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The present study aims to discover novel derivatives as antiapoptotic agents and their protective effects against renal ischemia/reperfusion. Therefore, a series of new thiadiazole analogues 2a–g was designed and synthesized through cyclization of the corresponding opened hydrazinecarbothioamides 1a–g, followed by confirmation of the structure via spectroscopic tools (NMR, IR and mass spectra) and elemental analyses. The antiapoptotic activity showed alongside decreasing of tissue damage induced by I/R in the kidneys of rats using N-acetylcysteine (NAC) as an antiapoptotic reference. Most of the cyclized thiadiazoles are better antiapoptotic agents than their corresponding opened precursors. Particularly, compounds 2c and 2g were the most active antiapoptotic compounds with significant biomarkers. A preliminary mechanistic study was performed through caspase-3 inhibition. Compound 2c was selected along with its corresponding opened precursor 1c. An assay of cytochrome C revealed that there is an attenuation of cytochrome C level of about 5.5-fold, which was better than 1c with a level of 4.1-fold. In caspases-3, 8 and 9 assays, compound 2c showed more potency and selectivity toward caspase-3 and 9 compared with 1c. The renal histopathological investigation indicated normal renal tissue for most of the compounds, especially 2c and 2g, relative to the control. Finally, a molecular docking study was conducted at the caspase-3 active site to suggest possible binding modes.

The present study aims to discover novel derivatives as antiapoptotic agents and their protective effects against renal ischemia/reperfusion. Therefore, a series of new thiadiazole analogues 2a-g was designed and synthesized through cyclization of the corresponding opened hydrazinecarbothioamides 1a-g, followed by confirmation of the structure via spectroscopic tools (NMR, IR and mass spectra) and elemental analyses. The antiapoptotic activity showed alongside decreasing of tissue damage induced by I/R in the kidneys of rats using N-acetylcysteine (NAC) as an antiapoptotic reference. Most of the cyclized thiadiazoles are better antiapoptotic agents than their corresponding opened precursors. Particularly, compounds 2c and 2g were the most active antiapoptotic compounds with significant biomarkers. A preliminary mechanistic study was performed through caspase-3 inhibition. Compound 2c was selected along with its corresponding opened precursor 1c. An assay of cytochrome C revealed that there is an attenuation of cytochrome C level of about 5.5-fold, which was better than 1c with a level of 4.1-fold. In caspases-3, 8 and 9 assays, compound 2c showed more potency and selectivity toward caspase-3 and 9 compared with 1c. The renal histopathological investigation indicated normal renal tissue for most of the compounds, especially 2c and 2g, relative to the control. Finally, a molecular docking study was conducted at the caspase-3 active site to suggest possible binding modes.

Nowadays cancer is the second main cause of death in the world. The most known bacterial carcinogen is Helicobacter pylori. Pathogens that can have an impact on cancer development in the gastrointestinal tract are also found in the oral cavity. Some specific species have been identified that correlate strongly with oral cancer, such as Streptococcus sp., Peptostreptococcus sp., Prevotella sp., Fusobacterium sp., Porphyromonas gingivalis, and Capnocytophaga gingivalis. Many works have also shown that the oral periopathogens Fusobacterium nucleatum and Porphyromonas gingivalis play an important role in the development of colorectal and pancreatic cancer. Three mechanisms of action have been suggested in regard to the role of oral microbiota in the pathogenesis of cancer. The first is bacterial stimulation of chronic inflammation. Inflammatory mediators produced in this process cause or facilitate cell proliferation, mutagenesis, oncogene activation, and angiogenesis. The second mechanism attributed to bacteria that may influence the pathogenesis of cancers by affecting cell proliferation is the activation of NF-κB and inhibition of cellular apoptosis. In the third mechanism, bacteria produce some substances that act in a carcinogenic manner. This review presents potentially oncogenic oral bacteria and possible mechanisms of their action on the carcinogenesis of human cells.

В экспериментах in vitro, выполненных на культуре клеток эндотелия человека (HUVEC), изучали ангиотропные эффекты фактора роста нервов NGF. На интактной культуре клеток показано, что NGF в концентрации 10–9 M проявляет ангиогенные свойства и стимулирует начальную стадию ангиогенеза – тубулогенез, о чём свидетельствует статистически значимое по сравнению с контролем увеличение средней суммарной длины микротрубочек. В условиях оксидативного стресса NGF нивелирует повреждающее действие перекиси водорода в высокой концентрации (200 мкМ) и не только проявляет ангиопротекторное действие, но и препятствует развитию морфологических изменений ядерного хроматина, характерных для апоптоза. В этих условиях NGF (10–9 М) статистически значимо по сравнению с контролем снижает число клеток с конденсированным и фрагментированным хроматином: соответственно 44 ± 9 и 78 ± 9 (р ≤ 0,05). Полученные в работе результаты подтверждают данные о наличии у NGF ангиогенной активности и свидетельствуют о том, что в условиях повреждения эндотелиальных клеток сосудов оксидативным стрессом он проявляет выраженную ангиопротекторную и антиапоптотическую активность., In vitro experiments performed on human endothelial cell culture (HUVEC), nerve growth factor (NGF) angiotropic effects were studied. An intact cell culture it was shown that NGF exhibited angiogenic properties and stimulated the initial stage of angiogenesis – tubulogenesis at a 10–9 M concentration, as evidenced by a statistically significant increase in the average total length of microtubules compared with the control. Under conditions of oxidative stress, NGF neutralizes the damaging effect of hydrogen peroxide in a high concentration (200 μM) and not only shows an angioprotective effect, but also prevents the development of morphological changes in nuclear chromatin, characteristic for apoptosis. Under these conditions NGF (10–9 M) reduces statistically significant by comparison with the control the number of cells with condensed and fragmented chromatin: 44 ± 9 and 78 ± 9 (р ≤ 0,05), respectively. The obtained results confirm the data about the NGF angiogenic activity and indicate that under conditions of the vessels endothelial cells damage by oxidative stress, it exhibits pronounced angioprotective and anti-apoptotic activity.

Granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) is used for heart failure therapy and promotes myocardial regeneration by inducing mobilization of bone marrow stem cells to the injured heart after myocardial infarction; however, this treatment has one weakness in that its biological effect is transient. In our previous report, we generated 5 mutants harboring N-linked glycosylation to improve its antiapoptotic activities. Among them, one mutant (Phe140Asn) had higher cell viability than wild-type hG-CSF in rat cardiomyocytes, even after treatment with an apoptotic agent (H2O2). Cells treated with this mutant significantly upregulated the antiapoptotic proteins, and experienced reductions in caspase 3 activity and PARP cleavage. Moreover, the total number of apoptotic cells was dramatically lower in cultures treated with mutant hG-CSF. Taken together, these results suggest that the addition of an N-linked glycosylation was successful in improving the antiapoptotic activity of hG-CSF, and that this mutated product will be a feasible therapy for patients who have experienced heart failure. [BMB Reports 2012; 45(12): 742-747]

Granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) is used for heartfailure therapy and promotes myocardial regeneration byinducing mobilization of bone marrow stem cells to the injuredheart after myocardial infarction; however, this treatment hasone weakness in that its biological effect is transient. In ourprevious report, we generated 5 mutants harboring N-linkedglycosylation to improve its antiapoptotic activities. Amongthem, one mutant (Phe140Asn) had higher cell viability thanwild-type hG-CSF in rat cardiomyocytes, even after treatmentwith an apoptotic agent (H2O2). Cells treated with this mutantsignificantly upregulated the antiapoptotic proteins, andexperienced reductions in caspase 3 activity and PARPcleavage. Moreover, the total number of apoptotic cells wasdramatically lower in cultures treated with mutant hG-CSF.Taken together, these results suggest that the addition of anN-linked glycosylation was successful in improving theantiapoptotic activity of hG-CSF, and that this mutated productwill be a feasible therapy for patients who have experiencedheart failure.

Anti-apoptotic B-cell lymphoma 2 (Bcl-2) family members target several intracellular Ca2+-transport systems. Bcl-2, via its N-terminal Bcl-2 homology (BH) 4 domain, inhibits both inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate receptors (IP3Rs) and ryanodine receptors (RyRs), while Bcl-XL, likely independently of its BH4 domain, sensitizes IP3Rs. It remains elusive whether Bcl-XL can also target and modulate RyRs. Here, Bcl-XL co-immunoprecipitated with RyR3 expressed in HEK293 cells. Mammalian protein-protein interaction trap (MAPPIT) and surface plasmon resonance (SPR) showed that Bcl-XL bound to the central domain of RyR3 via its BH4 domain, although to a lesser extent compared to the BH4 domain of Bcl-2. Consistent with the ability of the BH4 domain of Bcl-XL to bind to RyRs, loading the BH4-Bcl-XL peptide into RyR3-overexpressing HEK293 cells or in rat hippocampal neurons suppressed RyR-mediated Ca2+ release. In silico superposition of the 3D-structures of Bcl-2 and Bcl-XL indicated that Lys87 of the BH3 domain of Bcl-XL could be important for interacting with RyRs. In contrast to Bcl-XL, the Bcl-XLK87D mutant displayed lower binding affinity for RyR3 and a reduced inhibition of RyR-mediated Ca2+ release. These data suggest that Bcl-XL binds to RyR channels via its BH4 domain, but also its BH3 domain, more specific Lys87, contributes to the interaction.

Η νόσος του Parkinson χαρακτηρίζεται από τη βαθμιαία, εκλεκτική νευροεκφύλιση των ντοπαμινεργικών νευρώνων της μελαινοραβδωτής οδού. Η μειωμένη δραστηριοποίηση των ντοπαμινεργικών υποδοχέων που προκαλείται από την ανεπάρκεια ντοπαμίνης τροποποιεί τη λειτουργία των βασικών γαγγλίων και αναστέλλει τα κινητικά συστήματα. Ιδανικό πειραματικό μοντέλο αποτελεί το μοντέλο weaver, το οποίο εμφανίζει το ίδιο μοτίβο νευροεκφύλισης με τους παρκινσονικούς ασθενείς καθώς και περισσότερη από 70% μείωση της ντοπαμίνης στο ραβδωτό σώμα. Το γεγονός πως δεν υπάρχει σήμερα αποτελεσματική θεραπεία που να σταματά ή να αναστρέφει την εξέλιξη της νόσου, δημιουργεί την ανάγκη ανακάλυψης ενός φαρμακευτικού σχήματος το οποίο θα έχει νευροπροστατευτική δράση και θα περιορίζει τις παρενέργειες. Προηγούμενα αποτελέσματα της ομάδας μας δείχνουν σημαντική επιβίωση των ντοπαμινεργικών κυττάρων στο μοντέλο weaver μετά από χρόνια χορήγηση του ενδογενούς νευροστεροειδούς DHEAS, του χημικού αναλόγου του ΒΝΝ-50 (το οποίο δε μεταβολίζεται σε οιστρογόνα) και του φαρμακευτικού συνδυασμού του ΒΝΝ-50 με τη Ν-ακετυλοκυστεΐνη (NAC), με το τελευταίο να επαναφέρει πλήρως τον αριθμό των κυττάρων στη μέλαινα ουσία. Στην παρούσα εργασία θελήσαμε να διερευνήσουμε τους μηχανισμούς μέσω των οποίων επιτυγχάνεται η νευροπροστασία που προκαλεί η συγχορήγηση του συνδυασμού BNN-50/ΝAC. Για το σκοπό αυτό, αξιολογήσαμε την αντιαποπτωτική, καθώς και την αντιοξειδωτική δράση του σχήματος BNN-50/NAC. Οι δύο δείκτες επιλέχθηκαν λαμβάνοντας υπόψιν τον κεντρικό ρόλο του αποπτωτικού θανάτου στη διαδικασία της νευροεκφύλισης, καθώς και το ρόλο του οξειδωτικού στρες στην παθογένεια της νόσου. Τα αποτελέσματα μας υποδεικνύουν πλειοτροπική δράση του φαρμακευτικού συνδυασμού BNN-50/NAC, η οποία εκφράζεται μέσω της ισχυρής αντιαποπτωτικής και αντιοξειδωτικής του δράσης. Parkinson 's disease is characterized by the progressive, selective neurodegeneration of the dopaminergic neurons of the nigrostriatal pathway. The decreased activation of dopamine receptors caused by insufficient dopamine levels, modifies the function of the basal ganglia circuit and inhibits the mobility systems. The weaver model consists an ideal model for neuroprotection studies, which exhibits the same pattern of neurodegeneration as the parkinsonian patients and more than 70% decrease of dopamine in the striatum. The fact that there is currently no effective treatment to attenuate or reverse the disease progression, creates the need for discovery of a drug combination which will exhibit neuroprotective effect and reduce the side effects. Previous results of our group, have shown a significant survival of dopaminergic neurons in weaver mice after chronic administration of endogenous neurosteroid DHEA-S, the chemical analog BNN-50 (which is not metabolized to estrogens) and the combination of the BNN-50 with N-acetylcysteine (NAC,with the latter combination completely rescuing the number of dopaminergic cells of the substantia nigra. The aim of this study was to investigate the mechanisms of neuroprotection induced by coadministration of combination BNN-50/NAC. For this purpose, we evaluated the possible antiapoptotic and antioxidant action of the BNN-50/NAC combination. Our results suggest a pleiotropic effect of the BNN-50/NAC drug combination, that is expressed through strong antiapoptotic and antioxidant activity.