced by 60 mM K+ were abrogated by the aqueous fraction. Effects on ASM could be attributed to the flavonoids quercetin, 2″-O-galloylhyperoside and hyperoside. Moreover, the Drosera extract and the aqueous fraction increased the CBF of murine tracheal slices. Quercetin and 2″-O-galloylhyperoside were identified as active compounds involved in the elevation of CBF. Both compounds inhibited PDE1A and PDE4D. The elevation of CBF was mimicked by the subtype-selective PDE inhibitor rolipram (PDE4) and by 8-methoxymethyl-IBMX. In summary, our study shows, for the first time, that a Drosera extract and its flavonoid compounds increase the CBF of murine airways while antispasmodic effects were transferred to ASM.

Introduction: Honeysuckle (Lonicera japonica) is an ornamental flowering plant with numerous traditional medicinal uses. It has been claimed to have anti-spasmodic activities, but only limited studies have been done to support this. The objective of this research was to investigate anti-spasmodic effect of L. japonica flower extract on uterus contractions. Methods: Hydroalcoholic extract was prepared using the maceration technique. In addition, chloroform and ethyl acetate fractions were prepared using a solvent in solvent fractionation technique. Essential oils were collected using the hydro-distillation technique. Rat isolated uterus was suspended in an organ bath and contracted with oxytocin, acetylcholine (ACh), KCl, or application of electrical field stimulation (EFS). The relaxant effects of the extract, its fractions, and nifedipine were examined on uterine contrition induced by the above-mentioned stimuli. Results: Nifedipine in a concentration-dependent manner inhibited uterine contraction induced by oxytocin, KCl, ACh, and EFS. L. japonica flower extract also exhibited an inhibitory effect on the isolated rat uterus. Comparison of the hydroalcoholic extract with its chloroform and ethyl acetate fractions showed that the chloroform fraction was the most potent and the ethyl acetate the weakest part of the plant with antispasmodic activity. The relaxant effect of essential oil had close similarities to that of chloroform extract. Conclusion: Lipophilic compounds isolated by the chloroform partition of crude hydroalcoholic extract of L. japonica flower exhibited the most antispasmodic activity. Ethyl acetate partition of the same extract exhibited the least activity. Therefore, it can be concluded that the spasmolytic constituents of L. japonica flower reside in chloroform partitioning. The nonpolar essential oils may also have a contribution.

Гепатит касаллигида фитотерапия, яъни, гиёҳлардан фойдаланиш жигар хужайраларидаги модда алмашинувини кучайтириш ҳисобига унинг фаолиятини яхшилашга қаратилган. Алоэ ўсимлиги фитомедицинада ишлатиладиган етакчи маҳсулотлардан биридир. Алоэ жигар фаолиятига ва ўт қопи ишига ижобий таъсир қилади. Гиёҳларнинг дамламаларини ичиш антибактериал, ўт хайдовчи, яллиғланишга қарши ва спазмолитик таъсир қилиб, жигар тўқималаридаги салбий ўзгаришларнинг олдини олади. Лекин, сўнгги йилларда клиник амалиётда алоэ билан қўзғатилган токсик гепатитнинг бир нечта ҳолатлари қайд этилган. Оғиз орқали алоэ вера ва бошқа ўсимлик маҳсулотларини кенг қўллаш токсик гепатит холатига олиб келиши эхтимолини орттиради. Айниқса сурункали жигар касаллиги бор беморларни ахволини оғирлаштириши мумкин. Мазкур мақола алоэ ўсимлигини жигар фаолиятига таъсирини очиб беради.

Introduction. IBS is a functional bowel disorder that has a significant impact on patients and society, especially in terms of quality of life and medical costs.Pathogenesis. It is believed that the pathogenesis of IBS consists of several mechanisms: the syndrome of intersection of functional disorders (gut-brain), stress, visceral hypersensitivity and changes in motor skills.Visceral hypersensitivity. Changes in visceral sensitivity in IBS are characterized by central abnormalities in areas of the cerebral cortex. Motility impairment in IBS manifests itself as abnormal myoelectric activity in the colon, resulting in repetitive contractions of the small intestine and colon, which appear to cause pain.Intestinal microflora. FODMAPs are found in high amounts in some fruits, artificial sweeteners, legumes, and green vegetables and are poorly absorbed by all people. FODMAPs have enzymatic and osmotic effects that may contribute to the onset of symptoms in some patients.The principles of IBS therapy. Treatment for IBS should be based on the type and severity of symptoms. For the treatment of IBS, drugs of various pharmacological groups are used, depending on the prevailing symptoms. These include opioid receptor agonists, bile acid sequestrants, guanylate cyclase agonists, chlorine channel activators, as well as antibiotics, probiotics, antidepressants, 5-HT3 receptor antagonists, and antispasmodics.Myotropic antispasmodics. Drugs with antispasmodic activity are used to treat functional and organic diseases of the gastrointestinal tract as a basic therapy or «on demand». Mebeverine quickly and effectively relieves spasm, pain and the entire complex of intestinal symptoms, in addition, the drug reduces visceral hypersensitivity due to a local anesthetic effect. The drug has a high safety profile and has a number of advantages over drugs of the same pharmacological group.Conclusion. Myotropic antispasmodics have been shown to be highly effective in the treatment of IBS. Mebeverine occupies a special place among myotropic antispasmodics. Its combined action provides a pronounced antispasmodic activity along with a high safety profile.

(1) Background: Ocimum basilicum L. is an aromatic medicinal plant of the Lamiaceae family known as sweet basil. It is used in traditional medicine for its beneficial effects on gastrointestinal disorders, inflammation, immune system, pyrexia or cancer among others. Ocimum basilicum (OB) leaf extracts contain many phytochemicals bearing the plant health effects but no reports is available on the potential bioactivity of stem extracts. Our investigation aimed at assessing the differential biological activity between basil leaf and stem to promote this co-product valorization. (2) Method: For this purpose we explored phytochemical composition of both parts of the plant. Antioxidant activity was evaluated through total polyphenol content measure, DPPH and ORAC tests. Anti-inflammatory markers on stimulated macrophages, including NO (nitric oxide), TNFa (tumor necrosis factor alpha), IL-6 (interleukin 6), MCP1 (monocyte attractant protein 1) and PGE-2 (prostaglandin E2), were evaluated. In addition, we investigated OB effects on jejunum smooth muscle contractility. (3) Results: OB extracts from leaves and stems demonstrated a different biological activity profile at the level of both antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and smooth muscle relaxation effects. (4) Conclusion: Taken together our results suggest that Ocimum basilicum extracts from co-product stems, in addition to leaves, may be of interest at the nutrition-health level with specific therapeutic potential.

Apart from the nutritional value, Cucumis sativus L. has also been used in the traditional medicine of Iran, Pakistan, and India. Its seeds are used by herbalists to treat gastrointestinal, respiratory, and urinary problems. However, more investigations are required to explain its mechanisms for treating GI, respiratory, and urinary diseases. Accordingly, the aim of the present work was to investigate the antispasmodic, bronchodilator, and antidiarrheal activities of C. sativus seeds extracts and the underlying mechanisms of action. For this purpose, sequential extracts of C. sativus seeds were prepared in n-hexane, dichloromethane, ethanol, and water. Bioactive compounds in C. sativus seed extracts were identified and quantified by utilizing LC ESI–MS/MS and HPLC. Moreover, network pharmacology and molecular docking were employed to examine the antispasmodic and bronchodilator effects of the bioactive substances in the extracts. In vitro and in vivo experiments were also conducted to validate the mechanistic insights gained from the in silico analysis. Results indicated the presence of kaempferol with a concentration of 813.74 µg/g (highest concentration) in the seed extract of C. sativus, followed by quercetin (713.83 µg/g), narcissin (681.87 µg/g), and orientin (676.19 µg/g). In silico investigations demonstrated that the bioactive chemicals in C. sativus seeds inhibited the expression of the target genes involved in smooth muscle contraction and calcium-mediated signaling. Sequential seed extracts of C. sativus caused a dose-dependent relaxant response for spasmolytic reaction and resulted in a relaxation of K+ (80 mM) spastic contraction. In animal models, C. sativus seed extracts exhibited partial or complete antiperistalsis, antidiarrheal, and antisecretory actions. By modulating the contractile response through calcium-mediated signaling target proteins, C. sativus seeds generated bronchodilator, antispasmodic, and antidiarrheal therapeutic effects.

Anticholinergic agents are widely used in clinical practice. However, they can cause various cumulative side effects (dry mouth, drowsiness, confusion, residual urine accumulation, etc.). The purpose of the study is to perform an analytical review of the literature dedicated to causes, complications and rehabilitation of patients with cumulative anticholinergic effect. The analytical review of the literature highlights the risks and benefits of using anticholinergic drugs. Anticholinergic agents make up to one third of all medicines for the aged people. Recent data have proved the relationship between the long-term use of anticholinergics and dementia. New results relating to the cholinergic system in the regulation of cerebral vascularisation and in neuritis indicate that anticholinergics may contribute to the absolute risk and progression of neurodegenerative diseases. It has been proven that more than 600 drugs taken by aged patients carry the so-called "anticholinergic load". The number of drugs with anticholinergic properties is constantly increasing, they include: antidepressants, antihistamines, antiparkinsonian, antipsychotic, antispasmodic, mydriatic drugs, drugs for the treatment of overactive bladder and many others. Conclusions. The number of drugs that have anticholinergic activity and can cause complications associated with anticholinergic load is increasing. To assess the anticholinergic action of drugs, several methods have been proposed, taking into account the amount of dose and the intensity of anticholinergic activity of drugs. The research of the general medical community about the anticholinergic load problem and high alertness when prescribing drugs with anticholinergic properties can prevent the cumulative anticholinergic effect development and severe complications, and, thus, save the life and health of patients.

Bauhinia racemosa Lam. is a tall sized tree growing throughout Srilanka, China, India and Pakistan. Various parts of the plant have great medicinal potential in folklore medicine and used in diarrhoea, fever, skin diseases, cough, malaria etc. Analgesic, anti-inflammatory, antipyretic, antispasmodic, antiulcer, cytotoxicity and hypotensive activities of Bauhinia racemosa have been reported. Different parts of this plant contain β-amyrin, β-sitosterol, kaempferol, quercetin, scopoletin, scopolin and tannins.

Siddha system of medicine is a distinct therapeutic science with many single drugs and compound formulations used for treating a broad spectrum of ailments Siddha categorizes the fever manifested by viral infestation into 64 types and it has developed medicines for each type Kapacurak / Kabasurak Kutinir (KK) described in the Citta Vaittiyattirattu is the best promising polyherbal formulation of plant origin for curing viral infections especially with flu-like symptoms As per Siddha system of medicine Kapacuram is defined as a fever with upper and lower respiratory catarrh KK is one of the medicines advised for prevention of Coronavirus (COVID-19) outbreak in India by Ministry of AYUSH, Govt of India KK also emerged to be a popular traditional medicine for swine flu as well The current review recapitulates active phytochemicals of all the 15 herbal drug ingredients in KK with the aim to provide it support for usage in flu-like viral infections spreading over the world in the scenario of having no modern medicines Interestingly, out of 15 herbal ingredients in KK, Zingiber officinale rhizome, Andrographis paniculata whole plant, Syzygium aromaticum flower bud, Cyperus rotundus tuber, Sida acuta roots and Saussurea costus root have been proved to exhibit antiviral activities All the ingredients have been proved to possess antinflammatory activities Three proved to have antipyretic potential and five each proved to possess analgesic and immunomodulatory activities There are ingredients with antiasthmatic and antispasmodic supporting its use in respiratory illnesses such as that caused by COVID-19 The study supports the usage of KK as a traditional Siddha medicine against respiratory illnesses with flu-like symptoms characteristic of SARS-CoV-2 © 2021, Association of Pharmaceutical Teachers of India All rights reserved

Satureja khuzistanica jamzad (SKJ), which is a member of Lamiaceae, has various proven effects such as antispasmodic and anti-inflammatory, anti-diabetic, antioxidant, and antifungal properties. Ho...

Aims: The aim of present investigation was to evaluate the traditional claim of Ficus retusa as an anti-diarrheal and anti-spasmodic agent using different pharmacological models. Background: Diarrhea is considered as major cause of mortality, especially in children and aged persons. Because of diarrhoea, 17% of admitted children get die. In order to treat the diarrhea, natural drugs may be useful. Objective: In order to prove the traditional claim of Ficus retusa, present work was undertaken with objective to prove antidiarrheal and antispasmodic activity. Methods: The anti-diarrhoeal activity was evaluated by magnesium sulphate induced diarrhea and 5-hydroxy tryptamine(5HT) induced diarrhea. Further, the exact were subjected to gastrointestinal motility test using standard procedure. Conclusion: The response towards bioactivity was dose dependent. It was concluded that 400mg/kg bw of ethanolic extract is most potent in antidiarrhoeal and antispasmodic activity.

Cyanthillium cinereum (L) H. Rob (family Asteraceae) is also known as Poovamkurunnila in Malayalam. It is commonly found as a weed throughout in India. Cyanthillium cinereum is an annual herb with hairy stem, up to 12-75 cm height. The leaves are simple, alternate, ovate-elliptic or acute, irregularly dentate or crenate-serrate and hairy. Cyanthillium cinereum is an annual herb, contains various phytochemicals like cardiac glycosides, phenols, flavonoids, steroids, tannins, saponins and phlobatannins etc. Due to the presence of these phytochemicals Cyanthillium cinereum exhibits various activities like analgesic, antibacterial, antioxidant, anticancer, antispasmodic, antimalarial and antifungal etc. Keywords: Cyanthillium cinereum (L) H. Rob, Pharmacological activities, Therapeutic use.

Papaverine is a benzylisoquinoline alkaloid from the plant Papaver somniferum (Opium poppy). It is approved as an antispasmodic drug by the US FDA and is also reported to have anti-cancer properties. Here, Papaverine's activity in chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) is explored using Saccharomyces cerevisiae, mammalian cancer cell lines, and in silico studies. The sensitivity of wild-type and mutant (anti-oxidant defense, apoptosis) strains of S. cerevisiae to the drug Papaverine was tested by colony formation, spot assays, and AO/EB staining. In vitro cytotoxic effect was investigated on HCT15 (colon), A549 (lung), HeLa (cervical), and K562 (Bcr-Abl positive CML), and RAW 264.7 cell lines; cell cycle, mitochondrial membrane potential, ROS detection analyzed in K562 cells using flow cytometry and apoptotic markers, Bcr-Abl signaling pathways examined by western blotting. Molecular docking and molecular dynamics simulation of Papaverine against the target Bcr-Abl were also carried out. Investigation in S. cerevisiae evidenced Papaverine induces ROS-mediated apoptosis. Subsequent in vitro examination showed that CML cell line K562 was more sensitive to the drug Papaverine. Papaverine induces ROS generation, promotes apoptosis, and inhibits Bcr-Abl downstream signaling. Papaverine acts synergistically with the drug Imatinib. Furthermore, the docking and molecular dynamic simulation studies supported that Papaverine binds to the allosteric site of Bcr-Abl. The data presented here have added support to the concept of polypharmacology of existing drugs and natural compounds to interact with more than one target. This study provides a proof-of-concept for repositioning Papaverine as an anti-CML drug.

Intestinal spasms are violent contractions that occur in the intestine, which cause discomfort to people who have them. Medicinal plants are widely used in traditional Moroccan medicine to treat these problems, among these being Artemisia campestris L. This study aims to evaluate the relaxant and antispasmodic effects of an aqueous extract of this plant (ACAE). It was performed in vitro on isolated segments of both isolated rat and rabbit jejunum mounted in an organ bath and tension recordings made via an isotonic transducer. ACAE caused a myorelaxant effect on baseline rabbit jejunum contractions in a dose-dependent and reversible manner with an IC50 of 1.52 ± 0.12 mg/ml. This extract would not act via adrenergic receptors pathway. On the other hand, the extract caused a dose-dependent relaxation of the jejunum tone in rat jejenum segments pre-contracted with either Carbachol (CCh; 10-6 M) or high K+ (KCl 75 mM) with an IC50 = 0.49 ± 0.02 mg/ml and 0.36 ± 0.02 mg/ml respectively. In the presence of different doses of the extract, the maximum response to CCh and CaCl2 was significantly reduced. This demonstrates that ACAE acts on both muscarinic receptors and voltage-dependent calcium channels. Thus, the plant extract acted on both muscarinic and nicotinic receptors and acts on the guanylate cyclase pathway, but not the nitric oxide pathway. These results indicate the mechanism by which Artemisia campestris L. acts as an effective antispasmodic agent in traditional Moroccan medicine.

The aim of the study was to analyze the mechanisms of action and pharmacodynamics of carboxytherapy in diseases of the cardiovascular system (CVS). Materials and methods. An analysis of domestic and foreign experience in the use of carboxytherapy for diseases of CVS. Results and discussions. The mechanism of action of carboxytherapy is based on the principle of the introduction of carbon dioxide (CO2) in the patient's body, due to which many pathological disorders can be eliminated. Inhalation and non-inhalation introduction of CO2 into the body has been used for medicinal purposes for many decades. The empirical (off label) use of this therapy in course of time has gained a wide clinical evidence base. There is a large amount of clinical evidence in the world of the effective use of carboxytherapy in many fields of medicine, including those with CVS diseases. It is proved that CO2 introduced into the body penetrates freely through cell membranes and has antihypoxic, vasodilating, antioxidant, anti-ischemic, antispasmodic and other positive effects. Therefore, carboxytherapy contributes to a complex of pharmacological effects inherent of traditional antianginal, hypotensive, antispasmodic and other drugs that are widely used in the treatment of CVS diseases. Conclusions. An analysis of domestic and foreign experience in carboxytherapy shows that the effects of CO2 in diseases of the CVS are achieved by improving oxygenation and microcirculation, anti-anginal, anti-inflammatory, antihypertensive, antispasmodic, anti-oxidant, and analgesic effects of this gas. Carboxytherapy is an alternative, promising and safe method of treating diseases of the cardiovascular system.

The present study attempted to evaluate and rationalize the medicinal use of the methanolic extract of the fruits of Balanites aegyptiaca (B. aegyptiaca) in the treatment of hyperactive gut disorders. The in vivo, castor oil-induced diarrhea model in mice was followed to test its antidiarrheal effect. To test the antispasmodic effect and to explore its pharmacodynamic details, isolated small intestines (ileum) obtained from rats were selected to provide physiological conditions for the ex vivo assays. In the in vivo assays, the orally administered extract of B. aegyptiaca protected mice from diarrheal drops with resultant percent inhibitions of 40% and 80% at the respective doses of 200 mg/kg and 400 mg/kg, while the highest protection (100%) was observed with a positive control drug, loperamide, at 10 mg/kg. In the ileum, B. aegyptiaca produced an antispasmodic effect in a concentration-dependent manner by inhibiting the carbachol (CCh; 1 µM) and high K+ (80 mM)-evoked spasms with resultant EC50 values of 1.44 mg/mL (1.08–1.78) and 1.27 mg/mL (0.98–1.66), respectively. Papaverine, a known phosphodiesterase enzyme (PDE) inhibitor and blocker of Ca++ channels (CCB), also inhibited both CCh and high K+ induced contractions at comparable EC50 values of 8.72 µM (7.92–9.24) and 8.14 µM (7.62–8.84), respectively. Contrary to the extract and papaverine, verapamil showed distinctly higher potency in regard to inhibiting high K+, compared to CCh-evoked spasms that had EC50 values of 0.16 µM (0.13–0.261) and 2.54 µM (2.28–2.92), respectively. The inhibitory effects of B. aegyptiaca on PDE were further confirmed when the pre-incubated extract shifted the isoprenaline-mediated relaxation curves (CRCs) towards the left, similar to papaverine, whereas the CCB-like effect was confirmed when the pre-incubated tissues with B. aegyptiaca caused deflection in the Ca++ CRCs towards the right, constructed in Ca++ free medium with suppression of the maximum response. Thus, this study provides detailed, mechanistic support for the medicinal use of B. aegyptiaca in the treatment of hyperactive gut disorders.

Traditionally, Star Anise has been used as an antispasmodic in the form of home infusions for the treatment of newborn colic. The objective of this study was to identify the most frequent symptoms of intoxication due to the administration of star anise infusion in pediatric patients. A literature search was performed to identify published reports regarding star anise poisoning in the MEDLINE, PubMed, and Google Scholar databases. 137 cases of star anise intoxication were detected for the period 2014-2019 in which it was found that star anise intoxication has neurotoxic, hepatotoxic, gastrointestinal toxicity and inducer of hypersensitivity reactions.

Kastaartava (Dysmenorrohea) is a greek word, describes about painful menstruation which the Pratyatmaka Lakhshans of various Yonivyapad that are Vatala Yonivyapad, Udavartini Yonivyapad, Paripluta Yonivyapad, Mahayoni and Vataja Artava Dusti that affects 75% of adolscents, 25-50% of adult women and 5-20% having dysmenorrhea. It is a common reason for losing time at school or work or visiting family doctor. Morbid Vatadosha especially Apanavata is a causative factor of Kastaartava. Vatahara properties are beneficial considering the morbidity and complications that are caused by Kastaaratava, mentioned above herbal preparation has been tried here. This research work is randomized control clinical study with Pre-test and Post-test design. 40 patients suffering from Kastaaratava (Dysmenorrohoea) were selected randomly for study. The selected patients were divided into 2 groups, 20 patients each. The selected 20 patients in Group A (Trial group) were administered Latakaranja Beeja Churna orally. The selected 20 patients in Group B (Controlled group) were administered Rajapravartini Vati. The duration of treatment was for 03 days of menstruation for 2 menstrual cycles and followup for the next menstrual cycle. After the completion of the clinical trial, it was found that in Rajapravartini Vati, there was highly significant result in Cramping pain in abdomen, Irritability, Tenderness in Breast, Back pain and Headache, where as Latakaranja Beeja Choorna there is also significant result in Cramping pain in Abdomen, Irritability, Tenderness in Breast, Back Pain, Headache and Vomiting but statistically considering average mean Latakaranja Choorna shows comparatively lesser effective than Rajapravartini Vati. By the statistical results it can be concluded that Rajapravartini Vati has better result when compared to Latakaranja Choorna in the present study.

Background: Many plants and herbs have been shown to possess antidiarrheal, antispasmodic, and antimicrobial activities. The present study was developed to determine the possible antidiarrheal and antispasmodic effects of methanolic extract of Peganum harmala L. (MEPH) in diarrhea and hyperactive gut. Methodology: The crude MEPH was studied using the in-vivo castor oil-induced diarrhea model in mice, while isolated rat ileum was used in the in-vitro studies. Antimicrobial efficacy of MEPH was tested against different bacterial strains (Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus subtilis, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumonia), Yeast (Candida albicans) and Fungus (Aspergillus niger) using in-vitro assays. Results: In the castor oil-induced diarrhea, MEPH at 100 and 200 mg/kg showed 40% and 80% protection in mice while positive control drug, loperamide showed 100% protection. In the in-vitro experiments, MEPH dose-dependently (0.01 to 0.3 mg/mL) inhibited carbachol and high K+-induced contractions at comparable EC50 values similar to papaverine, a phosphodiesterase (PDE) inhibitor. The PDE inhibitory like effect was further confirmed when pre-incubated ileum tissues with MEPH (0.1 and 0.3 mg/mL) shift the isoprenaline-mediated inhibitory CRCs against carbachol to the left, similar to papaverine. In antibacterial assay, MEPH showed efficacy against two Gram positive bacteria (S. aureus, and B. subtilis) and one Gram negative bacteria (E. coli). But extract didn’t show any effect against K. pneumoniae. The MEPH also showed efficacy against fungal strain (A. niger) and yeast strain (C. albicans). Conclusions: MEPH shows antidiarrheal and antispasmodic effects because of its antimotility effect which were possibly due to the inhibition of PDE enzyme. The study has shown an optimal antimicrobial activity of MEPH as all bacteria, yeast and fungal strains were found sensitive except K. pneumoniae. MEPH proved efficacy against both enteric and non-enteric pathogens causing diarrhea, thus confirming its role in both the infectious and non-infectious diarrhea.

Aim: Since other species of the Bignoniaceae Family presented of antispasmodic activity, it was decided, by chemotaxonomic criterion, to determine the antispasmodic activity of the leaves of Arrabidaea brachypoda. Methodology: the segments of the rat jejunum were suspended in glass vats containing specific saline solution, at an appropriate temperature, and after stabilization period, were stimulated by a contractile agent to observe the inhibitory or relaxing effect of EHFAB. Results: EH-FAB showed the presence of 10 compounds, mainly rutin and it has an antispasmodic activity as it inhibits the phasic component and relaxes the tonic component of the contraction in isolated rat jejunum. To assess the mechanism of antispasmodic action, cumulative curves to the CCh were performed in which a non-competitive antagonism was observed, due to a displacement of the control curve to the right and reduction of the maximum contraction effect (Emax). Afterward, the participation of the calcium and/or potassium channels was evaluated by increasing the extracellular potassium, and it was observed that the EH-FAB relaxed the rat jejunum, suggesting the participation of the Ca2+ channels. To corroborate that hypothesis, the EH-FAB was tested against cumulative curves to Ca2+ in a free depolarizing solution of Ca2+, and it was observed that there was a shift of the curve to the right with a reduction in Emax. Conclusions: EH-FAB presents antispasmodic activity in isolated rat jejunum and it is suggested to block the influx of Ca2+ through voltage-gated calcium channels, signaling the therapeutic potential for the treatment of colic and/or diarrhea.

Species of Hyoscyamus are rich sources of medicinally important tropane alkaloids, which have anticholinergic, antispasmodic and sedative effects and are competitive inhibitors of acetylcholine. The application of nanotechnology and nanomaterials for elicitation is rapidly expanding and recent research indicates that silicon dioxide nanoparticles (SiO2 NPs) can be used as an efficient elicitor to increase the production of hyoscyamine and scopolamine in Hyoscyamus species. Thus, in this work, the effect of SiO2 NPs (0, 25, 50, 100 and 200 mg L−1) with two treatment times (24 and 48 h) on the growth rate, total phenol and flavonoid content (TPC, TFC), antioxidant enzyme activity, tropane alkaloid yield and pmt (putrescine N-methyltransferase) and h6h (hyoscyamine 6 -hydroxylase) gene expression levels in hairy roots of two Hyoscyamus species (H. reticulatus and H. pusillus) was investigated. The highest TPC and TFC accumulation was obtained in H. reticulatus elicited by SiO2 NPs (100 and 200 mg L−1), respectively, at 24 h of treatment. High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) revealed the highest amount of hyoscyamine (140.15 μg g−1 FW) and scopolamine (67.71 μg g−1 FW) accumulated in H. reticulatus transformed roots treated with 100 mg L−1 SiO2 NPs at 24 h, with a respective increase of 1212% and 272% compared to non-treated roots. In H. pusillus, the highest hyoscyamine (7.42 μg g−1 FW) and scopolamine (15.56 μg g−1 FW) production (about 82% and 241% higher, respectively, compared to the lowest amounts) was achieved with 25 and 100 mg L−1 SiO2 NPs, respectively, at 48 h of treatment. Semi-quantitative RT-PCR analysis determined the highest expression level of pmt and h6h genes in H. reticulatus transformed roots supplemented with 100 mg L−1 SiO2 NPs.

Today combination drugs are widely used to treat acute intestinal infections (AII). Acute intestinal infections requiring comprehensive treatment with antimicrobial drugs, enterosorbents, pro- and prebiotics and immune drugs. We have developed the composition and technology of drug wchich contain nifuroxazide and plant substance plantaglucid. This combination is a modern treatment of AII, because it combination has high efficiency, safety, availability and comfortable use.The purpose of the research was development of composition and technological scheme of the original combined drug in the form of capsules “Diaplant” for the complex treatment AII and the study of its pharmacoeconomic aspects.Results and discussion. The combination of nifuroxazide with plantaglucid, which has additional microbiological and pharmacological effects, was justified. To develop of the composition and technology this combined drug, the technology of separate preparation of masses for encapsulation with using excipients of different groups was used. The technological scheme of production of “Diaplant” capsules is developed and the specification for quality control of capsules is made. ATC/DDD-methodology showed that the cost for DDD of “Diaplant” was 14,54 UAH. The total cost of the average recommended daily doses of separate drugs (nifuroxazide and Plantaglucidum) ranged from 22,13 to 38,05 UAH. The use of “Diaplant” in clinical practice allows reducing the cost of pharmacotherapy of AII from 152 to 262 %.Conclusion. The technological scheme of production of the domestic drug in capsules “Diaplant” that contains nifuroxazide and Plantaglucidum was developed for pharmacotherapy of acute intestinal infections. The developed drug “Diaplant” has high antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, antispasmodic and detoxic activity, normalizes intestinal motility and helps to restore the intestinal microflora.

Introduction Prolonged labor increases the risk of maternal and fetal complications. The active management of labor has been proven effective in lowering neonatal and maternal morbidity by shortening the duration of labor. Several pharmaceutical and non-pharmaceutical approaches are currently being used in the active management of labor. Hyoscine Butyl-bromide (HBB) is an antispasmodic and anticholinergic drug that acts as a cervical spasmolytic agent. It has been widely used in everyday practice for shortening the active phase of labor. Nonetheless, only a few trials have been conducted on the topic. Objective This review aimed to evaluate whether HBB is effective in decreasing the mean duration of the active phase of labor. Study design An electronic search was conducted on Medline (through PubMed), Scopus, ClinicalTrials.gov, EMBASE, PROSPERO, and Cochrane Library from the beginning of all databases to December 2019. Results were limited to randomized trials. Restriction for English language was applied. Inclusion criteria were: randomized clinical trials regarding primiparae or multiparae women with a singleton vertex pregnancy at term who were randomized to HBB versus placebo or other drugs. Primary outcome evaluated was the mean reduction of the active phase of labor. Data collection and analysis Eight randomized clinical trials, including 1159 pregnant women, were analyzed. Significant heterogeneity (I2 = 99 %) between studies was noted for the primary outcome. The active phase of labor duration was significantly reduced in the treatment arm compared to controls [mean difference (MD) −83.93 min (95 % confidence interval (CI) −163.61, −4.25)]. Achieved reduction in primiparae women was −55.09 min [95 % CI −68.83, −41.35; I2 = 37 %]. Conclusion HBB is an effective treatment to shorten the duration of the active phase of labor in primiparae and multiparae women.

The review article presents current data on functional disorders of the biliary system, taking into account the latest recommendations of experts of the Rome Foundation (Rome Criteria IV, 2016) and the Russian Gastroenterological Association (specialized clinical recommendations, 2018). According to modern concepts, biliary dysfunction is a group of functional disorders of the biliary system caused by motor disorders and increased visceral sensitivity. According to the literature data, the prevalence of functional disorders of GB and OS is 10-15%, and violation of OS function is revealed in 30-40% of patients who underwent cholecystectomy (CE). The presence of biliary pain is an obligatory condition in the diagnosis of functional disorders of GB and OS. Bilirubin and serum transaminases (AST, ALT) levels may increase in biochemical blood analysis in patients with functional OS disorder of biliary type, and pancreatic amylase and lipase in case of functional OS disorder of pancreatic type. Ultrasound examination of abdominal organs is considered to be the priority among instrumental methods. This technique allows to exclude organic lesions of both the GB and visualized ducts, and adjacent organs (GSD, biliary tract, liver and pancreas neoplasms). Magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography (MRCP) is used as a clarifying method, which allows to visualize the state of biliary ducts throughout. Ultrasonic cholecystography is used to assess the contractile activity of the GB. When duct dilation is detected and/or when liver/pancreatic enzyme levels are elevated in the absence of changes according to MRCP data, it is reasonable to perform an endoscopic ultrasound examination. According to the latest recommendations of the Russian Gastroenterological Association (2018), the foundation of pharmacotherapy for this group of diseases are antispasmodics and ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA).

Flavonoids belong to the extensive group of polyphenols and have several biological activities such as anti-inflammatory, anti-ulcer, anticancer, antiviral, antibacterial, and antispasmodic. These compounds can thus be explored as a tool against multidrug resistant bacteria, as nosocomial infections now constitute a major public health problem worldwide. We have carried out a structural characterization by nuclear magnetic resonance and FT-IR of fisetinidol, a flavonoid isolated from B. pentandra stems. In addition, this flavonoid was tested for antibacterial and modulatory activities, as well as inhibition of the NorA efflux pump. Fisetinidol has no intrinsic antibacterial activity. However, there is synergism in association with norfloxacin, with a two-fold decrease in MIC. When compared to chlorpromazine, a standard efflux pump inhibitor, a two-fold decrease in MIC was also verified when used against S. aureus SA-1199B, which over expresses the NorA gene encoding the NorA efflux protein. As such, it could become an alternative source to reverse the bacterial resistance if administered in association with antibiotics.

Hassan Salmanroghani,1 Massoud Mirvakili,1 Mahtabalsadat Mirjalili,2 Mahmud Baghbanian,1 Roham Salmanroghani3 1Department of Internal Medicine, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran; 2Department of Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran; 3Medical Student Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, IranCorrespondence: Hassan SalmanroghaniShahid Sadoughi Hospital, Yazd, IranTel +983538224000Fax +983538224100Email salmanroghani@hotmail.comPurpose: To evaluate the efficacy and safety of low dose versus usual dose of Hyoscine during endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP).Patients and Methods: This randomized, open-label clinical trial included 282 patients undergoing ERCP who had duodenal peristalsis interfering with cannulation. Patients were randomly divided into two groups: Group one and two received low (5 mg) and usual (10 mg) dose of Hyoscine, respectively. Cardiovascular service consultation was performed for all patients before entering the study and performing ERCP. Hyoscine was injected intravenously, and the spasmolytic effect of the drug was assessed while the papilla was in a completely enface view. The time interval between cessation of peristalsis and its further onset was recorded by the chronometer. Also, patient’s heart rate and blood pressure were monitored during ERCP by digital monitoring.Results: The results showed no statistically significant differences in the mean duration of peristalsis, the duration of the antispasmodic activity and the time required to increase the heart rate between two groups (P=0.38, P=0.48, P=0.32, respectively). No significant differences were observed regarding the average of heart rate and mean arterial blood pressure (MAP) before drug administration between the two groups (P=0.182 and P=0.29, respectively), but after the drug administration, tachycardia and hypotension were significantly higher in the second group (P=0.007 and P=0.001, respectively). There was no statistically significant difference in the frequency of arrhythmia between two groups (P=0.08). The results also showed that tachycardia and hypotension occurred more frequently in men and elderly patients (P < 0.05).Conclusion: A low dose of Hyoscine is as effective as the usual dose and its side effects such as alteration in blood pressure and heart rate are much fewer, especially in men and elderly patients.Keywords: hyoscine, ERCP, peristalsis, spasmolytic effect, cardiovascular abnormalities

Belladonna has diverse pharmacotherapeutic properties with a shadowy history of beauty, life, and death. Alkaloids present in belladonna have anti-inflammatory, anticholinergic, antispasmodic, mydriatic, analgesic, anticonvulsant, and antimicrobial activities, which makes it widely applicable for the treatment of various diseases. However, because of its associated toxicity, the medicinal use of belladonna is debatable. Therefore, an evidence-based systematic review was planned to elucidate the pharmacotherapeutic potential of belladonna. A comprehensive literature search was performed in PubMed, MEDLINE, the Cochrane database, Embase, and ClinicalTrials.gov using the keywords "belladonna", "belladonna and clinical trials", and "safety and efficacy of belladonna". Articles published from 1965 to 2020 showing the efficacy of belladonna in diverse clinical conditions are included. The quality of evidence was generated using the GRADE approach, and 20 studies involving 2302 patients were included for the systematic review. Our analyses suggest that belladonna treatment appears to be safe and effective in various disease conditions, including acute encephalitis syndrome, urethral stent pain, myocardial ischemia injury, airway obstructions during sleep in infants, climacteric complaints, irritable bowel syndrome, and throbbing headache. However, better understanding of the dosage and the toxicity of tropane alkaloids of belladonna could make it an efficient remedy for treating diverse medical conditions.

The present article gives important information of Lepidium sativum on therapeutic use, traditional medicinal uses mantion in various Ayurvedic literecture, phytochemical and pharmacological properties of morden era. Lepidium sativum, garden cress is a fast growing annual herb that is native to Egypt and West Asia, although it is now cultivated in the entire world. Lepidium sativum seeds contain proteins, dietary fiber, omega-3 fatty acids, iron, other essential nutrients and phytochemicals. Lepidium sativum seeds are commonly used to heal fractures and to increase milk secretion during lactation. Their seeds are highly nutritious and are excellent source of iron. It is mainly contains alkaloids, carbohydrates, proteins, amino acids, flavonoids as chief phytochemical constituents. This review article shows various pharmacological activities of Lepidium sativum as an anti-diabetic, laxative, hypocholesterolemic, fracture healing, analgesic, Antinflammatory, antipyretic and analgesic, laxative, diuretic, hepatoprotective, antiashthamatic, antidiarrheal, antispasmodic and anti cancer activities of garden cress seeds (Lepidium sativum).

According to phyto-chemical composition of basil viz 1 Rama tulsi (Ocimum sanctum), 2 Krishna tulsi (Ocimum tenuiflorum), 3 Amrita tulsi (Ocimum tenuiflorum), 4 Vana tulsi (Ocimum gratissum), pudina (Mint), Ajwan (Trachyspermum ammi) are very much useful in the prevention of Covid-19 pandemic, basil botanical species viz (Ocimum sanctum, Ocimum tenuiflorum, Amrita tulsi, Ocimum gratissum) also release oxygen 20 hours, 4 hours ozone by the absorption of carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide and oxide of sulphure Ocimum sanctum (OS) has many medicinal properties like antioxidant, antidiabetic, antiulcer, anticancer, antibacterial, antifungal and other The phytochemicals compounds of Ocimum, alkaloids, flavonoids, phenolics, essential oils, tannins and saponins play an important role in herbal medicine Ocimum species have been found to contain many medicinally relevant properties including anti-cancer, antioxidant, antifungal and anti-inflammatory virtues, and are also recommended for the treatment of malaria, bronchitis, diarrhea, dysentery, fever, pneumonia etc Whereas mint species originally used as a medicinal herb to treat stomach-aches and chest pains, and it is commonly used in the form of tea as a home remedy to stimulate digestion;alleviate stomach pain;and treat biliary disorders, dyspepsia, enteritis, flatulence, gastritis, gastric acidities, aerophagia, intestinal colic It is also used as an environmentally friendly insecticide for its ability to kill some common pests such as wasps, hornets, ants, and cockroaches Ajwan extract or its oil has a fungicidal, antimicrobial and anti-aggregatory effects on humans Ajwain has a traditional potential herb and is widely used for curing various diseases in humans and animals The fruit possesses stimulant, antispasmodic and carminative properties It is an important remedial agent for flatulence, atonic dyspepsia and diarrhea The seed of ajwain is bitter, pungent and it acts as anthelmintic, carminative, laxative, and stomachic It also cures abdominal tumors, abdominal pains and piles Seeds contain an essential oil containing about 50% thymol which is a strong germicide, anti-spasmodic and fungicide Thymol is also used in toothpaste and perfumery

Liver diseases have continued to be a major health problem in the world’s population with drug-induced liver damage as one of the causes. Tecoma stans (L.) Juss. ex Kunth is an ornamental plant and almost all parts of this plant are of medicinal importance. It exhibits strong antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antispasmodic, and wound healing activities. This study was conducted to assess the hepatoprotective effects of hydroethanolic extract of Tecoma stans (TSE) against acetaminophen- and CCl4-induced liver damage in rats. CCl4 (1 ml/kg body weight dissolved in olive oil) and acetaminophen (500 mg/kg b.wt) was used to induce hepatotoxicity in the animals. Animals were treated with TSE (dose: 100 mg/kg and 250 mg/kg b.wt) and standard drug, silymarin (100 mg/kg), for 7 days. Biochemical parameters such as ALT, AST, ALP, bilirubin (total and indirect), serum proteins (total protein, album and globulin), total cholesterol and triglycerides, creatinine and urea were evaluated. Also, liver histology and oxidative stress assessment were conducted. Significant increases in the major indicators of liver toxicity were observed in the paracetamol and CCl4 only group when compared to the normal. Levels of these biochemical parameters were reduced after the administration TSE (250 mg/kg) and the silymarin (100 mg/kg). The biochemical assessment was supported by histological observations. TSE has shown to possess significant hepatoprotective and antioxidant properties in the current study.

Background. The unresponsiveness to conventional pharmacological treatments and their side effects have led patients with irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) to use complementary and alternative medicine such as herbal remedies. Beside, Zataria multiflora Boiss (ZM), Trachyspermum ammi L. (TA), and Anethum graveolens L. (AG) are being used as an antiseptic, carminative, and antispasmodic in traditional medicine. This trial investigated the efficacy and safety of a combination of ZM, AG, and TA essential oils in the treatment of IBS. Method. The present study was a randomized double-blind clinical trial with parallel groups in Iran. Patients in the control arm received three tablets of 10 mg hyoscine butylbromide daily for two weeks, and the intervention arm was daily treated with two 250 mg softgel capsules containing 180 mg of essential oils of ZM, AG, and TA for two weeks. Primary outcomes were the response rates based on the IBS Symptom Severity Scale (IBS-SSS), IBS Adequate Relief (IBS-AR), and IBS Global Assessment Improvement (IBS-GAI) at the end and two weeks after the end of the intervention. Secondary outcomes were the improvement rates in IBS-SSS scores, improving the quality of life, safety, and tolerability. Results. The posttreatment improvement percentage based on IBS-AR, IBS-GAI, and IBS-SSS scales was 83.9%, 75%, and 87% in the intervention group and 37.9%, 27.5%, and 34.4% in the control group, respectively (P<0.001). Also, the improvement of the quality of life in the herbal medicine arm was significantly more than that in the control arm (P<0.001). Conclusions. According to the results, the herbal medicine investigated in this study can be considered an appropriate alternative treatment for IBS.

Utilization of muscle relaxants varies for treatment of acute and chronic pain. This article provides an overview of the different types muscles relaxants and their adverse effects. Appropriate medication selection based on clinical indications is also examined.

Syzygium myrtifolium Walp. (Syzygium campanulatum Korth), Myrtaceae, is locally known as “Kelat paya” in Malaysia. Traditionally, it is used as a remedy for stomach pain. The goal of the present study was to investigate the toxicological potential as well as the antidiarrhoeal and antispasmodic activities of betulinic acid, dimethyl cardamonin and standardized non-formulated and nano-formulated ethanol and supercritical fluid extracts prepared from leaves of S. myrtifolium. The standardized extracts did not produce in vivo toxicity. Both the compounds and standardized extracts showed dose-dependent antidiarrhoeal activity by examining changes in the percentage of liquid stools and percentage of defecation frequency. Dimethyl cardamonin and standardized extracts showed antispasmodic activity on the isolated ileum of guinea pigs. Compared with hyoscine-N-butylbromide, dimethyl cardamonin and standardized extracts produced significant, potent antagonizing activity in ileum contractions induced with acetylcholine. Furthermore, the antagonistic potential of S. myrtifolium active markers against muscarinic type M2 and M3 receptors was investigated by molecular docking.

Introduction:Dracocephalum kotschyiextract has antispasmodic activities on smooth muscle including ileum, uterus and trachea. The objective of this research was to investigate antispasmodic activity of hydroalcoholic and flavonoids extracts ofD. kotschyion rabbit bladder contractions.Methods:Rabbits were euthanized by carbon dioxide asphyxiation and the whole bladder was dissected out and immersed in the Tyrode’s solution. Longitudinal bladder strips were mounted vertically in an organ bath at 37°C and gassed continuously with O2. Bladder strips were contracted with acetylcholine (ACh), KCl, or electrical field stimulation (EFS). Isotonic tension of the tissue was recorded before and after addition of hydroalcoholic or flavonoids rich extracts ofD. kotschyi. Nifedipine and propantheline were used as standard drugs.Results:Standard drug propantheline, prevented bladder phasic contraction induced by ACh (1µM) without affecting KCl response. On the other hand, cumulative addition of nifedipine attenuated the tonic contractions induced by KCl (20mM) on bladder smooth muscle. Hydroalcoholic and flavonoids extracts ofD. kotschyiat concentration ranges of 10-320 µg/ mL in a concentration dependent way inhibited bladder tonic contraction induced by KCl (n=6). Both extracts also in a concentration-dependent manner relaxed EFS and ACh-induced contractions (range, 20–1280 µg/mL) of bladder smooth musclein vitro. Complete inhibition was achieved with the highest used concentrations of the extracts. The inhibitory effect of the extract was reversible following washing the tissues with fresh Tyrode’s solution.Conclusion:This study clearly demonstrated thatD. kotschyiextracts were able to prevent contractions induced by ACh, KCl or EFS in isolated rabbit bladder. This means that people consuming this medicinal plant may face urinary retention which could be a problem for patients with prostate hypertrophy. On the other hand, this plant might be useful in patients with urinary incontinence. However, its usefulness must be assessed in the controlled clinical trials.

Цель. Систематизация данных об эффективности включения масляной кислоты в схемы спазмолитической терапии синдрома раздраженного ки-шечника (СРК) в рамках метаанализа. Методы. Поиск исследований проводился в электронных базах данных MEDLINE/PubMed, EMBASE, Cochrane, Российский индекс научного цити-рования до июня 2020 г. Все контролируемые исследования, сравнивающие эффективность купирования абдоминальной боли у пациентов с СРК при применении комбинации масляной кислоты и стандартной спазмолитической терапии, включались в итоговый анализ. Результаты. Нами были отобраны 8 контролируемых исследований (все из России) с участием 708 пациентов (412 – в группах с комбинированной терапией масляной кислотой и спазмолитиком; 296 – в группах с монотерапией спазмолитиком). Обобщенная эффективность купирования абдо-минальной боли в группах комбинированной терапии составила 76,31% (95% доверительный интервал – ДИ 71,947–80,298), тогда как в группах с монотерапией – 33,58% (95% ДИ 28,294–39,199). Метаанализ показал, что добавление масляной кислоты к спазмолитической терапии достоверно повышает эффективность достижения полного регресса абдоминальной боли у пациентов с СРК (отношение шансов 5,995, 95% ДИ 4,282–8,395, p

Introduction: Pharmacological studies confirm antispasmodic activities of chamomile (Matricaria chamomilla) extract on intestinal smooth muscles and it has been suggested that chamomile increases uterus tone, but so far there is no scientific studies which support this assumption. Therefore, this study was designed to determine spasmodic and spasmolytic activities of M. chamomilla extracts on rat isolated uterus. Methods: Hydro-alcoholic extract of M. chamomilla was prepared by maceration technique. Flavonoids rich extract was prepared by liquid in liquid extraction technique. The spasmodic effects of the extracts were assessed on spontaneously contracting rat uterus. The myorelaxant effect of M. chamomilla extracts was validated on isolated uterus contractions induced by KCl, acetylcholine (ACh), electrical field stimulation (EFS) and oxytocin. Results: Hydro-alcoholic extract of M. chamomilla (0.8 and 1.6 mg/mL) enhanced spontaneous movement of rat isolated uterus smooth muscle suspended in an organ bath. On the other hand, flavonoids rich fraction only diminished uterus contractile activities. Flavonoids rich extract of the plant at bath concentration ranges of 40 μg/mL to 400 μg/mL attenuated uterus response to ACh, KCl, EFS and oxytocin. The hydro-alcoholic extract of M. chamomilla at higher concentration ranges (250 μg/mL to 1.5 mg/mL) inhibited uterus contractions induced by the above spasmogens. Conclusion: The present study confirms both spasmodic and spasmolytic activities M. chamomilla hydro-alcoholic extract. Therefore, medicinal use of the crude extract of M. chamomilla may initiate uterus contraction which could increase risk of spontaneous miscarriage or premature parturition.