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It is well known that oxidative stress causes certain diseases and organ damage. However, roles of oxidative stress in the acute phase of critical patients remain to be elucidated. This study aimed to investigate the balance of oxidative and antioxidative system and to clarify the association between oxidative stress and mortality in critically ill patients. This cohort study enrolled 247 patients transported to our emergency department by ambulance. Blood was drawn on hospital arrival, and serum derivatives of reactive oxidant metabolites (dROMs, oxidative index) and biological antioxidant potential (BAP, antioxidative index) were measured. Modified ratio (MR) is also calculated as BAP/dROMs/7.51. There were 197 survivors and 50 non-survivors. In the nonsurvivors, dROMs were significantly lower (274 vs 311, p, 長崎大学学位論文 学位記番号:博(医歯薬)甲第1492号 学位授与年月日:令和5年3月1日, Author: Hiroo Izumino, Goro Tajima, Osamu Tasaki, Takamitsu Inokuma, Go Hatachi, Katsunori Takagi, Takuro Miyazaki, Keitaro Matsumoto, Tomoshi Tsuchiya, Shuntaro Sato, Takeshi Nagayasu, Citation: Journal of Clinical Biochemistry and Nutrition, 72(2), pp.157-164; 2023

Olive (Olea europaea L.) has triacylglycerols, phenolics, and other antioxidants in its composition playing significant roles in maintaining health and reducing the onset of diseases. This study aimed to analyze the quality, antioxidant, textural profile, and sensory properties of processed Cheddar cheese fortified with 0%, 5%, 10%, 15%, and 20% (v/w) olive oil–whey protein isolate emulsion during 60 days of storage period. The results showed that processed cheese had significantly higher (p .05) in moisture and acidity while decreasing tendencies in pH, fat, protein, and ash contents. Sensory analysis showed that processed Cheddar cheese with 5% emulsion had higher taste, aroma, texture/appearance, overall acceptability scores, and hardness. Conclusively, results indicated that olive oil–whey protein isolate emulsion could be beneficial for manufacturing and commercializing processed cheeses, analogs, or spreads with improved nutritional value and sensory characteristics.

In this study, solid olive mill waste (SOMW) was used to obtain antioxidant compounds using solid–liquid extraction. The effect of different extraction methods, namely microwave-assisted extraction (MAE), ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE), Soxhlet, and conventional solvent extraction, on the yield, total phenolics, and total antioxidant activity of SOMW extracts was investigated. Untreated and dried SOMW were subjected to extraction with water and methanol. The antioxidant activity of the extracts was evaluated using the DPPH assay, while their total phenolic content was measured using the Folin–Ciocalteu method. For the characterisation of the extracts, HPLC-DAD analysis was performed. The results showed that the extraction yield was significantly influenced (p < 0.05) by the solvent used, the material treatment prior to extraction, the moisture content of SOMW samples, and the extraction time. The optimised parameters were water, as the extraction solvent, and MAE as the extraction technique (extraction temperature of 50 °C and time of 1 h). The evaluation of the antioxidant activity of the extracts indicated that phenolics were the dominant bioactive compounds. The extracts were found to be rich in several hydroxytyrosol derivatives. Therefore, SOMW can be a valuable resource for bioactive compounds using conventional and innovative extraction techniques.

This work aimed to obtain and characterize anthocyanin-rich extracts (ARE) from native black beans and evaluate their antioxidant and anti-inflammatory potential. The initial extract was obtained by supercritical fluids (RE) and purified using Amberlite® XAD-7 resin (PE). RE and PE were fractionated using countercurrent chromatography, and four fractions were obtained (REF1 and REF2 from RE, PEF1, and PEF2 from PE). ARE and fractions were characterized, and the biological potential was evaluated. ABTS IC50 values ranged from 7.9 to 139.2 (mg C3GE/L), DPPH IC50 ranged from 9.2 to 117.2 (mg C3GE/L), and NO IC50 ranged from 0.6 to143.8 (mg C3GE/L) (p < 0.05). COX-1 IC50 ranged from 0.1 to 0.9 (mg C3GE/L), COX-2 IC50 ranged from 0.01 to 0.7 (mg C3GE/L), and iNOS IC50 ranged from 0.9 to 5.6 (mg C3GE/L) (p < 0.05). The theoretical binding energy for phenolic compounds ranged from −8.45 to −1.4 kcal/mol for COX-1, from −8.5 to −1.8 kcal/mol for COX-2, and from −7.2 to −1.6 kcal/mol for iNOS. RE and REF2 presented the highest antioxidant and anti-inflammatory potential. Countercurrent chromatography effectively isolates and purifies bioactive compounds while maintaining their biological potential. Native black beans present an attractive phytochemical profile and could be used as ingredients in nutraceuticals and functional foods.

Mushrooms have a long history of use as food and medicine. They are rich in various nutrients and bioactive compounds, particularly phenolic compounds. In this study, ten mushroom species were selected, and solvent extraction using 80% ethanol was used to extract phenolic compounds. Total phenolic content (TPC), total flavonoid content (TFC) and total condensed tannin content (TCT) were measured to evaluate phenolic content in different mushroom varieties. In the mushroom varieties tested, brown portobello mushroom had the highest TPC (396.78 ± 3.12 µg GAE/g), white cup mushroom exhibited the highest TFC (275.17 ± 9.40 μg CE/g), and shiitake mushroom presented the highest TCT (13.80 ± 0.21 µg QE/g). Antioxidant capacity was evaluated using 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP), 2,2′-azino-bis-3ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid (ABTS) and total antioxidant capacity (TAC) assays. The highest DPPH free radical scavenging ability was found in white cup mushroom (730.14 ± 55.06 µg AAE/g), while the greatest iron-reducing ability (FRAP) was recorded for shiitake mushroom (165.32 ± 10.21 μg AAE/g). Additionally, Swiss brown mushroom showed the highest ABTS antioxidant capacity (321.31 ± 5.7 μg AAE/g), and the maximum TAC value was found in shiitake mushroom (24.52 ± 1.2 μg AAE/g). These results highlight that most of the mushroom varieties studied showed high phenolic contents and demonstrated strong antioxidant activity, with shiitake mushrooms standing out due to their high TCT and FRAP values, and the highest TAC value among the varieties studied. In addition, LC-ESI-QTOF-MS/MS was used to characterize the mushroom samples, and tentatively identified a total of 22 phenolic compounds, including 11 flavonoids, 4 lignans, 3 phenolic acids, 2 stilbenes and 2 other phenolic compounds in all mushroom samples. The research results of this study showed that mushrooms are a good source of phenolic compounds with strong antioxidant potential. The results can provide a scientific basis for the development of mushroom extracts in functional food, health products, and other industries.

Background: Oxidative stress is one of the main contributing factors involved in cerebral biochemical impairment. The higher susceptibility of the central nervous system to reactive oxygen species mediated damage could be attributed to several factors. For example, neurons use a greater quantity of oxygen, many parts of the brain have higher concentraton of iron, and neuronal mitochondria produce huge content of hydrogen peroxide. In addition, neuronal membranes have polyunsaturated fatty acids, which are predominantly vulnerable to oxidative stress (OS). OS is the imbalance between reactive oxygen species generation and cellular antioxidant potential. This may lead to various pathological conditions and diseases, especially neurodegenerative diseases such as, Parkinson’s, Alzheimer’s, and Huntington’s diseases. Objectives: In this study, we explored the involvement of OS in neurodegenerative diseases. Methods: We used different search terms like “oxidative stress and neurological disorders” “free radicals and neurodegenerative disorders” “oxidative stress, free radicals, and neurological disorders” and “association of oxidative stress with the name of disorders taken from the list of neurological disorders. We tried to summarize the source, biological effects, and physiologic functions of ROS. Results: Finally, it was noted that more than 190 neurological disorders are associated with oxidative stress. Conclusion: More elaborated studies in the future will certainly help in understanding the exact mechanism involved in neurological diseases and provide insight into revelation of therapeutic targets.

The aim of this study was to identify and quantify polyphenolic compounds in skin extracts from four Bulgarian grape varieties and compare them to those of seed extracts. The values of total phenolic contents, flavonoids, anthocyanins, procyanidins and an ascorbic acid in grape skin extracts were determined. The antioxidant capacities of skin extracts were evaluated using four different methods. The total phenolic content of skin extracts was 2–3 times lower than those of seed extracts. The significant difference between total parameter values of individual grape varieties were also found. According to the total phenolic content and antioxidant capacity of skin extracts, the different grape varieties were arranged in the following order: Marselan ≥ Pinot Noir ˃ Cabernet Sauvignon ˃ Tamyanka. The individual compounds in the grape skin extracts were determined using RP-HPLC and compared with those of the seed extracts. The determined composition of skin extracts was significantly different from the seed extracts’ composition. Quantitative evaluation of the procyanidins and catechins in the skins was carried out. A correlation between phenolic contents, individual compounds and antioxidant capacity of different extracts was found. The studied grape extracts have a potential to be applied as natural antioxidants in the pharmaceutical and food industries.

Namen diplomskega dela je bil preučiti, kako spreminjanje pogojev slajenja ječmena vpliva na kakovost kongresne sladice. Spreminjajoči dejavniki so bili temperatura (T) namakanja, odsotnost prezračevanja med namakanjem, čas in T kaljenja ter čas in T sušenja. V okviru diplomskega dela smo iz predhodno zaslajenega ječmena pripravili kongresne sladice, ki smo jih ovrednotili z določanjem ekstrakta, časa zasladitve, vrednosti pH, dinamične viskoznosti, vsebnosti prostega aminokislinskega dušika (FAN), vsebnosti skupnih fenolov in skupnih flavonoidov ter z določanjem sposobnosti lovljenja DPPH• radikala. Ugotovili smo očiten vpliv T namakanja, kaljenja in sušenja na kakovost kongresnih sladic. Stalna T namakanja in kaljenja je rezultirala v manjši akumulaciji (pri 10␃) ali izgubah (pri 20␃) ekstrakta in FAN v sladu, medtem ko so se kombinacije (nižja T namakanja + višja T kaljenja ali pa kombinacija nižje in višje T v času kaljenja) izkazale kot boljši režimi. Višje T sušenja so vodile do večjih izgub ekstrakta in FAN, a hkrati povečale vsebnost skupnih fenolnih spojin in flavonoidov ter antioksidativno učinkovitost. Krajši čas kaljenja je splošno vplival na slabše rezultate, za daljši čas kaljenja pa ne moremo z gotovostjo potrditi vpliva na izboljšanje rezultatov. The aim of diploma thesis was to investigate the impact of malting conditions on the Congress wort quality. The changing parameters were steeping temperature, lack of aeration during steeping, duration and temperature of germination and duration and temperature of kilning. Congress worts were prepared from pre-malted barley and were evaluated by determining the extract content, the time of starch convertion into sugars, the pH value, the dynamic viscosity, the free amino nitrogen (FAN) content, the total phenol and the total flavonoid content as well as the DPPH• radical scavenging ability. We found a significant effect of steeping, germination and kilning temperatures on the quality of Congress worts. A constant temperature of steeping and germination resulted in lesser accumulation (10␃) or greater losses (20␃) of extract and FAN content in malt, while their combinations (lower T of steeping + higher T of germination or a combination of lower and higher T in time of germination) were found to be better regimes. Higher kilning temperatures resulted in greater losses of extract and FAN, but at the same time increased the content of total phenolic compounds and flavonoids as well as antioxidant activity. A shorter germination time generally led to poorer results, meanwhile we could not directly confirm the positive effect of a longer germination time.

The poultry industry is looking for the most effective sources of selenium (Se) for commercial use. Over the past five years, nano-Se has attracted a great deal of attention in terms of its production, characterisation and possible application in poultry production. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of dietary levels of inorganic and organic Se, selenised yeast and nano forms of selenium on breast meat quality, liver and blood markers of antioxidants, the ultrastructure of tissue and the health status of chickens. A total of 300 one-day-old chicks Ross 308 were divided into 4 experimental groups, in 5 replications, with 15 birds per replication. Birds were fed the following treatments: a standard commercial diet containing inorganic Se in the form of inorganic Se at the level of 0.3 mg/kg diet and an experimental diet with an increased level of Se (0.5 mg/kg diet). The use of other forms of Se (nano-Se) versus sodium selenate significantly influences (p ≤ 0.05) a higher collagen content and does not impair physico-chemical properties in the breast muscle or the growth performance of the chickens. In addition, the use of other forms of selenium at an increased dose versus sodium selenate affected (p ≤ 0.01) the elongation of sarcomeres in the pectoral muscle while reducing (p ≤ 0.01) mitochondrial damage in hepatocytes and improving (p ≤ 0.05) oxidative indices. The use of nano-Se at a dose of 0.5 mg/kg feed has high bioavailability and low toxicity without negatively affecting the growth performance and while improving breast muscle quality parameters and the health status of the chickens.

By exploiting the ample biological potential of 1,3,4-oxadiazole/thiadiazole ring, 4-substitutedphenyl-1,3,4-oxadiazol/Thiadiazol-2-yl)-4-(4-substitutedphenyl) azetidin-2-one derivatives were prepared. Various substituted azetidin-2-one derivatives have been identified as immunostimulating and antimicrobial, as well as their antioxidant activity. 2-amino 1,3,4 oxadiazole/thiadiazole conjugates were synthesized by mixing semi/thio carbazides and sodium acetate with water and stirring well, followed by adding aldehydes in methanol at room temperature. Acetate (glacial) was used as the catalyst to produce Schiff’s bases (intermediates) by treating substituted aldehydes with 2-amino 1,3,4 oxadiazole/thiadiazole(s). Using the mixture of triethylamine (dropwise) and chloroacetylchloride with vigorous stirring, 4-substitutedphenyl-1,3,4-oxadiazol/Thiadiazol-2-yl)-4-(4-substitutedphenyl) azetidin-2-one derivatives were prepared. The newly synthesized conjugates were evaluated for their anticancer potential using MCF-7 cell lines. Amoxicillin and fluconazole were used as reference drugs to determine their antimicrobial activity. Synthesized derivatives were evaluated for their antioxidant properties using 2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH). In vitro cytotoxicity screening (MTTS assay) revealed that derivatives AZ-5, 9, 10, 14 and 19 demonstrated high efficacy with the percentage of inhibition at different concentration ranges (0.1 μM, 0.5 μM, 1 μM, 2 μM) of 89% to 94% μM as compared to doxorubicin as standard drug. The antimicrobial study indicated that compounds AZ-10, 19, and AZ-20 were found to have significant antimicrobial potential with MIC ranges of 3.34 µM to 3.71 µM in comparison to reference drugs having 4.29 µM to 5.10 µM. Based on antioxidant screening, most of the synthetic derivatives showed greater stability and effectiveness than the standard drug. According to the antioxidant screening, compounds AZ-5 and AZ-15 (IC50 = 45.02 μg/mL and 42.88 μg/mL, respectively) showed the greatest potency, as compared to ascorbic acid (IC50 = 78.63 μg/mL). Structure-activity relationship (SAR) studies of synthesized novel derivatives revealed that para-substituted halogen and nitro derivatives have remarkable potential against MCF-7 cancer cell lines and different microbial strains. Current evidence indicates that the synthesized derivatives may be promising candidates for use in the prevention and treatment of these infections. These synthesized compounds require further mechanism-based research to understand how they interact with the cells.

Microgreens belong to a class of functional foods with valuable nutritional elements and diverse health benefits when consumed as food supplements. Its consumption has increased sharply due to the abundance of different health-promoting components than their mature plants. The present study investigated the growth conditions and nutritional profiles of six crops (mungbean, lentil, red radish, pearl-millet, mustard, and red cabbage) as microgreens grown under the light with a 16 h light/8 h dark cycle. Firstly, the optimum temperature and the day of harvesting of each of the microgreens for their maximum yield were standardized. The optimum temperature ranged from 24 to 28 °C, and the best stage for their harvesting ranged from the 6th to 13th day for all six microgreens species. Physiological parameters such as height, yield, color, moisture content, seed weight to fresh weight (FW) ratio, and FW to dry weight (DW) were also estimated. All the microgreens were analyzed for the total phenolics content, total anthocyanin content, vitamin C, free radical scavenging activity, dietary fiber, and phytic acid contents at the harvesting stage. Total phenolics, total anthocyanin, and vitamin C contents ranged from 55 to 1240 mg/100 g, 25 to 186 mg/100 g, and 22 to 86 mg/100 g, respectively, in the studied microgreens. Red cabbage and pearl-millet microgreens accumulated higher phenolics than other studied microgreens, while total anthocyanin content was higher in red radish and pearl-millet microgreens. Vitamin C content was recorded as highest in red cabbage microgreens. DPPH-based free radical scavenging activity ranged from 62–84% and was highest in red cabbage microgreens. All the microgreens were also analyzed for their dietary fiber (DF) content which ranged from 2.5–12.5% and was recorded as maximum in pearl millet microgreens. The findings of this study offer helpful information on the growth circumstances necessary to produce microgreens with the greatest nutrient and health benefits.

BACKGROUND: Oxidative stress and chronic inflammation are among the leading causes of coronary heart disease (CHD). Studies investigated the relationship between dietary antioxidants and the risk/odds of CHD, and contradictory results have been reported. Dietary antioxidant index (DAI) is a novel and reliable nutritional tool that examines the diet’s overall antioxidant capacity. Its validity was examined using serum total antioxidant capacity and malondialdehyde. OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to investigate the relationship between DAI score and odds of CHD. METHODS: In this incidence case-control study, 320 individuals with a definitive diagnosis of CHD and 320 participants without CHD or related risk factors attending the same hospitals/polyclinics were selected as the case and control groups. We estimated the DAI by summing up six standardized intakes of major dietary antioxidants, including manganese, vitamin E, A, C, selenium, and zinc. RESULTS: Modeling DAI categorized according to the median (–0.38), in multi-adjusted model showed a significant protective association with the odd of CHD (OR = 0.72; 95%CI:0.51–0.99, p-value = 0.05). Also, modeling DAI as a continuous variable in multi-adjusted models (OR = 0.94;95%CI:0.90–0.95; p-value = 0.01) showed significant results. CONCLUSION: Using the DAI to investigate the relationship between dietary antioxidants and CHD can show more realistic results than a single study of antioxidants.

Taro (Colocasia esculenta) is one of the traditional crops with enormous nutritional and pharmaceutical potential as compared to the other tuber crops. It is evident from the available literature that different plant part of taro contains a combination of bioactive compounds such as tarin, polysaccharides (TPS1 and TPS2), alkaloids, polyphenols, and saponins. Anti-carcinogenic, anti-compulsive, anti-hyperglycemia, anti-hypertensive, anti-inflammatory, hepatoprotective, immunoprotective, and neuroprotective properties have been demonstrated for these bioactive compounds. Taro's unique characteristics, such as the presence of small-sized starch granules, resistant starch type, and hypoallergenic properties, have the potential to elevate its status from underutilized to wonder future crop. Poi is a traditionally processed product of taro that has medicinal properties. Other processed products of taro are taro flour, cookies, noodles, achu and it is also a major constituent of baby food products due to its easily digestible nature. The documentation of traditional uses of taro food products in rural communities, as well as the quantification of bioactive compounds, demonstrate taro's vast potential as functional food products and in drug development. Hence, screening diverse genotypes for bioactive compounds from different continents could aid breeding efforts directed at taro biofortification. Commercialization of taro usage should be considered as a dietary intervention strategy for addressing malnutrition and hidden hunger in poor communities worldwide. In this review, we have comprehensively highlighted the scope of taro as a future food crop with enormous nutritional and antioxidant potential, biotechnological advancements, and the scope for breeding biofortified taro.

Abstract The study has proved the stimulating effects of different strategies of treatments with elicitors on the production of glucosinolates (GSLs), flavonoids, polyphenols, saccharides, and photosynthetic pigments in watercress (Nasturtium officinale) microshoot cultures. The study also assessed antioxidant and anti-melanin activities. The following elicitors were tested: ethephon (ETH), methyl jasmonate (MeJA), sodium salicylate (NaSA), and yeast extract (YeE) and were added on day 10 of the growth period. Cultures not treated with the elicitor were used as control. The total GSL content estimations and UHPLC-DAD-MS/MS analyses showed that elicitation influenced the qualitative and quantitative profiles of GSLs. MeJA stimulated the production of gluconasturtiin (68.34 mg/100 g dried weight (DW)) and glucobrassicin (65.95 mg/100 g DW). The elicitation also increased flavonoid accumulation (max. 1131.33 mg/100 g DW, for 100 μM NaSA, collection after 24 h). The elicitors did not boost the total polyphenol content. NaSA at 100 μM increased the production of total chlorophyll a and b (5.7 times after 24 h of treatment), and 50 μM NaSA caused a 6.5 times higher production of carotenoids after 8 days of treatment. The antioxidant potential (assessed with the CUPRAC FRAP and DPPH assays) increased most after 24 h of treatment with 100 μM MeJA. The assessment of anti-melanin activities showed that the microshoot extracts were able to cause inhibition of tyrosinase (max. 27.84% for 1250 µg/mL). Key points • Elicitation stimulated of the metabolite production in N. officinale microshoots. • High production of pro-health glucosinolates and polyphenols was obtained. • N. officinale microshoots have got tyrosinase inhibition potential. • The antioxidant potential of N. officinale microshoots was evaluated. Graphical abstract

Honey is a functional food used worldwide and recognized for its multiple health benefits. In the present study, the physicochemical and antioxidant properties of honey produced by two species of bees (Melipona eburnea and Apis mellifera) in two seasons were evaluated. In addition, the antimicrobial activity of honey against three bacterial strains was studied. The quality of honey analyzed by LDA (linear discriminant analysis) showed four clusters mediated by the interaction, the bee species, and the collection season resulting from a multivariate function of discrimination. The physicochemical properties of the honey produced by A. mellifera met the requirements of the Codex Alimentarius, while the M. eburnea honey had moisture values outside the established ranges of the Codex. Antioxidant activity was higher in the honey of A. mellifera, and both kinds of honey showed inhibitory activity against S. typhimurium ATCC 14028 and L. monocytogenes ATCC 9118. E. coli ATCC 25922 showed resistance to the analyzed honey.

Madeira wine is produced via spontaneous alcoholic fermentation arrested by ethanol addition. The increasing demand of the wine market has led to the need to standardize the winemaking process. This study focuses on identifying the microbiota of indigenous yeasts present during Madeira wine fermentation and then evaluates the impact of selected indigenous non-Saccharomyces as pure starter culture (Hanseniaspora uvarum, Starmerella bacillaris, Pichia terricola, Pichia fermentans, and Pichia kluyveri) in the chemical and phenolic characterization of Madeira wine production. Results showed that the polyphenol content of the wines was influenced by yeast species, with higher levels found in wines produced by Pichia spp. (ranging from 356.85 to 367.68 mg GAE/L in total polyphenols and 50.52 to 51.50 mg/L in total individual polyphenols through HPLC methods). Antioxidant potential was higher in wines produced with Hanseniaspora uvarum (133.60 mg Trolox/L) and Starmerella bacillaris (137.61 mg Trolox/L). Additionally, Starmerella bacillaris stands out due to its sugar consumption during fermentation (the totality of fructose and 43% of glucose) and 15.80 g/L of total organic acids compared to 9.23 g/L (on average) for the other yeasts. This knowledge can be advantageous to standardizing the winemaking process and increasing the bioactive compounds, resulting in the production of high-quality wines.

This study aimed to chemically characterize commercial Essentials oils and determine their thermal properties and their antimicrobial and antioxidant activities. Essential oils extracted from leaves of Rosemary, lemongrass, cloves, orange, Tahiti lemon and thyme were studied, with chemical characterization by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry, thermoanalytical characterization and antimicrobial (microdilution) and antioxidant (ferric reduction activities power - FRAP). The chemistry of the essential oils composition was consistent with literature data and justified their thermal behavior. Comparing the thermal stability between the studied essential oils results revealed the optimization of the da Tonset = 106.6to clove`s essential oils. The results of differentiated antimicrobial and antioxidant activity justified by factors that influence the biological functions of Essentials oils, such as the origin of the plant (climate conditions), forms of cultivation and harvesting of the raw material, parameters and extraction method. Thus, it emphasizes the importance of a Brazilian production of essentials to take advantage of the technological and analytical capacity of national research centers, to provide the market with traceable products with certified identity. El presente estúdio tuvo como objetivo más grande caracterizar quimicamente los aceites esenciales comerciales y determinar sus propiedades térmicas, actividad antimicrobiana y antioxidante. Los aceites esenciales de romero, limoncillo, clavo, naranja, limón-tahití y tomillo extraídos de las hojas. Los aceites se analizaron utilizando Cromatografía de gases acoplada a espectro de masas (GC-MS), caracterización termoanalítica y actividades antimicrobianas (por microdilución) y antioxidante a través del método de potencia de actividad reductora férrica (FRAP). La composición química de los aceites esenciales fue consistente con los datos estudiados en la literatura y justificó su comportamiento térmico. Comparando la estabilidad térmica entre los aceites esenciales estudiados, los resultados revelaron la optimización de la Tonset = 106,6 de aceite esencial de clavo. Los resultados de las actividades antimicrobiana y antioxidante se justificaron por factores que influyen en las funciones biológicas de los aceites esenciales como las condiciones climáticas del origen de la planta, formas de cultivar y cosechar la materia prima, parámetros y métodos de extracción. De esta manera, este trabajo tiene como fundamento prioritario enfatizar la importancia de una producción brasileña de aceites esenciales y aprovechar la capacidad tecnológica y analítica de los centros de investigación nacionales para abastecer el mercado brasileño productos trazables con identidad certificada. O presente estudo teve como objetivo caracterizar quimicamente óleos essenciais comerciais e determinar as suas propriedades térmicas, atividade antimicrobiana e antioxidante. Foram estudados os óleos essenciais de alecrim, capim-limão, cravo, laranja, limão – tahiti e tomilho extraído das folhas. Os óleos foram analisados por meio de Cromatografia Gasosa acoplada ao Espectro de Massas (CG-EM), caracterização termoanálitica e atividades antimicrobiana (por microdiluição) e antioxidante via método de poder de atividade de redução férrica (FRAP). A composição química dos óleos essenciais se mostrou consistente com dados estudados na literatura e justificou seu comportamento térmico. Comparando a estabilidade térmica entre os óleos essenciais estudados resultados revelaram a otimização da Tonset = 106,6 do óleo essencial de cravo. Resultados das atividades antimicrobiana e antioxidante foram justificados por fatores que influem nas funções biológicas dos óleos essenciais como as condições climáticas da origem da planta, formas de cultivo e colheita da matéria-prima, parâmetros e métodos de extração. Deste modo, este trabalho tem como fundamento prioritário enfatizar a importância de uma produção brasileira dos óleos essenciais e aproveitar a capacidade tecnológica e analítica dos centros de pesquisa nacionais para fornecer ao mercado brasileiro produtos rastreáveis e com identidade certificada.

A sulfate-bridged complex [Cu(µ2-SO4)(Im)4] (1) was prepared and structurally characterized, where Im: imidazole. The X-ray structure analysis reveals that 1 crystallizes in the monoclinic system with space group C2/c. The octahedral coordination around the metal center is made up of four distinct imine nitrogen atoms in the equatorial plane, and two sulfate oxygen atoms occupying the axial sites. The covalent linkage between metals via the sulfate group, forming infinite 1D zigzag chains, ensures the entanglement of the structure. These chains, in turn, are further assembled into a 2D network through N-H...O hydrogen bonding. Thermal analyses underline the high thermal stability of our complex, which starts to decompose at 200 °C. The infrared spectrum confirms the results obtained from the crystallographic analysis. Optical studies reveal the presence of a hypsochromic effect noticed in the absorption and photoluminescence spectra. The synthesized compound was found to reduce both oxidative injury and histopathological features, which are associated with skeletal metastases as a result of malignant Walker 256/B breast cancer cells. peerReviewed

A review using the information on the problem in domestic and foreign sources of literature was carried out. Selected wild berries of Yakutia in their composition contain anthocyanins, flavanols and other biologically active compounds with experimentally proven anticancer effect in vitro against breast cancer cells. It has been noted that there is an insufficient study of wild berries as preventive agents against breast cancer. Experimental studies have proven the role of lingonberry in inhibiting the development of carcinogen-induced epithelial cancer, and cell culture of lingonberry and cloudberry can reduce the viability and proliferative activity of breast cancer cells. It is recommended to conduct researches on the effect of extracts, juice of northern berries on the development of breast cancer cell culture and find out their possible preventive and therapeutic effect.

The aim of the research was to assess the content of components showing antioxidant activity in the milk of Holstein-Friesian cows and changes in the total antioxidant status during subsequent lactations and their stages. The material for analysis consisted of milk collected from 90 cows (30 for each analysed lactation number: I - primaparous; II - multiparous in second lactation; III - multiparous in third lactation) during three periods: 1 - up to 100 days of lactation, 2 - 101-200 days of lactation, and 3 - 201-305 days of lactation. The basic chemical composition, casein content, somatic cell counts, selected whey proteins and fat-soluble vitamins were determined in the milk. The total antioxidant status (TAS) of milk was also measured. With the subsequent lactation, the content of components with antioxidant properties, i.e. vitamins A and E, and albumins (α-lactalbumin and β-lactoglobulin), decreased significantly (p≤0.01). Simultaneously, a decrease in the level of TAS in milk was noted. The lactation phase had a minor effect on the antioxidant potential of milk. The obtained high correlation coefficients between the value of the TAS and the content of vitamins A, E and β-lactoglobulin indicate that the content of these compounds largely determines the antioxidant potential of milk. On the other hand, the obtained negative correlations between the level of antioxidant potential and the daily milk yield (r = -0.347, p≤0.05) suggest that the high productivity of cows negatively affects the antioxidant value of milk., Cilj istraživanja bio je utvrditi koncentraciju sastojaka koji pokazuju antioksidativno djelovanje u mlijeku holštajnfrizijskih krava i promjene ukupnog antioksidacijskog statusa s obzirom na redoslijed i stadij laktacije. U svrhu istraživanja korišteni su uzorci mlijeka prikupljeni od 90 krava (po 30 za svaki analizirani laktacijski broj: I - prvotelke; II – višetelke u drugoj laktaciji; III - višetelke u trećoj laktaciji) u tri razdoblja: 1 - do 100 dana laktacije, 2 - 101-200 dana laktacije, a 3 - 201-305 dana laktacije. U mlijeku je određen osnovni kemijski sastav, broj somatskih stanica, udio kazeina, odabranih proteina sirutke i vitamina topljivi u mastima. Također je izmjeren i ukupni antioksidacijski status (TAS) mlijeka. S obzirom na redoslijed laktacije značajno se smanjivala (p≤0,01) koncentracija sastojaka s antioksidacijskim svojstvima, tj. vitamina A i E, te albumina (α-laktalbumin i β-laktoglobulin). Istovremeno je zabilježen i pad vrijednosti TAS u mlijeku. Stadij laktacije imao je manji učinak na antioksidacijski potencijal mlijeka. Visoki koeficijenti korelacije između vrijednosti TAS i koncentracije vitamina A, E i β-laktoglobulina ukazuju da udio ovih spojeva uvelike određuje antioksidacijski potencijal mlijeka. S druge strane, negativne korelacije dobivene između vrijednosti antioksidacijskog potencijala i dnevnog prinosa mlijeka (r=-0,347, p≤0,05) upućuju na to da visoka proizvodnja mlijeka negativno utječe na antioksidacijsku vrijednost mlijeka.

Most of the functional oligosaccharides (OS) consist of monomers, present in varying degrees of polymerization (DP) ranging between 3 and 10 units. DP of inulin-type fructooligosaccharides has a great impact on fermentability and their utilization by probiotic bacteria such is Bifidobacteria, thus they have a great impact on their health-promoting effect. Technological properties of fructooligosaccharides (FOS) can improve the physicochemical and sensory characteristics of food products, leading to their increased application in the food industry. It has been found that microbial endoinulinase plays an important role in production of inulin-type fructooligosaccharides. Aspergillus welwitschiae FAW1 strain has proven to be non-toxigenic with the absence of biosynthetic gene clusters for mycotoxins (ochratoxins and fumonisins) and therefore safe for use in food production [5]. Growing on the natural substrate, triticale (Triticosecale sp) FAW1 strain produced inulinase complex from which endoinulinase (InuA) was purified by chromatographic techniques. FOS was prepared by time-controlled hydrolysis of inulin. Monitoring kinetics and determining the amount of obtained FOS by TLC and HPLC methods led to a conclusion that FOS production by hydrolysis of inulin is kinetic dependent reaction. Depending on the reaction time, FOS with different compositions are obtained.The largest amount of produced FOS (DP 2-6) has been in 15-20 minutes of the reaction, where the resulting mixture contains small amount of mono- and disaccharides. The obtained FOS were characterized on antioxidant capacity. Produced FOS showed significant antioxidant potential according to ORAC method which classifies them as potent candidate as additives in functional food. Endoinulinase (InuA) form A. welvitscihae FAW1 considered as key enzyme in FOS preparation. The composition and lenght of the produced FOS can be varied by controlling the reaction time, depending on the needs of of the market and their eventual application.

Cheese has become an important food item that may provide great nutritional benefits to consumers all over the world. Rennet is the most important milk coagulant obtained from calf stomach but nowadays due to lesser availability of ruminant stomach, higher rennet prices, religious concerns (Islamism; Halal / Haram) or the ban of recombinant calf rennet has given rise to the need for other substitutes than rennet. The present study was conducted to develop vegetative extracts of Citrus aurantium flowers, fig, pineapple, and melon extract as vegetative coagulants as an economical, easily available and halal source and their evaluation on basis of pH, dry matter protein content, milk clotting, and proteolytic activities potential in comparison with rennet and acid. The protein contents of CAFE, fig latex and bromelain were much greater than melon extract. The trend in milk clotting activity (MCA), proteolytic activity (PA) and MCA/PA ratio was rennet > acid > bromelain ˃ CAFE ˃ fig latex> melon extract. ORAC assay for antioxidant potential of extracts showed the following trend: fig latex 592 µM (TE)>CAFE 566 µM (TE)>bromelain 130 µM (TE)> melon extract 120 µM (TE) using Trolox as standard. These plant extracts proved a better substitute for animal rennet in the cheese industry.

Aims: The present work is particularly focused on antioxidant properties of flower of Ocimum basilicum plant. Study Design: Study is basically designed on Column chromatography of extracts. Place and Duration of Study: Sample collection and all experimental work was done in Chemistry Department Government College University, Lahore. The study comprises duration of 6 months. Methodology: The flower of Ocimum basilicum were collected, dried and grinded. It was soaked in methanol-water (70:30) in dark bottle for a week. Followed by a scheme (column chromatography). After TLC of extracts, three activities were done. Phosphomolybdate, Ferric thiocyanate (FTC), and Folin-Ciocalteu (FC reagent) for determination of antioxidant capacity, peroxidation, determination of total phenols respectively. Results: The sample OC2 and crude have maximum absorbance at the concentration of 100µl, 200µl and 300µl. The results show that crude has maximum antioxidant capacity. The phenolic contents are in the increasing order of fraction OC2, OC5, and crude. The maximum phenolic contents are present in crude. Reference has the maximum ability for peroxidation for ferric thiocyanate complex by giving red colour. Conclusion: Overall it is concluded that Ocimum basilicum flower has antioxidant capacity as good as a standard antioxidant. It is recommended in food/medicine as natural herbal product.

Raspberry fruits are a valuable source of bioactive compounds. The study used the modification of the substrate (coconut fibre), consisting of the use of various organic and mineral additives, in the soilless cultivation of raspberries. The additives influenced the biosynthesis of bioactive compounds in the raspberry fruits by modifying the sorption properties and the abundance of the substrate. The influence of the additives on the content of polyphenols was determined as well as their profile (UPLC-MS), antioxidant potential (ABTS), vitamin C content, and the activity of selected enzymes that are markers of stress and resistance to abiotic factors. In the study, a significant effect of these additives was observed on the biosynthesis of polyphenols in raspberry fruit. The highest increase in the content of these compounds in relation to the control sample (substrate—100% coconut fibre), namely 37.7%, was recorded in the case of fruit produced on coconut substrate enriched with sheep wool. These fruits were also characterised by a significantly different profile of these compounds. These changes were caused by readily available ammonium nitrogen and free amino acids in the decomposition of proteins contained in the sheep wool. This was confirmed by the recorded content of chlorophyll SPAD in the plant leaves and the activity of selected enzymes, which proves a low level of stress and good condition of the plants.

Free radicals interfere with the equilibrium of cells and tissues, which can lead to cancer. Fresh water algae such as Microspora tumidula and Lyngbya kützingii is a great source of secondary antioxidant metabolites. These metabolites most likely work well in the therapy of cancer. Algae exhibit huge variety of pigments not only chlorophyll, Carotenoids, phycobilins, and xanthophylls are the most prevalent of these. In the beginning, the medicinal effect of microalgae biomass was studied when it was used as pills, powder, and water additives. More and more studies in recent years have focused on finding and using useful medicinal components in algae. Aim of this study to evaluate the antioxidant role of algae in pharmaceutical industries. In the current investigation, the algal extracts were prepared by using three solvents methanol, chloroform and n-hexane to know about antioxidant potential of algae of specific area. To evaluate the antioxidant activity different test were performed such as DPPH, TAA, TPC, FRAP and MC. In Microspora tumidula 15.16% DPPH highest value was shown by methanolic extract. In FRAP Lyngbya kützingii showed maximum value in methanolic extract 64 µM Trolox mg-1. While the highest value of TPC by Lyngbya kützingii was shown in chloroform extracts 37.5µg GAE /mg. The results of total antioxidant activity (TAA) were showed that Lyngbya kützingii and Microspora tumidula both exhibited the highest value 154mg /g and 152mg/g respectively in methanolic extract. The result of metal chelating test showed highest value in chloroform extract 10.44% by Lyngbya kützingii. So both these algal species showed antioxidant potential. Keywords: Antioxidant potential, pharmaceutical industries, Evaluation, secondary metabolites, Cancer, Solvents extract. Title: Antioxidant Activity of Fresh Water Algae (Lyngbya kützingii and Microspora tumidula) From a Village in Kasur Author: Aneeza Attique, Uzma Hanif, Ghazala B., Muzammal Abbas, Muhammad Fahad Shakeel, Ifra Aslam, Misha Arshad, Shumaila Rasheed International Journal of Life Sciences Research ISSN 2348-313X (Print), ISSN 2348-3148 (online) Vol. 10, Issue 4, October 2022 - December 2022 Page No: 73-81 Research Publish Journals Website: www.researchpublish.com Published Date: 21-December-2022 DOI: https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7466955 Paper Download Link (Source) https://www.researchpublish.com/papers/antioxidant-activity-of-fresh-water-algae-lyngbya-ktzingii-and-microspora-tumidula-from-a-village-in-kasur, International Journal of Life Sciences Research, ISSN 2348-313X (Print), ISSN 2348-3148 (online), Research Publish Journals, Website: www.researchpublish.com

Lemongrass (Cymbopogon citratus) is a valuable source of vitamins, macro- and microelements, and essential oils. The purpose of this study was to compare the physicochemical properties, sensory properties, antioxidant activity, and microbiological stability of wheat beers enriched with varying additions of crushed lemongrass. Sensory evaluation showed that wheat beers enriched with 2.5% m/v lemongrass were characterised by balanced taste and aroma (overall impression). Physicochemical analysis of the wheat beers showed that increasing the concentration of lemongrass in the finished product negatively affected the ethanol content. Alcohol content in wheat beer enriched with 1% m/v lemongrass was on average 14.74% higher than wheat beer enriched with 2.5% m/v lemongrass and on average 17.93% higher than wheat beer enriched with 5% m/v addition of lemongrass. The concentration of lemongrass in the finished product also increased the acidity of the beers and affected the colour of the wheat beers compared to the control beer. The total polyphenol content and antioxidant activity of lemongrass-enriched wheat beers varied. Of the lemongrass-enriched beers analysed, the beer product with 5% m/v lemongrass was the most microbiologically stable. According to the study, crushed lemongrass-enriched wheat beer may represent a new trend in the brewing industry, but the brewing process still needs to be improved.

The techno-economic feasibility of lavender essential oil supercritical CO2 extraction was studied. The process was scaled up to a pilot plant, and the extraction yield, composition, and antioxidant potential of the extracts were evaluated at 60 °C and 180 bar or 250 bar, achieving a maximum yield of 6.9% and a percentage inhibition of the extracts of more than 80%. These results drove the development of a business plan for three scenarios corresponding to different extraction volumes (20, 50, and 100 L) and annual production. The SWOT matrix showed that this is a promising business idea. The COM was calculated and an investment analysis was performed. The profitability of this process was demonstrated by means of a financial analysis for 8 years, considering a selling price of 1.38 EUR/g for the extract from the 20 L plant and 0.9 EUR/g for industrial-scale plants, supported by the price curve. The sensitivity analysis showed that the price of the equipment was the factor that could most influence the robustness of the project and the business strategy, and the financial ratios evaluation resulted in a ROE value above 57% in all cases, indicating the economic attractiveness of the process.

Macrolepiota africana is a fungus used as food in Gabon for its culinary properties. However, its nutritional value, mycochemical contents, antioxidant properties and health potential still unknown. The present study investigated the phytochemicals and antioxidant properties of this mushroom species. This chemical screening was followed by a study of the antioxidant activity and a prediction of additional pharmacological activities of M. africana. Using standard methodology, the mycochemical analyses were carried out on aqueous, hydro-ethanolic and ethanolic fungi extracts. The antioxidant activity of the mushroom extracts was determined using DPPH radical scavenging assay. Apart from Digitoxigenine, flavonol and gitoxigenine that were not found in any of the extracts, all other tested mycochemical were found in atleast one of the extracts. Alkaloids, flavonoids, polyphenols, oses and holosides, proanthocyanidins and coumarins were found in all extracts at different intensity. Saponosids, sterols and triterpenes, tannins gallics, reducing sugar, anthracenosides and digitoxine were found in two extracts while tannins catechics, flavone and gitoxine were detected only in one extract. The dosage of phenolic compounds confirmed the richness of this fungus in total polyphenols, its moderate richness in proanthocyanidins, the lack of flavonoids in the aqueous extract and the moderate richness of the hydro-ethanolic and ethanolic extracts in flavonoids. Regarding the antioxidant activities, the results obtained for the DPPH trapping test showed that the different extracts had low to moderate antioxidant activity with antioxidant activity index (IAA) ranged 0.29 to 0.97 respectively in aqueous and ethanolic extracts. The presence of these mycochemical compounds along with the identified antioxidant activities shows that this M. africana have some pharmacological potential.

The use of medicinal plants and secondary metabolites increases in treating numerous diseases such as hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), one of the leading causes of cancer-related death worldwide. Oxidative stress contributes to the development of liver cancer, and promoting antioxidant systems might provide better insights for the treatment. In the present study, the antioxidant potential of Pseudevernia furfuracea (L.) Zopf lichen species were investigated. Besides, effects of major secondary metabolites, olivetoric acid (OA) and physodic acid (PA), which were isolated from P. furfuracea, on hepatic gene expressions of antioxidant enzymes, were evaluated in both cancerous (HepG2) and healthy (THLE2) human liver cells. According to the results, the total phenolic content of P. furfuracea was 71.52 µg/mg and 8.16 µg/mg gallic acid equivalent for ethanolic and aqueous extracts, respectively. Likewise, β-carotene and lycopene contents were also higher in ethanolic extracts. In line with these antioxidant ingredients, DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) radical scavenging activity of ethanol extract (IC50: 158.79 mg/L) was remarkably high as compared with its aqueous extracts (IC50: 630.33 mg/L). OA and PA strongly augment all antioxidant enzymes’ gene expressions in HepG2 cells, while only gpx expression was upregulated in healthy THLE2 cells. Conversely, these two metabolites suppress cat, sod1, and sod2 expressions in THLE2 cells. These results together suggest that P. furfuracea not only has high antioxidant potential, but its secondary metabolites might also reduce oxidative stress in cancer cells by upregulating antioxidant enzymes, which would prevent oncogenesis and tumor progression in liver cancer., Dünyada kansere bağlı ölümlerin önde gelen nedenlerinden biri olan hepatosellüler karsinom (HCC) gibi çok sayıda hastalığın tedavisinde tıbbi bitkilerin ve sekonder metabolitlerin kullanımı artmaktadır. Oksidatif stres, karaciğer kanseri gelişimine katkıda bulunur ve antioksidan sistemlerin teşvik edilmesi, tedavi için daha iyi bilgiler sağlayabilir. Bu çalışmada, Pseudevernia furfuracea (L.) Zopf likeninin antioksidan potansiyeli araştırılıştır. Ayrıca, P.furfuracea'dan izole edilen ana sekonder metabolitler olan olivetorik asit (OA) ve fisodik asitin (PA) hepatik antioksidan enzimlerin gen ekspresyonları üzerindeki etkileri hem kanserli (HepG2) hem de sağlıklı (THLE2) insan karaciğer hücrelerinde değerlendirilmiştir. Sonuçlara göre, P. furfuracea'nın toplam fenolik içeriği etanolik ve sulu ekstraktlar için sırasıyla 71.52 µg/mg ve 8.16 µg/mg gallik asit eşdeğeri bulunmuştur. Aynı şekilde β-karoten ve likopen içerikleri de etanolik ekstraktlarda daha yüksek olarak belirlenmiştir. Bu antioksidan bileşenlerle uyumlu olarak, etanol özütünün DPPH (2,2-difenil-1-pikrilhidrazil) radikal süpürme aktivitesi (IC50: 158.79 mg/L), sulu ekstraktlar (IC50: 630.33 mg/L) ile karşılaştırıldığında oldukça yüksektir. OA ve PA, HepG2 hücrelerinde tüm antioksidan enzimlerin gen ifade düzeylerini arttırırken, sağlıklı THLE2 hücrelerinde ise sadece gpx ekspresyonu yukarı yönde regüle olmuştur. Bundan farklı olarak, her iki metabolit de THLE2 hücrelerinde cat, sod1 ve sod2 ekspresyonlarını baskılamıştır. Bu sonuçlar P. furfuracea'nın sadece yüksek antioksidan potansiyeline sahip olmadığını, aynı zamanda sekonder metabolitlerinin de karaciğer kanserinde onkogenezi ve tümör ilerlemesini önleyecek antioksidan enzimleri yukarı regüle ederek kanser hücrelerinde oksidatif stresi azaltabileceğini göstermektedir.

Encapsulation of sinigrin in liposomes with the proliposomal method was performed in order to evaluate the effect of this process on in vitro simulated digestion and antioxidant potential of sinigrin. The recovery of sinigrin after simulated gastric and duodenal digestion of its free and liposomal forms was determined with HPLC-UV using human digestive juices. The antioxidant potential of sinigrin and sinigrin-loaded liposomes was determined with the Rancimat test as their ability to prolong oxidative stability of edible oil. The efficiency of 62% was obtained by encapsulating sinigrin in liposomes. The values of mean diameter, polydispersity index and zeta potential showed satisfactory size uniformity and physical stability of the liposomes containing sinigrin. Liposomes were shown to inhibit the digestion of sinigrin in both human gastric and intestinal juices, clearly enabling its prolonged release. Moreover, sinigrin in the liposomal form significantly prolonged the induction time of edible oil oxidation compared to its free form. The results obtained are encouraging from the point of view of a possible incorporation of the sinigrin-loaded liposomes in real functional food systems or their use as nutraceuticals.

Aims: The aim of present study to evaluate the antioxidant potential of Abrus precatorius Linn leaves ethanol extract containing bioactive compounds on free radical scavenger using DPPH. Ethanol extract of Abrus precatorius Linn leaves was subjected to preliminary phytochemical screening and fraction of extract was detected by Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry analysis. Methodology and Results: GC-MS analysis of ethanol leaves extract was carried out on Shimadzu GC-MS model number QP 2010S and revealed the presence of 18 phytochemical compounds, with mome inositol as a dominant component. Antioxidant potential of leaves ethanol extract was evaluated using DPPH free radical scavenging assay at five different doses as 5, 10, 20, 30, 40 and 50 μg/mL and showed significant DPPH free radical scavenging potential with the IC50 value of 33.37 μg/mL. The bioautography of extract showed that fractions with the most prominent antioxidant potential tended to contain secondary metabolites reported in preliminary phytochemical screening such as alkaloids, carbohydrates, protein and amino acids, glycoside, tannins, flavonoids, triterpenoids and phenolic compounds. The results evaluate and justify the traditional relevance of Abrus precatorius Linn leaves ethanol extract for free radical scavenging potential as a antioxidant and can be used as a lead for the isolation of the antioxidant bioactive chemical constituents in further study. Conclusion: Preliminary phytochemical screening reported various bioactive compounds in the ethanol extract of Abrus precatorius Linn leaves and identified by GC-MS. The extract exhibited greater free radical scavenging activity i.e. antioxidant potential. The presence of various bioactive phytocompounds justifies the therapeutic use of the Abrus precatorius Linn plant leaves for various ailments by traditional practitioners.

Aims: This study aims to test the antioxidant activity of red and purple H. sabdariffa flower petals extract and conduct qualitative phytochemical screening. Study Design: Antioxidant potential of red and purple H. sabdariffa flower petal extract analyzed by spectrometric assays. Place and Duration of Study: This study was carried out at School of Pharmacy Muhammadiyah Cirebon, Cirebon, West Java, Indonesia from the year of 2020 to 2021. Methodology: Red and purple H. sabdariffa petals extracted with 70% ethanol. The extract was then examined for its antioxidant activity using the DPPH (1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl) method, after the qualitative phytochemical screening. Results: In this study, the concentration of red and purple H. sabdariffa petals extract dependently demonstrated the ability to scavenge DPPH. In the DPPH radical scavenging activity test, the red and purple H. sabdariffa petasl extracts designating IC50 values of 63.77 and 37.19 µg/ml and fall into the category of strong and very strong antioxidant activity. Meanwhile, phytochemical screening tests showed the existence of flavonoids and polyphenols in the extract of red and purple H. sabdariffa petals. Conclusion: This study shows that the red and purple H. sabdariffa petals extract has potential as a promising natural antioxidant agent for the treatment of oxidative stress.

Los frutos de Anisocapparis speciosa son nativas de la Ecoregión del Gran Chaco, crecen de manera silvestre en todo este territorio, su pulpa y semillas son comestibles y muy apreciadas por las poblaciones indígenas que lo habitan, además de otros usos con propiedades medicinales atribuidas por conocimientos etnobotánicos, pero no se tienen datos sobre la composición de estos frutos regionales y sus potenciales aplicaciones. El objetivo del presente trabajo fue evaluar la composición de la pulpa y semillas de frutos en estado maduro, y el potencial antioxidante en diferentes estadíos de madurez. La composición proximal, el contenido de minerales, vitamina C y solidos solubles se realizaron según metodologías oficiales de la AOAC. Los fenoles totales se determinaron por el método de Folin Ciocalteau y la capacidad antioxidante total por medio de la inhibición del radical ABTS. Los componentes mayoritarios en pulpa y semillas fueron carhobidratos y fibra alimentaria. La pulpa madura posee un buen contenido de vitamina C (20 mg/100g). El contenido de fenoles y capacidad antioxidante total fue mayor en la pulpa que en la semillas en estados inmaduros. Los frutos de Anisocapparis speciosa pueden representar una buena fuente de carbohidratos, fibra alimentaria, Mg y vitamina C en la dieta. La pulpa y semillas son fuentes de antioxidantes naturales. Estudios futuros sobre métodos postcosecha, almacenamiento y procesamiento serán necesarios para potenciar su uso y re-valorización en el marco de la Seguridad alimentaria en la población regional. The native Anisocapparis speciosa fruits from Gran Chaco Ecoregion, they grow wild throughout this territory, their edible pulp and seeds are highly appreciated by the indigenous populations that inhabit it, in addition to other uses with medicinal properties attributed by ethnobotanicals knowledge, but there are no data on the composition of these regional fruits and their potential applications. The aims of the present work were to analyze the pulp and seeds composition of fruits in the ripe state, and the antioxidant potential in different stages of maturity. The proximal composition, minerals content, vitamin C and soluble solids were carried out according to official AOAC methodologies. The total phenolics compounds (TPC) by the Folin Ciocalteau method and the total antioxidant capacity by means of the inhibition of the radical ABTS were evaluated. The main components in pulp and seeds were carbohydrates and dietary fiber. The ripe pulp has a good content of vitamin C (20 mg/100g). The content of TPC and total antioxidant capacity (ABTS radical scavenging) was higher in pulp than in the seeds, in immature stages. The Anisocapparis speciosa fruits can represent a good source of carbohydrates, dietary fiber, Mg and vitamin C in the diet of regional populations. The pulp and seeds are sources of natural antioxidants. Future studies on post-harvest, storage and processing methods will be necessary to enhance its use and re-valorization within the Food Security framework.

Protein profile, in vitro gastrointestinal digestion and antioxidant potential of two fresh cheese samples obtained by kombucha inoculum and traditional starter culture have been investigated in this study. There is a significant difference in protein profile and bioactive potential between fresh cheese samples. Kombucha fresh cheese contains higher proportion of protein, predominantly the casein fractions (α-casein and β-casein) compared to fresh cheese obtained by traditional culture. After gastrointestinal digestion (with pepsin and pancreatin), significantly higher amount of soluble protein and higher degree of hydrolyses were measured in kombucha fresh cheese sample than sample obtained by traditional culture. During gastrointestinal digestion, for fresh cheese with traditional starter both fractions of casein are degraded more rapidly by pepsin than in kombucha fresh cheese. The hydrolysates of cheese obtained by kombucha inoculum showed higher phenolic content and higher antiradical scavenging abilities than hydrolysates of fresh cheese produced with traditional starter. These results suggest that kombucha inoculum contributes to improvement of product’s bioactive potential.

The present study aimed to synthesize silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) by using black walnut (Juglans negia L.) leaf extract from Iran through a rapidly and ecofriendly ultrasound-assisted method and stirring-assisted method. The synthesized AgNPs by two methods were characterized by different techniques such as Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM), Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM), and UV–VIS Spectroscopy, FTIR, X-Ray Diffraction (XRD). The antimicrobial activities of both synthesized silver nanoparticles by two methods and also Juglans negia L. leaf extract were determined against four gram negative and two gram positive bacteria by well diffusion method and the Minimum Inhibitory Concentration test (MIC) and the results were comparable. The minimum inhibitory concentrations were achieved for biosynthesized AgNPs with assisted ultrasound method against two gram-negative bacteria E. coli and S. typhimurium (both 8 mg/mL). However, total phenols and flavonoids content of Juglans negia L. leaves extract were also determined. Additionally, the antioxidant activity was evaluated based on 2,2-diphenyl-1-picryl-hydrazyl (DPPH). Total phenols were 78.82±6.83 mg/g gallic acid equivalent, and total flavonoids were 446.23±2.32 mg/g rutin equivalent, and antioxidant capacity was 127.26±0.04 mg/g IC50.

Saffron (Crocus sativus L) has been widely used for many therapeutic purposes such as a pain reliever, inflammation cure due to the highly bioactive compounds, and antioxidant activities. The effect of boiling time (5, 10, and 15 min) was investigated on the bioactive compounds of saffron samples from different origins (Spain, Saudi Arabia, and Afghanistan). Depending on the origin of the saffron sample, the extraction time showed a different effect on their total polyphenol content (TPC). The highest TPC was noted in saffron from Spain boiled for 10 min (45.01 mg GAE/g DW), followed by the sample from Saudi Arabia (44.03 mg GAE/g DW) and Afghanistan (43.54 mg GAE/g DW) boiled for 15 min, respectively. The Spanish saffron extracted for 10 min significantly (p < 0.05) exhibited the highest total flavonoid content (TFC) (12.26 mg CE/g DW), while the Saudi saffron extracted for 5 min (6.06 mg CE/g DW) showed the lowest range among all the samples. There were no significant differences among the reducing power of Saudi Arabian saffron extracted for 10 min, and Spanish saffron extracted for 5 and 15 min, respectively. The reducing power of saffron samples echoed the results of the TPC and TFC. 1,2-DHB (dihydroxy benzene), chlorogenic acid, caffeic acid are increased upon the increase of boiling time in Saudi Arabian saffron samples. In a word, 10 min and 15 min boiling times achieved the best extraction for Spanish saffron followed by Saudi and Afghani saffron samples, respectively.

Stevia rebaudiana Bertoni is a plant species which is frequently used not only as a sweetener, but also for its antibacterial and antioxidant properties. Nowadays, there are a large number of studies on the antimicrobial and antioxidant activity of S. rebaudiana leaves, but there are almost no data about the antimicrobial and antioxidant potential of extracts from the other parts of S. rebaudiana. The aim of the present study is to provide data of the antibacterial and antioxidant potential of methanolic extracts from different parts of S. rebaudiana (flowers, leaves, stems, rhizomes, and tubers) cultivated in Bulgaria. Antibacterial activity of the extracts against Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus cereus and Escherichia coli was evaluated by agar well diffusion method, rutin content - by HPLC method, total phenolic content and radical scavenging potential - by UV-Vis analysis. S. rebaudiana extracts demonstrated antibacterial activity mainly against S. aureus - flower extracts expressed the highest activity, followed by the leaf and stem extracts. Only flower and leaf extracts demonstrated very low antibacterial activity against B. cereus. S. rebaudiana extracts did not show any antibacterial activity against E. coli. Methanolic extracts of this plant are rich in antioxidants. The highest concentrations of rutin and total phenols were found in the rhizomes of the plants, followed by the leaves, tubers, flowers, and stems, which corresponded to the radical scavenging potential of the same plant part. Comparisons between Trolox equivalents and gallic acid equivalents in different parts of S. rebaudiana on one hand, and Trolox equivalents and rutin concentration on the other hand showed a positive dependence and high values of the Pearson correlation - 0.9612 and 0.9707, respectively. The most important part of S. rebaudiana with medicinal significance (the leaves) has both comparatively good antibacterial activity and high antioxidant content, although the flowers and rhizomes expressed higher antibacterial and antioxidant activity, respectively. The experimental results imply that the cultivation area and climatic conditions of Bulgaria are very suitable for cultivation of S. rebaudiana plants with high content of antioxidants.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the Porophyllum ruderale effects on the liver in murine melanoma model B16-F10 and to determine the antioxidant potential. The plant’s aerial parts of the were collected in Campo Grande, MS, Brazil, dried, extracted with ethanol, ultrasonic bath and static maceration. The hydroalcoholic formulation at 100 and 200 mg/kg were submitted to antioxidant activity (DPPH) and hepatoprotective effect. Thirty-eight black mice with a mean weight of 30 g were distributed in 4 experimental groups: negative control, positive control (doxorubicin), P. ruderale at 100 mg/kg and P. ruderale at 200 mg/kg. All the animals received subcutaneous injection of 5x105 B16F10 cells on the 1st day of the experiment and were treated until the 14th day. Although a significant antioxidant activity was verified for the two concentrations analyzed, they were not sufficient to minimize the melanoma effects toxic in the mice liver as observed by histological changes and that leads us to conclude that the hydroalcoholic extract of aerial parts of P. ruderale, in the concentrations used, possesses antioxidant properties, good performance in inhibiting the proliferation of human melanoma cells, but it has no hepatoprotective effect in the melanoma cutaneous treatment. Keywords: Cutaneous Melanoma. Asteraceae. Hepatoprotective Effect. Phenolic Compounds. DPPH. Resumo O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar os efeitos de Porophyllum ruderale no fígado em melanoma murino modelo B16-F10 e determinar o potencial antioxidante. As folhas da planta foram coletadas em Campo Grande, MS, Brasil, secas, extraídas com etanol, banho ultrassônico e maceração estática. A formulação hidroalcoólica de 100 e 200 mg/kg foi submetida à atividade antioxidante (DPPH) e ao efeito hepatoprotetor. Trinta e oito camundongos pretos com peso médio de 30 g foram distribuídos em 4 grupos experimentais: controle negativo, controle positivo (doxorrubicina), P. ruderale na concentração de 100 mg/kg e P. ruderale na concentração de 200 mg/kg. Todos os animais receberam injeção subcutânea de 5x105 células B16F10 no 1º dia de experimento até o 14º. Embora tenha sido verificada atividade antioxidante significativa para as duas concentrações analisadas, elas não foram suficientes para minimizar os efeitos tóxicos do melanoma no fígado dos camundongos, como observado nas alterações histológicas, o que nos leva a concluir que o extrato hidroalcoólico das folhas de P. ruderale, nas concentrações utilizadas, possui propriedades antioxidantes, bom desempenho na inibição da proliferação de células de melanoma humano, mas não apresenta efeito hepatoprotetor no tratamento do melanoma cutâneo. Palavras-chave: Melanoma Cutâneo. Asteraceae. Efeito Hepatoprotetor. Compostos Fenólicos. DPPH.

Consequents upon the efficacies of the local claims of Aframomum melegueta (Ataare) and Syzygium aromaticum (Kanafuru) in the treatment of respiratory infections and diseases in the study area, the present study was conducted to investigate the phytochemical, antioxidant capacity and nutritional composition in compounds of Aframomum melegueta and Syzygium aromaticum seeds to validates their local claims. The aqueous extracts of the plants seeds were obtained using standard procedures. The phytochemical screening revealed the presence of alkaloids, saponins, flavonoids, terpenoids and phenols in the aqueous extracts of the plants seeds, while tannins was absent in the extract of Aframomum melegueta. Flavonoids and phenols revealed the highest antioxidant potential of the plants quantitatively at 0.1 g/m. The proximate contents of the plants seeds showed the level of crude contents ranging from moisture (7.34% ± 0.01 and 13.74% ± 0.03), fiber (28.33% ± 0.02 and 16.23% ± 0.02), protein (21.03% ± 0.02 and 10.79% ± 0.05), fat (7.13% ± 0.02 and 27.94% ± 0.10) and carbohydrates (32.76% ± 0.03 and 26.53% ± 0.02) respectively. The results also revealed the presence of potassium (63.50% ± 0.2 ppm and 64.20% ± 0.2 ppm), calcium (7.54% ± 0.2 ppm and 10.40% ± 0.2 ppm) and magnesium (9.05% ± 0.2 ppm and 9.11% ± 0.2 ppm) in the two plants seeds respectively. Therefore this study justifies the local use of Aframomum melegueta (Ataare) and Syzygium aromaticum (Kanafuru) as sources of medicine to manage and alleviate various symptoms associated with respiratory diseases and health conditions.

The present study was carried out to elucidate the in vitro free radical scavenging potential of various extracts of Tabebuia roseo-alba leaves. Assays for radical scavenging, such as DPPH, ABTS+, hydroxyl, hydrogen peroxide, superoxide, nitric oxide assay and reducing power activity were performed using standard protocols and the results were compared with standard ascorbic acid. Among the various extracts used the ethanolic extract of T. roseo-alba exhibited efficient scavenging potential with lowest EC50 value proving its antioxidant potential. Leaves of T. roseo-alba have strong free radical scavenging properties and thus can be used as a potential antioxidant to resolve diseases that are associated with oxidative stress including diabetes and other age related disorders.

Acacia nilotica is a potential source of protein, fibre and natural antioxidants. Also, the protein fractions from acacia seeds possess high functional properties that could be advantageous in food formulation. However, acacia pods possess a bitterness that hinders its utilization for value addition. We have developed composite flours in combination with raw banana flour. Two types of composite flours were developed substituting 30 and 50 per cent of banana flour with acacia flour. Acacia flour exhibited significantly higher (p≤0.05) water and oil absorption capacity, swelling power as well as sedimentation value compared to banana flour. Also, it was a significantly richer (p≤0.05) source of protein (12.95%), crude fibre (12.66 %) as well as DPPH activity (59.60 %). The two composite flours, respectively exhibited 0.86 and 1.35 g/g water absorption capacity; 0.44 and 0.76 g/g oil absorption capacity; 4.14 and 4.06 g/g swelling power; 14.22 and 15.36 ml/g sedimentation value. The crude protein content in respective composite flours was 9.36 and 11.86 % with 4.96 and 5.50 % crude fibre, 40.60 and 40.69 % dietary fibre, 27.05 and 34.06 % DPPH activity. Both composite flours were good source of available micro-minerals also.

Antioxidantes naturais são substâncias capazes de reduzir os impactos dos radicais livres no organismo. Dentre as principais fontes de antioxidantes estão alimentos, vitaminas, chás e compostos inorgânicos como o zinco. Diversos fatores influenciam no potencial antioxidantes dessas fontes, sendo, portanto, de suma importância a escolha de produtos que venham contribuir com a redução mais eficiente destes radicais. Por outro lado, deve-se buscar produtos seguros que não venham oferecer riscos ao consumi-los. Substâncias toxicas devem estar ausentes ou dentro dos limites permissíveis. Assim, as aflatoxinas, potentes agentes carcinogênicas produzidas por fungos, especialmente dos gêneros Aspergillus, Fusarium e Penicillum, desenvolve-se em várias matrizes, incluindo também as plantas medicinais. Nas quais devem estar ausentes, segundo legislações vigentes. Nesse contexto, o estudo teve como objetivo avaliar o potencial antioxidante das ervas mais consumidas no município de Salvador bem como contribuir para a avaliação de risco desses produtos quanto à contaminação por aflatoxina. A avaliação da atividade antioxidante foi feita através do método de DPPH e a detecção de aflatoxinas utilizou-se a cromatografia em camada delgada analítica. As amostras de erva doce apresentaram os maiores teores de compostos fenólicos e atividade antioxidante. Entretanto, cerca de 52% das amostras apresentaram fluorescência características de aflatoxinas. Demonstrando assim, a importância da constante avaliação de risco e adoção de boas práticas de armazenamento durante a comercialização desses produtos.

Background The ability to inhibit oxidative stress has been established as the prime mechanism in treatment of several disease conditions. In view of this, two new series of coumarin–chalcone hybrid molecules (5a–o and 6a–o) were synthesized using various aromatic aldehydes. The structures of the compounds were confirmed using IR, 1HNMR and mass spectral analyses. The compounds were evaluated for their antioxidant potential against 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and hydroxyl radicals in scavenging assays. Results Compounds 5o and 5k exhibited significant antioxidant potential as compared to the standard drug (ascorbic acid). Conclusions It can be concluded that the coumarin–chalcone treatment have the potential to be optimized further to generate scaffolds capable to treat many pathological conditions.

This study aimed to examine the antidepressant properties of apigenin in an experimental mouse model of chronic mild stress (CMS). Three weeks following CMS, albino mice of either sex were tested for their antidepressant effects using the tail suspension test (TST) and the sucrose preference test. The percentage preference for sucrose solution and the amount of time spent immobile in the TST were calculated. The brain malondialdehyde (MDA) levels, catalase activity, and reduced glutathione levels were checked to determine the antioxidant potential of treatments. When compared to the control, animals treated with apigenin during the CMS periods showed significantly shorter TST immobility times. Apigenin administration raised the percentage preference for sucrose solution in a dose-dependent manner, which put it on par with the widely used antidepressant imipramine. Animals treated with apigenin displayed a significantly (p ˂ 0.05) greater spontaneous locomotor count (281) when compared to the vehicle-treated group (245). Apigenin was also highly effective in significantly (p ˂ 0.01) lowering plasma corticosterone levels (17 vs. 28 µg/mL) and nitrite (19 vs. 33 µg/mL) produced by CMS in comparison to the control group. During CMS, a high dose (50 mg/kg) of apigenin was given, which greatly increased the reduced glutathione level while significantly decreasing the brain’s MDA and catalase activity when compared to the control group. As a result, we infer that high doses of apigenin may have potential antidepressant effects in animal models via various mechanisms.